51
|
Bennett B, Romm KF, Berg CJ. Changes in cigarette and e-cigarette use among US young adults from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic: News exposure and risk perceptions as potential predictors. Tob Prev Cessat 2022; 8:18. [PMID: 35601562 PMCID: PMC9074834 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/148245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 impacted cigarette and e-cigarette use behaviors among some individuals. This study examined COVID-19 factors and prior substance use as predictors of cigarette and e-cigarette cessation and initiation among US young adults from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We analyzed data from Wave 3 (Sept-Dec 2019) and Wave 5 (Sept-Dec 2020) of a 2-year, 5-wave longitudinal study of young adults across six US metropolitan areas. We examined COVID-19 news exposure, perceived smoking and e-cigarette use risk, and prior substance use, as predictors of cigarette and e-cigarette cessation and initiation, respectively. RESULTS Of W3 cigarette users (n=516), 37.8% (n=195) quit cigarettes at W5; predictors of cessation included younger age, fewer days of W3 past-month cigarette use, and no W3 e-cigarette use. Of W3 e-cigarette users (n=687), 38.7% (n=266) quit e-cigarettes at W5; predictors included greater COVID-19 news exposure, fewer days of W3 past-month e-cigarette use, and no W3 cigarette use. Of W3 cigarette non-users (n=1693), 5.0% (n=85) initiated cigarettes at W5; predictors of initiation included younger age, lower perceived smoking risk, lifetime cigarette and e-cigarette use, and W3 e-cigarette use. Of W3 e-cigarette non-users (n=1522), 6.3% (n=96) initiated e-cigarettes at W5; predictors included younger age, less news exposure, lifetime cigarette and e-cigarette use, and W3 cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the need to address cigarette and e-cigarette co-use and related risk perceptions in prevention and cessation interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breesa Bennett
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - Katelyn F. Romm
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - Carla J. Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, United States
- George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, United States
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Nason SL, Lin E, Eitzer B, Koelmel J, Peccia J. Changes in Sewage Sludge Chemical Signatures During a COVID-19 Community Lockdown, Part 1: Traffic, Drugs, Mental Health, and Disinfectants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1179-1192. [PMID: 34668219 DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv.13562525.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The early months of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated shutdowns disrupted many aspects of daily life and thus caused changes in the use and disposal of many types of chemicals. While records of sales, prescriptions, drug overdoses, and so forth provide data about specific chemical uses during this time, wastewater and sewage sludge analysis can provide a more comprehensive overview of chemical changes within a region. We analyzed primary sludge from a wastewater-treatment plant in Connecticut, USA, collected March 19 to June 30, 2020. This time period encompassed the first wave of the pandemic, the initial statewide stay at home order, and the first phase of reopening. We used liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry and targeted and suspect screening strategies to identify 78 chemicals of interest, which included pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, disinfectants, ultraviolet (UV) filters, and others. We analyzed trends over time for the identified chemicals using linear trend analyses and multivariate comparisons (p < 0.05). We found trends related directly to the pandemic (e.g., hydroxychloroquine, a drug publicized for its potential to treat COVID-19, had elevated concentrations in the week following the implementation of the US Emergency Use Authorization), as well as evidence for seasonal changes in chemical use (e.g., increases for three UV-filter compounds). Though wastewater surveillance during the pandemic has largely focused on measuring severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 RNA concentrations, chemical analysis can also show trends that are important for revealing the public and environmental health effects of the pandemic. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1179-1192. © 2021 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Nason
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lin
- Department of Environmental Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brian Eitzer
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeremy Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Sarich P, Cabasag CJ, Liebermann E, Vaneckova P, Carle C, Hughes S, Egger S, O'Connell DL, Weber MF, da Costa AM, Caruana M, Bray F, Canfell K, Ginsburg O, Steinberg J, Soerjomataram I. Tobacco smoking changes during the first pre-vaccination phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 47:101375. [PMID: 35434579 PMCID: PMC9002019 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, tobacco smoking remains the largest preventable cause of premature death. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced nations to take unprecedented measures, including 'lockdowns' that might impact tobacco smoking behaviour. We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses to assess smoking behaviour changes during the early pre-vaccination phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Methods We searched Medline/Embase/PsycINFO/BioRxiv/MedRxiv/SSRN databases (January-November 2020) for published and pre-print articles that reported specific smoking behaviour changes or intentions after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We used random-effects models to pool prevalence ratios comparing the prevalence of smoking during and before the pandemic, and the prevalence of smoking behaviour changes during the pandemic. The PROSPERO registration number for this systematic review was CRD42020206383. Findings 31 studies were included in meta-analyses, with smoking data for 269,164 participants across 24 countries. The proportion of people smoking during the pandemic was lower than that before, with a pooled prevalence ratio of 0·87 (95%CI:0·79-0·97). Among people who smoke, 21% (95%CI:14-30%) smoked less, 27% (95%CI:22-32%) smoked more, 50% (95%CI:41%-58%) had unchanged smoking and 4% (95%CI:1-9%) reported quitting smoking. Among people who did not smoke, 2% (95%CI:1-3%) started smoking during the pandemic. Heterogeneity was high in all meta-analyses and so the pooled estimates should be interpreted with caution (I2 >91% and p-heterogeneity<0·001). Almost all studies were at high risk of bias due to use of non-representative samples, non-response bias, and utilisation of non-validated questions. Interpretation Smoking behaviour changes during the first phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 were highly mixed. Meta-analyses indicated that there was a relative reduction in overall smoking prevalence during the pandemic, while similar proportions of people who smoke smoked more or smoked less, although heterogeneity was high. Implementation of evidence-based tobacco control policies and programs, including tobacco cessation services, have an important role in ensuring that the COVID-19 pandemic does not exacerbate the smoking pandemic and associated adverse health outcomes. Funding No specific funding was received for this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sarich
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, NSW 1340, Australia
| | - Citadel J Cabasag
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Erica Liebermann
- College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, RI, United States
| | - Pavla Vaneckova
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, NSW 1340, Australia
| | - Chelsea Carle
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, NSW 1340, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hughes
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, NSW 1340, Australia
| | - Sam Egger
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, NSW 1340, Australia
| | - Dianne L O'Connell
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, NSW 1340, Australia
| | - Marianne F Weber
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, NSW 1340, Australia
| | - Allini Mafra da Costa
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Caruana
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, NSW 1340, Australia
| | - Freddie Bray
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Karen Canfell
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, NSW 1340, Australia
| | - Ophira Ginsburg
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, MD, United States
| | - Julia Steinberg
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, PO Box 572, Kings Cross, NSW 1340, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Eleftheriades M, Vousoura E, Eleftheriades A, Pervanidou P, Zervas IM, Chrousos G, Vlahos NF, Sotiriadis A. Physical Health, Media Use, Stress, and Mental Health in Pregnant Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12051125. [PMID: 35626281 PMCID: PMC9140022 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant changes in the care of pregnant women and their fetuses. Emerging data show elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant women. Aims: The purpose of this article is to investigate the psychological and behavioral impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women in Greece during the first national lockdown. Methods: We used a cross-sectional, anonymous survey to collect data in two fetal medicine clinics in the largest urban centers of Greece during the months of April and May 2020. The questionnaire was largely based on the CoRonavIruS Health Impact Survey (CRISIS), and assessed sociodemographic characteristics, general health and obstetric data and COVID-19-related worries and life changes. Mood symptoms, substance use and lifestyle behaviors were assessed at two time points (3 months prior to the pandemic and the 2 weeks before taking the survey), while perceived stress was measured with the perceived stress scale (PSS-14). Results: A total of 308 pregnant women (Mage = 34.72), with a mean gestation of 21.19 weeks participated in the study. Over one-third of the women found COVID-19 restrictions stressful, and their highest COVID-19-related worry was having to be isolated from their baby. Mean PSS-14 score was 21.94, suggesting moderate stress. The strongest predictors of stress were physical and mental health status before COVID-19 and having experienced a stressful life event during their pregnancy. Compared to 3 months before the pandemic, women reported higher scores on mood symptoms (p < 0.001), TV use (p = 0.01) and social media use (p = 0.031) in the last 2 weeks before taking the survey. Conclusion: Our study provides important preliminary evidence of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown on pregnant women’s well-being and functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makarios Eleftheriades
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eleni Vousoura
- Department of Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece;
- First Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aiginiteion” Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Anna Eleftheriades
- Postgraduate Programme in Fetal Maternal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Iannis M. Zervas
- First Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aiginiteion” Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Chrousos
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Nikolaos F. Vlahos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Alexandros Sotiriadis
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, “Ippokrateion” Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Sornsenee P, Kongtragulsub K, Watcharajiranich K, Chantanuwat R, Aungchayakul A, Mangkhalathat K, Laparojkit S. Factors Associated with Anxiety and Depression Among Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise Restaurant Entrepreneurs Due to Thailand’s COVID-19-Related Restrictions: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2022; 15:1157-1165. [PMID: 35655746 PMCID: PMC9153940 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s359507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Phoomjai Sornsenee
- Department of Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Correspondence: Phoomjai Sornsenee, Department of Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnjanavanich Road, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand, Tel +66954204713, Fax +6674451333, Email
| | | | | | - Ratsak Chantanuwat
- Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Awika Aungchayakul
- Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Scherrer JF, Miller-Matero LR, Salas J, Sullivan MD, Secrest S, Autio K, Wilson L, Amick M, DeBar L, Lustman PJ, Gebauer S, Ahmedani B. Characteristics of Patients with Non-Cancer Pain and Perceived Severity of COVID-19 Related Stress. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2022; 119:229-236. [PMID: 36035570 PMCID: PMC9324720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Synopsis Patients with non-cancer pain reported increased pain and pain interference during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. We determined if pain, prescription opioid use, and comorbidities were associated with perceived COVID-19-related stress as the pandemic peaked. Analysis of survey data revealed that depression/anxiety, pain severity, and pain interference were most strongly and consistently associated with greater stress due to COVID-19 related changes in lifestyle, worsening of emotional/mental health and worsening pain. Identifying specific stressful experiences that most impacted patients with non-cancer pain may help target public health and treatment interventions. BACKGROUND During the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with chronic pain reported increased pain severity and interference. This study measured the association between pain, prescription opioid use, and comorbidities with perceived COVID-19-related stress as the pandemic peaked in the United States. METHODS From 9/2020 to 3/2021, the first 149 subjects from a prospective cohort study of non-cancer pain, completed a survey which contained the Complementary and Integrative Research (CAIR) Pandemic Impact Questionnaire (C-PIQ). Respondents also reported whether the pandemic has contributed to their pain or opioid use. Bivariate comparisons explored patient characteristics with each CAIR domain. RESULTS Respondents mean age was 54.6 (±11.3) years, 69.8% were female, 64.6% were White. Respondent characteristics were not associated with reading/watching/thinking about the pandemic or with worry about health. Depression/anxiety (p=0.003), using any prescription opioid in the prior three months (p=0.009), higher morphine milligram equivalent used (p=0.005), higher pain severity (p=0.011), and higher pain interference (p=0.0004) were all positively and significantly associated with moderate to severe stress due to COVID-19 related lifestyle changes. Depression/anxiety, pain severity, and pain interference were positively associated with COVID-19-related worsening emotional/mental health. Depression/anxiety were significantly (p<0.0001) associated with reporting that the pandemic made their pain worse. CONCLUSION Depression, anxiety, pain severity, and pain interference were most strongly and consistently associated with COVID-19 changes in way of life, worsening of emotional/mental health, and worsening pain. Identifying specific stressful experiences that most impacted patients with noncancer pain may inform public health and treatment interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey F Scherrer
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- The Advanced HEAlth Data (AHEAD) Research Institute, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lisa R Miller-Matero
- Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research and Behavioral Health Services, Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Joanne Salas
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- The Advanced HEAlth Data (AHEAD) Research Institute, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark D Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Scott Secrest
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kirsti Autio
- Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research and Behavioral Health Services, Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Lauren Wilson
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew Amick
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lynn DeBar
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Patrick J Lustman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sarah Gebauer
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- The Advanced HEAlth Data (AHEAD) Research Institute, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian Ahmedani
- Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research and Behavioral Health Services, Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place, Detroit, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Nason SL, Lin E, Eitzer B, Koelmel J, Peccia J. Changes in Sewage Sludge Chemical Signatures During a COVID-19 Community Lockdown, Part 1: Traffic, Drugs, Mental Health, and Disinfectants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1179-1192. [PMID: 34668219 PMCID: PMC8653241 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The early months of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated shutdowns disrupted many aspects of daily life and thus caused changes in the use and disposal of many types of chemicals. While records of sales, prescriptions, drug overdoses, and so forth provide data about specific chemical uses during this time, wastewater and sewage sludge analysis can provide a more comprehensive overview of chemical changes within a region. We analyzed primary sludge from a wastewater-treatment plant in Connecticut, USA, collected March 19 to June 30, 2020. This time period encompassed the first wave of the pandemic, the initial statewide stay at home order, and the first phase of reopening. We used liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry and targeted and suspect screening strategies to identify 78 chemicals of interest, which included pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, disinfectants, ultraviolet (UV) filters, and others. We analyzed trends over time for the identified chemicals using linear trend analyses and multivariate comparisons (p < 0.05). We found trends related directly to the pandemic (e.g., hydroxychloroquine, a drug publicized for its potential to treat COVID-19, had elevated concentrations in the week following the implementation of the US Emergency Use Authorization), as well as evidence for seasonal changes in chemical use (e.g., increases for three UV-filter compounds). Though wastewater surveillance during the pandemic has largely focused on measuring severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 RNA concentrations, chemical analysis can also show trends that are important for revealing the public and environmental health effects of the pandemic. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1179-1192. © 2021 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Nason
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Elizabeth Lin
- Department of Environmental HealthYale School of Public HealthNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Brian Eitzer
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Jeremy Koelmel
- Department of Environmental HealthYale School of Public HealthNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Kumar N, Janmohamed K, Nyhan K, Martins SS, Cerda M, Hasin D, Scott J, Sarpong Frimpong A, Pates R, Ghandour LA, Wazaify M, Khoshnood K. Substance, use in relation to COVID-19: A scoping review. Addict Behav 2022; 127:107213. [PMID: 34959077 PMCID: PMC8684053 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a scoping review focused on various forms of substance use amid the pandemic, looking at both the impact of substance use on COVID-19 infection, severity, and vaccine uptake, as well as the impact that COVID-19 has had on substance use treatment and rates. METHODS A scoping review, compiling both peer-reviewed and grey literature, focusing on substance use and COVID-19 was conducted on September 15, 2020 and again in April 15, 2021 to capture any new studies. Three bibliographic databases (Web of Science Core Collection, Embase, PubMed) and several preprint servers (EuropePMC, bioRxiv, medRxiv, F1000, PeerJ Preprints, PsyArXiv, Research Square) were searched. We included English language original studies only. RESULTS Of 1564 articles screened in the abstract and title screening phase, we included 111 research studies (peer-reviewed: 98, grey literature: 13) that met inclusion criteria. There was limited research on substance use other than those involving tobacco or alcohol. We noted that individuals engaging in substance use had increased risk for COVID-19 severity, and Black Americans with COVID-19 and who engaged in substance use had worse outcomes than white Americans. There were issues with treatment provision earlier in the pandemic, but increased use of telehealth as the pandemic progressed. COVID-19 anxiety was associated with increased substance use. CONCLUSIONS Our scoping review of studies to date during COVID-19 uncovered notable research gaps namely the need for research efforts on vaccines, COVID-19 concerns such as anxiety and worry, and low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) and under-researched topics within substance use, and to explore the use of qualitative techniques and interventions where appropriate. We also noted that clinicians can screen and treat individuals exhibiting substance use to mitigate effects of the pandemic. FUNDING Study was funded by the Institution for Social and Policy Studies, Yale University and The Horowitz Foundation for Social Policy. DH was funded by a NIDA grant (R01DA048860). The funding body had no role in the design, analysis, or interpretation of the data in the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navin Kumar
- Human Nature Lab, Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Kate Nyhan
- Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Silvia S Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magdalena Cerda
- Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deborah Hasin
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Scott
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Richard Pates
- Institute of Health and Society, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Lilian A Ghandour
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mayyada Wazaify
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Kaveh Khoshnood
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Mangot-Sala L, Tran KA, Smidt N, Liefbroer AC. The impact of the COVID lockdown on alcohol consumption in the Netherlands. The role of living arrangements and social isolation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 233:109349. [PMID: 35168117 PMCID: PMC8830152 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown have a strong impact on health and health behaviours, such as alcohol consumption. Although there is some evidence of an overall decline in alcohol consumption during the lockdown, studies also show an increase in risky drinking patterns, e.g. solitary drinking, and differences between subgroups of individuals, e.g. depending on their living arrangement. Yet most studies rely on cross-sectional designs with retrospective questions, and small samples. METHODS A longitudinal study was conducted using 13 waves of the COVID-Questionnaire within the Lifelines cohort from the northern Netherlands (n = 63,194). The outcome was alcohol consumption (glasses per week) between April 2020 and July 2021. Linear fixed-effects models were fitted to analyse trends in alcohol consumption, and these were compared with pre-COVID drinking levels. Moreover, the role of living arrangement and feelings of social isolation as potential moderators was tested. RESULTS Alcohol consumption during the pandemic was lower than in previous years, and the seasonal pattern differed from the pre-COVID one, with levels being lower when lockdown measures were stricter. Moreover, the seasonal pattern differed by living arrangement: those living alone saw a relative increase in drinking throughout tight lockdown periods, whereas those living with children showed the strongest increase during the summer. Social isolation showed a weaker moderation effect. CONCLUSIONS Overall alcohol levels were down in the pandemic, and in particular during strict lockdowns. Those living on their own and those who felt more isolated reacted more strongly to the lockdown, the longer it lasted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Mangot-Sala
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Khoa A Tran
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, The Netherlands; University College Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Smidt
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aart C Liefbroer
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Lampraki C, Hoffman A, Roquet A, Jopp DS. Loneliness during COVID-19: Development and influencing factors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265900. [PMID: 35353850 PMCID: PMC8967032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In early pandemic waves, when vaccination against COVID-19 was not yet an option, distancing and reduced social contact were the most effective measures to slow down the pandemic. Changes in frequency and forms of social contact have reduced the spread of the COVID-19 virus and thus saved lives, yet there is increasing evidence for negative side effects such as mental health issues. In the present study, we investigate the development of loneliness and its predictors to examine the role of changes in social networks due to social distancing and other COVID-19-related life changes. A total of 737 participants (age range = 18-81 years) completed an online survey in three waves during the last quarter of 2020 at one-month intervals. Latent growth and multilevel modeling revealed that emotional loneliness increased over time, while social loneliness remained stable. Moreover, socially lonely individuals were likely to also develop emotional loneliness over time. Increased social distancing and sanitary measures were accompanied by decreased social interactions and loss of individuals considered SOS contacts and confidants. Changes in specific social network indicators were differentially associated with changes in emotional vs social loneliness: Loss of friends considered confidants was associated with increasing emotional loneliness, whereas loss of friends considered SOS contacts and reduced overall social interactions were related to increasing social loneliness. Lastly, individuals with more family-and-friend SOS contacts, more friends as confidants and an overall higher number of social interactions were more protected from feeling socially or emotionally lonely. Study findings enhance the understanding of underlying mechanisms differentially contributing to social and emotional loneliness and offer practical suggestions to reduce mental-health side effects of social distancing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia Lampraki
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
- LIVES Centre, Swiss Centre of Expertise in Life Course Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adar Hoffman
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
- LIVES Centre, Swiss Centre of Expertise in Life Course Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angélique Roquet
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Daniela S. Jopp
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
- LIVES Centre, Swiss Centre of Expertise in Life Course Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Bouskill KE, Fitzke RE, Saba SK, Ring C, Davis JP, Lee DS, Pedersen ER. Stress and Coping among Post-9/11 Veterans During COVID-19: A Qualitative Exploration. JOURNAL OF VETERANS STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.21061/jvs.v8i1.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
62
|
Maraz A, Yi S. Compulsive buying gradually increased during the first six months of the Covid-19 outbreak. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:88-101. [PMID: 35262509 PMCID: PMC9109632 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The current Covid-19 situation offers a natural experiment to explore the effect of a chronic stressor on compulsive buying tendencies over an extended period of time. DESIGN Survey method of sampling every three days a new cohort during the first six months of the Covid-19 pandemic (March-October 2020) in the United States. PARTICIPANTS Total (clean) sample of N = 1,430 (39.3% female, mean age = 36.4 years). MEASUREMENTS Online and offline compulsive buying separately, distress, economic position, income and age were assessed. FINDINGS Both online and offline compulsive buying increased during the data collection period ( τ = 0.24, τ = 0.22, respectively, both P < 0.001). Individuals with self-reported high economic position (EP) reported the highest tendency for compulsive buying throughout the entire time frame, although the increase in compulsive buying tendencies over time was the most pronounced among the economically less privileged. Online compulsive buying increased after the CARES Act (first stimulus package) by an effect size of d = 0.33. When entered into a regression model, EP had the strongest effect on compulsive buying after accounting for the effect of distress, income and age. The high-EP group reported the strongest correlation between distress and compulsive buying (r = 0.67, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.57-0.76). CONCLUSIONS Compulsive buying tendency gradually increased during the first six months of the Covid-19 pandemic especially after the CARES Act.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Maraz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Psychology, Germany,Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Vallecillo G, Fonseca F, Oviedo L, Durán X, Martinez I, García-Guix A, Castillo C, Torrens M, Llana S, Roquer A, Martinez MDLC, Aguelo S, Canosa I. Similar COVID-19 incidence to the general population in people with opioid use disorder receiving integrated outpatient clinical care. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2022; 2:100027. [PMID: 35156106 PMCID: PMC8760741 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction During the COVID-19 pandemic, limited access to health care augmented COVID-19 risk in subjects with opioid use disorder (OUD). The aim of the study was to compare COVID-19 incidence in individuals with OUD receiving continuous clinical care with that of the general population. Methods A prospective cohort study was carried out from March 2020 to March 2021 comparing COVID-19 cumulative incidence of individuals presenting an OUD receiving integrated clinical care with that of an age-reference general population, in three public outpatient treatment centers for addiction in Barcelona, Spain. Results Over the study period, 366 individuals received clinical care. Mean age: 48.2±8.9 years, 280 (76.5%) were men and 283 (77.3%) native Spanish. All subjects were on opioid agonist therapy. Prevalence of communicable diseases were: HIV infection in 109 (29.8%) and hepatitis C in 46 (12.6%). Psychiatric comorbidity was present in 207 (56.6%), and 119 (32.5%) had >1 chronic medical disease. COVID-19 was diagnosed in 10 patients a cumulative incidence of 2,732 casesx100,000 people/year (C.I.95%: 1,318–4,967). There were no differences compared to the age-general population: 2,856 casesx100,000 people/year (C.I.95%: 2,830–2,880) (p=0.81). In the bivariate analysis, hypertension (5[50.0%] vs. 53[14.9%], p=0.01) and cardiovascular chronic diseases (2 [20.0%] vs. 8 [2.2%], p=0.03) were more prevalent in patients with OUD and COVID-19. Conclusions Individuals with OUD who received integrated clinical care had a COVID-19 incidence comparable to the general population. Ensuring comprehensive healthcare is essential to prevent the clinical impact of COVID-19 on individuals with OUD.
Collapse
|
64
|
Korzycka M, Bójko M, Radiukiewicz K, Dzielska A, Oblacińska A, Fijałkowska A. Everyday challenges faced by Polish teenagers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of selected demographic factors. JOURNAL OF MOTHER AND CHILD 2022; 25:191-201. [PMID: 35139601 PMCID: PMC9097657 DOI: 10.34763/jmotherandchild.20212503si.d-21-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enforced restrictions, including physical isolation and school lockdowns after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, have brought about anxiety and uncertainty the younger generation. OBJECTIVE The main objective is to analyse the everyday challenges faced by adolescents in Poland during the time of social isolation in the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS A nationwide, online survey of adolescents aged 11-18 (N=2408) was conducted in April 2020. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were undertaken. Differences in the everyday challenges experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic connected with gender, age and place of residence were analysed. RESULTS Girls were significantly more likely than boys to perceive the limitations in contacts with others (friends and family) and the concerns about the health of relatives as a big difficulty. Among the youngest students (11-12 years of age), the lack of contact with friends and family and worries about their health and the fear of infection ranked higher than for other students. For the oldest (17-18) the lack of private time and space and not being able to meet one's boyfriend/ girlfriend were the most troublesome. The necessity to stay at home and the inconvenience resulting from the lack of outdoor exercise were ranked higher by urban students than by students living in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS When planning campaigns in the near future to support the mental health of adolescents in the context of the pandemic it is recommended to include especially the youngest adolescents and those living in small and medium-sized cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Korzycka
- Department of Children and Adolescent Health, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland, E-mail:
| | - Martyna Bójko
- Department of Children and Adolescent Health, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Radiukiewicz
- Department of Children and Adolescent Health, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Dzielska
- Department of Children and Adolescent Health, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Oblacińska
- Department of Children and Adolescent Health, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fijałkowska
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Mayorga NA, Manning KF, Garey L, Viana AG, Ditre JW, Zvolensky MJ. The Role of Experiential Avoidance in Terms of Fatigue and Pain During COVID-19 Among Latinx Adults. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2022; 46:470-479. [PMID: 35125558 PMCID: PMC8802248 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-022-10292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Latinx persons are overrepresented in terms of 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection rates and constitute a subpopulation at increased risk for COVID-19 related physical ailments. Fatigue and pain are among the most prevalent somatic symptoms among the Latinx population; however, there is little understanding of individual difference factors that are related to fatigue and pain during COVID-19 among this health disparities population. Experiential avoidance (EA) reflects the persistent tendency to avoid aversive internal sensations. Methods The current study sought to extend past work by exploring EA in relation to fatigue severity, pain intensity, and pain disability among 182 Latinx adult persons during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Results indicated that EA accounted for a statistically significant amount of variance across the criterion variables. Conclusions Overall, the current work provides initial empirical evidence that EA is related to greater fatigue severity and pain severity/disability among Latinx persons during COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nubia A. Mayorga
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX USA
| | - Kara F. Manning
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX USA
| | - Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX USA
| | - Andres G. Viana
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX USA
| | - Joseph W. Ditre
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, New York, NY USA
| | - Michael J. Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
- HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, Houston, TX 77204 USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Spatafora F, Matos Fialho PM, Busse H, Helmer SM, Zeeb H, Stock C, Wendt C, Pischke CR. Fear of Infection and Depressive Symptoms among German University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of COVID-19 International Student Well-Being Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1659. [PMID: 35162681 PMCID: PMC8834840 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has a significant psychological impact at the population level and fear of infection is one of the stressors involved. The study aimed to examine fear of infection and associations with university students' depressive symptoms, substance use, and social contacts during the COVID-19 outbreak in Germany in May 2020. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted at four German universities (n = 5.021, 69% female, mean age: 24 years) as part of the COVID-19 International Student Well-being Study. Fear of infection was assessed using self-generated items, depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center of Epidemiologic Studies Scale (CES-D-8). Associations between fear of infection and depressive symptoms were analyzed with linear regressions, controlling for sociodemographic variables. A total of 34% of the participants reported feeling worried about getting infected themselves, 75% were worried about someone from their personal network getting infected, and 78% feared that individuals close to them would get severely ill after infection. Sixteen percent of the variance of depressive symptoms could be explained by fear of infection (p ≤ 0.001). Students' fear of infection should be considered in student communication and counseling to prevent worsening of mental health in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franca Spatafora
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (F.S.); (P.M.M.F.)
| | - Paula M. Matos Fialho
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (F.S.); (P.M.M.F.)
| | - Heide Busse
- Department Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (H.B.); (H.Z.)
| | - Stefanie M. Helmer
- Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (S.M.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Hajo Zeeb
- Department Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (H.B.); (H.Z.)
- Health Sciences Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Christiane Stock
- Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (S.M.H.); (C.S.)
- Unit of Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, 6705 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Claus Wendt
- Sociology of Health and Health Care Systems, University Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany;
| | - Claudia R. Pischke
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (F.S.); (P.M.M.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Rodríguez-Ruiz J, Zych I, Llorent VJ. Adolescent Compliance with anti-COVID Measures. Is It Related to Substance Use? Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 21:1-12. [PMID: 35043047 PMCID: PMC8757626 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence rates of compliance with anti-COVID measures have been widely studied, but little is known about this issue in early adolescence. Moreover, the relation between substance use and compliance with anti-COVID regulations is still unexplored. Thus, this study aimed to determine the level of compliance with anti-COVID measures by adolescents and the link between substance use and compliance with anti-COVID regulations. This was a cross-sectional study including 909 participants (M age = 12.57; SD = 0.81). The most complied measure was mask-wearing, followed by avoiding hug/kiss friends and, finally, social distancing. All substance use negatively correlated with compliance with measures. However, strong alcohol and tobacco were the only substances significantly related to less compliance of anti-COVID measures after controlling for covariates. These results provide evidence about the relation between substance use and compliance with anti-COVID measures. Strategies addressed to decrease substance use could be effective to reduce behaviours associated with coronavirus transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Avda. San Alberto Magno s/n. 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Izabela Zych
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Avda. San Alberto Magno s/n. 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Mielau J, Reiche S, Moon DU, Groß E, Gutwinski S, Betzler F, Romanello A, Masah DJ, Scicchitano M, Marek R, Brandt L, Evens R, Mick IM, Majić T, Montag C. Cannabis use during the early COVID-19 pandemic: Use patterns, predictors, and subjective experiences. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1037451. [PMID: 36704748 PMCID: PMC9872100 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1037451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even in the early stages, global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic lead to serious dislocations of social life, secondary adjustment reactions to external restrictions and individual concerns. Coping mechanisms may also include dysfunctional strategies like an increase of drug use. Considering the wide-spread use of cannabis, the aim of this study was to elucidate the interplay of social restrictions, psychopathology, concerns related to the pandemic in addition to the users' experiences, motivations and consumption quantities during the early COVID-19 pandemic. It was presumed that cannabis intake would increase during the early phase of the crisis and that consumption quantities would be related to corona-related restrictions, concerns as well as subjective substance effects and psychopathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS As part of an international, cross-sectional, internet-based survey (N = 5,049) available in five languages, consumption quantities and patterns of cannabis use in the early phase of the pandemic from April to August 2020 were examined. Participants retrospectively rated restrictions and concerns related to the pandemic, motives of cannabis use prior to and during 1 month the pandemic, and subjective consumption effects. RESULTS Cannabis use behavior showed no significant differences when consumption quantities prior and during 1 month after the COVID-19 outbreak were compared. Higher quantities of cannabis intake prior and during 1 month of the pandemic as well as more corona-related concern were associated with an increased perception of positive effects of cannabis during the pandemic. Predictors of its use during 1 month of pandemic were higher pre-pandemic consumption quantity, older age, quarantinization, a lesser degree of being affected by negative effects of the pandemic and a stronger subjective experience of corona-related positive effects of cannabis. Comparisons of the motives for cannabis intake in the pre-pandemic versus the pandemic period showed that all rationales for consumption were reported less frequently, except boredom. CONCLUSION Frequencies of cannabis intake remained relatively stable in the early pandemic phase. Risk factors for increased use seem related to habitual consumption patterns that become more prominent under quarantinization. The use of cannabis as a dysfunctional coping strategy might not be amenable via self-report and should therefore receive special attention in clinical contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Mielau
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Reiche
- Research Group Psychotropic Substances, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Psychiatric University Clinic at Hospital St. Hedwig, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daa Un Moon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Groß
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Gutwinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Group Psychotropic Substances, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Psychiatric University Clinic at Hospital St. Hedwig, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Betzler
- Research Group Psychotropic Substances, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Psychiatric University Clinic at Hospital St. Hedwig, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amy Romanello
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Group Psychotropic Substances, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Psychiatric University Clinic at Hospital St. Hedwig, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dario Jalilzadeh Masah
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matteo Scicchitano
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman Marek
- Research Group Psychotropic Substances, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Psychiatric University Clinic at Hospital St. Hedwig, Berlin, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Research Group "The Future of Medicine: Good Health for All," Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Berlin, Germany.,German Sepsis Foundation, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lasse Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricarda Evens
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Group Psychotropic Substances, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Psychiatric University Clinic at Hospital St. Hedwig, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inge Maria Mick
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Group Psychotropic Substances, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Psychiatric University Clinic at Hospital St. Hedwig, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomislav Majić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Group Psychotropic Substances, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Psychiatric University Clinic at Hospital St. Hedwig, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Montag
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Rogers JM, Smith KE, Schriefer D, Epstein DH. For Better or Worse: Self-reported Changes in Kratom and Other Substance Use as a Result of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Subst Abuse 2022; 16:11782218221123977. [PMID: 36199697 PMCID: PMC9527987 DOI: 10.1177/11782218221123977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background: Kratom is taken to self-treat pain and symptoms of psychiatric disorders, including substance-use disorders (SUDs) and opioid withdrawal. Before COVID-19, kratom use was increasing in the US, however, there are few published data on whether that trend continued during the COVID-19 pandemic, which could have affected kratom use in multiple ways. Aim: To examine COVID-19-related changes in kratom use and how these changes were experienced, relative to changes in other commonly used substances. Methods: Using Amazon Mechanical Turk, 2615 evaluable surveys were completed between September 2020 and March 2021. Responses from past-month and past-year kratom-using adults (N = 174) indicating changes for the better or worse were examined using generalized linear mixed effects models, and relevant open-text responses (n = 85) were thematically coded. Results: For kratom 33% (n = 58) reported a Covid-related increase and 24% (n = 42) reported a Covid-related decrease. Controlling for changes in amount used, alcohol (OR = 5.02), tobacco (OR = 4.72), and nonmedical opioid use (OR = 3.42) were all more likely to have changed for the worse, compared with kratom use. Relative to decreases in kratom use, decreases in alcohol (OR = 3.21) and tobacco (OR = 6.18) use were more likely to be changes for the better. Cannabis use was the only substance to display a probability lower than 50% of being a decrease for the better, and of the increases, cannabis use displayed the highest probability of being for the better. Conclusions: Increases in kratom and cannabis use were less likely than alcohol and tobacco to be reported as changes for the worse, and decreases in kratom and cannabis use were more likely than alcohol and tobacco to be reported as changes for the better. These findings indicate that people differently conceptualize their relationships with kratom and cannabis, compared to their relationships with alcohol and tobacco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Rogers
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten E Smith
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Destiny Schriefer
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David H Epstein
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Vedelago L, Wardell J, Kempe T, Patel H, Amlung M, MacKillop J, Keough M. Getting high to cope with COVID-19: Modelling the associations between cannabis demand, coping motives, and cannabis use and problems. Addict Behav 2022; 124:107092. [PMID: 34469783 PMCID: PMC8555961 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, people may use substances like cannabis for enhancement or coping purposes. Behavioral economic demand for a substance is a key determinant of its use and misuse and can be measured via hypothetical purchase tasks. Previous research suggests that motivations to use a substance play a mediational role between elevated substance demand and problems, but comparable mechanistic research has yet to be done in the COVID-19 context and on the effects of cannabis demand on cannabis use patterns. Participants (n = 137) were recruited via the online crowdsourcing platform Prolific. Participants completed measures of cannabis use and problems, motivations for cannabis use, and the Marijuana Purchase Task. Two indices of demand, Persistence (i.e., sensitivity to increasing cost of cannabis) and Amplitude (i.e., consumption of cannabis at unrestricted cost), were related to increased cannabis problems via the use motive of coping during the COVID-19 pandemic. This model did not support the mediational role of enhancement motives. Those with increased cannabis demand who tend to use cannabis to cope are at increased risk of experiencing negative cannabis-related consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
|
71
|
Bounoua N, Sadeh N. A longitudinal investigation of the impact of emotional reactivity and COVID-19 stress exposure on substance use during the pandemic. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021; 6:100284. [PMID: 34901917 PMCID: PMC8645250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Substance use has spiked during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting potential links between reactivity to pandemic-related stress and increases in substance use engagement. Leveraging population-level exposure to a novel environmental stressor, the current study investigated whether emotion reactivity measured prior to the pandemic predicts the degree to which COVID-related stress impacts future substance use during the pandemic. Methods Participants included 240 socioeconomically diverse adults (M/SDage=33.47/9.39 years old) who were recruited from communities disproportionately impacted by the pandemic, with COVID-19 positivity and unemployment rates higher than the national average. All participants completed a research study prior to the start of the pandemic, and 90 of those participants were randomly selected to complete a follow-up study approximately six months into the pandemic. Results On average, the sample reported high levels of stressors that they attributed specifically to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results revealed that trait emotional reactivity moderated the impact of pandemic-inflicted stressors on future substance use, such that COVID-related stress exposure was associated with an increase in substance use for individuals who tend to experience negative emotions for prolonged periods of time. Limitations Limitations of the study are that the data were collected in a fixed timeframe of the COVID-19 pandemic and the exclusive use of self-report measures. Conclusions The longitudinal design of the present study extends the current literature by highlighting the potential role of emotional reactivity in predicting substance use coping behaviors. Findings suggest that emotion reactivity may be a useful intervention target among individuals highly impacted by the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bounoua
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, United States
| | - Naomi Sadeh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, United States
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Maraz A, Katzinger E, Yi S. Potentially addictive behaviours increase during the first six months of the Covid-19 pandemic. J Behav Addict 2021; 10:912-919. [PMID: 34904959 PMCID: PMC8987432 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2021.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In this study we aimed to assess multiple potentially addictive behaviours simultaneously for an extended period of time during the Covid-19 pandemic and their relation to distress. METHODS Data were collected every three days from Amazon's MTurk between 26.03.2020 and 02.10.2020 in repeated cross-sectional samples of 25 participants resulting in a total sample of 1430 US adults (60% men, mean age 36.6 years, SD = 11). General distress and Covid-19 related fear were assessed as well as self-reported frequency of eight potentially addictive behaviours: shopping (compulsive buying), alcohol, smoking, legal substances, illegal substances, gambling, gaming and overeating. RESULTS We found a positive relationship between time and the frequency of each self-reported potentially addictive behaviour ( τ = 0.15-0.23, all P < 0.001), and their frequency is linearly related to the intensity of (Covid-19-related and general) distress ( τ = 0.12-0.28, all P < 0.001). Most popular activities were gaming and compulsive buying, and the relative frequency of the behaviours remained about the same during the data collection period. DISCUSSION It is possible that people seek other maladaptive substitutes when other coping mechanisms (e.g. social recreation) are hindered depending on their level of distress. CONCLUSION Given the evidence for the increasing frequency of potentially addictive behaviours and their relevance to distress, special attention needs to be paid to reduce potential harmful effects of maladaptive coping during and after this demanding period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Maraz
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Katzinger
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
|
74
|
Roberts A, Rogers J, Mason R, Siriwardena AN, Hogue T, Whitley GA, Law GR. Alcohol and other substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 229:109150. [PMID: 34749198 PMCID: PMC8559994 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although evidence suggests substance and alcohol use may change during the Covid-19 pandemic there has been no full review of the evidence around this. METHODS A systematic review of all available evidence was carried out to document and interpret the frequency and severity of alcohol and other substance use during the Covid-19 pandemic and their relationship to demographic and mental health variables that may suggest further clinical implications. Peer reviewed articles in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL complete and Sociological Abstracts were searched from December 2019 until November 2020. RESULTS The search and screening identified 45 articles from 513 deduplicated records. The evidence suggests a mixed picture for alcohol use. Overall, there was a trend towards increased alcohol consumption. The proportion of people consuming alcohol during the pandemic ranged from 21.7% to 72.9% in general population samples. Unlike alcohol use, there was a clear trend towards increased use of other substances use during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportion of people consuming other substances during the pandemic ranged from 3.6% to 17.5% in the general population. Mental health factors were the most common correlates or triggers for increased use of both alcohol and other substances. CONCLUSION There is an increased need for treatment for alcohol and other substance use related problems during the pandemic. Increased targeting and evidence-based interventions will also be important in the period which follows this pandemic, to improve the quality of life for individuals and families, but also to prevent additional costs to society and health systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Roberts
- School of Psychology, College of Social Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Jim Rogers
- Community and Health Research Unit, School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Rachael Mason
- Community and Health Research Unit, School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Aloysius Niroshan Siriwardena
- Community and Health Research Unit, School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Todd Hogue
- School of Psychology, College of Social Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Gregory Adam Whitley
- Community and Health Research Unit, School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Graham R Law
- Community and Health Research Unit, School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Schauer GL, Dilley JA, Roehler DR, Sheehy TJ, Filley JR, Broschart SC, Holland KM, Baldwin GT, Holmes-Chavez AK, Hoots BE. Cannabis sales increases during COVID-19: Findings from Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, and Washington. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2021; 98:103384. [PMID: 34364201 PMCID: PMC9759692 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Following emergency declarations related to COVID-19 in the United States, many states issued stay-at-home orders and designated essential business categories. Most states allowed medical and/or non-medical adult-use cannabis retailers to remain open. This study assesses changes in cannabis sales across Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, and Washington before and during the pandemic. METHODS Pre-tax sales data from cannabis marketplaces in four states were analyzed to identify trends from January 2018-December 2020. Mean monthly sales and relative percent change in mean monthly sales were compared by state from April-December (coinciding with the pandemic) in 2018, 2019, and 2020. Differences were assessed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney-U test. RESULTS Mean monthly cannabis sales in all four states were higher during the pandemic period in 2020 compared to the same period in 2019. Sales reached a three-year peak in Washington in May 2020 and in Alaska, Colorado, and Oregon in July 2020. From April-December, the percent change in mean monthly sales from 2019 to 2020 was significantly higher than 2018-2019 in all four states, though Alaska saw similar increases between 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. CONCLUSION To date, cannabis sales in Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, and Washington have increased more during the COVID-19 pandemic than in the previous two years. In light of these increases, data monitoring by states and CDC is warranted to understand how patterns of use are changing, which populations are demonstrating changes in use, and how such changes may affect substance use and related public health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Schauer
- Guest Researcher to: Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30341, United States; Addictions, Drug & Alcohol Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Julia A Dilley
- Multnomah County Health Department and Oregon Health Authority, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Douglas R Roehler
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Thomas J Sheehy
- Analytics & Research, Oregon Liquor Control Commission, Milwaukie, OR, United States
| | - Jessica R Filley
- Office of Substance Misuse and Addiction Prevention, Alaska Department of Health & Social Services, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Sara Cooley Broschart
- Public Health Education, Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board, Olympia, WA, United States
| | - Kristin M Holland
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Grant T Baldwin
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Amy K Holmes-Chavez
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brooke E Hoots
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; United States Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Stamatis CA, Broos HC, Hudiburgh SE, Dale SK, Timpano KR. A longitudinal investigation of COVID-19 pandemic experiences and mental health among university students. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:385-404. [PMID: 34850405 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have established a link between the COVID-19 pandemic and poor mental health. They further suggest that young adults may be especially vulnerable to worsened mental health during the pandemic, but few studies have investigated which specific aspects of the COVID-19 experience affect psychological well-being over time. To better understand concrete predictors of poor mental health outcomes in this population, we identified several pandemic-related experiences and evaluated their effects on mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety, stress, alcohol, and substance use) in a sample of U.S. college students (N = 176). METHODS Both mental health symptoms and pandemic-related experiences were evaluated at the start of quarantine (March/April 2020, Time 1) and the end of the Spring 2020 semester (May 2020, Time 2). Given the limited literature on specific predictors of mental health during a pandemic, we used elastic net regression, a novel analytic method that helps with variable selection when theoretical background is limited, to narrow our field of possible predictors. RESULTS While mental health symptoms were elevated at both timepoints, there were no clinically significant changes from Time 1 to Time 2 and few differences between sociodemographic groups. Both disruption due to the pandemic (β = .25, p = .021) and limited confidence in the federal government's response (β = -.14, p = .038) were significant predictors of depression symptoms at the end of the semester, even when controlling for baseline depression. Further, predictions that the pandemic would continue to impact daily life further into the future were linked with pandemic stress response symptoms (β = .15, p = .032) at Time 2, beyond the effects of baseline symptoms. Alcohol (β = -.22, p = .024) and substance use (β = -.26, p = .01) were associated with reduced adherence to COVID-19 guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that specific aspects of the pandemic experience may be influencing internalizing symptoms and alcohol/substance use in college students, pointing to potential avenues for targeted support and intervention. PRACTITIONER POINTS A range of factors may influence university student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students who expect the pandemic will continue to impact daily life further into the future maybe more likely to report stress symptoms. Disruption due to the pandemic and limited confidence in the federal government's response may be associated with depression symptoms. Alcohol and substance use are associated with lower COVID-19 guideline adherence in university students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Stamatis
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.,NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hannah C Broos
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | | | - Sannisha K Dale
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Kiara R Timpano
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Metin B, Somer E, Abu-Rayya HM, Schimmenti A, Göçmen B. Perceived Stress During the COVID-19 Pandemic Mediates the Association Between Self-quarantine Factors and Psychological Characteristics and Elevated Maladaptive Daydreaming. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:1-13. [PMID: 34840537 PMCID: PMC8608233 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00678-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, almost all countries have employed varying degrees of lockdown measures to limit the spread of the infection. Previous studies showed that individuals with maladaptive daydreaming (MD) are affected negatively by the lockdown. In this study, we explored a set of lockdown measures (e.g., self-quarantine) and personal factors (e.g., education, history of depression, and personality traits) that might potentially exacerbate MD experienced during the lockdown period. We also examined whether perceived stress acted as a mediator in the relationship between these factors and MD. During the first lockdown from April to June, we analyzed data provided by 1083 individuals from the USA, the UK, Italy, and Turkey. A path analysis revealed that perceived stress mediated the effects on MD of self-quarantine, previous episodes of depression, low education level, and introversion and emotional instability. Our study suggests a conceptual framework for the factors that intensify maladaptive daydreaming under the threats of the pandemic and forced home confinement, offering implications for interventions with vulnerable populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barış Metin
- Psychology Department, Üsküdar University, Altunizade Haluk Türksoy Sk. No:14, 34662 Üsküdar-İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Eli Somer
- School of Social Work, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hisham M. Abu-Rayya
- School of Social Work, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Buse Göçmen
- Psychology Department, Üsküdar University, Altunizade Haluk Türksoy Sk. No:14, 34662 Üsküdar-İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Goodyear T, Slemon A, Richardson C, Gadermann A, Salway T, Dhari S, Knight R, Jenkins E. Increases in Alcohol and Cannabis Use Associated with Deteriorating Mental Health among LGBTQ2+ Adults in the Context of COVID-19: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study in Canada, 2020-2021. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12155. [PMID: 34831910 PMCID: PMC8620284 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, other queer, and Two-Spirit (LGBTQ2+) people are particularly at risk for the psycho-social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, though population-tailored research within this context remains limited. This study examines the extent of, and associations between, increased alcohol and cannabis use and deteriorating mental health among LGBTQ2+ adults in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data are drawn from LGBTQ2+ respondents to a repeated, cross-sectional survey administered to adults living in Canada (May 2020-January 2021). Bivariate cross-tabulations and multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to examine associations between increased alcohol and cannabis use, and self-reported mental health, overall coping, and suicidal thoughts. Five-hundred and two LGBTQ2+ participants were included in this analysis. Of these, 24.5% reported increased alcohol use and 18.5% reported increased cannabis use due to the pandemic. In the adjusted analyses, increased alcohol use was associated with poor overall coping (OR = 2.28; 95% CI = 1.28-4.07) and worse self-reported mental health (OR = 1.98; 95% CI = 1.21-3.25), whereas increased cannabis use was associated with suicidal thoughts (OR = 2.30; 95% CI = 1.16-4.55). These findings underscore the need for population-tailored, integrated substance use and mental health supports to address interrelated increases in alcohol/cannabis use and worsening mental health among LGBTQ2+ adults, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Goodyear
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; (T.G.); (A.S.); (S.D.)
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada;
| | - Allie Slemon
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; (T.G.); (A.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Chris Richardson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (C.R.); (A.G.)
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Anne Gadermann
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (C.R.); (A.G.)
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- The Human Early Learning Partnership, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Travis Salway
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada;
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Shivinder Dhari
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; (T.G.); (A.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Rod Knight
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Emily Jenkins
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; (T.G.); (A.S.); (S.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Romano I, Patte KA, de Groh M, Jiang Y, Wade TJ, Bélanger RE, Leatherdale ST. Substance-related coping behaviours among youth during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 14:100392. [PMID: 34754898 PMCID: PMC8565916 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
12% of youth in our sample used substances to cope with COVID-19-related changes. Substance-related coping was more common among females than males in our sample. Greater depression was associated with using substances to cope with COVID-19. For females, psychosocial wellbeing may be protective of substance-related coping. Secondary impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on youth substance use and mental health.
Objective As impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to unfold, research is needed to understand how school-aged youth are coping with COVID-19-related changes and disruptions to daily life. Among a sample of Canadian youth, our objective was to examine the mental health factors associated with using substances to cope with COVID-19-related changes, taking account of expected sex differences. Methods We used online data collected from 7150 students in the COMPASS study, during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic (May–July 2020) in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, Canada. We specified a sex-stratified, generalized linear mixed model to estimate the likelihood of engagement in substance-related coping behaviours, while testing for the effects of students’ mental health, individual characteristics, and school neighborhood characteristics. Results Twelve percent of students (13.4% of females, 9.9% of males) in our sample reported using cannabis, alcohol, cigarettes, and/or vaping to help cope with COVID-19-related changes. Regardless of sex, students with greater depressive symptoms were more likely to engage in substance-related coping (aORFemale = 1.04, 95 %CI[1.01–1.07]; aORMale = 1.06, 95 %CI[1.013–1.11]). Among females, better psychosocial wellbeing was protective against engagement in substance related-coping (aOR = 0.96, 95 %CI[0.94–0.98]), controlling for current substance use. Conclusions Canadian school-aged youth with generally poor mental health may be more likely to have engaged in substance use to help cope with COVID-19-related changes during the first wave of the pandemic, and female youth may be at disproportionate risk of engaging in the behaviour. Ongoing evaluation of the impacts of COVID-19 on youth health is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Romano
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karen A Patte
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret de Groh
- Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ying Jiang
- Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Terrance J Wade
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Richard E Bélanger
- VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Scott T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Davis JP, Prindle J, Castro CC, Saba S, Fitzke RE, Pedersen ER. Changes in alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic among American veterans. Addict Behav 2021; 122:107052. [PMID: 34284311 PMCID: PMC8381728 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had considerable behavioral health implications globally. One subgroup that may be of particular concern is U.S. veterans, who are susceptible to mental health and substance use concerns. The current study aimed to investigate changes in alcohol use and binge drinking before and during the first year of the pandemic among U.S. veterans, and how pre-pandemic mental health disorders, namely posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and COVID-19-related factors like loneliness, negative reactions to COVID-19, and economic hardship influenced alcohol use trends. METHODS 1230 veterans were recruited in February 2020 as part of a larger survey study on veteran health behaviors. Veterans were asked to complete follow-up assessments throughout the pandemic at 6, 9, and 12- months. RESULTS Overall, veterans reported a significant decrease in alcohol use (IRR = 0.98) and binge drinking (IRR = 0.11) However, women, racial/ethnic minority veterans, and those with pre-existing PTSD exhibited smaller decreases in alcohol use and binge drinking and overall higher rates of use compared to men, White veterans, and those without PTSD. Both economic hardship and negative reactions to COVID-19 were associated with greater alcohol and binge drinking whereas loneliness showed a negative association with alcohol use and binge drinking. CONCLUSIONS Veterans reported decreases in alcohol use and binge drinking throughout the pandemic, with heterogeneity in these outcomes noted for higher risk groups. Special research and clinical attention should be given to the behavioral health care needs of veterans in the post-pandemic period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P Davis
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, USC Center for Mindfulness Science, USC Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, United States.
| | - John Prindle
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Carl C Castro
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Shaddy Saba
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, USC Center for Mindfulness Science, USC Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Reagan E Fitzke
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
| | - Eric R Pedersen
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Barrett AMY, Mudiam KR, Fisher PA. The Value of Mechanistic Experiments to Target the Shared Neural Circuitry of Parenting and Addiction: The Potential for Video Feedback Interventions. Front Psychol 2021; 12:703948. [PMID: 34671289 PMCID: PMC8520908 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain neural processes that underlie addiction are also central to parenting, notably stress and reward. Parenting interventions that incorporate the unique context of caregivers with addiction have demonstrated some success: However, real-world implementation of evidence-based interventions can be difficult with this population. Video feedback interventions are an especially promising approach to reach parents who experience barriers to participation, particularly caregivers with addiction. A translational neuroscientific approach to elucidating the mechanisms of change in these interventions will aid the delivery and success of this method and advance theory surrounding parenting in the context of addiction. Along these lines, we provide an example of one video feedback intervention, Filming Interactions to Nurture Development, that will serve as such a mechanistic experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kavya R Mudiam
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Philip A Fisher
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Lin T, Yi Z, Zhang S, Veldhuis CB. Predictors of Psychological Distress and Resilience in the Post-COVID-19 Era. Int J Behav Med 2021; 29:506-516. [PMID: 34686965 PMCID: PMC8533665 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-021-10036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 global pandemic has had profound effects on mental health and wellbeing. The present study examined trends in distress and recovery in the aftermath of COVID-19 in China. Predictors that might increase risks or provide protections again distress were explored. Method Participants were recruited using social media during the COVID-19 pandemic to complete a baseline and 6-week follow-up survey (N = 241). The change patterns of PTSD symptoms from baseline to follow-up were characterized using latent class growth analysis (LCGA). A repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to explore the differences in the depressive symptoms across trajectory groups. Multinominal logistic regression was performed to investigate potential predictors of the outcome trajectories. Results Four longitudinal outcome trajectories were identified: chronic (PTSD symptoms remained high; 14.9%), resilient (symptoms remained low; 43.2%), recovered (symptoms decreased from symptomatic levels to asymptomatic; 19.5%), and delayed (symptoms increased from asymptomatic levels to symptomatic; 22.4%). Hopelessness and maladaptive coping strategies were unique predictors of distress and resilience as well as longer-term trajectories. Conclusion Individuals evidenced four outcome trajectories of distress in the aftermath of COVID-19 in China. Despite the uncertainty and high levels of stress related to the pandemic, the majority of the sample demonstrated resilience and recovery. It is essential to identify individuals at risk for chronic and delayed distress in order to build resilience. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12529-021-10036-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, 22 Richland Ave, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Zhihui Yi
- Department of Disability and Human Development, College of Applied Health Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 1640 W Roosevelt Rd, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - Sixue Zhang
- The College of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3rd Ring Road E., Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100029.
| | - Cindy B Veldhuis
- School of Nursing, Columbia University, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Singh S, Mani Pandey N, Datta M, Batra S. Stress, internet use, substance use and coping among adolescents, young-adults and middle-age adults amid the 'new normal' pandemic era. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2021; 12:100885. [PMID: 37309373 PMCID: PMC10250820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, there is a constant state of flux amid the 'new normal' period of the COVID-19 pandemic. People try to accommodate to uncertainty, stress, and the threat of facing subsequent waves. It is crucial to explore and compare the psychological and behavioral processes of adolescents, young adults, and middle-aged adults amid such an era in a developing country like India. Aim The present study compared the stress, internet use, substance use, and coping among adolescents, young adults, and middle-aged adults amid India's 'new normal' era. Methods A cross-sectional design was used on an online platform. The sample included 1027 participants [ 456 adolescents; 347 young adults, and 224 middle age-adults] using PerceivedStress Scale, Internet Gaming Disorders-9, DSM-5 Self-Rated Level-1, and Brief-COPE scale. Results Results showed moderate stress among all participants across all ages. Adolescent females perceived the highest stress (20.91, SD = 8.65); Adolescents reported higher internet use (Females: M = 3.59, S.D. = 2.44; Males: M = 3.40, S.D. = 2.30); Young and middle-aged adults Males reported significantly higher substance use (M = 1.60, S.D. = 2.96; M = 1.17, S.D. = 2.21). Maladaptive coping was used more by Young Adult Males (M = 10.83, S.D. = 4.66). Internet use was positively correlated with perceived stress (0.40) and maladaptive coping (0.40). Substance Use was also moderately positively correlated with maladaptive coping (0.38). Discussion The study reveals significant variations in perceived stress, internet use, substance use, and coping based on gender and age variations. Adolescent females were the most affected and reported high perceived stress, whereas middle-aged adults were the least affected. Conclusion The study provides further avenues to understand the stress and coping in different sections of society amid the 'new normal' era. It also gives an idea about resilience and identifies the sections of society which require focused interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Nisha Mani Pandey
- Department of Geriatric Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Manjistha Datta
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Saakshi Batra
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Dyar C, Morgan E, Kaysen D, Newcomb ME, Mustanski B. Risk factors for elevations in substance use and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic among sexual and gender minorities assigned female at birth. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 227:109015. [PMID: 34492556 PMCID: PMC8417518 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problematic substance use (SU) has increased substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic. While studies have identified risk factors for problematic SU during the pandemic (e.g., anxiety, depression, using substances to cope), these studies have been predominately cross-sectional, rarely examined changes in SU contexts during the pandemic as potential risk factors, and neglected sexual and gender minorities (SGM) - a health disparity population disproportionately impacted by substance use disorders and the pandemic. METHOD We utilized two waves of data collected one month apart from a sample of 212 SGM assigned female at birth who used alcohol and/or cannabis (18-25 years old) collected between August 2020-February 2021. We examined associations between potential risk factors (i.e., retrospectively reported changes in anxiety/depression and in using substances in different contexts since before the pandemic): and 1) retrospectively reported changes in alcohol and cannabis consumption; 2) coping motives for use and SU consequences; and 3) subsequent changes in coping motives and consequences. RESULTS An increase in solitary SU was a robust risk factor for concurrent and prospective increases in SU, coping motives, and consequences. Increases in SU with romantic partners were associated with concurrent increases in alcohol/cannabis consumption and consequences. Increases in anxiety and depression were associated with concurrent increases in SU and higher coping motives and consequences. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that solitary SU and increases in SU with romantic partners are robust risk factors for increases in SU and consequences in the context of the pandemic. Further, findings provide support for the self-medication theory of substance use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dyar
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, United States.
| | - Ethan Morgan
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, United States; Infectious Disease Institute, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Debra Kaysen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, United States
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Substance and Internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:491. [PMID: 34556627 PMCID: PMC8459580 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has adversely influenced human physical and mental health, including emotional disorders and addictions. This study examined substance and Internet use behavior and their associations with anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online self-report questionnaire was administered to 2196 Chinese adults between February 17 and 29, 2020. The questionnaire contained the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), questions on demographic information, and items about substance and Internet use characteristics. Our results revealed that males consumed less alcohol (p < 0.001) and areca-nut (p = 0.012) during the pandemic than before the pandemic. Age, gender, education status, and occupation significantly differed among increased substance users, regular substance users, and nonsubstance users. Time spent on the Internet was significantly longer during the pandemic (p < 0.001) and 72% of participants reported increased dependence on the Internet. Compared to regular Internet users, increased users were more likely to be younger and female. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age <33 years (OR = 2.034, p < 0.001), increased substance use (OR = 3.439, p < 0.001), and increased Internet use (OR = 1.914, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with depression. Moreover, anxiety was significantly related to female gender (OR = 2.065, p < 0.001), "unmarried" status (OR = 1.480, p = 0.017), nonstudents (OR = 1.946-3.030, p = 0.001), and increased substance use (OR = 4.291, p < 0.001). Although there was a significant decrease in social substance use during the pandemic, more attention should be paid to increased Internet use. Increased Internet use was significantly associated with both anxiety and depression, and increased substance use was related to depression. Professional support should be provided to vulnerable individuals to prevent addiction.
Collapse
|
86
|
Carbia C, García-Cabrerizo R, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Associations between Mental Health, Alcohol Consumption and Drinking Motives during COVID-19 Second Lockdown in Ireland. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 57:211-218. [PMID: 34557890 PMCID: PMC8500100 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has impacted the lives of people worldwide since March 2020. Social restrictions aimed at flattening the curve may be associated with an increase in mental health problems and have raised concerns regarding their effect on alcohol consumption. The objective of this study was to characterize changes in alcohol use during lockdown in Ireland and associations with drinking motives and psychopathological symptoms. Methods We collected data from 713 adults (aged 18–60) during the second lockdown period (October/December 2020). By means of an online survey, participants self-reported their alcohol use before COVID and during lockdown. Motives to drink and psychopathological symptoms were also recorded. Results Our findings showed that 66% decreased their alcohol consumption, while 15% increased their alcohol consumption. An older age and coping motives were the strongest predictors of increased alcohol use during lockdown. Depression and hostility were the specific psychopathological dimensions associated with drinking to cope. Conclusions Older adults who drink to cope—mainly with depression symptomatology—are an important at-risk population, in line with predictions from alcohol self-medication frameworks. Future research is needed to incorporate strategies into the public mental health ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Carbia
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | | | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Ryu J, Sükei E, Norbury A, H Liu S, Campaña-Montes JJ, Baca-Garcia E, Artés A, Perez-Rodriguez MM. Shift in Social Media App Usage During COVID-19 Lockdown and Clinical Anxiety Symptoms: Machine Learning-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. JMIR Ment Health 2021; 8:e30833. [PMID: 34524091 PMCID: PMC8448085 DOI: 10.2196/30833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety symptoms during public health crises are associated with adverse psychiatric outcomes and impaired health decision-making. The interaction between real-time social media use patterns and clinical anxiety during infectious disease outbreaks is underexplored. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the usage pattern of 2 types of social media apps (communication and social networking) among patients in outpatient psychiatric treatment during the COVID-19 surge and lockdown in Madrid, Spain and their short-term anxiety symptoms (7-item General Anxiety Disorder scale) at clinical follow-up. METHODS The individual-level shifts in median social media usage behavior from February 1 through May 3, 2020 were summarized using repeated measures analysis of variance that accounted for the fixed effects of the lockdown (prelockdown versus postlockdown), group (clinical anxiety group versus nonclinical anxiety group), the interaction of lockdown and group, and random effects of users. A machine learning-based approach that combined a hidden Markov model and logistic regression was applied to predict clinical anxiety (n=44) and nonclinical anxiety (n=51), based on longitudinal time-series data that comprised communication and social networking app usage (in seconds) as well as anxiety-associated clinical survey variables, including the presence of an essential worker in the household, worries about life instability, changes in social interaction frequency during the lockdown, cohabitation status, and health status. RESULTS Individual-level analysis of daily social media usage showed that the increase in communication app usage from prelockdown to lockdown period was significantly smaller in the clinical anxiety group than that in the nonclinical anxiety group (F1,72=3.84, P=.05). The machine learning model achieved a mean accuracy of 62.30% (SD 16%) and area under the receiver operating curve 0.70 (SD 0.19) in 10-fold cross-validation in identifying the clinical anxiety group. CONCLUSIONS Patients who reported severe anxiety symptoms were less active in communication apps after the mandated lockdown and more engaged in social networking apps in the overall period, which suggested that there was a different pattern of digital social behavior for adapting to the crisis. Predictive modeling using digital biomarkers-passive-sensing of shifts in category-based social media app usage during the lockdown-can identify individuals at risk for psychiatric sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Emese Sükei
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agnes Norbury
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shelley H Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Enrique Baca-Garcia
- Evidence Based Behavior, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jimenez Diaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Artés
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Evidence Based Behavior, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Jones W, Kaoser R, Fischer B. Patterns, trends and determinants of medical opioid utilization in Canada 2005-2020: characterizing an era of intensive rise and fall. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2021; 16:65. [PMID: 34521418 PMCID: PMC8438558 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-021-00396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Into the 21st century, the conflation of high rates of chronic pain, systemic gaps in treatment availability and access, and the arrival of potent new opioid medications (e.g., slow-release oxycodone) facilitated strong increases in medical opioid dispensing in Canada. These persisted until post-2010 alongside rising opioid-related adverse (e.g., morbidity/mortality) outcomes. We examine patterns, trends and determinants of opioid dispensing in Canada, and specifically its 10 provinces, for the years 2005-2020. METHODS Raw data on prescription opioid dispensing were obtained from a large national community-based pharmacy database (IQVIA/Compuscript), converted into Defined-Daily-Doses/1,000 population/day for 'strong' and 'weak' opioid categories per standard methods. Dispensing by opioid category and formulations by province/year was assessed descriptively; regression analysis was applied to examine possible segmentation of over-time strong opioid dispensing. RESULTS All provinces reported starkly increasing strong opioid dispensing peaking 2011-2016, and subsequent marked declines. About half reported lower strong opioid dispensing in 2020 compared to 2005, with continuous inter-provincial differences of > 100 %; weak opioids also declined post-2011/12. Segmented regression suggests breakpoints for strong opioids in 2011/12 and 2015/16, coinciding with main interventions (e.g., selective opioid delisting, new prescribing guidelines) towards more restrictive opioid utilization control. CONCLUSIONS We characterized an era of marked rise and fall, while featuring stark inter-provincial heterogeneity in opioid dispensing in Canada. While little evidence for improvements in pain care outcomes exists, the starkly inverting opioid utilization have been associated with extensive population-level harms (e.g., misuse, morbidity, mortality) over-time. This national case study raises fundamental questions for opioid-related health policy and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Jones
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction (CARMHA), Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Suite 2400, 515 W. Hastings Street, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ridhwana Kaoser
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction (CARMHA), Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Suite 2400, 515 W. Hastings Street, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction (CARMHA), Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Suite 2400, 515 W. Hastings Street, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, Grafton, New Zealand.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), R. Sena Madureira, 1500 - Vila Clementino, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Pedersen ER, Davis JP, Fitzke RE, Lee DS, Saba S. American Veterans in the Era of COVID-19: Reactions to the Pandemic, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Substance Use Behaviors. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:767-782. [PMID: 34466132 PMCID: PMC8390086 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic may have a compounding effect on the substance use of American veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study investigated the relationship between PTSD and current reactions to COVID-19 on alcohol and cannabis use among veterans who completed a survey 1 month prior to the pandemic in the USA and a 6-month follow-up survey. We hypothesized that veterans with PTSD would experience more negative reactions to COVID-19 and increased alcohol and cannabis use behaviors over those without PTSD. Veterans with PTSD prior to the pandemic, relative to those without, endorsed poorer reactions, greater frequency of alcohol use, and greater cannabis initiation and use during the pandemic. Veterans with PTSD may use substances to manage COVID-related stress. Clinicians may see an increase in substance use among this group during and after the pandemic and may need to implement specific behavioral interventions to mitigate the negative effects of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Pedersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90033 Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jordan P. Davis
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, USC Center for Mindfulness Science, USC Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, CA 90089 Los Angeles, USA
| | - Reagan E. Fitzke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90033 Los Angeles, USA
| | - Daniel S. Lee
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, CA 90089 Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shaddy Saba
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, CA 90089 Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Karila L, Benyamina A. Addictions en temps de pandémie. LA PRESSE MÉDICALE FORMATION 2021. [PMCID: PMC8223019 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpmfor.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
L’Organisation mondiale de la santé a déclaré la maladie causée par le coronavirus 2 comme pandémie en mars 2020. Via les différentes mesures prises, un phénomène stressant psychosocial induit par cette épidémie a, dès lors, émergé en raison des difficultés financières, de l’isolement social et du caractère incertain du futur. L’ensemble des études nationales et internationales a mis en évidence une augmentation des usages de tabac, d’alcool et de substances illicites. Outre les comportements de consommation excessive, voire les décompensations addictives liées aux substances, il faut également prendre en considération l’usage excessif de la pornographie, des jeux de hasard et d’argent, des jeux vidéo essentiellement via Internet et l’exercice physique. La COVID-19 peut être à l’origine d’un certain nombre de conséquences et de complications chez les personnes souffrant de troubles liés à l’usage de substances licites ou illicites, population particulièrement vulnérable. Dans cette revue de la littérature narrative, nous analyserons les données concernant les comportements de consommation excessive et les addictions aux substances psychoactives licites et illicites et à certains types de comportements de la vie quotidienne. Nous avons, pour ce faire, utilisé les combinaisons de mots-clés pour sélectionner les articles scientifiques de langue anglaise et française publiés entre 2019 et 2021 en consultant les bases de données Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Google Scholar.
Collapse
|
91
|
Wang Y, Ibañez GE, Vaddiparti K, Stetten NE, Sajdeya R, Porges EC, Cohen RA, Cook RL. Change in marijuana use and its associated factors among persons living with HIV (PLWH) during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from a prospective cohort. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 225:108770. [PMID: 34049094 PMCID: PMC8919767 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging literature shows increased drug use during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, limited research has examined the change in marijuana use among persons living with HIV (PLWH). This study aimed to investigate how marijuana use changed in a cohort of PLWH during the first year of the pandemic and identify factors associated with the change. METHOD 222 PLWH (mean age = 50.2 ± 11.2, 50.9 % female, 14.5 % Hispanic, 64.7 % Black, 15.8 % White, 5 % other, 80.2 % persons using marijuana [at least weekly use], 19.8 % persons not using marijuana) completed a baseline survey on demographics and behavioral/health characteristics between 2018 and 2020 and a brief phone survey between May and October 2020 that assessed changes in marijuana use and overall/mental health, and perceived risks/benefits of marijuana use during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS During the pandemic, 64/222(28.8 %) of the whole sample reported increased marijuana use, 36(16.2 %) reported decreased use, and 122(55 %) reported no change. Multinomial logistic regression results indicated that: Compared to those reporting no change, increased marijuana use during the pandemic was associated with more frequent marijuana use and PTSD symptoms at baseline, worsened mental health during the pandemic, and not perceiving marijuana use as a risk factor for COVID-19 infection. More frequent marijuana use at baseline was the only factor significantly associated with decreased marijuana use during the pandemic. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in changes in marijuana use among a considerable proportion (45 %) of PLWH. Future research is needed to understand the temporality of the increases in marijuana use with worsening mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Florida, United States.
| | - Gladys E Ibañez
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, United States
| | | | - Nichole E Stetten
- Department of Occupational Therapy, The University of Florida, United States
| | - Ruba Sajdeya
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Florida, United States
| | - Eric C Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, The University of Florida, United States
| | - Ronald A Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, The University of Florida, United States
| | - Robert L Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Florida, United States
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Cousijn J, Kuhns L, Larsen H, Kroon E. For better or for worse? A pre-post exploration of the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on cannabis users. Addiction 2021; 116:2104-2115. [PMID: 33394560 PMCID: PMC8254730 DOI: 10.1111/add.15387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lockdown measures aimed at limiting the number of infections and deaths from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have introduced substantial psychosocial stressors in everyday life. We aimed to investigate the influence of the Dutch lockdown on cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD) and investigate relations with change in mental wellbeing and experienced psychosocial stressors during the lockdown. DESIGN Explorative longitudinal baseline-, pre- and during lockdown survey study. SETTING The Netherlands, on-line between January 2019 and May 2020. PARTICIPANTS Community sample of 120 monthly to daily cannabis users and reference group of 63 non-using controls. MEASUREMENTS Change in cannabis use and CUD symptom severity from baseline to pre- to post-lockdown. Change in cannabis use motives, mental health, quality of social relationships and job status from pre- to post-lockdown. FINDINGS In cannabis users, lockdown related to increased cannabis use [B = 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.26-3.66, P = 0.024], but not CUD symptom severity. Cannabis users experienced 30% job loss and increased loneliness [P < 0.001, Bayes factor (BF)10 > 100], while contact with partners (P = 0.005, BF10 = 8.21) and families improved (P < 0.001, BF10 = 19.73), with no differences between cannabis users and control. Generally, mental health problems (all Ps > 0.277, all BF10 < 0.139) did not change, but individual differences were significant and severity of cannabis use pre-lockdown, COVID-19-related worries, change in anxiety, expansion motives, social motives and family contact all uniquely related to variance in change in cannabis use or CUD. CONCLUSIONS While cannabis use among daily cannabis users in the Netherlands increased at the group level during the period of COVID-19 lockdown, the effect of the first months of lockdown on cannabis use disorder severity and mental wellbeing varied significantly among individual daily cannabis users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna Cousijn
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,ADAPT-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren Kuhns
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,ADAPT-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helle Larsen
- ADAPT-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emese Kroon
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,ADAPT-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Daimer S, Mihatsch L, Ronan L, Murray GK, Knolle F. Subjective Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Schizotypy and General Mental Health in Germany and the United Kingdom, for Independent Samples in May and in October 2020. Front Psychol 2021; 12:667848. [PMID: 34393901 PMCID: PMC8355554 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.667848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies reported a strong impact on mental health during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in March-June, 2020. In this study, we assessed the impact of the pandemic on mental health in general and on schizotypal traits in two independent general population samples of the United Kingdom (May sample N: 239, October sample N: 126; participation at both timepoints: 21) and in two independent general population samples of Germany (May sample N: 543, October sample N: 401; participation at both timepoints: 100) using online surveys. Whereas general psychological symptoms (global symptom index, GSI) and percentage of responders above clinical cut-off for further psychological investigation were higher in the May sample compared to the October sample, schizotypy scores (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire) were higher in the October sample. We investigated potential associations, using general linear regression models (GLM). For schizotypy scores, we found that loneliness, use of drugs, and financial burden were more strongly corrected with schizotypy in the October compared to the May sample. We identified similar associations for GSI, as for schizotypy scores, in the May and October samples. We furthermore found that living in the United Kingdom was related to higher schizotypal scores or GSI. However, individual estimates of the GLM are highly comparable between the two countries. In conclusion, this study shows that while the general psychological impact is lower in the October than the May sample, potentially showing a normative response to an exceptional situation; schizotypy scores are higher at the second timepoint, which may be due to a stronger impact of estimates of loneliness, drug use, and financial burden. The ongoing, exceptional circumstances within this pandemic might increase the risk for developing psychosis in some individuals. The development of general psychological symptoms and schizotypy scores over time requires further attention and investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Daimer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenz Mihatsch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Ronan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graham K. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Knolle
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Mayorga NA, Smit T, Garey L, Gold AK, Otto MW, Zvolensky MJ. Evaluating the Interactive Effect of COVID-19 Worry and Loneliness on Mental Health Among Young Adults. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021; 46:11-19. [PMID: 34334844 PMCID: PMC8310460 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-021-10252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adults are overrepresented in terms of adverse mental health problems related to COVID-19. Emerging work has identified worry about the consequences and trajectory of COVID-19 and loneliness as important factors in mental health during the pandemic. However, the main and interactive effects of worry about COVID-19 and loneliness have not been explored in one overarching model in relation to mental health problems among young adults. METHODS The present study therefore evaluated loneliness and COVID-19 related worry in terms of anxiety, stress, and depression among young adults (209 college students, 76.1% female, M age = 22.99 years, SD = 5.25) recruited to participate in an online survey study. RESULTS Results indicated a significant interaction between COVID-19 worry and loneliness for each criterion variable (depression: b = .01, SE = .003, t = 2.86, p = .01; anxiety: b = .01, SE = .002, t = 2.36, p = .02; stress: b = .01, SE = .003, t = 2.54, p = .01), such that worry was more strongly related to each mental health outcome among those that endorsed higher levels of loneliness. CONCLUSION The current findings suggest loneliness is related to negative mental health symptoms among young adults experiencing COVID-19 related worry. The current findings provide initial empirical evidence for the impact of COVID-19 worry on mental health among young adults experiencing loneliness. Future research may benefit from exploring how COVID-19 worry and loneliness interplay over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nubia A. Mayorga
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA
| | - Tanya Smit
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA
| | - Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA
| | - Alexandra K. Gold
- Department of Psychology & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Michael W. Otto
- Department of Psychology & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Michael J. Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
- HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Sznitman S, Rosenberg D, Lewis N. Are COVID-19 health-related and socioeconomic stressors associated with increases in cannabis use in individuals who use cannabis for recreational purposes? Subst Abus 2021; 43:301-308. [PMID: 34232852 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2021.1941513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and associated public health measures implemented to mitigate transmission may increase stress, which, in turn, can be associated with changes in cannabis use. This study examined the associations between health-related and socioeconomic stressors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, and reported increases in cannabis use. Indirect effects of health-related and socioeconomic stressors on increased cannabis use through cannabis coping motives were also tested. Methods: Cross-sectional survey data, based on responses from a convenience sample of 755 Israeli adults who reported frequent consumption of cannabis for recreational purposes, was analyzed using structural equation models. Results: About 35% of the respondents reported that they agreed to a large/very large extent that their cannabis use had increased since the COVID-19 pandemic had started. Both health and socioeconomic stressors were related to increased cannabis use during the pandemic, and coping motives mediated this relationship. The direct and indirect associations of socioeconomic stressors and increased cannabis use were stronger than the associations of health-related stressors. Conclusions: Cannabis consumption may serve as a means of coping with health and socioeconomic COVID-19 stressors. Particular attention should be placed on socioeconomic stressors as these may be particularly important in understanding coping related cannabis use during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nehama Lewis
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions have uniquely and disproportionately affected vulnerable populations. This review summarizes recent evidence on the relationship between psychiatric disorders, substance use disorders and COVID-19, highlighting acute and long-term risks, pharmacotherapy interactions and implications regarding appropriate and timely evidence-based treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence points to a complex relationship between psychiatric and substance use disorders and COVID-19. A range of risk factors associated with psychiatric and substance use disorders increases the risk of exposure to, and complications arising from, the COVID-19 virus. COVID-19 infection has been indicated as having acute and potential long-term impacts on both psychiatric and substance use disorders. Social disruption associated with restrictions imposed to curb transmission has also been identified as a risk factor for new onset of disorders and recurrence and exacerbation of existing conditions. SUMMARY Early recognition and intervention are key to preventing chronic disability associated with psychiatric disorders, substance use disorders, and their co-occurrence. It is critical that those most in need of services do not fall through the cracks of our healthcare systems. The pandemic has fast tracked the opportunity for widespread implementation of digital health interventions but ensuring these are accessible and available to all, including our most vulnerable, will be a critical task for our future health and social ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Marel
- University of Sydney, Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Li R, Zhao M. Maintaining treatment and prevention programs for opioid use disorders during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2021; 34:369-375. [PMID: 33859127 PMCID: PMC8183244 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current article reviews the impact of the biggest health crisis for many decades, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), on opioid treatment programs and the strategies adopted for maintaining opioid treatment programs during the pandemic. RECENT FINDINGS The difficulty of access to opioid treatment services and the mental health problems accompanying opioid use disorders are the two main challenges to maintaining accessible and effective opioid treatment. Many countries and institutions issued guidance and recommendations to address these challenges. General coping strategies, loosening of policies, telemedicine, and depot buprenorphine are four main strategies to cope with the challenges posed by the pandemic. SUMMARY There were considerable obstacles to maintaining opioid intervention programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategies addressing the obstacles are identified. Research in this area needs to be strengthened.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Leatherdale ST, Bélanger RE, Gansaonré RJ, Patte KA, deGroh M, Jiang Y, Haddad S. Examining the impact of the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic period on youth cannabis use: adjusted annual changes between the pre-COVID and initial COVID-lockdown waves of the COMPASS study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1181. [PMID: 34154564 PMCID: PMC8215868 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Given the high rates of cannabis use among Canadian youth and that adolescence is a critical period for cannabis use trajectories, the purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic period on youth cannabis use in the context of a natural experiment. We used 3-year linked data from the COMPASS study, including 7653 Canadian (Quebec, Ontario) adolescents from which 1937 completed all 3 survey waves (pre-COVID-19 [2018, 2019] and online [2020] during the early pandemic period [May–July 2020]). Structural equation modeling (SEM) and double difference (DD) models were used to estimate pre-COVID-19 to initial COVID-19 pandemic period change (2019–2020) in cannabis use (monthly, weekly, daily) compared to 2018 to 2019 change to adjust for age-related effects. Models were adjusted for age of entry into the cohort and sociodemographic characteristics. Results In the SEM and DD models, monthly, weekly, and daily cannabis use increased across all waves; however, the expected increases from the pre-COVID-19 wave (2019) to the initial COVID-19 period wave (2020) were lesser relative to the changes seen across the 2018 to 2019 waves. The cross-sectional data from May to July 2020 identified that the majority of youth who use cannabis did not report increased cannabis use due to COVID-19 or using cannabis to cope with COVID-19. Conclusion During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic period, there does not appear to be a detrimental effect on youth cannabis use, when adjusted for age-related changes. Further prospective research is needed to explore the impact of the ongoing pandemic response on youth cannabis use onset and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Richard E Bélanger
- VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rabi Joël Gansaonré
- VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karen A Patte
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Margaret deGroh
- Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ying Jiang
- Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Slim Haddad
- VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Rogers AH, Zvolensky MJ. Transdiagnostic vulnerability factors for behavioral health problems during COVID-19. Cogn Behav Ther 2021; 50:179-184. [PMID: 34018469 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2021.1897667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel 2019 SARS-2-CoV causing COVID-19 has had a devastating impact on the entire world. COVID-19 is a broad-based stressor, and research to date has documented increases in mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, and substance use, since the onset of COVID-19. By taking a transdiagnostic approach, scholars can help elucidate mechanisms and vulnerability as well as resiliency related to behavioral health problems in the context of COVID-19. The aim of the current special issue of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy was to showcase ongoing research focused on transdiagnostic factors in the context of COVID-19. The purpose of this issue is to highlight the significance of this work in the pandemic for research and practice; illustrate some of the many domains currently being explored via innovative approaches; and explicate fruitful areas for programmatic study. We hope that readers will recognize the important role of transdiagnostic models and their potential to offset the mental, addictive, and physical health disease burden of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Alsolais A, Alquwez N, Alotaibi KA, Alqarni AS, Almalki M, Alsolami F, Almazan J, Cruz JP. Risk perceptions, fear, depression, anxiety, stress and coping among Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Ment Health 2021; 30:194-201. [PMID: 33978543 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1922636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has seriously impacted various aspects of the society on a global scale. Schools and universities provide rich resources for adolescents and young adults to develop significant coping mechanisms. AIM This study assessed the perceptions of risk, fear, mental health status, and coping strategies among Saudi student nurses amid the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Using an online survey, the mental health of the students was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale short form version, whereas the coping was assessed by the Brief-Coping Orientation of Problem Experienced scale. RESULTS The students had modest risk perception and fear of contracting COVID-19. "Religion" was reported as the most frequently used coping strategy. Approximately 43.3%, 37.2%, and 30.9% of the respondents manifested some degree of depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. Poor COVID-19 knowledge, perceived seriousness of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia, perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, and the use of some coping strategies were predictors of fear. Knowing someone infected with COVID-19, fear, and several coping strategies predicted students' mental health. CONCLUSION This study provides data that can be used to create educational and health policies that focus on the mental health of university students, specifically nursing students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullelah Alsolais
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al Dawadmi City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahed Alquwez
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al Dawadmi City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf Aied Alotaibi
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al Dawadmi City, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed Almalki
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatmah Alsolami
- Faculty of Nursing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph Almazan
- College of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Jonas Preposi Cruz
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al Dawadmi City, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|