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Fu G, Zhang W, Dai J, Liu J, Li F, Wu D, Xiao Y, Shah C, Sweeney JA, Wu M, Lui S. Increased Peripheral Interleukin 10 Relate to White Matter Integrity in Schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:52. [PMID: 30792621 PMCID: PMC6374337 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia is characterized by the disruption of microstructural white matter (WM) integrity, while the pathogenesis remains unclear. Inflammation has been associated with the WM pathology in schizophrenia. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) has been proven to be related to schizophrenia in both animal and human models. The aim of this study was to explore whether peripheral IL-10 was associated with microstructural WM integrity in schizophrenia. Methods: A total of 47 patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 49 healthy controls (HC) underwent diffusion tensor imaging and venous blood sampling. Tract-based spatial statistics was conducted to explore the differences in fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), mean diffusivity (MD), and axial diffusivity (AD) between patients and controls. A quantitative chemiluminescence assay was performed to measure peripheral IL-10 levels. General linear regression analysis using a stepwise method was applied to examine the relationship between peripheral IL-10 and diffusion measures. Results: Compared with the HC, peripheral IL-10 levels were higher and a significant reduction of FA and AD, and increase of RD and MD were observed in SZ (corrected p < 0.05). A regression analysis revealed that peripheral IL-10 was negatively correlated with FA in the right posterior thalamic radiation and left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, in SZ (β = -0.51, p = 0.01; β = -0.47, p = 0.02, respectively) but not in HC (β = -0.01, p = 0.95; β = -0.003, p = 0.98, respectively), and the differences in regression curves were significant (z = 2.50, p = 0.01; z = 2.37, p = 0.02, respectively). IL-10 was negatively connected with MD in the right parietal arcuate fasciculus (β = -0.40, p = 0.048) and body of the corpus callosum (β = -0.43, p = 0.03) in SZ, while not in HC. The magnitude of correlation in the patient and control group was different (z = 2.48, p = 0.01 and z = 2.61, p < 0.01, respectively). In addition, IL-10 was positively correlated with RD in the right parietal arcuate fasciculus in patients (β = 0.45, p = 0.04) but not in HC (β = 0.26, p = 0.94), but the correlation coefficients were not significant (z = 0.98, p = 0.32). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that elevated peripheral IL-10 levels were associated with the disruption of microstructural WM integrity in schizophrenia, supporting the notion that inflammation plays a regulatory role in the pathology of microstructural WM and is associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Fu
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Dai
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jieke Liu
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongsheng Wu
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chandan Shah
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - John A Sweeney
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Min Wu
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Lui
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Boccardi V, Westman E, Pelini L, Lindberg O, Muehlboeck JS, Simmons A, Tarducci R, Floridi P, Chiarini P, Soininen H, Kloszewska I, Tsolaki M, Vellas B, Spenger C, Wahlund LO, Lovestone S, Mecocci P. Differential Associations of IL-4 With Hippocampal Subfields in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 10:439. [PMID: 30705627 PMCID: PMC6344381 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: We aimed to assess the association between in volumetric measures of hippocampal sub-regions - in healthy older controls (HC), subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD- with circulating levels of IL-4. Methods: From AddNeuroMed Project 113 HC, 101 stable MCI (sMCI), 22 converter MCI (cMCI) and 119 AD were included. Hippocampal subfield volumes were analyzed using Freesurfer 6.0.0 on high-resolution sagittal 3D-T1W MP-RAGE acquisitions. Plasmatic IL-4 was measured using ELISA assay. Results: IL-4 was found to be (a) positively associate with left subiculum volume (β = 0.226, p = 0.037) in sMCI and (b) negatively associate with left subiculum volume (β = -0.253, p = 0.011) and left presubiculum volume (β = -0.257, p = 0.011) in AD. Conclusion: Our results indicate a potential neuroprotective effect of IL-4 on the areas of the hippocampus more vulnerable to aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Boccardi
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eric Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Pelini
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Olof Lindberg
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J-Sebastian Muehlboeck
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Tarducci
- Division of Medical Physics, Perugia University Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Piero Floridi
- Division of Neuroradiology, Perugia University Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pietro Chiarini
- Division of Neuroradiology, Perugia University Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland - Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Iwona Kloszewska
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 3rd Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Bruno Vellas
- University of Toulouse, INSERM 1027, Gérontopôle, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Spenger
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Olof Wahlund
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Tsai SY, Gildengers AG, Hsu JL, Chung KH, Chen PH, Huang YJ. Inflammation associated with volume reduction in the gray matter and hippocampus of older patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2019; 244:60-66. [PMID: 30317016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) and aging appear to be associated with inflammatory activation. Inflammatory processes might affect hippocampal function, neurogenesis, and gray matter loss. This study investigated the relationship between BD-specific brain regions and the total gray matter volume, peripheral inflammatory markers, and clinical features in older patients with BD. METHODS We recruited euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder aged ≥50 years to undergo whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging. Each brain region was divided by an individual's total intracranial volume to obtain that brain region's volume in percentage relative to the total intracranial volume. We measured the plasma levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNF-R1), soluble interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (sIL-2R), sIL-6R, IL-1β, and IL-1 receptor antagonist when patients were euthymic. Clinical data were obtained by reviewing available medical records and interviewing patients along with their reliable others. RESULTS There were 32 patients with a mean age of 61.2 ± 8.3 years and a mean age at illness onset of 33.4 ± 13.8 years in this study. Stepwise regression showed that the right hippocampal volume was negatively associated with the levels of sIL-2R and sTNF-R1. The left hippocampal volume were negatively associated with the sIL-2R level and body mass index. The total gray matter volume had an inverse relationship with sTNF-R1 and IL-1β levels. The duration of bipolar illness, lithium treatment, and antipsychotic use were not associated with hippocampal and total gray matter volumes. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that persistent inflammation is associated with reduction of hippocampal and gray matter volumes in older patients with BD. This phenomenon is supported by increases in sTNF-R1, sIL-2R, and IL-1β levels. Neuroinflammation due to aging, obesity, and BD pathophysiology may play a role in BD neuroprogression across the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Ying Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ariel G Gildengers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jung-Lung Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Huan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Peng D, Yao Z. Neuroimaging Advance in Depressive Disorder. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1180:59-83. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9271-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cabinio M, Saresella M, Piancone F, LaRosa F, Marventano I, Guerini FR, Nemni R, Baglio F, Clerici M. Association between Hippocampal Shape, Neuroinflammation, and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 66:1131-1144. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monia Cabinio
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Imaging in Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Saresella
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Imaging in Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Piancone
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Imaging in Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca LaRosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Imaging in Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Marventano
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Imaging in Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Rosa Guerini
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Imaging in Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaello Nemni
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Baglio
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Imaging in Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Imaging in Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Yang C, Bosker FJ, Li J, Schoevers RA. N-acetylcysteine as add-on to antidepressant medication in therapy refractory major depressive disorder patients with increased inflammatory activity: study protocol of a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:279. [PMID: 30176835 PMCID: PMC6122706 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subgroup of depressed patients with increased inflammatory activity was shown to be more susceptible to develop Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD). Earlier studies with anti-inflammatory drugs have shown benefits in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), but the effects are expected to be higher in patients with increased inflammatory activity. Supplementation of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to ongoing antidepressant therapy may positively influence outcome of depression treatment in these patients. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the efficacy of NAC supplementation in patients with insufficient response to standard antidepressant treatment, and to explore potential roles of inflammation and oxidative stress involved in the alleged pathophysiological processes of TRD. METHODS/DESIGN A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study comparing NAC versus placebo as add-on medication to antidepressant treatment with 12-week treatment and 8-week follow up in patients with TRD and increased inflammatory activity. Apart from clinical efficacy defined as the change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD)-17 score, secondary outcomes include changes in pathophysiological mechanisms related to depression as well as changes in local brain activity (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI) and white matter integrity (Diffusion Tensor Imaging, DTI). Importantly, sole patients with CRP levels with values between 0.85 and 10 mg/L will be included. DISCUSSION This is the first clinical trial taking both TRD and increased inflammatory activity as inclusion criteria. This study will provide reliable evidence for the efficacy of NAC in patients with TRD displaying increased inflammatory activity. And this study also will help explore further the roles of inflammation and oxidative stress involved in the alleged pathophysiological processes of TRD. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial protocol has been registered on "ClinicalTrials.gov"with protocol ID "NAC-2015-TJAH" and ClinicalTrials.gov ID " NCT02972398 ".
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Yang
- grid.440287.dTianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, No.13 Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, China ,0000 0000 9558 4598grid.4494.dUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands ,0000 0004 0407 1981grid.4830.fUniversity of Groningen, Research School Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fokko J. Bosker
- 0000 0000 9558 4598grid.4494.dUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands ,0000 0004 0407 1981grid.4830.fUniversity of Groningen, Research School Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jie Li
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, No.13 Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, China.
| | - Robert A. Schoevers
- 0000 0000 9558 4598grid.4494.dUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands ,0000 0004 0407 1981grid.4830.fUniversity of Groningen, Research School Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
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Resting-state connectivity and spontaneous activity of ventromedial prefrontal cortex predict depressive symptomology and peripheral inflammation in HIV. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:616-628. [PMID: 30022427 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Depression and chronic inflammation are common in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV+). Although depression and response to inflammatory challenge are shown to reflect activity in common neural networks, little is known regarding sub-clinical presentation in persons chronically infected with HIV. The relationship of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) and bilateral amygdala to Beck Depression Inventory-1 (BDI) scores were compared within a group of 23 HIV+ and 23 HIV-negative comparison adults. An interaction was found wherein lower rsFC between the sgACC and both right and left amygdala was associated with higher BDI scores in HIV+ individuals. Total BDI scores and plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10 made available from 10 of the HIV+ patients were regressed upon an index of spontaneous whole-brain activity at rest; i.e., the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFFs). Elevated levels of depression and IL-6 were associated with increased ALFF in a cluster of voxels on the medial portion of the ventral surface of the frontal lobe (Brodmann Area 11). Within this sample of HIV+ individuals lower rsFC of the sgACC with subcortical limbic regions predicts greater burden of depressive symptomology whereas elevated activity in the adjacent BA 11 may reflect sickness, indexed by elevated IL-6, and associated depressive behaviors.
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Wu Y, Li Y, Jia Y, Wei C, Xu H, Guo R, Li Y, Jia J, Qi X, Gao X. Imbalance in amino acid and purine metabolisms at the hypothalamus in inflammation-associated depression by GC-MS. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:2715-2728. [PMID: 29160327 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00494j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic dysfunction is a key factor in depression; increasing evidence highlights neuroinflammation abnormalities as well as imbalances in neurotransmitters and the purinergic system in the pathophysiology of depression. However, little is known about the metabolomic changes in the hypothalamus of depressed patients with neuroinflammation. Herein, taking advantage of the well-established lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression mouse model, we measured metabolic changes in the hypothalamus using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), forced swimming test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST) were conducted to assess our depressive model. To better understand the metabolic disturbances occurring in the hypothalamus of depressed mice, multivariate statistics were applied to analyse the clinical significance of differentially expressed metabolites in the hypothalamus of mice with LPS-induced depression. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to detect potential relationships among the changed metabolites. The data confirmed that mice with LPS-induced depression were good mimics of depression patients in some characteristic symptoms such as decreased sucrose intake and increased immobility. In our study, 27 differentially expressed metabolites were identified in the hypothalamus of mice with LPS-induced depression. Herein, seventeen of these metabolites decreased, whereas 10 metabolites increased. These molecular changes were closely related to perturbations in the amino acid and purine metabolisms. Our data indicate that dysfunction of amino acid and purine metabolisms is one of main characteristics of inflammation-mediated depression. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying depression, which may shed some light on the role of the hypothalamus in the pathogenesis of inflammation-mediated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- The Institute of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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Preston G, Kirdar F, Kozicz T. The role of suboptimal mitochondrial function in vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:585-596. [PMID: 29594645 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder remains the most significant psychiatric condition associated with exposure to a traumatic event, though rates of traumatic event exposure far outstrip incidence of PTSD. Mitochondrial dysfunction and suboptimal mitochondrial function have been increasingly implicated in several psychopathologies, and recent genetic studies have similarly suggested a pathogenic role of mitochondria in PTSD. Mitochondria play a central role in several physiologic processes underlying PTSD symptomatology, including abnormal fear learning, brain network activation, synaptic plasticity, steroidogenesis, and inflammation. Here we outline several potential mechanisms by which inherited (genetic) or acquired (environmental) mitochondrial dysfunction or suboptimal mitochondrial function, may contribute to PTSD symptomatology and increase susceptibility to PTSD. The proposed pathogenic role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of PTSD has important implications for prevention and therapy, as antidepressants commonly prescribed for patients with PTSD have been shown to inhibit mitochondrial function, while alternative therapies shown to improve mitochondrial function may prove more efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Preston
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Faisal Kirdar
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Translocator protein (18kDa TSPO) binding, a marker of microglia, is reduced in major depression during cognitive-behavioral therapy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:1-7. [PMID: 29269262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies indicated that neuroinflammation might play a role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The purpose of this study was to examine changes in a microglial marker in the brain of patients with MDD during cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and supportive psychotherapy (SPT). Participants were newly diagnosed patients with MDD receiving CBT (n=20) or SPT (n=20) who were compared with 20 healthy control subjects. We used [18F]-FEPPA positron emission tomography (PET) to examine translocator protein total distribution volume (TSPO VT), a marker of microglial density and inflammation. Patients were scanned before and after CBT and SPT. Before therapy, TSPO VT was significantly elevated in neocortical grey matter, frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and hippocampus in MDD relative to the control subjects. In the CBT group, but not in the SPT group, TSPO VT was significantly reduced during the treatment period. Reductions in TSPO VT were correlated with the amelioration of depressive symptoms. This correlation was consistent in the hippocampus in both CBT and SPT groups. In conclusion, CBT, when it reduced symptoms, also decreased TSPO VT. Efficient psychosocial interventions were accompanied by the normalization of a glial marker in the brain of patients with MDD, which may indicate reduced pro-inflammatory activity.
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Nguyen TT, Kosciolek T, Eyler LT, Knight R, Jeste DV. Overview and systematic review of studies of microbiome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 99:50-61. [PMID: 29407287 PMCID: PMC5849533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are among the leading causes of disability, morbidity, and mortality worldwide. In addition to being serious mental illnesses, these disorders are associated with considerable systemic physiological dysfunction, including chronic inflammation and elevated oxidative stress. The advent of sophisticated sequencing techniques has led to a growing interest in the potential role of gut microbiota in human health and disease. Advances in this area have transformed our understanding of a number of medical conditions and have generated a new perspective suggesting that gut microbiota might be involved in the development and maintenance of brain/mental health. Animal models have demonstrated strong though indirect evidence for a contributory role of intestinal microbiota in psychiatric symptomatology and have linked the microbiome with neuropsychiatric conditions. We present a systematic review of clinical studies of microbiome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The published literature has a number of limitations; however, the investigations suggest that these disorders are associated with reduced microbial diversity and show global community differences compared to non-psychiatric comparison samples. In some reports, specific microbial taxa were associated with clinical disease characteristics, including physical health, depressive and psychotic symptoms, and sleep, but little information on the functional potential of those community changes. Studies also suggest increased intestinal inflammation and permeability, which may be among the principal mechanisms by which microbial dysbiosis impacts systemic physiological functioning. We highlight gaps in the current literature and implications for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions, and outline future directions for microbiome research in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Nguyen
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, California, United States
| | - Tomasz Kosciolek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, California, United States
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, California, United States
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, California, United States; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, California, United States; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, California, United States
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, California, United States; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, California, United States; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, California, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, California, United States.
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Mak M, Misiak B, Frydecka D, Pełka-Wysiecka J, Kucharska-Mazur J, Samochowiec A, Bieńkowski P, Pawlak-Adamska E, Karabon L, Szmida E, Skiba P, Kotowicz K, Piotrowski P, Beszłej JA, Samochowiec J. Polymorphisms in immune-inflammatory response genes and the risk of deficit schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 193:359-363. [PMID: 28673752 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in immune-inflammatory response genes are believed to impact schizophrenia susceptibility. However, it remains unknown whether immunogenetic factors play a role in the etiology of deficit schizophrenia (D-SCZ). Therefore, we genotyped four polymorphisms in genes encoding two immune system regulatory proteins (CTLA-4 rs231775 and CD28 rs3116496), interleukin-6 (IL6 rs1800795) and transforming growth factor-β (TGFB1 rs1800470) in 513 schizophrenia patients and 374 controls. The CD28 rs3116496-CC genotype and C-allele were significantly more frequent in the whole group of patients and D-SCZ patients compared to controls. Our results indicate that the CD28 rs3116496 polymorphism might impact the risk of schizophrenia, especially D-SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 26 Broniewski Street, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Pełka-Wysiecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 26 Broniewski Street, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 26 Broniewski Street, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Samochowiec
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Szczecin, 69 Krakowska Street, 71-017 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bieńkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 27 Nowowiejska Street, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Pawlak-Adamska
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Weigla Street, 51-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Karabon
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Weigla Street, 51-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szmida
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Skiba
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Kotowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Patryk Piotrowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Aleksander Beszłej
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 26 Broniewski Street, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
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Karoly HC, Bidwell LC, Mueller RL, Hutchison KE. Investigating the Relationships Between Alcohol Consumption, Cannabis Use, and Circulating Cytokines: A Preliminary Analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:531-539. [PMID: 29286537 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, human and animal studies have converged to support altered inflammatory signaling as a molecular mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Alcohol binds to receptors on immune cells, triggering signaling pathways that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. Chronic inflammation is associated with tissue damage, which may contribute to negative effects of AUD. Conversely, cannabis is associated with decreased inflammatory signaling, and animal studies suggest that cannabinoids may impact alcohol-induced inflammation. Thus, the impact of cannabis on inflammation in AUDs in humans warrants examination. METHODS We explored the relationship between self-reported alcohol and cannabis use and circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-1β in the blood. Among 66 regular drinkers (mean age = 30.08), we examined circulating cytokines and administered questionnaires assessing alcohol consumption and days of cannabis use over the past 90 days. We examined whether alcohol consumption, cannabis use, and gender were associated with changes in circulating cytokines, and whether there was a significant interaction between alcohol and cannabis use predicting blood levels of circulating cytokines. RESULTS A positive association between alcohol and IL-6 emerged. We also observed a negative association between cannabis and IL-1β. Follow-up moderation analyses indicated a cannabis by alcohol interaction predicting circulating IL-6, such that cannabis nonusers showed a stronger relationship between alcohol and IL-6 compared to cannabis users. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that cannabinoid compounds may serve to mitigate inflammation associated with alcohol use. In addition, the present results provide data to inform future investigations, with the goal of ultimately leveraging knowledge of the role of inflammation in AUDs to develop more effective treatments focused on novel immune targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis C Karoly
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience , University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science , University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Raeghan L Mueller
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience , University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kent E Hutchison
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience , University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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Arslan A. Mapping the Schizophrenia Genes by Neuroimaging: The Opportunities and the Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010219. [PMID: 29324666 PMCID: PMC5796168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a heritable brain disease originating from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The genes underpinning the neurobiology of SZ are largely unknown but recent data suggest strong evidence for genetic variations, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, making the brain vulnerable to the risk of SZ. Structural and functional brain mapping of these genetic variations are essential for the development of agents and tools for better diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SZ. Addressing this, neuroimaging methods in combination with genetic analysis have been increasingly used for almost 20 years. So-called imaging genetics, the opportunities of this approach along with its limitations for SZ research will be outlined in this invited paper. While the problems such as reproducibility, genetic effect size, specificity and sensitivity exist, opportunities such as multivariate analysis, development of multisite consortia for large-scale data collection, emergence of non-candidate gene (hypothesis-free) approach of neuroimaging genetics are likely to contribute to a rapid progress for gene discovery besides to gene validation studies that are related to SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Arslan
- Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnica cesta, 15 Ilidza, Sarajevo 71210, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Uskudar University, Istanbul 34662, Turkey.
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Brown GM, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat J, Hardeland R. Depressive disorders: Processes leading to neurogeneration and potential novel treatments. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:189-204. [PMID: 28433459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders are wide spread with estimates that one in seven of the population are affected at some time in their life (Kessler et al., 2012). Many of those affected with severe depressive disorders have cognitive deficits which may progress to frank neurodegeneration. There are several peripheral markers shown by patients who have cognitive deficits that could represent causative factors and could potentially serve as guides to the prevention or even treatment of neurodegeneration. Circadian rhythm misalignment, immune dysfunction and oxidative stress are key pathologic processes implicated in neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction in depressive disorders. Novel treatments targeting these pathways may therefore potentially improve patient outcomes whereby the primary mechanism of action is outside of the monoaminergic system. Moreover, targeting immune dysfunction, oxidative stress and circadian rhythm misalignment (rather than primarily the monoaminergic system) may hold promise for truly disease modifying treatments that may prevent neurodegeneration rather than simply alleviating symptoms with no curative intent. Further research is required to more comprehensively understand the contributions of these pathways to the pathophysiology of depressive disorders to allow for disease modifying treatments to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St. Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
| | - Joshua Rosenblat
- Resident of Psychiatry, Clinician Scientist Stream, University of Toronto, Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen, Buergerstrasse 50, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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Redwine LS, Pung MA, Wilson K, Chinh K, Duffy AR. Differential Peripheral Inflammatory Factors Associated with Cognitive Function in Patients with Heart Failure. Neuroimmunomodulation 2018; 25:146-152. [PMID: 30352444 DOI: 10.1159/000493142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive deficits are common in patients with heart failure (HF), and can negatively affect self-care, predict rehospitalizations, and increase mortality rates 5-fold. Inflammation can produce vascular pathology, reducing cerebral blood flow to brain regions necessary for optimal cognitive function. The purpose of the investigation was to identify a pattern of peripheral blood inflammation-related biomarkers associated with cognitive impairment in patients with HF. METHODS Forty-five outpatients (median age = 67 years, SD = 9.9) were recruited from University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare Systems (VASDHS), diagnosed with New York Heart Association Stages I-III HF. Participants were administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as a measure of global cognitive impairment, and blood was analyzed for plasma biomarkers, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum amyloid-A (SAA). RESULTS Almost half the patients scored below the threshold on the MoCA, indicating at least mild cognitive impairment. A factor analysis produced three biomarker factors: vascular inflammatory factor-1: TNFα, sICAM1, sVCAM1; neuroinflammatory factor-2: BDNF, MMP-9, IL-8; peripheral inflammatory factor-3: IL-6, CRP, SAA. Only vascular inflammatory factor-1 was significantly associated with cognitive function (MoCA) (ΔR2 = 0.214, beta = -0.468, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort with HF, vascular inflammation appears related to poorer cognitive function. This could indicate targets for treatment to reduce cognitive deficits in HF. However, this is a preliminary study, and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Redwine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California,
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida,
| | - Meredith A Pung
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kathleen Wilson
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kelly Chinh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Allyson R Duffy
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Bai F, Xie C, Yuan Y, Shi Y, Zhang Z. Promoter haplotypes of interleukin-10 gene linked to cortex plasticity in subjects with risk of Alzheimer's disease. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 17:587-595. [PMID: 29201645 PMCID: PMC5702877 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's disease (AD) aetiologic event is associated with brain inflammatory processes. In this study, we consider a haplotype of the IL-10 gene promoter region, − 1082A/− 819 T/− 592A (ATA haplotype), which is an additive and independent genetic risk factor for AD. Episodic memory change is the most striking cognitive alteration in AD. It remains unclear whether episodic memory networks can be affected by the ATA haplotype variant in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and if so, how this occurs. Thirty-nine aMCI patients and 30 healthy controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. An imaging genetics approach was then utilized to investigate disease-related differences in episodic memory networks between the groups based on ATA haplotype-by-aMCI interactions. Gene-brain-behaviour relationships were then further examined. This study found that the ATA haplotype risk variant was associated with abnormal functional communications in the hippocampus-frontoparietal cortices, especially in the left hippocampal network. Moreover, these ATA haplotype carriers showed a distinct phase of hyperactivity in normal aging, with rapid declines of brain function in aMCI subjects when compared to non-ATA haplotype carriers. These findings added to the accumulating evidence that promoter haplotypes of IL-10 may be important modulators of the development of aMCI. The inflammatory factor affects the cortex-networks system in subjects with cognitive impairment The rapid declines of functional communications in cognitive impairment with ATA haplotype carriers Promoter haplotypes of interleukin-10 gene linked to cortex plasticity in cognitive impairment
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Chunming Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yongmei Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Gu Y, Vorburger R, Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Manly JJ, Schupf N, Mayeux R, Brickman AM. Circulating inflammatory biomarkers in relation to brain structural measurements in a non-demented elderly population. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:150-160. [PMID: 28457809 PMCID: PMC5537030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine whether circulating inflammatory biomarkers c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL6), and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) were related to structural brain measures assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). High-resolution structural MRI was collected on 680 non-demented elderly (mean age 80.1years) participants of a community-based, multiethnic cohort. Approximately three quarters of these participants also had peripheral inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL6, and ACT) measured using ELISA. Structural measures including brain volumes and cortical thickness (with both global and regional measures) were derived from MRI scans, and repeated MRI measures were obtained after 4.5years. Mean fractional anisotropy was used as the indicator of white matter integrity assessed with diffusion tensor imaging. We examined the association of inflammatory biomarkers with brain volume, cortical thickness, and white matter integrity using regression models adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, education, APOE genotype, and intracranial volume. A doubling in CRP (b=-2.48, p=0.002) was associated with a smaller total gray matter volume, equivalent to approximately 1.5years of aging. A doubling in IL6 was associated with smaller total brain volume (b=-14.96, p<0.0001), equivalent to approximately 9years of aging. Higher IL6 was also associated with smaller gray matter (b=-6.52, p=0.002) and white matter volumes (b=-7.47, p=0.004). The volumes of most cortical regions including frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal, as well as subcortical regions including pallidum and thalamus were associated with IL6. In a model additionally adjusted for depression, vascular factors, BMI, and smoking status, the association between IL6 and brain volumes remained, and a doubling in ACT was marginally associated with 0.054 (p=0.001) millimeter thinner mean cortical thickness, equivalent to that of approximately 2.7years of aging. None of the biomarkers was associated with mean fractional anisotropy or longitudinal change of brain volumes and thickness. Among older adults, increased circulating inflammatory biomarkers were associated with smaller brain volume and cortical thickness but not the white matter tract integrity. Our preliminary findings suggest that peripheral inflammatory processes may be involved in the brain atrophy in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yian Gu
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Robert Vorburger
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - José A. Luchsinger
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY,Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY,The Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jennifer J. Manly
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nicole Schupf
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Richard Mayeux
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Schizophrenia symptomatic associations with diffusion tensor imaging measured fractional anisotropy of brain: a meta-analysis. Neuroradiology 2017; 59:699-708. [PMID: 28550466 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-017-1844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several studies have examined the relationships between diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-measured fractional anisotropy (FA) and the symptoms of schizophrenia, but results vary across the studies. The aim of this study was to carry out a meta-analysis of correlation coefficients reported by relevant studies to evaluate the correlative relationships between FA of various parts of the brain and schizophrenia symptomatic assessments. METHODS Literature was searched in several electronic databases, and study selection was based on précised eligibility criteria. Correlation coefficients between FA of a part of the brain and schizophrenia symptom were first converted into Fisher's z-scores for meta-analyses, and then overall effect sizes were back transformed to correlation coefficients. RESULTS Thirty-three studies (1121 schizophrenia patients; age 32.66 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 30.19, 35.13]; 65.95 % [57.63, 74.28] males) were included in this meta-analysis. Age was inversely associated with brain FA (z-scores [95% CI] -0.23 [-0.14, -0.32]; p ˂ 0.00001). Brain FA of various areas was inversely associated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia (z-score -0.30 [-0.23, -0.36]; p ˂ 0.00001) but was positively associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia (z-score 0.16 [0.04, 0.27]; p = 0.007) and general psychopathology of schizophrenia (z-score 0.26 [0.15, 0.37]; p = 0.00001). CONCLUSION Although, DTI-measured brain FA is found to be inversely associated with negative symptoms and positively associated with positive symptoms and general psychopathology of schizophrenia, the effect sizes of these correlations are low and may not be clinically significant. Moreover, brain FA was also negatively associated with age of patients.
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Li X, Jiang C, Zhu W. Crocin reduces the inflammation response in rheumatoid arthritis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:891-898. [PMID: 28388359 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1263145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study is to determine the role and mechanism of crocin in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Totally 60 Wistar SD rats were randomly divided into control group, RA model group, methotrexate group, crocin high dose, middle dose, and low dose groups. The paw swelling degree, arthritis score, thymus and spleen index, the mRNA and protein levels of iNOS, and the serum content of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were evaluated. Crocin treatment significantly alleviated the paw swelling of RA rats. The arthritis score in crocin treatment groups was significantly lower than that in RA model group. Additionally, the thymus index, but not the spleen index, declined remarkably in crocin treatment groups than in RA model group. Besides, crocin administration significantly reduced the iNOS production and the serum content of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Crocin may exert potent anti-RA effects through inhibiting cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, P.R. China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, P.R. China
| | - Wenyong Zhu
- Medical Department, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, P.R. China
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Kéri S, Szabó C, Kelemen O. Antipsychotics influence Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and its relationship with cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 62:256-264. [PMID: 28003154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that altered immune functions are related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Relatively little information is available on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are implicated in the recognition of molecular patterns associated with pathogens and internal cellular damage signals. By using immunophenotyping and flow cytometry, we investigated TLRs in CD14+ monocytes, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg), and CD3+CD4+CD25+ activated T cells (Tact) in 35 drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia before and after an 8-week period of antipsychotic treatment with risperidone or olanzapine. As compared with 30 healthy control individuals, drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia exhibited an increased percentage of TLR4+ and TLR5+ monocytes and TLR5+ Treg/Tact cells. At the end of the treatment period, we observed normalized TLR4+ monocytes and an up-regulation of TLR2+ monocytes and Treg/Tact cells. Mean fluorescent intensity values, indicating receptor density, were consistent with these findings. In the drug-naïve state, but not after treatment, higher percentages of TLR4+ and TLR5+ monocytes were correlated with more severe cognitive deficits. Positive, negative, and general clinical symptoms were not associated with TLRs. There were no significant differences between patients receiving olanzapine and risperidone. These results indicate that abnormal expression of TLRs can be detected in the earliest stage of schizophrenia, which is modulated by antipsychotics. Immunological alterations in unmedicated schizophrenia patients may be linked to cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary; Nyírő Gyula Hospital - National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Csilla Szabó
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital - National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Oguz Kelemen
- Department of Behavioral Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Dev SI, Moore RC, Soontornniyomkij B, Achim CL, Jeste DV, Eyler LT. Peripheral inflammation related to lower fMRI activation during a working memory task and resting functional connectivity among older adults: a preliminary study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 32:341-349. [PMID: 27094339 PMCID: PMC5071119 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral inflammation has been associated with adverse effects on cognition and brain structure in late life, a process called 'inflammaging.' Identifying biomarkers of preclinical cognitive decline is critical in the development of preventative therapies, and peripheral inflammation may be able to serve as an indicator of cognitive decline. However, little is known regarding the relationship between peripheral inflammation and brain structure and function among older adults. METHODS Twenty-four older adults (mean age = 78) underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) resting state functional connectivity scan, and a subset (n = 14) completed the n-Back working memory task in the scanner. All participants completed a blood draw, and inflammation was measured with interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP). RESULTS Surprisingly, age was unrelated to measures of inflammation (IL-6, CRP) or brain function (default mode network (DMN) connectivity; working memory performance; blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activation with higher working memory load). However, lower functional connectivity between the left parietal seed and all other DMN regions was associated with higher levels of IL-6 and CRP. Additionally, greater plasma concentration of IL-6 was associated with lower BOLD activation in the left middle frontal gyrus in response to increased working memory load. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings support the importance of IL-6 and CRP in brain function among older adults. Frontal and parietal regions may be particularly sensitive to the effects of inflammation. Additionally, these findings provide preliminary evidence of inflammatory contributions to level of neural activity, even after accounting for vascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena I. Dev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California
| | - Raeanne C. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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Gillespie NA, Neale MC, Hagler DJ, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Franz CE, Lyons MJ, McEvoy LK, Dale AM, Panizzon MS, Kremen WS. Genetic and environmental influences on mean diffusivity and volume in subcortical brain regions. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2589-2598. [PMID: 28240386 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased mean diffusivity (MD) is hypothesized to reflect tissue degeneration and may provide subtle indicators of neuropathology as well as age-related brain changes in the absence of volumetric differences. Our aim was to determine the degree to which genetic and environmental variation in subcortical MD is distinct from variation in subcortical volume. Data were derived from a sample of 387 male twins (83 MZ twin pairs, 55 DZ twin pairs, and 111 incomplete twin pairs) who were MRI scanned as part of the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. Quantitative estimates of MD and volume for 7 subcortical regions were obtained: thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens. After adjusting for covariates, bivariate twin models were fitted to estimate the size and significance of phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental correlations between MD and volume at each subcortical region. With the exception of the amygdala, familial aggregation in MD was entirely explained by additive genetic factors across all subcortical regions with estimates ranging from 46 to 84%. Based on bivariate twin modeling, variation in subcortical MD appears to be both genetically and environmentally unrelated to individual differences in subcortical volume. Therefore, subcortical MD may be an alternative biomarker of brain morphology for complex traits worthy of future investigation. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2589-2598, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California.,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, California
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Bogerts B, Winopal D, Schwarz S, Schlaaff K, Dobrowolny H, Mawrin C, Frodl T, Steiner J. Evidence of neuroinflammation in subgroups of schizophrenia and mood disorder patients: A semiquantitative postmortem study of CD3 and CD20 immunoreactive lymphocytes in several brain regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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75
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Cytokine profile and maternal depression and anxiety symptoms in mid-pregnancy-the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2017; 20:39-48. [PMID: 27699637 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-016-0672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maternal prenatal psychological symptoms are associated with child health outcomes, e.g., atopic diseases. Altered prenatal functioning of the immune system is a potential mechanism linking maternal symptoms with child health. Research on prenatal distress and cytokines is warranted. The study population comprised consecutive N = 139 women from a general population-based FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. Standardized questionnaires for depressive, overall anxiety, and pregnancy-related anxiety symptoms were used. Serum concentrations of selected cytokines were analyzed using Multiplex bead arrays from samples drawn at the gestational week 24. The concentrations of T helper (Th)2-related interleukins (IL)-9 and IL-13 and Th1-related IL-12 correlated positively with prenatal depressive and overall anxiety symptom scores (p values, range 0.011-0.029). Higher interferon (IFN)-γ/IL-4 ratio (p = 0.039) and Th2-related IL-5 (p = 0.007) concentration correlated positively with depressive symptoms. Pregnancy-related anxiety score correlated positively with IL-12 (p = 0.041), IL-13 (p = 0.025), and anti-inflammatory IL-10 (p = 0.048) concentrations. IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were unrelated to prenatal symptoms. As a novel finding, we observed positive correlations between concentrations of potentially proallergenic cytokines and maternal prenatal psychological symptoms. Different symptom measures may yield distinct cytokine responses. This provides hypotheses for studies on mechanisms bridging prenatal stress and child health.
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Immunometabolic dysregulation is associated with reduced cortical thickness of the anterior cingulate cortex. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:361-368. [PMID: 27989860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunometabolic dysregulation (low-grade inflammation and metabolic dysregulation) has been associated with the onset and more severe course of multiple psychiatric disorders, partly due to neuroanatomical changes and impaired neuroplasticity. We examined the effect of multiple markers of immunometabolic dysregulation on hippocampal and amygdala volume and anterior cingulate cortex thickness in a large sample of patients with depression and/or anxiety and healthy subjects (N=283). METHODS Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), c-reactive protein (CRP), triglyceride levels and HDL-cholesterol and genomic profile risk scores (GPRS) for immunometabolic dysregulation were determined in peripheral blood and T1 MRI scans were acquired at 3T. Regional brain volume and cortical thickness was assessed using FreeSurfer. Covariate-adjusted linear regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between immunometabolic dysregulation and brain volume/thickness across all subjects. RESULTS Multiple immunometabolic dysregulation markers (i.e. triglyceride levels and inflammation) were associated with lower rostral ACC thickness across all subjects. IL-6 was inversely associated with hippocampal and amygdala volume in healthy subjects only. GPRS for immunometabolic dysregulation were not associated with brain volume or cortical thickness. CONCLUSIONS Multiple serum, but not genetic immunometabolic dysregulation markers were found to relate to rostral ACC structure, suggesting that inflammation and metabolic dysregulation may impact the ACC through similar mechanisms.
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Zhu Y, Chai YL, Hilal S, Ikram MK, Venketasubramanian N, Wong BS, Chen CP, Lai MKP. Serum IL-8 is a marker of white-matter hyperintensities in patients with Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2017; 7:41-47. [PMID: 28239640 PMCID: PMC5318538 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) have been implicated in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study aimed to examine serum inflammatory markers in preclinical stages of dementia and in AD, as well as to investigate their associations with concomitant CeVD. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional case-control study including 96 AD, 140 cognitively impaired no dementia (CIND), and 79 noncognitively impaired participants. All subjects underwent neuropsychological and neuroimaging assessments, as well as collection of blood samples for measurements of serum samples interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor α levels. Subjects were classified as CIND or dementia based on clinical criteria. Significant CeVD, including white-matter hyperintensities (WMHs), lacunes, and cortical infarcts, was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS After controlling for covariates, higher concentrations of IL-8, but not the other measured cytokines, were associated with both CIND and AD only in the presence of significant CeVD (CIND with CeVD: odds ratios [ORs] 4.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5-13.4 and AD with CeVD: OR 7.26; 95% CI 1.2-43.3). Subsequent multivariate analyses showed that among the types of CeVD assessed, only WMH was associated with higher IL-8 levels in CIND and AD (WMH: OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.4-5.6). DISCUSSION Serum IL-8 may have clinical utility as a biomarker for WMH in AD. Longitudinal follow-up studies would help validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Yuek Ling Chai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Seng Wong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
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Schmidt FM, Kirkby KC, Lichtblau N. Inflammation and Immune Regulation as Potential Drug Targets in Antidepressant Treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:674-87. [PMID: 26769225 PMCID: PMC5050395 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160115130414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports a mutual relationship between inflammation and major depression. A variety of mechanisms are outlined, indicating how inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis, course and treatment of major depression. In particular, this review addresses 1) inflammatory cytokines as markers of depression and potential predictors of treatment response, 2) findings that cytokines interact with antidepressants and non-pharmacological antidepressive therapies, such as electroconvulsive therapy, deep brain stimulation and physical activity, 3) the influence of cytokines on the cytochrome (CYP) p450-system and drug efflux transporters, and 4) how cascades of inflammation might serve as antidepressant drug targets. A number of clinical trials have focused on agents with immunmodulatory properties in the treatment of depression, of which this review covers nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cytokine inhibitors, ketamine, polyunsaturated fatty acids, statins and curcumin. A perspective is also provided on possible future immune targets for antidepressant therapy, such as toll-like receptor-inhibitors, glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors, oleanolic acid analogs and minocycline. Concluding from the available data, markers of inflammation may become relevant factors for more personalised planning and prediction of response of antidepressant treatment strategies. Agents with anti-inflammatory properties have the potential to serve as clinically relevant antidepressants. Further studies are required to better define and identify subgroups of patients responsive to inflammatory agents as well as to define optimal time points for treatment onset and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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79
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Narita H, Tha KK, Hashimoto N, Hamaguchi H, Nakagawa S, Shirato H, Kusumi I. Mean kurtosis alterations of cerebral white matter in patients with schizophrenia revealed by diffusion kurtosis imaging. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 71:169-75. [PMID: 27495358 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diffusion kurtosis imaging can provide a better understanding of microstructural white matter (WM) changes where crossing fibers exist, compared with conventional diffusion tensor imaging. Here, we aimed to examine the differences of mean kurtosis (MK) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values between patients with schizophrenia and control subjects using voxel-based analysis (VBA). Additionally, we examined the correlation between these values and severity of clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS MK and FA values were acquired with a 3.0T scanner from 31 patients with schizophrenia and 31 age-, handedness-, and sex-matched healthy controls. VBA was used to compare the MK and FA maps of the patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. We also performed a correlation analysis between the MK and FA values of the regions with significant differences and the positive and negative syndrome scale scores in patients with schizophrenia. RESULTS Compared to FA values, voxels with MK decrease were more widespread across bilateral cerebral the WM of patients with schizophrenia. The MK values of left superior longitudinal fasciculus were significantly negatively correlated with the severity of positive symptoms (r=-0.451, P=0.011). There was no significant correlation between MK and FA values and other clinical variables. CONCLUSION The diffusion kurtosis indices are suitable for evaluating altered WM structures in the human brain as they may detect white matter alterations of crossing fibers alterations of WM in schizophrenia and assess the clinical state of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Narita
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Khin K Tha
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University Hospital, N-14, W-5, Kita, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
| | - Naoki Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hamaguchi
- Department of Radiological Technology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shin Nakagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shirato
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University Hospital, N-14, W-5, Kita, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kusumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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80
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Severance EG, Yolken RH, Eaton WW. Autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and the microbiome in schizophrenia: more than a gut feeling. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:23-35. [PMID: 25034760 PMCID: PMC4294997 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and schizophrenia have been associated with one another for a long time. This paper reviews these connections and provides a context by which multiple risk factors for schizophrenia may be related. Epidemiological studies strongly link schizophrenia with autoimmune disorders including enteropathic celiac disease. Exposure to wheat gluten and bovine milk casein also contribute to non-celiac food sensitivities in susceptible individuals. Co-morbid GI inflammation accompanies humoral immunity to food antigens, occurs early during the course of schizophrenia and appears to be independent from antipsychotic-generated motility effects. This inflammation impacts endothelial barrier permeability and can precipitate translocation of gut bacteria into systemic circulation. Infection by the neurotropic gut pathogen, Toxoplasma gondii, will elicit an inflammatory GI environment. Such processes trigger innate immunity, including activation of complement C1q, which also functions at synapses in the brain. The emerging field of microbiome research lies at the center of these interactions with evidence that the abundance and diversity of resident gut microbiota contribute to digestion, inflammation, gut permeability and behavior. Dietary modifications of core bacterial compositions may explain inefficient gluten digestion and how immigrant status in certain situations is a risk factor for schizophrenia. Gut microbiome research in schizophrenia is in its infancy, but data in related fields suggest disease-associated altered phylogenetic compositions. In summary, this review surveys associative and experimental data linking autoimmunity, GI activity and schizophrenia, and proposes that understanding of disrupted biological pathways outside of the brain can lend valuable information regarding pathogeneses of complex, polygenic brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1105, Baltimore, MD 21287-4933 U.S.A
| | - Robert H. Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1105, Baltimore, MD 21287-4933 U.S.A
| | - William W. Eaton
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
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Badea A, Kane L, Anderson RJ, Qi Y, Foster M, Cofer GP, Medvitz N, Buckley AF, Badea AK, Wetsel WC, Colton CA. The fornix provides multiple biomarkers to characterize circuit disruption in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2016; 142:498-511. [PMID: 27521741 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivariate biomarkers are needed for detecting Alzheimer's disease (AD), understanding its etiology, and quantifying the effect of therapies. Mouse models provide opportunities to study characteristics of AD in well-controlled environments that can help facilitate development of early interventions. The CVN-AD mouse model replicates multiple AD hallmark pathologies, and we identified multivariate biomarkers characterizing a brain circuit disruption predictive of cognitive decline. In vivo and ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that CVN-AD mice replicate the hippocampal atrophy (6%), characteristic of humans with AD, and also present changes in subcortical areas. The largest effect was in the fornix (23% smaller), which connects the septum, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. In characterizing the fornix with diffusion tensor imaging, fractional anisotropy was most sensitive (20% reduction), followed by radial (15%) and axial diffusivity (2%), in detecting pathological changes. These findings were strengthened by optical microscopy and ultrastructural analyses. Ultrastructual analysis provided estimates of axonal density, diameters, and myelination-through the g-ratio, defined as the ratio between the axonal diameter, and the diameter of the axon plus the myelin sheath. The fornix had reduced axonal density (47% fewer), axonal degeneration (13% larger axons), and abnormal myelination (1.5% smaller g-ratios). CD68 staining showed that white matter pathology could be secondary to neuronal degeneration, or due to direct microglial attack. In conclusion, these findings strengthen the hypothesis that the fornix plays a role in AD, and can be used as a disease biomarker and as a target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Badea
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Lauren Kane
- Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Anderson
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yi Qi
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mark Foster
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gary P Cofer
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Neil Medvitz
- Department of Pathology, and Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anne F Buckley
- Department of Pathology, and Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andreas K Badea
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - William C Wetsel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Carol A Colton
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Ekova MR, Smirnov AV, Shmidt MV, Tyurenkov IN, Volotova EV, Kurkin DV, Grigorieva NV, Ermilov VV, Mednikov DS. Comparison of morphofunctional features of the ventral hippocampus in adult and old rats after combined stress. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057016030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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83
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Cattaneo A, Riva MA. Stress-induced mechanisms in mental illness: A role for glucocorticoid signalling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 160:169-74. [PMID: 26241031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress represents the main environmental risk factor for mental illness. Exposure to stressful events, particularly early in life, has been associated with increased incidence and susceptibility of major depressive disorders as well as of other psychiatric illnesses. Among the key players in these events are glucocorticoid receptors. Dysfunctional glucocorticoid signalling may indeed contribute to psychopathology through a number of mechanisms that regulate the response to acute or chronic stress and that affect the function of genes and systems known to be relevant for mood disorders. Indeed, exposure to chronic stress early in life as well as in adulthood has been shown to reduce the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GR), also through epigenetic mechanisms, and to up-regulate the expression of the co-chaperone gene FKBP5, which restrains GR activity by limiting the translocation of the receptor complex to the nucleus. Another mechanism that contributes to changes in GR responsiveness is the state of receptor phosphorylation that controls activation, subcellular localization as well as its transcriptional activity. Moreover, GR phosphorylation may represent an important mechanism for the cross talk between neurotrophic signalling and GR-dependent transcription, bridging two important players for mood disorders. One gene that lies downstream from GR and may contribute to stress-related changes is serum glucocorticoid kinase-1 (SGK1). We have demonstrated that the expression of SGK1 is significantly increased after exposure to chronic stress in rodents as well as in the blood of drug-free depressed patients. We have also shown that SGK1 up-regulation may ultimately reduce hippocampal neurogenesis and contribute to the structural abnormalities that have been reported to occur in depressed patients. In summary, GR signalling may represent a point of convergence as well as of divergence for defects associated with pathologic conditions characterized by heightened vulnerability to stress. The characterization of these abnormalities is crucial to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention that may counteract more effectively stress-induced neurobiological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cattaneo
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, Brescia, Italy
| | - M A Riva
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, Italy.
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84
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Pasternak O, Kubicki M, Shenton ME. In vivo imaging of neuroinflammation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 173:200-212. [PMID: 26048294 PMCID: PMC4668243 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years evidence has accumulated to suggest that neuroinflammation might be an early pathology of schizophrenia that later leads to neurodegeneration, yet the exact role in the etiology, as well as the source of neuroinflammation, are still not known. The hypothesis of neuroinflammation involvement in schizophrenia is quickly gaining popularity, and thus it is imperative that we have reliable and reproducible tools and measures that are both sensitive, and, most importantly, specific to neuroinflammation. The development and use of appropriate human in vivo imaging methods can help in our understanding of the location and extent of neuroinflammation in different stages of the disorder, its natural time-course, and its relation to neurodegeneration. Thus far, there is little in vivo evidence derived from neuroimaging methods. This is likely the case because the methods that are specific and sensitive to neuroinflammation are relatively new or only just being developed. This paper provides a methodological review of both existing and emerging positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging techniques that identify and characterize neuroinflammation. We describe \how these methods have been used in schizophrenia research. We also outline the shortcomings of existing methods, and we highlight promising future techniques that will likely improve state-of-the-art neuroimaging as a more refined approach for investigating neuroinflammation in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Pasternak
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA, USA
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van Bloemendaal L, Ijzerman RG, Ten Kulve JS, Barkhof F, Diamant M, Veltman DJ, van Duinkerken E. Alterations in white matter volume and integrity in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:621-9. [PMID: 26815786 PMCID: PMC4863900 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by obesity, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Both T2DM and obesity are associated with cerebral complications, including an increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, however the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In the current study, we aimed to determine the relative contributions of obesity and the presence of T2DM to altered white matter structure. We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to measure white matter integrity and volume in obese T2DM patients without micro- or macrovascular complications, age- gender- and BMI-matched normoglycemic obese subjects and age- and gender-matched normoglycemic lean subjects. We found that obese T2DM patients compared with lean subjects had lower axial diffusivity (in the right corticospinal tract, right inferior fronto-occipital tract, right superior longitudinal fasciculus and right forceps major) and reduced white matter volume (in the right inferior parietal lobe and the left external capsule region). In normoglycemic obese compared with lean subjects axial diffusivity as well as white matter volume tended to be reduced, whereas there were no significant differences between normoglycemic obese subjects and T2DM patients. Decreased white matter integrity and volume were univariately related to higher age, being male, higher BMI, HbA1C and fasting glucose and insulin levels. However, multivariate analyses demonstrated that only BMI was independently related to white matter integrity, and age, gender and BMI to white matter volume loss. Our data indicate that obese T2DM patients have reduced white matter integrity and volume, but that this is largely explained by BMI, rather than T2DM per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselotte van Bloemendaal
- Diabetes Center / Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, PO BOX 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard G Ijzerman
- Diabetes Center / Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, PO BOX 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer S Ten Kulve
- Diabetes Center / Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, PO BOX 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michaela Diamant
- Diabetes Center / Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, PO BOX 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco van Duinkerken
- Diabetes Center / Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, PO BOX 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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86
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Wu JQ, Chen DC, Tan YL, Tan SP, Xiu MH, Wang ZR, Yang FD, Soares JC, Zhang XY. Altered interleukin-18 levels are associated with cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 76:9-15. [PMID: 26866662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia may involve the neuroinflammation mediated by cytokines. This study examined the IL-18 levels, the cognitive function, and their association in schizophrenia. We recruited 70 chronic patients and 75 normal controls and examined the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and IL-18 levels. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was assessed in chronic patients. IL-18 levels were increased in chronic patients as compared to normal controls (p < 0.01). RBANS total score and the subscales of immediate memory and delayed memory were lower in patients than controls (all p < 0.001). In patients, IL-18 levels were positively associated with RBANS total score and the subscales of immediate and delayed memory (all p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis further confirmed that IL-18 was an independent contributor to RBANS total score and the aforementioned two indexes (all p < 0.05). Our data demonstrate that immune responses may play an important role in cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and the abnormal levels of IL-18 reflecting the disturbed balance of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms may be relevant to cognitive deficits of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Da Chun Chen
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Long Tan
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Ping Tan
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Hong Xiu
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Ren Wang
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu De Yang
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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87
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Byrne ML, Whittle S, Allen NB. The Role of Brain Structure and Function in the Association Between Inflammation and Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review. Psychosom Med 2016; 78:389-400. [PMID: 26910795 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major depressive disorder and related symptoms have been shown to be associated with inflammation, and this association is likely to be mediated through changes in brain structure and function. This article provides a systematic review of studies that have used brain imaging techniques to identify neural mechanisms linking inflammation and depressive symptoms. METHODS A systematic search of online databases identified 26 studies that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS In general, increased peripheral inflammation was associated with differences in function in several subcortical regions, as well as medial and ventral prefrontal regions-both at rest (7 studies) and during exposure to emotional stimuli (14 studies). Also, increased activation in some of these regions was associated with depression (18 studies). Too few studies have measured neuroinflammation markers (three) or brain structure (three), so generalizations about these mechanisms cannot yet be made. CONCLUSIONS This review supports the view that peripheral inflammation is an etiological process that may influence depression via effects on brain function. Several methodological inconsistencies in the extant literature need to be addressed, most notably a lack of formal mediational testing in longitudinal designs and inconsistencies across imaging methods and inflammation induction and measurement techniques. Further work is also required to establish the mechanisms by which basal inflammation levels influence brain function and depressive symptoms in both healthy and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Byrne
- From the Department of Psychology (Byrne, Allen), The University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre (Whittle), Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; and Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (Allen), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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88
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Albrecht DS, Granziera C, Hooker JM, Loggia ML. In Vivo Imaging of Human Neuroinflammation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:470-83. [PMID: 26985861 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is implicated in the pathophysiology of a growing number of human disorders, including multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, traumatic brain injury, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. As a result, interest in the development of novel methods to investigate neuroinflammatory processes, for the purpose of diagnosis, development of new therapies, and treatment monitoring, has surged over the past 15 years. Neuroimaging offers a wide array of non- or minimally invasive techniques to characterize neuroinflammatory processes. The intent of this Review is to provide brief descriptions of currently available neuroimaging methods to image neuroinflammation in the human central nervous system (CNS) in vivo. Specifically, because of the relatively widespread accessibility of equipment for nuclear imaging (positron emission tomography [PET]; single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we will focus on strategies utilizing these technologies. We first provide a working definition of "neuroinflammation" and then discuss available neuroimaging methods to study human neuroinflammatory processes. Specifically, we will focus on neuroimaging methods that target (1) the activation of CNS immunocompetent cells (e.g. imaging of glial activation with TSPO tracer [(11)C]PBR28), (2) compromised BBB (e.g. identification of MS lesions with gadolinium-enhanced MRI), (3) CNS-infiltration of circulating immune cells (e.g. tracking monocyte infiltration into brain parenchyma with iron oxide nanoparticles and MRI), and (4) pathological consequences of neuroinflammation (e.g. imaging apoptosis with [(99m)Tc]Annexin V or iron accumulation with T2* relaxometry). This Review provides an overview of state-of-the-art techniques for imaging human neuroinflammation which have potential to impact patient care in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Granziera
- Neuro-Immunology,
Neurology Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier
Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- LTS5, Ecole
Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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89
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Depp CA, Dev S, Eyler LT. Bipolar Depression and Cognitive Impairment: Shared Mechanisms and New Treatment Avenues. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2016; 39:95-109. [PMID: 26876321 PMCID: PMC4758200 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Depression and cognitive impairment are pervasive and highly disabling aspects of bipolar disorder. Although cognitive impairment is partially independent from mood episodes, depressive symptoms may increase the risk of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder through inflammatory processes as well as health risks such as obesity and sedentary behavior. Novel treatment avenues at the intersection of bipolar depression and cognitive impairment target inflammation directly or indirectly health behaviors such as diet, physical activity, and sleep hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Depp
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Sheena Dev
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; SDSU-UCSD Joint Doctoral Program, Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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90
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Severance EG, Yolken RH. Role of Immune and Autoimmune Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 23:501-516. [PMID: 33456427 PMCID: PMC7173552 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800981-9.00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review data in support of the concept that immune system dysregulation is the most plausible explanation that reconciles gene by environmental interactions in schizophrenia. Early investigations of this topic demonstrated aspects of aberrant activation of humoral immunity, including autoimmunity, associated with schizophrenia, whereas current research efforts have expanded this theme to include elements of innate immunity. Advances in our understanding of inflammation and molecules of both the adaptive and innate immune system and their functional roles in standard brain physiology provide an important context by which schizophrenia might arise as the result of the coupling of immune and neurodevelopmental dysregulation.
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91
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Jiang J, Trollor JN, Brown DA, Crawford JD, Thalamuthu A, Smith E, Breit SN, Liu T, Brodaty H, Baune BT, Sachdev PS, Wen W. An inverse relationship between serum macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 levels and brain white matter integrity in community-dwelling older individuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 62:80-8. [PMID: 26254771 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1/GDF15) is a marker of inflammation that has been associated with atherosclerosis. We have previously demonstrated its relationships with cognitive decline and cerebral gray matter volumes, suggesting its role as a biomarker of cognitive impairment. Considering that it is widely distributed in the brain, and both inflammation and vascular pathology impact on white matter (WM) integrity, we examined the relationship between MIC-1/GDF15 and measures of WM integrity, including WM volumes, mean fractional anisotropy (FA) values and WM hyperintensity (WMH) volumes in a community-dwelling non-demented sample of older individuals (n=327, 70-90 years old). We found that the mean FA values were negatively associated with MIC-1/GDF15 serum levels, after Bonferroni correction. The voxel-wise analysis showed negative relationships between MIC-1/GDF15 serum levels and FA values in corticospinal tract, corpus callosum (including genu, body and splenium parts), superior longitudinal fasciculus, cingulum, as well as anterior and posterior thalamic radiation. Whole brain WMH volumes, especially deep WMH volumes, showed a non-significant trend for a positive association with MIC-1/GDF15 serum levels. The associations between MIC-1/GDF15 serum levels and WM integrity showed a non-significant trend of being stronger for the individuals classified as mild cognitive impairment, compared to the normal ageing participants. The findings suggest that high serum MIC-1/GDF15 levels indicate reduced WM integrity and possibly greater WM pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Jiang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Department of Development Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David A Brown
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - John D Crawford
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Evelyn Smith
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Samuel N Breit
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Aged Care Psychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
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92
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Effect of Combined Stress on Morphological Changes and Expression of NO Synthases in Rat Ventral Hippocampus. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 160:96-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-3107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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93
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Metti AL, Aizenstein H, Yaffe K, Boudreau RM, Newman A, Launer L, Gianaros PJ, Lopez OL, Saxton J, Ives DG, Kritchevsky S, Vallejo AN, Rosano C. Trajectories of peripheral interleukin-6, structure of the hippocampus, and cognitive impairment over 14 years in older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3038-3044. [PMID: 26279115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate if trajectory components (baseline level, slope, and variability) of peripheral interleukin-6 (IL-6) over time were related to cognitive impairment and smaller hippocampal volume and if hippocampal volume explained the associations between IL-6 and cognitive impairment. Multivariable regression models were used to test the association between IL-6 trajectory components with change in neuroimaging measures of the hippocampus and with cognitive impairment among 135 older adults (70-79 years at baseline) from the Healthy Brain Project over 14 years. IL-6 variability was positively associated with cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR] = 5.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24, 27.61) and with greater decrease per year of gray matter volume of the hippocampus (β = -0.008, standard error = 0.004, p = 0.03). After adjustment for hippocampal volume, the OR of cognitive impairment decreased for each unit of IL-6 variability and CIs widened (OR = 4.36, 95% CI: 0.67, 28.29). Neither baseline levels nor slopes of IL-6 were related to cognitive impairment or hippocampal volume. We believe this has potential clinical and public health implications by suggesting adults with stable levels of peripheral IL-6 may be better targets for intervention studies for slowing or preventing cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Howard Aizenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert M Boudreau
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anne Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lenore Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Judith Saxton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Diane G Ives
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Kritchevsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Abbe N Vallejo
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caterina Rosano
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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94
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Leza JC, García-Bueno B, Bioque M, Arango C, Parellada M, Do K, O'Donnell P, Bernardo M. Inflammation in schizophrenia: A question of balance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:612-26. [PMID: 26092265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been renewed interest in immune/inflammatory changes and their associated oxidative/nitrosative consequences as key pathophysiological mechanisms in schizophrenia and related disorders. Both brain cell components (microglia, astrocytes, and neurons) and peripheral immune cells have been implicated in inflammation and the resulting oxidative/nitrosative stress (O&NS) in schizophrenia. Furthermore, down-regulation of endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms has been identified in biological samples from patients, although the degree and progression of the inflammatory process and the nature of its self-regulatory mechanisms vary from early onset to full-blown disease. This review focuses on the interactions between inflammation and O&NS, their damaging consequences for brain cells in schizophrenia, the possible origins of inflammation and increased O&NS in the disorder, and current pharmacological strategies to deal with these processes (mainly treatments with anti-inflammatory or antioxidant drugs as add-ons to antipsychotics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Leza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Bioque
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, IIS Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, IIS Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kim Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Miguel Bernardo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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95
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Bossù P, Piras F, Palladino I, Iorio M, Salani F, Ciaramella A, Chiapponi C, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G. Hippocampal volume and depressive symptoms are linked to serum IL-18 in schizophrenia. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2015; 2:e111. [PMID: 25977936 PMCID: PMC4426680 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Since schizophrenia (SCZ) is often accompanied by hippocampal abnormalities and dysregulation of cytokine production, this study aimed to investigate the impact of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-18, whose biological system appears to be perturbed in SCZ, on brain structure and clinical severity in patients with chronic SCZ. Methods: The serum levels of IL-18, including its free bioactive form (i.e., the cytokine fraction not bound to its specific endogenous inhibitor IL-18 binding protein), were evaluated in a case-control study involving 71 individuals with SCZ diagnosis and 29 healthy controls. All participants underwent brain MRI automatic evaluation for hippocampal volume estimation. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was administered to measure severity of symptoms in patients with SCZ. Results: Lower amounts of free IL-18 were related to smaller hippocampal volume measures in patients with SCZ. Furthermore, in line with a possible neuroprotective effect of the cytokine, higher levels of free IL-18 corresponded to lower subscores of PANSS depression in patients with SCZ. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the levels of circulating bioactive IL-18 are related to both hippocampal volume and severity of psychopathologic symptoms in patients with SCZ, confirming the involvement of the cytokine in SCZ pathophysiology and suggesting hippocampal-dependent and neuroprotective functions of IL-18 in this clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bossù
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology (P.B., F.P., I.P., M.I., F.S., A.C., C. Chiapponi, C. Caltagirone, G.S.), IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (C. Caltagirone), University "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy; and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology (P.B., F.P., I.P., M.I., F.S., A.C., C. Chiapponi, C. Caltagirone, G.S.), IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (C. Caltagirone), University "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy; and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ilaria Palladino
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology (P.B., F.P., I.P., M.I., F.S., A.C., C. Chiapponi, C. Caltagirone, G.S.), IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (C. Caltagirone), University "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy; and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Mariangela Iorio
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology (P.B., F.P., I.P., M.I., F.S., A.C., C. Chiapponi, C. Caltagirone, G.S.), IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (C. Caltagirone), University "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy; and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Francesca Salani
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology (P.B., F.P., I.P., M.I., F.S., A.C., C. Chiapponi, C. Caltagirone, G.S.), IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (C. Caltagirone), University "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy; and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Antonio Ciaramella
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology (P.B., F.P., I.P., M.I., F.S., A.C., C. Chiapponi, C. Caltagirone, G.S.), IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (C. Caltagirone), University "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy; and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology (P.B., F.P., I.P., M.I., F.S., A.C., C. Chiapponi, C. Caltagirone, G.S.), IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (C. Caltagirone), University "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy; and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology (P.B., F.P., I.P., M.I., F.S., A.C., C. Chiapponi, C. Caltagirone, G.S.), IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (C. Caltagirone), University "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy; and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology (P.B., F.P., I.P., M.I., F.S., A.C., C. Chiapponi, C. Caltagirone, G.S.), IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (C. Caltagirone), University "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy; and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Bortolato B, Carvalho AF, Soczynska JK, Perini GI, McIntyre RS. The Involvement of TNF-α in Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Major Depressive Disorder: An Opportunity for Domain Specific Treatments. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:558-76. [PMID: 26467407 PMCID: PMC4761629 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150630171433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent, chronic and recurring disorder, associated with substantial impairment in cognitive and interpersonal functions. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory processes play an important role in the etio-pathogenesis, phenomenology, comorbidity and treatment of MDD. Suboptimal remission rates and the persistence of cognitive deficits contribute to functional impairment in MDD inviting the need for the development of mechanistically novel and domain specific treatment approaches. The MEDLINE/ Pubmed database was searched from inception to February, 9th, 2014 with combinations of the following search terms: 'TNF-alpha', 'depression', 'infliximab', 'etanercept', 'adalimumab', 'golimumab' and 'certolizumab'. Preclinical and clinical evidence linking TNF-α to MDD pathophysiology were reviewed as well as the current status of TNF-α modulators as novel agents for the treatment of MDD. Experimental models and clinical studies provide encouraging preliminary evidence for the efficacy of TNF- α antagonists in mitigating depressive symptoms and improving cognitive deficits. Further studies are warranted to confirm these data in larger randomized controlled trials in primary psychiatric populations. Translational research provides a promising perspective that may aid the development and/or repurposing of mechanism-based treatments for depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andre F. Carvalho
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Joanna K. Soczynska
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Roger S. McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Young JJ, Bruno D, Pomara N. A review of the relationship between proinflammatory cytokines and major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2014; 169:15-20. [PMID: 25128861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining etiological factors and reviewing advances in diagnostic modalities sensitive and specific to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is of importance in its evaluation and treatment. The inflammatory hypothesis is one of the most prevalent topics concerning MDD and may provide insight into the pathogenesis of depression, development of biomarkers, and ultimately production of more effective depression therapies. METHOD We reviewed several studies to evaluate contemporary concepts concerning proinflammatory cytokines and their relationship to various depressive disorders, the use of anti-inflammatory therapies in MDD treatment, and the application of neuroimaging in conjunction with cytokine profiles from both plasma and CSF as possible diagnostic tools. RESULTS Proinflammatory cytokines in both plasma and CSF have been found to influence the progression and severity of depressive disorders in different populations. Studies have shown elevated serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, and MCP-1 in depressed patients, but have presented mixed results with IL-8 serum levels, and with IL-6 and MCP-1 CSF levels. Anti-inflammatory treatment of MDD may have adjuvant properties with current depression medications. MRI and NIRS neuroimaging confirm neurological abnormalities in the presence of elevated proinflammatory cytokines in depressed or stressed patients. LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity of MDD and limited CSF cytokine research complicate the study of MDD pathogenesis. CONCLUSION There is significant evidence that inflammatory processes influence the development and progression of MDD. Future studies with larger arrays of cytokine profiles aided by neuroimaging may provide more sensitive and specific modes of diagnostics in determining MDD etiology and provide guidance in individual therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Joseph Young
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Davide Bruno
- Department of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nunzio Pomara
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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98
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García-Bueno B, Bioque M, MacDowell KS, Santabárbara J, Martínez-Cengotitabengoa M, Moreno C, Sáiz PA, Berrocoso E, Gassó P, Fe Barcones M, González-Pinto A, Parellada M, Bobes J, Micó JA, Bernardo M, Leza JC. Pro-/antiinflammatory dysregulation in early psychosis: results from a 1-year follow-up study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 18:pyu037. [PMID: 25577666 PMCID: PMC4368893 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies indicated a systemic deregulation of the pro-/antiinflammatory balance in subjects after 6 months of a first psychotic episode. This disruption was reexamined 12 months after diagnosis to identify potential risk/protective factors and associations with symptom severity. METHODS Eighty-five subjects were followed during 12 months and the determination of the same pro-/antiinflammatory mediators was carried out in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk/protective factors. Multiple linear regression models were performed to detect the change of each biological marker during follow-up in relation to clinical characteristics and confounding factors. RESULTS This study suggests a more severe systemic pro-/antiinflammatory deregulation than in earlier pathological stages in first psychotic episode, because not only were intracellular components of the inflammatory response increased but also the majority of soluble elements. Nitrite plasma levels and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells are reliable potential risk factors and 15d-prostaglandin-J2 plasma levels a protection biomarker. An interesting relationship exists between antipsychotic dose and the levels of prostaglandin-E2 (inverse) and 15d-prostaglandin-J2 (direct). An inverse relationship between the Global Assessment of Functioning scale and lipid peroxidation is also present. CONCLUSIONS Summing up, pro-/antiinflammatory mediators can be used as risk/protection biomarkers. The inverse association between oxidative/nitrosative damage and the Global Assessment of Functioning scale, and the possibility that one of the targets of antipsychotics could be the restoration of the pro-/antiinflammatory balance support the use of antiinflammatory drugs as coadjuvant to antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Miquel Bioque
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Karina S MacDowell
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Javier Santabárbara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Mónica Martínez-Cengotitabengoa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Pilar A Sáiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Patricia Gassó
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - M Fe Barcones
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Ana González-Pinto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Mara Parellada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Julio Bobes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Juan A Micó
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Miguel Bernardo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones)
| | - Juan C Leza
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria -IIS- Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (Drs García-Bueno, MacDowell, and Leza); Unitat d'Esquizofrènia Clínic, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque and Bernardo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Santabárbara); Hospital Universitario, Alava, EHU/UPV and National Distance Education University, Vitoria, Spain (Drs Martínez-Cengotitabengoa and González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department IIS Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (Drs Moreno and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (Drs Sáiz and Bobes); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Berrocoso and Micó); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gassó); Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Fe Barcones).
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Smythies LE, Smythies JR. Microbiota, the immune system, black moods and the brain-melancholia updated. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:720. [PMID: 25309394 PMCID: PMC4163975 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley E Smythies
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John R Smythies
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA ; Department of Psychology, Center for Brain and Cognition, University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
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100
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Low-grade inflammation disrupts structural plasticity in the human brain. Neuroscience 2014; 275:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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