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Urban wastewater reuse using a coupling between nanofiltration and ozonation: Techno-economic assessment. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ekblad M, Falås P, El-Taliawy H, Nilsson F, Bester K, Hagman M, Cimbritz M. Is dissolved COD a suitable design parameter for ozone oxidation of organic micropollutants in wastewater? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:449-456. [PMID: 30579202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ozone oxidation of organic micropollutants in biologically treated wastewater was investigated in pilot-scale after a high- and a low loaded activated sludge process. Higher ozone doses were required to remove organic micropollutants in the effluent wastewater from the high loaded activated sludge process. Further comparison of the micropollutant removal was based on normalized ozone doses, expressed as g O3/g DOC and g O3/g soluble COD (sCOD). A clear difference was noted for the two effluents when the micropollutant removal was normalized by DOC. This difference disappeared almost completely when the removal was linked to ozone doses normalized by sCOD. The dose-response curves for the organic micropollutants were practically linear in the removal range up to 95%. A linear prediction model was developed and compared with literature values to test the transferability of the obtained results. Results from this comparison indicated that the slope of the dose-response functions could be used to predict the removal efficiency of organic micropollutants at a third plant with an average uncertainty of 10%. The modeled ozone requirements were then set in relation to the COD concentrations in the discharged water from approximately 90 Swedish activated sludge treatment plants with and without nitrogen removal. This comparison highlighted the need for a well-functioning biological treatment for an effective ozone oxidation of organic micropollutants. The results in this study suggest that soluble COD should be further explored for design and modeling of ozone oxidation of organic micropollutants in biologically treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ekblad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, 223 70 Lund, Sweden.
| | - P Falås
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - H El-Taliawy
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - F Nilsson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; Primozone Production AB, Terminalvägen 2, 246 42 Löddeköpinge, Sweden
| | - K Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - M Hagman
- Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, 223 70 Lund, Sweden
| | - M Cimbritz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
The aim of the work was to determine the influence of salicylic acid (SA) oxidation products on the effectiveness of their further removal in the membrane filtration process. Two commercial polyamide-based polymer membranes, HL (GE Osmonics) and TS80 (TriSepTM), were used and characterized by SEM microscopic analysis, contact angles, and free surface energy. The products of salicylic acid oxidation, 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and catechol, were determined and their impact on the removal of unreacted salicylic acid in the nanofiltration process was investigated. It was also checked to what extent and why they were retained or not by the membranes. The results of the research have shown that the main product of salicylic acid oxidation, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, has a negative impact on the retention of salicylic acid in the nanofiltration stage, while the other product, catechol, improves SA retention. The determined values of contact angles correlate well with solubility (S) of the tested compounds, which increases in the following order SSA < S2,3-DHBA < SCAT, while the contact angle of the membrane decreases. Nevertheless, it has been shown that some oxidation products can penetrate the environment due to poorer membrane separation properties of these products.
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Hua Z, Guo K, Kong X, Lin S, Wu Z, Wang L, Huang H, Fang J. PPCP degradation and DBP formation in the solar/free chlorine system: Effects of pH and dissolved oxygen. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:77-85. [PMID: 30508716 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The solar/chlorine process produces multiple reactive species by solar photolysis of chlorine, which can be used as an energy-efficient technology for water treatment. This study investigated the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on the degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and on the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in the solar/chlorine system. The degradation of 24 structurally diverse PPCPs was enhanced appreciably in the solar/chlorine system compared to solar irradiation and dark chlorination. The reactive species in the solar/chlorine system were identified to be hydroxyl radicals (HO), reactive chlorine species (RCS, i.e., Cl and ClO) and ozone. With increasing pH from 6 to 8, the steady-state concentrations of HO and Cl decreased from 1.23 × 10-14 M to 4.79 × 10-15 M and from 9.80 × 10-16 M to 4.31 × 10-16 M, respectively, whereas that of ClO increased from 5.30 × 10-14 M to 2.68 × 10-13 M and the exposure of ozone increased from 0.44 μM min to 1.01 μM min in 90 min. Accordingly, the removal efficiencies of 6 PPCPs decreased and 11 PPCPs increased. The decreased removal of PPCPs with increasing pH was due to the decrease in HO and Cl, while the increased removal was attributed to the increased ClO and ozone. The presence of DO enhanced the degradation of most PPCPs, indicating the role of ozone on the degradation. The formation of total organic chlorine (TOCl) and known DBPs was enhanced by 60.7% and 159.4%, respectively, in the solar/chlorine system compared to chlorination in a simulated drinking water containing 2.5 mg L-1 natural organic matter (NOM). As the pH rose from 6 to 8, TOCl formation decreased by 16.2%, while that of known DBPs increased by 58.6% in solar/chlorine. The absence of DO slightly suppressed the formation of TOCl and known DBPs. This study illustrated the significant role of RCS in the solar/chlorine system, which enhanced the degradation of micropollutants but increased the formation of chlorinated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhechao Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Kaiheng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Suiki Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Zihao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Liping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Huang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
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55
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Kumar M, Jaiswal S, Sodhi KK, Shree P, Singh DK, Agrawal PK, Shukla P. Antibiotics bioremediation: Perspectives on its ecotoxicity and resistance. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:448-461. [PMID: 30684803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic is one of the most significant discoveries and have brought a revolution in the field of medicine for human therapy. In addition to the medical uses, antibiotics have broad applications in agriculture and animal husbandry. In developing nations, antibiotics use have helped to increase the life expectancy by lowering the deaths due to bacterial infections, but the risks associated with antibiotics pollution is largely affecting people. Since antibiotics are released partially degraded and undegraded into environment creating antibiotic pollution, and its bioremediation is a challenging task. In the present review, we have discussed the primary antibiotic sources like hospitals, dairy, and agriculture causing antibiotic pollution and their innovative detection methods. The strong commitment towards the resistance prevention and participation, nations through strict policies and their implementations now come to fight against the antibiotic resistance under WHO. The review also deciphers the bacterial evolution based strategies to overcome the effects of antibiotics, so the antibiotic degradation and elimination from the environment and its health benefits. The present review focuses on the environmental sources of antibiotics, it's possible degradation mechanisms, health effects, and bacterial antibiotics resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Soil Microbial Ecology and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Shweta Jaiswal
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Kushneet Kaur Sodhi
- Soil Microbial Ecology and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pallee Shree
- Soil Microbial Ecology and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Dileep Kumar Singh
- Soil Microbial Ecology and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Agrawal
- National Agriculture Science Fund, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan-I, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi 110012, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
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56
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Solís RR, Gimeno O, Rivas FJ, Beltrán FJ. Simulated solar driven photolytic ozonation for the oxidation of aqueous recalcitrant-to-ozone tritosulfuron. Transformation products and toxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 233:513-522. [PMID: 30594116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the combination of ozone and solar radiation as an advanced oxidation process to remove the herbicide tritosufuron (TSF) in water. Firstly, the recalcitrance of TSF has been assessed, obtaining an ozonation second order rate constant of 5-154 M-1 min-1 in the range of pH from 5 to 8; while the rate constant with HO was found to be (1.8-3.1)·109 M-1 s-1. Secondly, the simultaneous application of simulated solar radiation in between 300 and 800 nm and ozone resulted positive in the oxidation rate of TSF. Mineralization extent was also higher. Less effective oxidation was achieved after limiting the radiation to the range 360-800 nm or 390-800 nm; also completely inappropriate for mineralization. Thirdly, the detected transformation products (TPs) demonstrated the vulnerability of TSF molecule to be attacked by HO in the sulfonylurea bridge. The combination of ozone and radiation of 300-800 nm led to the most effective removal of the TPs. Finally, after the photolytic ozonation treatment toxicity was also evaluated in terms of phytotoxicity towards the germination and root elongation of Lactuca Sativa seeds, and toxicity by immobilization tests of Daphnia Magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R Solís
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Olga Gimeno
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - F Javier Rivas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Fernando J Beltrán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
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García-Espinoza JD, Mijaylova Nacheva P. Effect of electrolytes on the simultaneous electrochemical oxidation of sulfamethoxazole, propranolol and carbamazepine: behaviors, by-products and acute toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:6855-6867. [PMID: 30635885 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-4020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of supporting electrolytes on the simultaneous electrochemical oxidation of the pharmaceuticals sulfamethoxazole (SMX), propranolol (PRO), and carbamazepine (CBZ) in aqueous solutions has been studied. Based on the identified by-products, the degradation mechanisms were proposed and the acute toxicity was evaluated for each electrolyte. Assays were carried out in batch mode in a 2 L undivided reactor using a niobium coated with boron-doped diamond (Nb/BDD) mesh anode and Ti cathode at 2.5 A in presence of different supporting electrolytes (Na2SO4, NaCl, or NaBr) at the same concentration of 7 mM. The degradation rates were higher in the assays with NaCl and NaBr. Reaction by-products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Indirect oxidation by electrogenerated reactive halogen species (RHS) was the main mechanism when halide ions were used as electrolytes. Ten by-products were detected using Na2SO4 as electrolyte, while 19 (12 non-halogenated and 7 halogenated) and 20 (10 non-halogenated and 10 halogenated) using NaCl and NaBr respectively. The proposed degradation pathways involve transformation (hydroxylation, deamination, desulfonation, and halogenation) and bond rupture to produce less molecular weight compounds and their further transformation until total degradation. Chlorinated and brominated by-products confirm halogenation reactions. The electrogenerated RHS presented a significant inhibition effect on Vibrio fischeri; nevertheless, acute toxicity was not presented using Na2SO4 as electrolyte and a pharmaceutical concentration of 5 μg/L. In this view, the role of the supporting electrolyte in electrochemical oxidation process is crucial since it strongly influence degradation rate, by-products, and acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Daniel García-Espinoza
- National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM, Campus IMTA), Paseo Cuauhnahuac 8532, Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Petia Mijaylova Nacheva
- Mexican Institute of Water Technology (IMTA), Paseo Cuauhnahuac 8532, Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico.
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Cvetnić M, Novak Stankov M, Kovačić M, Ukić Š, Bolanča T, Kušić H, Rasulev B, Dionysiou DD, Lončarić Božić A. Key structural features promoting radical driven degradation of emerging contaminants in water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:38-48. [PMID: 30639906 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diverse contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) can be found in nowadays aquatic environment, possessing high potential to cause adverse ecological and human health effects. Due to their recalcitrance, conventional water treatment methods are shown to be inadequately effective. Thus, their upgrade by advanced oxidation processes, involving the generation of highly reactive species (HO and SO4-), is highly demanded. In order to assess the susceptibility of CECs by HO and SO4-, as well as to determine the corresponding reaction rate constants kHO and kSO4-, the complex experimental studies has to be maintained. The alternative is the application of modeling approaches which correlate structural characteristics with activities/properties of interest, i.e. quantitative structure activity/property relationship (QSAR/QSPR). In this study kHO and kSO4- of fifteen selected CECs were determined by competitive kinetics, and afterward used to elucidate key structural features promoting their degradation. In that purpose, QSPR models were constructed using multiple linear regression (MLR) combined with genetic algorithm (GA) approach. The models were submitted to the internal and external validation (using additional set of 17 CECs). Selected 3-variable models predicting kHO and kSO4- were characterized with high accuracy and predictivity (R2 = 0.876 and Q2 = 0.847 and R2 = 0.832 and Q2 = 0.778, respectively). Although selected models at the first sight include descriptors derived through complicated calculation procedures, their weighting schemes indicate on their relevance and transparency toward established reaction theories and differences regarding radical type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Cvetnić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Novak Stankov
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Kovačić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Šime Ukić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Bolanča
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Kušić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Bakhtiyor Rasulev
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - Ana Lončarić Božić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Abstract
The potential emerging pollutants (PEPs) such as hazardous chemicals, toxic metals, bio-wastes, etc., pose a severe threat to human health, hygiene and ecology by way of polluting the environment and water sources. The PEPs are originated from various industrial effluent discharges including pharmaceutical, food and metal processing industries. These PEPs in contact with water may pollute the water and disturb the aquatic life. Innumerable methods have been used for the treatment of effluents and separating the toxic chemicals/metals. Of these methods, membrane-based separation processes (MBSPs) are effective over the conventional techniques for providing clean water from wastewater streams at an affordable cost with minimum energy requirement. Microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), and forward osmosis (FO) methods as well as hybrid technologies are discussed citing the published results of the past decade.
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60
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Xu ZB, Wang WL, Huang N, Wu QY, Lee MY, Hu HY. 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA) degradation by ozonation: Kinetics, phosphorus transformation, anti-precipitation property changes and phosphorus removal. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 148:334-343. [PMID: 30391862 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA) is an antiscalant that is widely used in reverse osmosis (RO) systems. Because of its high concentration in RO concentrate, eutrophication risk and anti-precipitation properties may affect subsequent treatments, therefore treatment strategies are needed to eliminate such substances. In this study, PBTCA was degraded by ozonation. The results show that PBTCA reacted with ozone molecules and hydroxyl radicals, with second-order rate constants of (0.12 ± 0.002) and (7.83 ± 1.51) × 108 L mol-1 s-1, respectively. The phosphorus in PBTCA (PP) was transformed into organic phosphorus except for PBTCA (PO), and inorganic phosphorus (PI); PO was further transformed into PI. The changes in the concentrations of these phosphorus forms were investigated by model simulation. Simulation showed that the rate of PP transformation into PO was 5.5 times higher than that into PI. PBTCA was ozonated much faster at alkaline pH than at acidic pH. This is ascribed to different amounts of ozone molecules and hydroxyl radicals, and their different reaction rates with PBTCA. Furthermore, anti-precipitation property was reduced during ozonation, as shown by the amounts and morphology changes of the precipitates. PBTCA concentration for 50% anti-precipitation (AP50) did not change during ozonation, indicating that the transformation products generated during ozonation did not have anti-precipitation effects. Phosphorus in PBTCA was removed by ozonation-coagulation treatment. Total phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus were removed efficiently by using ferric chloride as a coagulant. The coagulants tended to bind with inorganic phosphorus to form flocs. Meanwhile, flocs were more easily to aggregate and precipitate as anti-precipitation effect was gradually removed, thus more phosphorus was removed. A combination of ozonation and coagulation removed PBTCA effectively and simultaneously reduced its anti-precipitation property and phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Bin Xu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Huang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
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61
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Mousel D, Pinnekamp J. Ozonation of nursing home wastewater pretreated in a membrane bioreactor. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:266-278. [PMID: 30101762 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nursing home (NH) wastewater was pretreated in an ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor (MBR) and subsequently ozonated in a pilot plant in order to evaluate the elimination of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs). Dosing of the pre-treated wastewater with 5 mg ozone (O3) L-1 led to the elimination of >50% for nearly all investigated PhACs in the ozonation plant, whereas dosing 10 mg O3 L-1 increased elimination to >80%. A total hydraulic retention time of 12.8 min proved sufficient for PhAC elimination. Specific ozone consumption and influent dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (8.2-9.5 mg L-1) were in similar ranges for all three performed trials. Combining the MBR with subsequent ozonation at a dosage of 5 mg O3 L-1 achieved elimination of >90% and effluent concentrations below 250 ng L-1 for nearly all the investigated PhACs. Influent concentrations of the MBR were comparable to those found in municipal wastewater. Thus, the recommended dosage for PhAC elimination of 5 mg O3 L-1 (i.e. a specific consumption of 0.6 g O3*(g DOC)-1) is in the same range as for municipal wastewater. However, due to a smaller plant size, the specific costs for treating NH wastewater would significantly exceed those of treating municipal wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièle Mousel
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany E-mail:
| | - Johannes Pinnekamp
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany E-mail:
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62
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Wang J, Zhang T, Mei Y, Pan B. Treatment of reverse-osmosis concentrate of printing and dyeing wastewater by electro-oxidation process with controlled oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:621-626. [PMID: 29547852 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) of printing and dyeing wastewater remains as a daunting environmental issue, which is characterized by high salinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), chroma and low biodegradability. In this study electro-oxidation process (PbO2/Ti electrode) coupled with oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) online monitor was applied to treat such a ROC effluent. The results show that with the increase of specific electrical charge (Qsp), the removal efficiencies of COD, TN and chroma increased significantly at the incipience and then reached a gentle stage; the optimal total current efficiency (12.04 kWh m-3) was obtained with the current density of 10 mA cm-2 (Qsp, 3.0 Ah L-1). Meanwhile, some inorganic ions can be simultaneously removed to varying degrees. FTIR analyses indicated that the macromolecular organics were decomposed into smaller molecules. A multi-parameter linear relationship between ORP and Qsp, COD and Cl- concentration was established, which can quantitatively reflect the effect of current density, chloride ion concentration, pollutants and reaction time on the performance of the electro-oxidation system. As compared to a traditional constant-current system, the constant-ORP system developed in this study (through the back-propagation neural network [BPN] model with ORP monitoring) approximately reduced the energy cost by 24-29%. The present work is expected to provide a potential alternative in optimizing the electro-oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiade Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yu Mei
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, China
| | - Bingjun Pan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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Thalmann B, von Gunten U, Kaegi R. Ozonation of municipal wastewater effluent containing metal sulfides and metal complexes: Kinetics and mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 134:170-180. [PMID: 29426034 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation can be applied to mitigate the discharge of organic micropollutants from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to the aquatic environment. The toxicity of metals also present in WWTP effluents strongly depends on their speciation. Therefore, knowledge on the change of the metal speciation during ozonation of a WWTP effluent is essential to assess possible negative impacts. The kinetics and the stoichiometries of the reactions of ozone with three metal sulfides (ZnS, CuS and CdS) and metal-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA)/nitriloriacetic acid (NTA) complexes of Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Mg(II) and Pb(II) were investigated. With a stoichiometric factor of 2.6-3.9 moles of ozone per mole of sulfide and apparent second-order rate constants at pH 8 > 104 M-1 s-1, a complete oxidation of the sulfides and a concomitant release of the respective metals is expected during ozonation of a WWTP effluent for enhanced micropollutant abatement. The apparent second-order rate constants at pH 8 for the reactions of metal-EDTA complexes with ozone ranged from 42 M-1s-1 to 2.0 × 104 M-1s-1 and increased in the order Cd(II) < Cu(II) < Mg(II) < Ni(II) < Zn(II). Approximately 40% of Cd(II)-EDTA spiked to a WWTP effluent was oxidized at typical specific ozone doses of 0.5-0.7 gO3/gDOC. For the other metal-EDTA complexes a significantly higher fraction was oxidized. The bioavailable fraction determined by the diffusive-gradient thin films (DGT) method in the WWTP effluent increased during ozonation, due to the oxidative release of the metal ions. Algal toxicity (chlamynomodas reinhardtii) tests with CuS/CdS spiked WWTP effluent revealed a high tolerance toward Cu and Cd in the respective media. A toxic response was only observed at Cu concentrations above 10 μM, which is above typical WWTP effluent concentrations. Biological post-treatment after ozonation generally reduced the bioavailability of the metals, which resulted in a lower toxicity. Therefore, the biological post-treatment serves as an additional barrier to protect the downstream ecology of receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilius Thalmann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ralf Kaegi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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64
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Phattarapattamawong S, Kaiser AM, Saracevic E, Schaar HP, Krampe J. Optimization of ozonation and peroxone process for simultaneous control of micropollutants and bromate in wastewater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 2017:404-411. [PMID: 29851392 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to simultaneously control micropollutants and bromate formations by using ozonation and peroxone process. The batch experiments were run with variations in specific ozone dose (SOD) and hydrogen peroxide-to-ozone (H2O2/O3) ratio. Based on the removal by ozonation and peroxone, micropollutants were categorized into three groups: non-reactive compounds (i.e. amidotrizoate), moderately reactive compounds (i.e. metoprolol, acesulfame potassium, bezafibrate, and benzotriazole), and highly reactive compounds (i.e. carbamazepine and diclofenac). For ozonation and peroxone process, the removals for highly reactive compounds and moderately reactive compounds were 82-99% and 29-99%, respectively. The removal of amidotrizoate was not observed in this study. The effect of ozonation on micropollutant removals was similar to the peroxone process. However, differences in bromate formation were observed. Bromate formation depended on the SOD, while addition of hydrogen peroxide suppressed the bromate formation. The peroxone process at the H2O2/O3 ratio of 0.3 was recommended to bromide-containing water below 100 µg·L-1 for simultaneous control of micropollutants and bromate. Enhancement in micropollutant removals, except for the non-reactive groups, was achieved with either higher SOD or the addition of hydrogen peroxide to ozonation. The micropollutant removal predicted from the second-order kinetic reaction with ozone and •OH exposures was higher than the observed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songkeart Phattarapattamawong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailandand Research Program in Control of Hazardous Contaminants in Raw Water Resources for Water Scarcity Resilience, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Thailand E-mail:
| | | | - Ernis Saracevic
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jörg Krampe
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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65
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Cruz-Alcalde A, Sans C, Esplugas S. Priority pesticide dichlorvos removal from water by ozonation process: Reactivity, transformation products and associated toxicity. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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66
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Azaïs A, Mendret J, Cazals G, Petit E, Brosillon S. Ozonation as a pretreatment process for nanofiltration brines: Monitoring of transformation products and toxicity evaluation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 338:381-393. [PMID: 28586753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Considerable interest has been given to using nanofiltration (NF) in lieu of reverse osmosis for water reclamation schemes due to lower energy consumption, higher flux rates while ensuring good micropollutants rejection. The application NF results in the generation of a large concentrated waste stream. Treatment of the concentrate is a major hurdle for the implementation of membrane technologies since the concentrate is usually unusable due to a large pollutants content. This work focuses on the application of ozonation as pretreatment of urban NF concentrates, the generation of transformation products and their relative toxicity. Three pharmaceutical micropollutants largely encountered in water cycle were selected as target molecules: acetaminophen, carbamazepine and atenolol. Through accurate-mass Q-TOF LC-MS/MS analyses, more than twenty ozonation products were detected, structure proposals and formation pathways were elaborated. Attempts were made to understand the correlation between the transformation products and acute toxicity on Vibrio fischeri strain. It is the first time that an integrated study reported on the ozonation of pharmaceuticals in urban membrane concentrates, in terms of transformation products, kinetics, degradation mechanisms, as well as toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Azaïs
- Institut Européen des Membranes, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Mendret
- Institut Européen des Membranes, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Cazals
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Eddy Petit
- Institut Européen des Membranes, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Stephan Brosillon
- Institut Européen des Membranes, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France.
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67
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Park M, Anumol T, Daniels KD, Wu S, Ziska AD, Snyder SA. Predicting trace organic compound attenuation by ozone oxidation: Development of indicator and surrogate models. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 119:21-32. [PMID: 28433880 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ozone oxidation has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment process for the attenuation of trace organic compounds (TOrCs); however, predicting TOrC attenuation by ozone processes is challenging in wastewaters. Since ozone is rapidly consumed, determining the exposure times of ozone and hydroxyl radical proves to be difficult. As direct potable reuse schemes continue to gain traction, there is an increasing need for the development of real-time monitoring strategies for TOrC abatement in ozone oxidation processes. Hence, this study is primarily aimed at developing indicator and surrogate models for the prediction of TOrC attenuation by ozone oxidation. To this end, the second-order kinetic equations with a second-phase Rct value (ratio of hydroxyl radical exposure to molecular ozone exposure) were used to calculate comparative kinetics of TOrC attenuation and the reduction of indicator and spectroscopic surrogate parameters, including UV absorbance at 254 nm (UVA254) and total fluorescence (TF). The developed indicator model using meprobamate as an indicator compound and the surrogate models with UVA254 and TF exhibited good predictive power for the attenuation of 13 kinetically distinct TOrCs in five filtered and unfiltered wastewater effluents (R2 values > 0.8). This study is intended to help provide a guideline for the implementation of indicator/surrogate models for real-time monitoring of TOrC abatement with ozone processes and integrate them into a regulatory framework in water reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyu Park
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Tarun Anumol
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA; Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE 19808, USA
| | - Kevin D Daniels
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Shimin Wu
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Austin D Ziska
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA.
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68
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Mathon B, Coquery M, Miege C, Penru Y, Choubert JM. Removal efficiencies and kinetic rate constants of xenobiotics by ozonation in tertiary treatment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 75:2737-2746. [PMID: 28659513 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study gives a full overview of the chemical oxidation by ozone of selected xenobiotics usually present in effluents of conventional wastewater treatment plants. A qualitative and quantitative overview of literature data was made, and describes the ozonation efficiency and processes for the elimination of 12 xenobiotics (pesticides and pharmaceuticals). A database was built, compiling literature results of experimental ozonation assays in laboratory and real-scale conditions. Special attention was paid to selecting the data and compiling reliable results on removal efficiencies and kinetic parameters. An original study was performed in a semi-batch reactor applying ozone on secondary effluent spiked beforehand with a cocktail of 12 xenobiotics. The results of this study were compared with the literature data to evaluate the influence of the kinetic competition of xenobiotics in spiked wastewater in the determination of kinetic rate constants. These 12 xenobiotics were classified into three groups (high-/medium-/low-oxidizable) according to the ranges of their direct kinetic rate constants (kO3). A best effective ozone dose between 0.2 and 0.4 gO3 gDOC-1 is proposed for the elimination of xenobiotics. The predominant elimination pathway between direct and indirect oxidation was identified for each xenobiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Mathon
- Irstea, UR MALY, centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, BP 32108, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France E-mail:
| | - Marina Coquery
- Irstea, UR MALY, centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, BP 32108, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France E-mail:
| | - Cécile Miege
- Irstea, UR MALY, centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, BP 32108, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France E-mail:
| | - Ywann Penru
- SUEZ, CIRSEE, 38 rue du Président-Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France
| | - Jean-Marc Choubert
- Irstea, UR MALY, centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, BP 32108, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France E-mail:
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69
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Gomes J, Costa R, Quinta-Ferreira RM, Martins RC. Application of ozonation for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal from water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:265-283. [PMID: 28185729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the shortening on natural water resources, reclaimed wastewater will be an important water supply source. However, suitable technologies must be available to guaranty its proper detoxification with special concern for the emerging pharmaceutical and personal care products that are continuously reaching municipal wastewater treatment plants. While conventional biological systems are not suitable to remove these compounds, ozone, due to its interesting features involving molecular ozone oxidation and the possibility of generating unselective hydroxyl radicals, has a wider range of action on micropollutants removal and water disinfection. This paper aims to review the studies dealing with ozone based processes for water reuse by considering municipal wastewater reclamation as well as natural and drinking water treatment. A comparison with alternative technologies is given. The main drawback of ozonation is related with the low mineralization achieved that may lead to the production of reaction intermediates with toxic features. The use of hydrogen peroxide and light aided systems enhance ozone action over pollutants. Moreover, scientific community is focused on the development of solid catalysts able to improve the mineralization level achieved by ozone. Special interest is now being given to solar light catalytic ozonation systems with interesting results both for chemical and biological contaminants abatement. Nowadays the integration between ozonation and sand biofiltration seems to be the most interesting cost effective methodology for water treatment. However, further studies must be performed to optimize this system by understanding the biofiltration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gomes
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, GERST, Group on Environment, Reaction, Separation and Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pólo II - Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Costa
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, GERST, Group on Environment, Reaction, Separation and Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pólo II - Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa M Quinta-Ferreira
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, GERST, Group on Environment, Reaction, Separation and Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pólo II - Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui C Martins
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, GERST, Group on Environment, Reaction, Separation and Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pólo II - Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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70
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Oxidation of benzalkonium chloride by gamma irradiation: kinetics and decrease in toxicity. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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71
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Review on the Stability of Ferrate (VI) Species in Aqueous Medium and Oxidation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) by Ferrate (VI): Identification of Transformation By-Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1238.ch012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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72
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Azaïs A, Mendret J, Petit E, Brosillon S. Influence of volumetric reduction factor during ozonation of nanofiltration concentrates for wastewater reuse. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 165:497-506. [PMID: 27681105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Global population growth induces increased threat on drinking water resources. One way to address this environmental issue is to reuse water from wastewater treatment plant. The presence of pathogenic microorganisms and potentially toxic organic micropollutants does not allow a direct reuse of urban effluents. Membrane processes such reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF) can be considered to effectively eliminate these pollutants. The integration of membrane processes involves the production of concentrated retentates which require being disposed. To date, no treatment is set up to manage safely this pollution. This work focuses on the application of ozonation for the treatment of NF retentates in the framework of the wastewater reuse. Ozonation is a powerful oxidation process able to react and degrade a wide range of organic pollutants. Four pharmaceutical micropollutants were selected as target molecules: acetaminophen, carbamazepine, atenolol and diatrozic acid. This study highlighted that NF represents a viable alternative to the commonly used RO process ensuring high retention at much lower operating costs. Ozonation appears to be effective to degrade the most reactive pollutants toward molecular ozone but is limited for the reduction of refractory ozone pollutants due to the inhibition of the radical chain by the high content of organic matter in the retentates. The ozonation process appears to be a promising NF retentate treatment, but additional treatments after ozonation are required to lead to a zero liquid discharge treatment scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Azaïs
- Institut Européen des Membranes, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Mendret
- Institut Européen des Membranes, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Eddy Petit
- Institut Européen des Membranes, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Stephan Brosillon
- Institut Européen des Membranes, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France.
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73
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Tekle-Röttering A, Reisz E, Jewell KS, Lutze HV, Ternes TA, Schmidt W, Schmidt TC. Ozonation of pyridine and other N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds: Kinetics, stoichiometry, identification of products and elucidation of pathways. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 102:582-593. [PMID: 27448509 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine and pyrazine were investigated in their reaction with ozone. These compounds are archetypes for heterocyclic aromatic amines, a structural unit that is often present in pharmaceuticals, pesticides and dyestuffs (e.g., enoxacin, pyrazineamide or pyrimethamine). The investigated target compounds react with ozone with rate constants ranging from 0.37 to 57 M(-1) s(-1), hampering their degradation during ozonation. In OH radical scavenged systems the reaction of ozone with pyridine and pyridazine is characterized by high transformation (per ozone consumed) of 55 and 54%, respectively. In non scavenged system the transformation drops to 52 and 12%, respectively. However, in the reaction of pyrimidine and pyrazine with ozone this is reversed. Here, in an OH radical scavenged system the compound transformation is much lower (2.1 and 14%, respectively) than in non scavenged one (22 and 25%, respectively). This is confirmed by corresponding high N-oxide formation in the ozonation of pyridine and pyridazine, but probably low formation in the reaction of pyrimidine and pyrazine with ozone. With respect to reaction mechanisms, it is suggested that ozone adduct formation at nitrogen is the primary step in the ozonation of pyridine and pyridazine. On the contrary, ozone adduct formation to the aromatic ring seems to occur especially in the ozonation of pyrimidine as inferred from hydrogen peroxide yield. However, also OH radical reactions are supposed processes in the case of pyrimidine and in particular for pyrazine, albeit negligible OH radical yields are obtained. The low compound transformation in OH radical scavenged system can prove this. As a result of negligible OH radical yields in all cases (less than 6%) electron transfer as primary reaction pathway plays a subordinate role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Tekle-Röttering
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering, Neidenburgerstraße 10, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Erika Reisz
- University "Politehnica" of Timişoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Bulevardul Vasile Pârvan Nr. 6, 300233 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Kevin S Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Holger V Lutze
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Winfried Schmidt
- Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering, Neidenburgerstraße 10, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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74
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Estimation of kinetic parameters and UV doses necessary to remove twenty-three pharmaceuticals from pre-treated urban wastewater by UV/H2O2. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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75
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Liu C, Li P, Tang X, Korshin GV. Ozonation effects on emerging micropollutants and effluent organic matter in wastewater: characterization using changes of three-dimensional HP-SEC and EEM fluorescence data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20567-20579. [PMID: 27464659 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of effluent organic matter (EfOM) in a municipal wastewater treated by ozonation was characterized using the methods of high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC) and excitation/emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The removal of 40 diverse trace-level contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) present in the wastewater was determined as well. Ozonation caused a rapid decrease of the absorbance and fluorescence of the wastewater, which was associated primarily with the oxidation of high and low apparent molecular weight (AMW) EfOM fractions. PARAFAC analysis also showed that components C1 and C2 decreased prominently in these conditions. The EfOM fraction of intermediate molecular weight ascribable to a terrestrial humic-like component (C3) tended to be less reactive toward ozone. Relative changes of EEM fluorescence were quantified using F max values of PARAFAC-identified components (∆F/F 0max). Unambiguous relationships between ∆F/F 0max values and the extent of the degradation of the examined CECs (∆C/C0) were established. This allowed correlating main parameters of the ∆C/C0 vs. ∆F/F 0max relationships with the rates of oxidation of these CECs. The results demonstrate the potential of online measurements of EEM fluorescence for quantitating effects of ozonation on EfOM and micropollutants in wastewater effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards & Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Penghui Li
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiangyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards & Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2700, USA
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76
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Zucker I, Avisar D, Mamane H, Jekel M, Hübner U. Determination of oxidant exposure during ozonation of secondary effluent to predict contaminant removal. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 100:508-516. [PMID: 27232995 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of kinetic models to predict oxidation performance in wastewater is limited due to fast ozone depletion during the first milliseconds of the reaction. This paper introduces the Quench Flow Module (QFM), a bench-scale experimental technique developed to measure the first 5-500 milliseconds of ozone depletion for accurate determination of ozone exposure in wastewater-ozonation processes. Calculated ozone exposure in QFM experiments was up to 24% lower than in standard batch experiments, strongly depending on the initial sampling point for measurement in batch experiments. However, oxidation rates of slowly- and moderately-reacting trace organic compounds (TrOCs) were accurately predicted from batch experiments based on integration of ozone depletion and removal of an ozone-resistant probe compound to calculate oxidant exposures. An alternative concept, where ozone and hydroxyl radical exposures are back-calculated from the removal of two probe compounds, was tested as well. Although the QFM was suggested to be an efficient mixing reactor, ozone exposure ranged over three orders of magnitude when different probe compounds reacting moderately with ozone were used for the calculation. These effects were beyond uncertainty ranges for apparent second order rate constants and consistently observed with different ozone-injection techniques, i.e. QFM, batch experiments, bubble columns and venturi injection. This indicates that previously suggested mixing effects are not responsible for the difference and other still unknown factors might be relevant. Results furthermore suggest that ozone exposure calculations from the relative residual concentration of a probe compound are not a promising option for evaluation of ozonation of secondary effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Zucker
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; The Hydro-Chemistry Laboratory, Geography and the Environment, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; The Water Research Center at Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Dror Avisar
- The Hydro-Chemistry Laboratory, Geography and the Environment, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; The Water Research Center at Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Hadas Mamane
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; The Water Research Center at Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Martin Jekel
- Technical University of Berlin, Department of Water Quality Control, Str. des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin Germany
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Technical University of Berlin, Department of Water Quality Control, Str. des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin Germany; Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching Germany
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77
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Borowska E, Bourgin M, Hollender J, Kienle C, McArdell CS, von Gunten U. Oxidation of cetirizine, fexofenadine and hydrochlorothiazide during ozonation: Kinetics and formation of transformation products. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 94:350-362. [PMID: 26971810 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of wastewater ozonation for the abatement of three nitrogen-containing pharmaceuticals, two antihistamine drugs, cetirizine (CTR) and fexofenadine (FXF), and the diuretic drug, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), was investigated. Species-specific second-order rate constants for the reactions of the molecular, protonated (CTR, FXF) or deprotonated (HCTZ) forms of these compounds with ozone were determined. All three compounds are very reactive with ozone (apparent second order rate constants at pH 7: kO3,pH7 = 1.7·10(5) M(-1)s(-1), 8.5·10(4) M(-1)s(-1) and 9.0·10(3) M(-1)s(-1) for CTR, HCTZ and FXF, respectively). Transformation product (TP) structures were elucidated using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, including isotope-labeled standards. For cetirizine and hydrochlorothiazide 8 TPs each and for fexofenadine 7 TPs were identified. The main TPs of cetirizine and fexofenadine are their respective N-oxides, whereas chlorothiazide forms to almost 100% from hydrochlorothiazide. In the bacteria bioluminescence assay the toxicity was slightly increased only during the ozonation of cetirizine at very high cetirizine concentrations. The main TPs detected in bench-scale experiments were also detected in full-scale ozonation of a municipal wastewater, for >90% elimination of the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Borowska
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, PL-44100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marc Bourgin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Kienle
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christa S McArdell
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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78
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Yang Y, Pignatello JJ, Ma J, Mitch WA. Effect of matrix components on UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O8(2-) advanced oxidation processes for trace organic degradation in reverse osmosis brines from municipal wastewater reuse facilities. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 89:192-200. [PMID: 26657355 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
When reverse osmosis brines from potable wastewater reuse plants are discharged to poorly-flushed estuaries, the concentrated organic contaminants are a concern for receiving water ecosystems. UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) and UV/persulfate (UV/S2O8(2-)) advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) may reduce contaminant burdens prior to discharge, but the effects of the high levels of halide, carbonate and effluent organic matter (EfOM) normally present in these brines are unclear. On the one hand, these substances may reduce process efficiency by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroxyl (OH) and sulfate (SO4(-) radicals. On the other, the daughter radicals generated by halide and carbonate scavenging may themselves degrade organics, offsetting the effect of ROS scavenging. UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O8(2-) AOPs were compared for degradation of five pharmaceuticals spiked into brines obtained from two reuse facilities and the RO influent from one of them. For UV/H2O2, EfOM scavenged ∼75% of the OH, reducing the degradation efficiency of the target contaminants to a similar extent; halide and carbonate scavenging and the reactivities of associated daughter radicals were less important. For UV/S2O8(2-), anions (mostly Cl(-)) scavenged ∼93% of the SO4(-). Because daughter radicals of Cl(-) contributed to contaminant degradation, the reduction in contaminant degradation efficiency was only ∼75-80%, with the reduction driven by daughter radical scavenging by EfOM. Conversion of SO4(-) to more selective halogen and carbonate radicals resulted in a wider range of degradation efficiencies among the contaminants. For both AOPs, 250 mJ/cm(2) average fluence achieved significant removal of four pharmaceuticals, with significantly better performance by UV/S2O8(2-) treatment for some constituents. Accounting for the lower brine flowrates, the energy output to achieve this fluence in brines is comparable to that often applied to RO permeates. However, much higher fluence was required for the least reactive pharmaceutical. Comparing AOP application to the RO influent or brine, equal or greater removal was achieved for brine treatment for comparable energy input. AOP treatment of brines could be applied to reduce, but not eliminate, contaminant burdens prior to discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington St., P.O. Box 1106, New Haven, 06504-1106, CT, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA.
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79
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Ren Y, Yuan Y, Lai B, Zhou Y, Wang J. Treatment of reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate by the combined Fe/Cu/air and Fenton process (1stFe/Cu/air-Fenton-2ndFe/Cu/air). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 302:36-44. [PMID: 26448492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To decompose or transform the toxic and refractory reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate and improve the biodegradability, 1stFe/Cu/air-Fenton-2ndFe/Cu/air were developed to treat RO concentrate obtained from an amino acid production plant in northern China. First, their operating conditions were optimized thoroughly. Furthermore, 5 control experiments were setup to confirm the superiority of 1stFe/Cu/air-Fenton-2ndFe/Cu/air and synergistic reaction between Fe/Cu/air and Fenton. The results suggest that the developed method could obtain high COD removal (65.1%) and BOD5/COD ratio (0.26) due to the synergistic reaction between Fe/Cu/air and Fenton. Under the optimal conditions, the influent and effluent of 1stFe/Cu/air-Fenton-2ndFe/Cu/air and 5 control experiments were analyzed by using UV, FTIR, EEM and LC, which confirm the superiority of 1stFe/Cu/air-Fenton-2ndFe/Cu/air. Therefore, the developed method in this study is a promising process for treatment of RO concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bo Lai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yuexi Zhou
- Research Center of Water Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Juling Wang
- Research Center of Water Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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80
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Romeyn TR, Harijanto W, Sandoval S, Delagah S, Sharbatmaleki M. Contaminants of emerging concern in reverse osmosis brine concentrate from indirect/direct water reuse applications. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:236-250. [PMID: 26819378 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Water shortage is becoming more common due to droughts and global population increases resulting in the increasing popularity of water reuse to create new water sources. Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane systems are popular in these applications since they can produce drinking water quality effluent. Unfortunately, RO systems have the drawback of generating concentrate streams that contain contaminants rejected by the membrane including chemicals of emerging concern (CECs). CECs are chemicals such as hormones, steroids, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products that are used for their intended purpose and then released into wastewater. CECs are believed to be detrimental to aquatic wildlife health and pose an unknown human health risk. This research gathered the existing knowledge on CEC presence in concentrate, available proven concentrate treatment methods, their CEC removal abilities, and current CEC regulations. It was found that 127 CECs have been measured in RO concentrate with 100 being detected at least once. The most potent treatment process available is UV/H2O2 as it offers the highest removal rates for the widest range of chemicals. The less expensive process of ozone/biologically activated carbon offers slightly lower removal abilities. This comprehensive report will provide the groundwork for better understanding, regulating and treating concentrate stream CECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis R Romeyn
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, USA E-mail:
| | - Wesley Harijanto
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, USA E-mail:
| | - Sofia Sandoval
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, USA E-mail:
| | - Saied Delagah
- Denver Federal Center, Bureau of Reclamation, PO Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225, USA
| | - Mohamadali Sharbatmaleki
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, USA E-mail:
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81
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Tekle-Röttering A, Jewell KS, Reisz E, Lutze HV, Ternes TA, Schmidt W, Schmidt TC. Ozonation of piperidine, piperazine and morpholine: Kinetics, stoichiometry, product formation and mechanistic considerations. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 88:960-971. [PMID: 26624229 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Piperidine, piperazine and morpholine as archetypes for secondary heterocyclic amines, a structural unit that is often present in pharmaceuticals (e.g., ritalin, cetirizine, timolol, ciprofloxacin) were investigated in their reaction with ozone. In principle the investigated compounds can be degraded with ozone in a reasonable time, based on their high reaction rate constants with respect to ozone (1.9 × 10(4)-2.4 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1)). However, transformation is insufficient (13-16%), most likely due to a chain reaction, which decomposes ozone. This conclusion is based on OH scavenging experiments, leading to increased compound transformation (18-27%). The investigated target compounds are similar in their kinetic and stoichiometric characteristics. However, the mechanistic considerations based on product formation indicate various reaction pathways. Piperidine reacts with ozone via a nonradical addition reaction to N-hydroxypiperidine (yield: 92% with and 94% without scavenging, with respect to compound transformation). However, piperazine degradation with ozone does not lead to N-hydroxypiperazine. In the morpholine/ozone reaction, N-hydroxymorpholine was identified. Additional oxidation pathways in all cases involved the formation of OH with high yields. One important pathway of piperazine and morpholine by ozonation could be the formation of C-centered radicals after ozone or OH radical attack. Subsequently, O2 addition forms unstable peroxyl radicals, which in one pathway loose superoxide radicals by generating a carbon-centered cation. Subsequent hydrolysis of the carbon-centered cation leads to formaldehyde, whereby ozonation of the N-hydroxy products can proceed in the same way and in addition give rise to hydroxylamine. A second pathway of the short-lived peroxyl radicals could be a dimerization to form short-lived tetraoxides, which cleave by forming hydrogen peroxide. All three products have been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Tekle-Röttering
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering, Neidenburgerstraße 10, 45897, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Kevin S Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Erika Reisz
- University "Politehnica" of Timişoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Bulevardul Vasile Pârvan Nr. 6, 300233, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Holger V Lutze
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Winfried Schmidt
- Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering, Neidenburgerstraße 10, 45897, Gelsenkirchen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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82
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Yong EL, Lin YP. Effects of pH value and temperature on the initiation, promotion, inhibition and direct reaction rate constants of natural organic matter in ozonation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
pH and temperature affect the kinetics of specific reactions of NOM and influence organic contaminants removal in the ozonation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Ling Yong
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security
- Faculty of Civil Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Skudai
- Malaysia
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
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83
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Kyzas GZ, Koltsakidou A, Nanaki SG, Bikiaris DN, Lambropoulou DA. Removal of beta-blockers from aqueous media by adsorption onto graphene oxide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 537:411-20. [PMID: 26282775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is the evaluation of graphene oxide (GhO) as adsorbent material for the removal of beta-blockers (pharmaceutical compounds) in aqueous solutions. The composition and morphology of prepared materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Atenolol (ATL) and propranolol (PRO) were used as model drug molecules and their behavior were investigated in terms of GhO dosage, contact time, temperature and pH. Adsorption mechanisms were proposed and the pH-effect curves after adsorption were discussed. The kinetic behavior of GhO-drugs system was analyzed after fitting to pseudo-first and -second order equations. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich and Langmuir-Freundlich model calculating the maximum adsorption capacity (67 and 116 mg/g for PRO and ATL (25 °C), respectively). The temperature effect on adsorption was tested carrying out the equilibrium adsorption experiments at three different temperatures (25, 45, 65 °C). Then, the thermodynamic parameters of enthalpy, free energy and entropy were calculated. Finally, the desorption of drugs from GhO was evaluated by using both aqueous eluants (pH2-10) and organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Z Kyzas
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Koltsakidou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavroula G Nanaki
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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84
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Ganiyu SO, van Hullebusch ED, Cretin M, Esposito G, Oturan MA. Coupling of membrane filtration and advanced oxidation processes for removal of pharmaceutical residues: A critical review. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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85
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Jin X, Peldszus S, Huck PM. Predicting the reaction rate constants of micropollutants with hydroxyl radicals in water using QSPR modeling. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:1-9. [PMID: 26005810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models which predict hydroxyl radical rate constants (kOH) for a wide range of emerging micropollutants are a cost effective approach to assess the susceptibility of these contaminants to advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). A QSPR model for the prediction of kOH of emerging micropollutants from their physico-chemical properties was developed with special attention to model validation, applicability domain and mechanistic interpretation. In this study, 118 emerging micropollutants including those experimentally determined by the author and data collected from the literature, were randomly divided into the training set (n=89) and validation set (n=29). 951 DRAGON molecular descriptors were calculated for model development. The QSPR model was calibrated by applying forward multiple linear regression to the training set. As a result, 7 DRAGON descriptors were found to be important in predicting the kOH values which related to the electronegativity, polarizability, and double bonds, etc. of the compounds. With outliers identified and removed, the final model fits the training set very well and shows good robustness and internal predictivity. The model was then externally validated with the validation set showing good predictive power. The applicability domain of the model was also assessed using the Williams plot approach. Overall, the developed QSPR model provides a valuable tool for an initial assessment of the susceptibility of micropollutants to AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Jin
- Walkerton Clean Water Centre, Walkerton, Ontario N0G 2V0, Canada.
| | - Sigrid Peldszus
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Peter M Huck
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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86
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Zucker I, Mamane H, Cikurel H, Jekel M, Hübner U, Avisar D. A hybrid process of biofiltration of secondary effluent followed by ozonation and short soil aquifer treatment for water reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 84:315-322. [PMID: 26255129 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Shafdan reclamation project facility (Tel Aviv, Israel) practices soil aquifer treatment (SAT) of secondary effluent with hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of a few months to a year for unrestricted agricultural irrigation. During the SAT, the high oxygen demand (>40 mg L(-1)) of the infiltrated effluent causes anoxic conditions and mobilization of dissolved manganese from the soil. An additional emerging problem is the occurrence of persistent trace organic compounds (TrOCs) in reclaimed water that should be removed prior to reuse. An innovative hybrid process based on biofiltration, ozonation and short SAT with ∼22 d HRT is proposed for treatment of the Shafdan secondary effluent to overcome limitations of the existing system and to reduce the SAT's physical footprint. Besides efficient removal of particulate matter to minimize clogging, coagulation/flocculation and filtration (5-6 m h(-1)) operated with the addition of hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen source efficiently removed dissolved organic carbon (DOC, to 17-22%), ammonium and nitrite. This resulted in reduced effluent oxygen demand during infiltration and oxidant (ozone) demand during ozonation by 23 mg L(-1) and 1.5 mg L(-1), respectively. Ozonation (1.0-1.2 mg O3 mg DOC(-1)) efficiently reduced concentrations of persistent TrOCs and supplied sufficient dissolved oxygen (>30 mg L(-1)) for fully oxic operation of the short SAT with negligible Mn(2+) mobilization (<50 μg L(-1)). Overall, the examined hybrid process provided DOC reduction of 88% to a value of 1.2 mg L(-1), similar to conventional SAT, while improving the removal of TrOCs and efficiently preventing manganese dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zucker
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel; Hydrochemistry, Geography and the Environment, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - H Mamane
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - H Cikurel
- Environmental Engineering Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Jekel
- Technical University of Berlin, Chair of Water Quality Control, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - U Hübner
- Technical University of Munich, Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - D Avisar
- Hydrochemistry, Geography and the Environment, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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87
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Effectiveness of advanced oxidation processes for the removal of manganese and organic compounds in membrane concentrate. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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88
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Herrmann H, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Styler SA, Weller C, Teich M, Otto T. Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4259-334. [PMID: 25950643 DOI: 10.1021/cr500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Weller
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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89
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Jekel M, Dott W, Bergmann A, Dünnbier U, Gnirß R, Haist-Gulde B, Hamscher G, Letzel M, Licha T, Lyko S, Miehe U, Sacher F, Scheurer M, Schmidt CK, Reemtsma T, Ruhl AS. Selection of organic process and source indicator substances for the anthropogenically influenced water cycle. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 125:155-67. [PMID: 25563167 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of organic micropollutants (OMP) is detected in anthropogenically influenced water cycles. Source control and effective natural and technical barriers are essential to maintain a high quality of drinking water resources under these circumstances. Based on the literature and our own research this study proposes a limited number of OMP that can serve as indicator substances for the major sources of OMP, such as wastewater treatment plants, agriculture and surface runoff. Furthermore functional indicators are proposed that allow assessment of the proper function of natural and technical barriers in the aquatic environment, namely conventional municipal wastewater treatment, advanced treatment (ozonation, activated carbon), bank filtration and soil aquifer treatment as well as self-purification in surface water. These indicator substances include the artificial sweetener acesulfame, the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen, the anticonvulsant carbamazepine, the corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole and the herbicide mecoprop among others. The chemical indicator substances are intended to support comparisons between watersheds and technical and natural processes independent of specific water cycles and to reduce efforts and costs of chemical analyses without losing essential information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jekel
- Centre for Water in Urban Areas, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. KF4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dott
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Axel Bergmann
- IWW Water Centre, Water Resources Management, 45476 Mühlheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Uwe Dünnbier
- Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Neue Jüdenstraße 1, 10179 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Gnirß
- Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Neue Jüdenstraße 1, 10179 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitte Haist-Gulde
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerd Hamscher
- Institute for Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marion Letzel
- Bavarian Environmental Agency, Demollstraße 31, 82407 Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Tobias Licha
- Geoscience Centre, Department of Applied Geology, University Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Lyko
- Emschergenossenschaft, Kronprinzenstraße 24, 45128 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Miehe
- Berlin Centre of Competence for Water, Cicerostraße 24, 10709 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Sacher
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aki Sebastian Ruhl
- Centre for Water in Urban Areas, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. KF4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Benitez FJ, Acero JL, Real FJ, Roldán G, Rodríguez E. Ozonation of benzotriazole and methylindole: Kinetic modeling, identification of intermediates and reaction mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 282:224-232. [PMID: 24953706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The ozonation of 1H-benzotriazole (BZ) and 3-methylindole (ML), two emerging contaminants that are frequently present in aquatic environments, was investigated. The experiments were performed with the contaminants (1μM) dissolved in ultrapure water. The kinetic study led to the determination of the apparent rate constants for the ozonation reactions. In the case of 1H-benzotriazole, these rate constants varied from 20.1 ± 0.4M(-1)s(-1) at pH=3 to 2143 ± 23 M(-1)s(-1) at pH=10. Due to its acidic nature (pKa=8.2), the degree of dissociation of this pollutant was determined at every pH of work, and the specific rate constants of the un-dissociated and dissociated species were evaluated, being the values of these rate constants 20.1 ± 2.0 and 2.0 ± 0.3 × 10(3)M(-1)s(-1), respectively. On the contrary, 3-methylindole does not present acidic nature, and therefore, it can be proposed an average value for its rate constant of 4.90 ± 0.7 × 10(5)M(-1)s(-1) in the whole pH range 3-10. Further experiments were performed to identify the main degradation byproducts (10 mg L(-1) of contaminants, 0.023 gh(-1) of ozone). Up to 8 intermediates formed in the ozonation of 3-methylindole were identified by LC-TOFMS, while 6 intermediates were identified in the ozonation of 1H-benzotriazole. By considering these intermediate compounds, the reaction mechanisms were proposed and discussed. Finally, evaluated rate constants allowed to predict and modeling the oxidation of these micropollutants in general aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Benitez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Juan L Acero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francisco J Real
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Gloria Roldán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Elena Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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92
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Dong MM, Trenholm R, Rosario-Ortiz FL. Photochemical degradation of atenolol, carbamazepine, meprobamate, phenytoin and primidone in wastewater effluents. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 282:216-23. [PMID: 24798495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical degradation of five pharmaceuticals was examined in two secondary wastewater effluents. The compounds, which included atenolol, carbamazepine, meprobamate, phenytoin and primidone, were evaluated for both direct and sensitized photolysis. In the two wastewaters, direct photolysis did not lead to significant compound degradation; however, sensitized photolysis was an important removal pathway for the five pharmaceuticals. Upon solar irradiation, hydroxyl radical (HO) was quantified using the hydroxylation of benzene and singlet oxygen ((1)O2) formation was monitored following the degradation of furfuryl alcohol. Degradation via sensitized photolysis was observed following five-day exposures for atenolol (69-91%), carbamazepine (67-98%), meprobamate (16-52%), phenytoin (44-85%), and primidone (34-88%). Varying removal is likely a result of the differences in reactivity with transient oxidants. Averaged steady state HO concentrations ranged from 1.2 to 4.0×10(-16)M, whereas the concentrations of (1)O2 were 6.0-7.6×10(-14)M. Partial removal due to presence of HO indicates it was not the major sink for most compounds examined. Other transient oxidants, such as (1)O2 and triplet state effluent organic matter, are likely to play important roles in fates of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Mei Dong
- Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 428 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, USA
| | - Rebecca Trenholm
- Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, USA
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 428 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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93
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Hübner U, von Gunten U, Jekel M. Evaluation of the persistence of transformation products from ozonation of trace organic compounds - a critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 68:150-170. [PMID: 25462725 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is an efficient treatment system to reduce the concentration of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) from technical aquatic systems such as drinking water, wastewater and industrial water, etc. Although it is well established that ozonation generally improves the removal of organic matter in biological post-treatment, little is known about the biodegradability of individual transformation products resulting from ozonation of TrOCs. This publication provides a qualified assessment of the persistence of ozone-induced transformation products based on a review of published product studies and an evaluation of the biodegradability of transformation products with the biodegradability probability program (BIOWIN) and the University of Minnesota Pathway Prediction System (UM-PPS). The oxidation of TrOCs containing the four major ozone-reactive sites (olefins, amines, aromatics and sulfur-containing compounds) follows well described reaction pathways leading to characteristic transformation products. Assessment of biodegradability revealed a high sensitivity to the formed products and hence the ozone-reactive site present in the target compound. Based on BIOWIN, efficient removal can be expected for products from cleavage of olefin groups and aromatic rings. In contrast, estimations and literature indicate that hydroxylamines and N-oxides, the major products from ozonation of secondary and tertiary amines are not necessarily better removed in biological post-treatment. According to UM-PPS, degradation of these products might even occur via reformation of the corresponding amine. Some product studies with sulfide-containing TrOCs showed a stoichiometric formation of sulfoxides from oxygen transfer reactions. However, conclusions on the fate of transformation products in biological post-treatment cannot be drawn based on BIOWIN and UM-PPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Hübner
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Water Quality Control, Str. des 17. Juni, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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94
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Miralles-Cuevas S, Oller I, Pérez JAS, Malato S. Application of solar photo-Fenton at circumneutral pH to nanofiltration concentrates for removal of pharmaceuticals in MWTP effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:846-855. [PMID: 24756680 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In view of the inefficient elimination of micro-pollutants by today's conventional biological treatments and new legislation requiring elimination of at least 80 % of their concentration, the application of an advanced tertiary treatment must be studied. A good option would be advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), which have very often been combined with physicochemical pre-treatSments to increase efficiency or reduce operating costs. This study focused on the combination of membrane nanofiltration and solar photo-Fenton for the main purpose of removing five pharmaceuticals (sulfamethoxazole, ibuprofen, ofloxacin, carbamazepine and flumequine) from real MWTP effluents under realistic conditions (μg L(-1)). This research also included tests performed with modified photo-Fenton using a low iron concentration at circumneutral pH and a low hydrogen peroxide dose, in an attempt to reduce major treatment costs. Over 80 % of dissolved organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand and turbidity were also retained during nanofiltration, making pharmaceutical removal less efficient in terms of concentrate treatment time than direct treatment, i.e. the concentrate illumination time was around 150 min while direct treatment was around 40 min. Nevertheless, it should be highlighted that, although no savings in installation costs was observed for the combined system (nanofiltration/solar photo-Fenton), the reaction rate improved and so, there was a savings in reagent costs (mainly hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miralles-Cuevas
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera Senés km 4, Tabernas, 04200, Almería, Spain
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95
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Lin XH, Sriramulu D, Li SFY. Selective removal of photocatalytic non-degradable fluorosurfactants from reverse osmosis concentrate. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 68:831-838. [PMID: 25465720 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently photocatalytic treatment of municipal reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) has drawn increasing attention due to its relatively high efficiency and low cost. However, photocatalytic reactions by commercially available TiO₂ are not able to degrade fluorosurfactants in the ROC sample due to the absence of photoreactive groups in these compounds. Here we investigated adsorption and coagulation methods and their efficiencies in removing fluorosurfactants. The analysis and characterization methods included mass spectrometry (LC-QToF), total organic carbon (TOC), fluorescence & UV–Visible spectra, SEM, IR, N2 sorption, zeta potential, and elemental analysis. Ferric chloride (FER) coagulation was found to be quite efficient in removing fluorosurfactants, while powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption was inefficient. The FER pre-treatment process was found to perform better than the post-treatment process in removing the fluorosurfactants. FER selectively removed the bulky fluorosurfactants with long branches but not the slim ones with short or no branches. At a concentration of 10.60 mM, FER could efficiently remove 62.19% fluorosurfactants in total from the ROC sample. The applicability of Freundlich and Langmuir models for the adsorption processes was also investigated. FER was able to remove fluorosurfactant while PAC unable. While the PAC removal mechanism was adsorption, the FER coagulation mechanism was far more complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Hao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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96
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Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Wastewater. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS): ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63299-9.00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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97
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Yu L, Wang D, Ye D. Solar photocatalytic ozonation of emerging contaminants detected in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents by magnetic MWCNTs/TiO2 nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18752d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetically separable catalysts with high solar photocatalytic ozonation activity were successfully synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Yu
- College of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Daiqi Ye
- College of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
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98
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Sun YX, Gao Y, Hu HY, Tang F, Yang Z. Characterization and biotoxicity assessment of dissolved organic matter in RO concentrate from a municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis system. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:545-551. [PMID: 25277967 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate from municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis (mWRRO) system containing organic compounds may associate with toxic risk, and its discharge might pose an environmental risk. To identify a basis for the selection of feasible technology in treating RO concentrates, the characteristics and biotoxicity of different fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in RO concentrates from an mWRRO system were investigated. The results indicated that the hydrophilic neutrals (HIN), hydrophobic acids (HOA) and hydrophobic bases (HOB) accounted for 96% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the total DOM in the RO concentrate. According to the SEC chromatograph detected at 254 nm wavelength of UV, the DOM with molecular weight (MW) 1-3 kDa accounted for the majority of the basic and neutral fractions. The fluorescence spectra of the excitation emission matrix (EEM) indicated that most aromatic proteins, humic/fulvic acid-like and soluble microbial by-product-like substances existed in the fractions HOA and hydrophobic neutrals (HON). The genotoxicity and anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate were 1795.6 ± 57.2 μg 4-NQOL(-1) and 2.19 ± 0.05 mg TAM L(-1), respectively. The HIN, HOA, and HOB contributed to the genotoxicity of the RO concentrate, and the HIN was with the highest genotoxic level of 1007.9 ± 94.8 μg 4-NQOL(-1). The HOA, HON, and HIN lead to the total anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate, and HOA occupied approximately 60% of the total, which was 1.3 ± 0.17 mg TAM L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xue Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China.
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Fang Tang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
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99
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Integration of ozone and solar TiO2-photocatalytic oxidation for the degradation of selected pharmaceutical compounds in water and wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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100
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Miralles-Cuevas S, Oller I, Pérez JAS, Malato S. Removal of pharmaceuticals from MWTP effluent by nanofiltration and solar photo-Fenton using two different iron complexes at neutral pH. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 64:23-31. [PMID: 25025178 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, membrane technologies (nanofiltration (NF)/reverse osmosis (RO)) have received much attention for micropollutant separation from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWTP) effluents. Practically all micropollutants are retained in the concentrate stream, which must be treated. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been demonstrated to be a good option for the removal of microcontaminants from water systems. However, these processes are expensive, and therefore, are usually combined with other techniques (such as membrane systems) in an attempt at cost reduction. One of the main costs in solar photo-Fenton comes from reagent consumption, mainly hydrogen peroxide and chemicals for pH adjustment. Thus, in this study, solar photo-Fenton was used to treat a real MWTP effluent with low initial iron (less than 0.2 mM) and hydrogen peroxide (less than 2 mM) concentrations. In order to work at neutral pH, iron complexing agents (EDDS and citrate) were used in the two cases studied: direct treatment of the MWTP effluent and treatment of the concentrate stream generated by NF. The degradation of five pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, flumequine, ibuprofen, ofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole) spiked in the effluent at low initial concentrations (μg L(-1)) was monitored as the main variable in the pilot-plant-scale photo-Fenton experiments. In both effluents, pharmaceuticals were efficiently removed (>90%), requiring low accumulated solar energy (2 kJUV L(-1), key parameter in scaling up the CPC photoreactor) and low iron and hydrogen peroxide concentrations (reagent costs, 0.1 and 1.5 mM, respectively). NF provided a clean effluent, and the concentrate was positively treated by solar photo-Fenton with no significant differences between the direct MWTP effluent and NF concentrate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miralles-Cuevas
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT. Carretera Senés km 4, 04200 Tabernas (Almería), Spain
| | - I Oller
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT. Carretera Senés km 4, 04200 Tabernas (Almería), Spain
| | - J A Sánchez Pérez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química de la Universidad de Almería. Carretera Sacramento S/N, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - S Malato
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT. Carretera Senés km 4, 04200 Tabernas (Almería), Spain.
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