51
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Schwalb A, Armyra E, Méndez-Aranda M, Ugarte-Gil C. COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean: Two years of the pandemic. J Intern Med 2022; 292:409-427. [PMID: 35411985 PMCID: PMC9115176 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, nations have struggled during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, Latin America and the Caribbean faced an unmatched catastrophic toll. As of March 2022, the region has reported approximately 15% of cases and 28% of deaths worldwide. Considering the relatively late arrival of SARS-CoV-2, several factors in the region were determinants of the humanitarian crisis that ensued. Pandemic unpreparedness, fragile healthcare systems, forthright inequalities, and poor governmental support facilitated the spread of the virus throughout the region. Moreover, reliance on repurposed and ineffective drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin-to treat or prevent COVID-19-was publicised through misinformation and created a false sense of security and poor adherence to social distancing measures. While there were hopes that herd immunity could be achieved after the region's disastrous first peak, the emergence of the Gamma, Lambda, and Mu variants made this unattainable. This review explores how Latin America and the Caribbean fared during the first 2 years of the pandemic, and how, despite all the challenges, the region became a global leader in COVID-19 vaccination, with 63% of its population fully vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Schwalb
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Eleonora Armyra
- Health Innovation Lab, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Melissa Méndez-Aranda
- Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - César Ugarte-Gil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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52
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Gurdasani D, Pagel C, McKee M, Michie S, Greenhalgh T, Yates C, Scally G, Ziauddeen H. Covid-19 in the UK: policy on children and schools. BMJ : BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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53
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Piroddi C. Non-pharmaceutical Interventions and Social Distancing as Intersubjective Care and Collective Protection. Asian Bioeth Rev 2022; 14:379-395. [PMID: 35990569 PMCID: PMC9375195 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-022-00212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper discusses non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) as a collective form of protection that, in terms of health justice, benefits groups at risk, allowing them to engage in social life and activities during health crises. More specifically, the paper asserts that NPIs that realize social distancing are justifiable insofar as they are constitutive of a type of social protection that allows everyone, especially social disadvantaged agents, to access the public health sphere and other fundamental social spheres, such as the family and civil society.
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54
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Foli KJ, VanGraafeiland B, Snethen JA, Greenberg CS. Caring for nontraditional families: Kinship, foster, and adoptive. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2022; 27:e12388. [PMID: 35702024 DOI: 10.1111/jspn.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Information about nontraditional (kinship, foster, and adoptive) families is typically scattered or overlooked both in nursing education and nursing practice settings. Using a nursing-centric, population-focused lens, the current state of nontraditional families in the United States is briefly described. An overview of the challenges and psychological dynamics involved when a nonbiological parent assumes the role of caregiver is provided. CONCLUSION Based on the 2010 Census findings and other indicators, we now understand that nontraditional families and their children make up a considerable portion of the population. Nurses, regardless of level of practice, have the potential to positively impact health outcomes of nontraditional parents and their children. Knowledge of the formation and needs of nontraditional families can inform, and improve, culturally safe, trauma-informed nursing care. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS This discussion is a first step in appreciating the formation of nontraditional families and the importance of trauma-informed, unbiased, nonstereotypic discourse in nursing care. By describing the heterogeneity of how families are built through kinship care, foster placements, and adoptive homes, nurses' assessments and interventions will be informed and through a lens of the high potential for past traumas. With this foundational knowledge, nurses interfacing with nontraditional families are better prepared to provide much needed support and relevant care for this unique population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Foli
- Purdue University School of Nursing, Johnson Hall of Nursing, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Julia A Snethen
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cindy Smith Greenberg
- College of Health & Human Development, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
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55
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Silva FSM, Machado SSF, de Sousa Moreira JL, Araújo JEB, de Araújo TI, Dionizio BS, Vieira NB, Pereira YTG, AraújoTeixeira S, Lima DGS, Neto MLR. COVID-19 and HIV among children and adolescents: Current inequalities. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 65:e9-e10. [PMID: 34949518 PMCID: PMC9257977 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The HIV epidemic enters its fifth decade amid a global pandemic. The increasing poverty, mental health problems, and abuse are raising the risk of infection for children, adolescents, and women. The inequalities driving the HIV epidemic, which are now exacerbated by COVID-19, demonstrate the social and clinical inequalities of more children infected with HIV and more children losing their fight against AIDS. In this context, current evidence highlights that, alarmingly, two out of five children living with HIV worldwide are unaware of their status, and just over half of children with HIV are receiving antiretroviral treatment. Discrimination and gender inequalities permeate significant situations in HIV services due to COVID-19 in early 2020 and throughout 2021. It was observed in recent studies substantial reductions in births in health facilities, maternal HIV testing, and initiation of antiretroviral treatment for HIV. An AIDS-free generation should be possible, but we are not there yet. HIV remains a burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sávio Samuel Feitosa Machado
- Post-Graduate in Health Sciences from the School of Medicine of the Federal University of Cariri - UFCA, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jorge Lucas de Sousa Moreira
- Post-Graduate in Health Sciences from the School of Medicine of the Federal University of Cariri - UFCA, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jaime Emanuel Brito Araújo
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Cariri - UFCA, Student Coordinator of the Evidence-Based Medicine League - LAMEB, Member of the Laboratory for Research in Neuroscience and Neuroprotection (LAPPEN) linked to the Dean of Research, Graduate Studies and Innovation of the Federal University of Cariri - UFCA, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Campina Grande - UFCG, Cajazeiras, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Tallys Iury de Araújo
- Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Specialization in Family Health, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Saulo AraújoTeixeira
- Member of the Brazilian Society of Neurosurgery and of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Neurosurgeon Doctor at Hospital Geral de Fortaleza - HGF, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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56
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Estimates from 31 countries show the significant impact of COVID-19 excess mortality on the incidence of family bereavement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202686119. [PMID: 35737829 PMCID: PMC9245632 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202686119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic has led many to experience the loss of family members, with significant negative outcomes. We quantify the extent to which these population-wide rates of kin loss represent a departure from levels expected in the absence of COVID-19 excess mortality and consider which demographic groups are most likely to be affected. Results for biological kin in 31 countries indicate dramatic increases in excess kin loss associated with excess mortality and follow a generational pattern consistent with COVID-19 mortality risk by age. During periods of high excess mortality, the number of younger individuals losing a grandparent increased by up to 845 per 100,000, or 1.2 times expected levels (for individuals aged 30 to 44 y in the United Kingdom in April 2020), while the number of older individuals losing a sibling increased by up to 511 per 100,000 or 1.15 times (for individuals aged 65 y and over in Poland in November 2020). Our monthly multicountry estimates of excess kin loss complement existing point estimates of the number of individuals bereaved by COVID-19 mortality [Verdery et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 17695–17701 (2020); Kidman et al., JAMA Pediatr. 175, 745–746 (2021); Hillis et al., Lancet 398, 391–402 (2021)] and highlight the role of heterogeneous excess mortality in shaping country experiences.
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57
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Chow EJ, Englund JA. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections in Children. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2022; 36:435-479. [PMID: 35636909 PMCID: PMC8806161 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in children generally have milder presentations, but severe disease can occur in all ages. MIS-C and persistent post-acute COVID-19 symptoms can be experienced by children with previous infection and emphasize the need for infection prevention. Optimal treatment for COVID-19 is not known, and clinical trials should include children to guide therapy. Vaccines are the best tool at preventing infection and severe outcomes of COVID-19. Children suffered disproportionately during the pandemic not only from SARS-CoV-2 infection but because of disruptions to daily life, access to primary care, and worsening income inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Chow
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356423, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Janet A. Englund
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 4800 Sand Point Way NE - MA7.234, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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58
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Miller AL, Stein SF, Sokol R, Varisco R, Trout P, Julian MM, Ribaudo J, Kay J, Pilkauskas NV, Gardner-Neblett N, Herrenkohl TI, Zivin K, Muzik M, Rosenblum KL. From zero to thrive: A model of cross-system and cross-sector relational health to promote early childhood development across the child-serving ecosystem. Infant Ment Health J 2022; 43:624-637. [PMID: 35638583 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Early relational health between caregivers and children is foundational for child health and well-being. Children and caregivers are also embedded within multiple systems and sectors, or a "child-serving ecosystem", that shapes child development. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has made this embeddedness abundantly clear, systems remain siloed and lack coordination. Fostering relational health amongst layers of this ecosystem may be a way to systematically support young children and families who are facing adversity. We integrate theory, examples, and empirical findings to develop a conceptual model informed by infant mental health and public health frameworks that illustrates how relational health across the child-serving ecosystem may promote child health and well-being at a population level. Our model articulates what relational health looks like across levels of this ecosystem from primary caregiver-child relationships, to secondary relationships between caregivers and child-serving systems, to tertiary relationships among systems that shape child outcomes directly and indirectly. We posit that positive relational health across levels is critical for promoting child health and well-being broadly. We provide examples of evidence-based approaches that address primary, secondary, and tertiary relational health, and suggest ways to promote relational health through cross-sector training and psychoeducation in the science of early development. This model conceptualizes relational health across the child-serving ecosystem and can serve as a template for promoting child health and well-being in the context of adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Miller
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sara F Stein
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebeccah Sokol
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Rachel Varisco
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Phoebe Trout
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Megan M Julian
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Julie Ribaudo
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua Kay
- University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Todd I Herrenkohl
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kara Zivin
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria Muzik
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Katherine L Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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59
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Children and adolescents' emotional problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 32:1083-1095. [PMID: 35618973 PMCID: PMC9135594 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Brazil has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic with one of the largest numbers of youth impacted by school closure globally. This longitudinal online survey assessed emotional problems in children and adolescents aged 5-17 years living in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recruitment occurred between June to November 2020 and participants were invited for follow-up assessments every 15 days until June 2021. Participants were 5795 children and adolescents living across the country with mean age of 10.7 (SD 3.63) years at recruitment; 50.5% were boys and 69% of white ethnicity. Weighted prevalence rates of anxiety, depressive and total emotional symptoms at baseline were 29.7%, 36.1% and 36%, respectively. Longitudinal analysis included 3221 (55.6%) participants and revealed fluctuations in anxiety and depressive symptoms during one year follow-up, associated with periods of social mobility and mortality. Emotional problems significantly increased in July and September 2020 and decreased from December 2020 to February 2021 and then significantly increased in May 2021 relative to June 2020. Older age, feeling lonely, previous diagnosis of mental or neurodevelopmental disorder, previous exposure to traumatic events or psychological aggression, parental psychopathology, and sleeping less than 8/h a day were associated with increased rates of anxiety and depressive symptoms at baseline and over time. Food insecurity and less social contact with family and peers were associated with baseline anxiety and depressive symptoms, and lowest socio-economic strata, chronic disease requiring treatment and family members physically ill due to COVID-19 were associated with increasing rates over time. The pandemic severely affected youth, particularly those from vulnerable populations and in moments of increased mortality and decreased social mobility. Results underscore the need for allocation of resources to services and the continuous monitoring of mental health problems among children and adolescents.
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60
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Eyal N, Gheaus A, Gosseries A, Magalhaes M, Ngosso T, Steuwer B, Tangcharoensathien V, Trifan I, Williams A. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Prioritization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries May Justifiably Depart From High-Income Countries' Age Priorities. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:S93-S97. [PMID: 35607765 PMCID: PMC9384122 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In high-income countries that were first to roll out coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, older adults have thus far usually been prioritized for these vaccines over younger adults. Age-based priority primarily resulted from interpreting evidence available at the time, which indicated that vaccinating the elderly first would minimize COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations. The World Health Organization counsels a similar approach for all countries. This paper argues that some low- and middle-income countries that are short of COVID-19 vaccine doses might be justified in revising this approach and instead prioritizing certain younger persons when allocating current vaccines or future variant-specific vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Eyal
- Correspondence: N. Eyal, Center for Population-Level Bioethics and Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University, 112 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA ()
| | - Anca Gheaus
- Department of Political Science, Central European University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Gosseries
- Hoover Chair in Economic and Social Ethics, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Monica Magalhaes
- Center for Population-Level Bioethics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thierry Ngosso
- Institute for Business Ethics, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland,EthicsLab, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bastian Steuwer
- Center for Population-Level Bioethics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Isa Trifan
- Danish Centre for Welfare Studies and Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andrew Williams
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) and Department of Law, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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61
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Potential of Microneedle Systems for COVID-19 Vaccination: Current Trends and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051066. [PMID: 35631652 PMCID: PMC9144974 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and aid restoration to prepandemic normality, global mass vaccination is urgently needed. Inducing herd immunity through mass vaccination has proven to be a highly effective strategy for preventing the spread of many infectious diseases, which protects the most vulnerable population groups that are unable to develop immunity, such as people with immunodeficiencies or weakened immune systems due to underlying medical or debilitating conditions. In achieving global outreach, the maintenance of the vaccine potency, transportation, and needle waste generation become major issues. Moreover, needle phobia and vaccine hesitancy act as hurdles to successful mass vaccination. The use of dissolvable microneedles for COVID-19 vaccination could act as a major paradigm shift in attaining the desired goal to vaccinate billions in the shortest time possible. In addressing these points, we discuss the potential of the use of dissolvable microneedles for COVID-19 vaccination based on the current literature.
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62
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Villaveces A, Shankar V, Palomeque F, Padilla M, Kress H. Association between violence and mental distress, self-harm and suicidal ideation and attempts among young people in Malawi. Inj Prev 2022; 28:injuryprev-2021-044510. [PMID: 35523567 PMCID: PMC10895876 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2021-044510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health problems ranging from depression to more severe acts such as self-harm or suicidal behaviours are a serious problem among adolescents and young adults. Exposure to violence during the life of young people can increase mental health issues for youth. This study examines the relationship between exposure to violence and mental health issues among youth using a nationally representative study in Malawi. METHODS We analysed data from the nationally representative Violence Against Children Survey from Malawi (2013) to quantify the association between exposures to violence (physical, sexual and emotional) and their relationship with mental distress, self-harm behaviours and suicidal ideation and attempts among youth aged 13-24 years. We evaluated the association of exposures to violence against children with reported mental health conditions among women and men. We used ordinal logistic regression models with appropriate survey weights to assess exposures to violence and the three outcomes of interest. RESULTS Children and youth aged 13-24 years exposed to violence in childhood reported higher levels of adverse mental health effects, including mental distress, self-harm behaviours and suicidal ideation and attempts. The odds of reporting these outcomes increased as the number of violence types increased. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the risks based on different combinations of exposures to violence in Malawi can help identify populations at higher risk and optimise violence prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Villaveces
- Division of Violence Prevention, NCIPC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Viswanathan Shankar
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Francisco Palomeque
- State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Task Support Force, COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mabel Padilla
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Howard Kress
- Division of Violence Prevention, NCIPC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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63
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Monroy-Gómez-Franco L, Vélez-Grajales R, López-Calva LF. The potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on learnings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 2022; 91:102581. [PMID: 35308115 PMCID: PMC8920787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2022.102581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we use a new database for Mexico to model the possible long-run effects of the pandemic on learning. First, based on the framework of Neidhöffer et al. (2021), we estimate the loss of schooling due to the transition from in-person to remote learning using data from the National Survey on Social Mobility (ESRU-EMOVI-2017), census data, and national statistics of COVID-19 incidence. In this estimation, we account for the attenuation capacity of households by econsidering the parental educational attainment and the economic resources available to the household in the calculation of the short-run cost. Secondly, we estimate the potential long-run consequences of this shock through a calibrated learning profile for five Mexican regions following Kaffenberger and Pritchett (2020a, 2020b). Assuming the distance learning policy adopted by the Mexican government is entirely effective, our results indicate that a learning loss equivalent to the learning during a third of a school year in the short run translates into a learning loss equivalent to an entire school year further up the educational career of students. On the other hand, if the policy was ineffective, the short-run loss increases to an entire school year and becomes a loss of two years of learning in the long run. Our results suggest substantial variation at the regional level, with the most affected region, the South experiencing a loss thrice as large as that of the least affected region, the Centre region.
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64
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The COVID-19 Pandemic: Early Ripple Effects in Pediatric Palliative Care. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9050642. [PMID: 35626819 PMCID: PMC9139250 DOI: 10.3390/children9050642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Palliative care, which aims to provide comprehensive, interdisciplinary, holistic care to children, adolescents and adults with life-threatening, and ultimately life-limiting conditions, is a discipline that has emerged as an integral component of healthcare systems throughout the world. Although the value of life-affirming palliative care (PC) has been shown across many domains, funding and acceptance of palliative care teams have been variable: some hospital systems have free-standing, dedicated interdisciplinary teams while, in many instances, palliative care services are provided “pro bono” by individuals with a special interest in the discipline, who provide PC in addition to other responsibilities. In this article, we hope to highlight some of the observations on the early effects of the COVID–19 pandemic on the provision of PC in children.
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65
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Unwin HJT, Hillis S, Cluver L, Flaxman S, Goldman PS, Butchart A, Bachman G, Rawlings L, Donnelly CA, Ratmann O, Green P, Nelson CA, Blenkinsop A, Bhatt S, Desmond C, Villaveces A, Sherr L. Global, regional, and national minimum estimates of children affected by COVID-19-associated orphanhood and caregiver death, by age and family circumstance up to Oct 31, 2021: an updated modelling study. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2022; 6:249-259. [PMID: 35219404 PMCID: PMC8872796 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 6 months following our estimates from March 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021, the proliferation of new coronavirus variants, updated mortality data, and disparities in vaccine access increased the amount of children experiencing COVID-19-associated orphanhood. To inform responses, we aimed to model the increases in numbers of children affected by COVID-19-associated orphanhood and caregiver death, as well as the cumulative orphanhood age-group distribution and circumstance (maternal or paternal orphanhood). METHODS We used updated excess mortality and fertility data to model increases in minimum estimates of COVID-19-associated orphanhood and caregiver deaths from our original study period of March 1, 2020-April 30, 2021, to include the new period of May 1-Oct 31, 2021, for 21 countries. Orphanhood was defined as the death of one or both parents; primary caregiver loss included parental death or the death of one or both custodial grandparents; and secondary caregiver loss included co-residing grandparents or kin. We used logistic regression and further incorporated a fixed effect for western European countries into our previous model to avoid over-predicting caregiver loss in that region. For the entire 20-month period, we grouped children by age (0-4 years, 5-9 years, and 10-17 years) and maternal or paternal orphanhood, using fertility contributions, and we modelled global and regional extrapolations of numbers of orphans. 95% credible intervals (CrIs) are given for all estimates. FINDINGS The number of children affected by COVID-19-associated orphanhood and caregiver death is estimated to have increased by 90·0% (95% CrI 89·7-90·4) from April 30 to Oct 31, 2021, from 2 737 300 (95% CrI 1 976 100-2 987 000) to 5 200 300 (3 619 400-5 731 400). Between March 1, 2020, and Oct 31, 2021, 491 300 (95% CrI 485 100-497 900) children aged 0-4 years, 736 800 (726 900-746 500) children aged 5-9 years, and 2 146 700 (2 120 900-2 174 200) children aged 10-17 years are estimated to have experienced COVID-19-associated orphanhood. Globally, 76·5% (95% CrI 76·3-76·7) of children were paternal orphans, whereas 23·5% (23·3-23·7) were maternal orphans. In each age group and region, the prevalence of paternal orphanhood exceeded that of maternal orphanhood. INTERPRETATION Our findings show that numbers of children affected by COVID-19-associated orphanhood and caregiver death almost doubled in 6 months compared with the amount after the first 14 months of the pandemic. Over the entire 20-month period, 5·0 million COVID-19 deaths meant that 5·2 million children lost a parent or caregiver. Our data on children's ages and circumstances should support pandemic response planning for children globally. FUNDING UK Research and Innovation (Global Challenges Research Fund, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, and Medical Research Council), Oak Foundation, UK National Institute for Health Research, US National Institutes of Health, and Imperial College London.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Juliette T Unwin
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Hillis
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Centre for Evidence-Based Social Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Seth Flaxman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Gretchen Bachman
- Office of Global HIV/AIDS, US Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Christl A Donnelly
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Ratmann
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Charles A Nelson
- Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris Desmond
- Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrés Villaveces
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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RIG-I-induced innate antiviral immunity protects mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:1225-1234. [PMID: 35186439 PMCID: PMC8841011 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has underscored the need for rapidly usable prophylactic and antiviral treatments against emerging viruses. The targeted stimulation of antiviral innate immune receptors can trigger a broad antiviral response that also acts against new, unknown viruses. Here, we used the K18-hACE2 mouse model of COVID-19 to examine whether activation of the antiviral RNA receptor RIG-I protects mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection and reduces disease severity. We found that prophylactic, systemic treatment of mice with the specific RIG-I ligand 3pRNA, but not type I interferon, 1–7 days before viral challenge, improved survival of mice by up to 50%. Survival was also improved with therapeutic 3pRNA treatment starting 1 day after viral challenge. This improved outcome was associated with lower viral load in oropharyngeal swabs and in the lungs and brains of 3pRNA-treated mice. Moreover, 3pRNA-treated mice exhibited reduced lung inflammation and developed a SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody response. These results demonstrate that systemic RIG-I activation by therapeutic RNA oligonucleotide agonists is a promising strategy to convey effective, short-term antiviral protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and it has great potential as a broad-spectrum approach to constrain the spread of newly emerging viruses until virus-specific therapies and vaccines become available.
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic exerted an extraordinary impact on public mental health to an extent not yet fully understood. Risk perception shaped psychological and behavioral responses, including experiences of distress, psychiatric disorders, and engagement in pandemic-related health behaviors. COVID-19 created unique aspects of evolving risk with various communities disproportionately impacted. The unique nature and duration of the pandemic required public-private partnerships that leveraged and adapted promising practices to promote essential elements that foster well-being after disasters. Early findings are reviewed, and further research will inform on best practices for protecting public mental health during future pandemics.
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Takeuchi H, Napier-Raman S, Asemota O, Raman S. Identifying vulnerable children's stress levels and coping measures during COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: a mixed method study. BMJ Paediatr Open 2022; 6:10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001310. [PMID: 36053626 PMCID: PMC8889347 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected vulnerable children and youth. In Japan, despite evidence that the paediatric age group holds a lower risk of infection than the older population, there was a nationwide closure of schools as an early public health measure. Acknowledging that school closures brought heightened psychological and physical stress among Japanese children, we aimed to explore vulnerable children's experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan, focusing on socially disadvantaged subset of the population. METHODS We used an adapted version of the 'Perceived Stress Scale for Children', with additional free-text space, delivered online to children attending three non-profit organisations which provide support for this group of vulnerable persons and families experiencing social disadvantage. Simple descriptive analysis was undertaken on the quantitative data; we used thematic and content analysis for the qualitative data. RESULTS Thirty-six children participated in the online survey, mean age was 11.3 years, majority (61%) were male. The mean overall stress score (score distribution width: 0-39) was 14.8, with no difference in score distribution by age or gender. Free-text responses obtained revealed a range of stressors and protective factors. Schooling, COVID-19 fears, family tension and pandemic measures were sources of stress; family-in particular, the support of the mother-food, friendship and recreation were sources of comfort. While most responses indicated positive coping mechanisms, some displayed maladaptive behaviours. CONCLUSIONS The children in this cohort had high mean stress scores overall. Responses indicated that they were acutely reactive to COVID-19 as well as pandemic public health measures, and that missing schooling and contact with friends exacerbated their stress. Family was a source of strength as well as stress. A tailored public health response to COVID-19 needs to take into account the concerns voiced by vulnerable child populations be based on equity and child rights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Takeuchi
- School of Social Welfare, Bukkyo University, Kyoto, Japan .,Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sharanya Napier-Raman
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Osamagbe Asemota
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Shanti Raman
- Department of Community Paediatrics, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
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Fink EL, Robertson CL, Wainwright MS, Roa JD, Lovett ME, Stulce C, Yacoub M, Potera RM, Zivick E, Holloway A, Nagpal A, Wellnitz K, Czech T, Even KM, Brunow de Carvalho W, Rodriguez IS, Schwartz SP, Walker TC, Campos-Miño S, Dervan LA, Geneslaw AS, Sewell TB, Pryce P, Silver WG, Lin JE, Vargas WS, Topjian A, Alcamo AM, McGuire JL, Domínguez Rojas JA, Muñoz JT, Hong SJ, Muller WJ, Doerfler M, Williams CN, Drury K, Bhagat D, Nelson A, Price D, Dapul H, Santos L, Kahoud R, Francoeur C, Appavu B, Guilliams KP, Agner SC, Walson KH, Rasmussen L, Janas A, Ferrazzano P, Farias-Moeller R, Snooks KC, Chang CCH, Yun J, Schober ME. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Neurologic Manifestations in Hospitalized Children Diagnosed with Acute SARS-CoV-2 or MIS-C. Pediatr Neurol 2022; 128:33-44. [PMID: 35066369 PMCID: PMC8713420 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objective was to characterize the frequency, early impact, and risk factors for neurological manifestations in hospitalized children with acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). METHODS Multicenter, cross-sectional study of neurological manifestations in children aged <18 years hospitalized with positive SARS-CoV-2 test or clinical diagnosis of a SARS-CoV-2-related condition between January 2020 and April 2021. Multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors for neurological manifestations was performed. RESULTS Of 1493 children, 1278 (86%) were diagnosed with acute SARS-CoV-2 and 215 (14%) with MIS-C. Overall, 44% of the cohort (40% acute SARS-CoV-2 and 66% MIS-C) had at least one neurological manifestation. The most common neurological findings in children with acute SARS-CoV-2 and MIS-C diagnosis were headache (16% and 47%) and acute encephalopathy (15% and 22%), both P < 0.05. Children with neurological manifestations were more likely to require intensive care unit (ICU) care (51% vs 22%), P < 0.001. In multivariable logistic regression, children with neurological manifestations were older (odds ratio [OR] 1.1 and 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07 to 1.13) and more likely to have MIS-C versus acute SARS-CoV-2 (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.45 to 3.24), pre-existing neurological and metabolic conditions (OR 3.48, 95% CI 2.37 to 5.15; and OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.66, respectively), and pharyngeal (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.64) or abdominal pain (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.00); all P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS In this multicenter study, 44% of children hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2-related conditions experienced neurological manifestations, which were associated with ICU admission and pre-existing neurological condition. Posthospital assessment for, and support of, functional impairment and neuroprotective strategies are vitally needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka L Fink
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Courtney L Robertson
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, and Pediatrics of The Johns Hopkins University SOM, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark S Wainwright
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Juan D Roa
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marlina E Lovett
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Casey Stulce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mais Yacoub
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, UMC Children's Hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Renee M Potera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Elizabeth Zivick
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Adrian Holloway
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashish Nagpal
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Oklahoma Children's Hospital at OU health, Oklahoma University College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kari Wellnitz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Theresa Czech
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Katelyn M Even
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Stephanie P Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tracie C Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Leslie A Dervan
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew S Geneslaw
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Taylor B Sewell
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Patrice Pryce
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Wendy G Silver
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jieru Egeria Lin
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Wendy S Vargas
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexis Topjian
- Division of Critical Care Medicine at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alicia M Alcamo
- Division of Critical Care Medicine at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer L McGuire
- Division of Neurology at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jesus Angel Domínguez Rojas
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Emergencia Villa El Salvador, Lima, Peru
| | - Jaime Tasayco Muñoz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Emergencia Villa El Salvador, Lima, Peru
| | - Sue J Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William J Muller
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew Doerfler
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Cydni N Williams
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics Pediatric Critical Care and Neurotrauma Recovery Program Portland, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon
| | - Kurt Drury
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Dhristie Bhagat
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Aaron Nelson
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Dana Price
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Heda Dapul
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Laura Santos
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Robert Kahoud
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Conall Francoeur
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian Appavu
- Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Kristin P Guilliams
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shannon C Agner
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Karen H Walson
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lindsey Rasmussen
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Anna Janas
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Peter Ferrazzano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Raquel Farias-Moeller
- Division Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kellie C Snooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Chung-Chou H Chang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James Yun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle E Schober
- Division of Critical Care of the University of Utah, Department of Pediatrics, Salt Lake City, Utah
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King C, Baker K, Richardson S, Wharton-Smith A, Bakare AA, Jehan F, Chisti MJ, Zar H, Awasthi S, Smith H, Greenslade L, Qazi SA. Paediatric pneumonia research priorities in the context of COVID-19: An eDelphi study. J Glob Health 2022; 12:09001. [PMID: 35265333 PMCID: PMC8874896 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.09001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumonia remains the leading cause of infectious deaths in children under-five globally. We update the research priorities for childhood pneumonia in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and explore whether previous priorities have been addressed. Methods We conducted an eDelphi study from November 2019 to June 2021. Experts were invited to take part, targeting balance by: gender, profession, and high (HIC) and low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We followed a three-stage approach: 1. Collating questions, using a list published in 2011 and adding newly posed topics; 2. Narrowing down, through participant scoring on importance and whether they had been answered; 3. Ranking of retained topics. Topics were categorized into: prevent and protect, diagnosis, treatment and cross-cutting. Results Overall 379 experts were identified, and 108 took part. We started with 83 topics, and 81 further general and 40 COVID-19 specific topics were proposed. In the final ranking 101 topics were retained, and the highest ranked was to “explore interventions to prevent neonatal pneumonia”. Among the top 20 topics, epidemiological research and intervention evaluation was commonly prioritized, followed by the operational and implementation research. Two COVID-19 related questions were ranked within the top 20. There were clear differences in priorities between HIC and LMIC respondents, and academics vs non-academics. Conclusions Operational research on health system capacities, and evaluating optimized delivery of existing treatments, diagnostics and case management approaches are needed. This list should act as a catalyst for collaborative research, especially to meet the top priority in preventing neonatal pneumonia, and encourage multi-disciplinary partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina King
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin Baker
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Malaria Consortium, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ayobami A Bakare
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Heather Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shally Awasthi
- Department of Paediatrics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Helen Smith
- Malaria Consortium, London, UK
- Consultant, International Health Consulting Services Ltd, UK
| | | | - Shamim A Qazi
- Consultant, Retired staff World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Brüssow H. COVID-19 and children: medical impact and collateral damage. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1035-1049. [PMID: 35182108 PMCID: PMC8966019 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Children mostly experience mild SARS‐CoV‐2 infections, but the extent of paediatric COVID‐19 disease differs between geographical regions and the distinct pandemic waves. Not all infections in children are mild, some children even show a strong inflammatory reaction resulting in a multisystem inflammatory syndrome. The assessments of paediatric vaccination depend on the efficacy of protection conferred by vaccination, the risk of adverse reactions and whether children contribute to herd immunity against COVID‐19. Children were also the target of consequential public health actions such as school closure which caused substantial harm to children (educational deficits, sociopsychological problems) and working parents. It is, therefore, important to understand the transmission dynamics of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections by children to assess the efficacy of school closures and paediatric vaccination. The societal restrictions to contain the COVID‐19 pandemic had additional negative effects on children’s health, such as missed routine vaccinations, nutritional deprivation and lesser mother–child medical care in developing countries causing increased child mortality as a collateral damage. In this complex epidemiological context, it is important to have an evidence‐based approach to public health approaches. The present review summaries pertinent published data on the role of children in the pandemic, whether they are drivers or followers of the infection chains and whether they are (after elderlies) major sufferers or mere bystanders of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The present review summaries pertinent published data on the role of children in the pandemic, whether they are drivers or followers of the infection chains and whether they are (after elderlies) major sufferers or mere bystanders of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Brüssow
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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72
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Horvat CM, Pelletier JH, Ramgopal S. Rising Paediatric Encounters for Mental Health Diagnoses Amidst Pandemic Mitigation Strategies in New South Wales. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 19:100324. [PMID: 34957428 PMCID: PMC8669360 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Horvat
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States of America
| | - Jonathan H Pelletier
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States of America
| | - Sriram Ramgopal
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL United States of America
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Dhaliwal M, Small R, Webb D, Cluver L, Ibrahim M, Bok L, Nascimento C, Wang C, Garagic A, Jensen L. Covid-19 as a long multiwave event: implications for responses to safeguard younger generations. BMJ 2022; 376:e068123. [PMID: 35086910 PMCID: PMC8792762 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-068123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mandeep Dhaliwal and colleagues call for urgent correction of the response to covid-19 to safeguard the development of children and young people
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy Small
- United Nations Development Programme, New York, USA
| | - Douglas Webb
- United Nations Development Programme, New York, USA
| | - Lucie Cluver
- University of Oxford. Oxford, UK
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Ludo Bok
- United Nations Development Programme, New York, USA
| | - Collin Nascimento
- OXY Occidental College, Kahane United Nations Program, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- OXY Occidental College, Kahane United Nations Program, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Aidan Garagic
- OXY Occidental College, Kahane United Nations Program, Los Angeles, USA
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Bhattacharyya H, Agarwalla R, Khandelwal A. Impact of COVID-19 on child health and healthcare services. Med J Armed Forces India 2022; 78:3-6. [PMID: 35002050 PMCID: PMC8721860 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Himashree Bhattacharyya
- Associate Professor (Community & Family Medicine), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rashmi Agarwalla
- Assistant Professor (Community & Family Medicine), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ankur Khandelwal
- Assistant Professor (Anaesthesiology & Critical Care), Sharda University School of Medical Sciences & Research, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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de Matos Brasil AAG, Correia da Silva KVC, Júnior JG, Alves RNP, Lima NNR, Sampaio ML, de Matos Cassiano CJ, Neto MLR. SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AND EXTREME VULNERABILITY OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IMPACTED BY THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2022; 5:100103. [PMID: 34816145 PMCID: PMC8601865 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jucier Gonçalves Júnior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | | | - Nádia Nara Rolim Lima
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Monique Leite Sampaio
- Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Preceptor of the Federal University of Campina Grande - UFCA, Campus Cajazeiras-PB / HUJB
| | | | - Modesto Leite Rolim Neto
- Productivity Scholarship of the Juazeiro do Norte School of Medicine from Juazeiro do Norte – FMJ/Estacio, Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
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Sherr L, Cluver L, Desmond C, Dhaliwal M, Webb D, Aber JL. Accelerating achievement for Africa's adolescents - an innovative initiative. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2022; 27:1-13. [PMID: 36471485 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2147962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Sherr
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chris Desmond
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mandeep Dhaliwal
- HIV and Health Group, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York, USA
| | - Douglas Webb
- Health and Innovative Financing, HIV and Health Group, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York, USA
| | - J Lawrence Aber
- Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University New York, NY, United States
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Liang N, Becker TD, Rice T. Preparing for the COVID-19 paediatric mental health crisis: A focus on youth reactions to caretaker death. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 27:228-237. [PMID: 34881673 PMCID: PMC8819560 DOI: 10.1177/13591045211061802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To promote clinician preparedness for working with children and adolescents who lost or will lose a parent or caretaker to COVID-19, findings from a review of the literature concerning youth reactions to parent and caretaker death and incapacitation were integrated with recent and emergent data concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. Children and adolescents who lose a parent or caretaker are at an increased risk of anxiety and depressive reactions and disorders, externalizing and health-risk behaviours, and substance use disorders. Particular aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic may influence these presentations and the risk of complicated grief. Youth with prior histories of adverse childhood experiences as well as boys and young men may require special considerations in formulation and planning. Tailored paediatric care based on the evidence advances accurate formulations and effective interventions for children and adolescents who suffer such a loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Liang
- 5925Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Timothy Rice
- 5925Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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78
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Buonsenso D, Munblit D, Pazukhina E, Ricchiuto A, Sinatti D, Zona M, De Matteis A, D'Ilario F, Gentili C, Lanni R, Rongai T, Del Balzo P, Fonte MT, Valente M, Zampino G, De Rose C, Sigfrid L, Valentini P. Post-COVID Condition in Adults and Children Living in the Same Household in Italy: A Prospective Cohort Study Using the ISARIC Global Follow-Up Protocol. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:834875. [PMID: 35529336 PMCID: PMC9070551 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.834875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence shows that both adults and children may develop post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). The aim of this study is to characterise and compare long-term post-SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes in adults and children in a defined region in Italy. METHODS A prospective cohort study including children (≤18 years old) with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and their household members. Participants were assessed via telephone and face-to-face visits up to 12 months post-SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis of household index case, using the ISARIC COVID-19 follow-up survey. RESULTS Of 507 participants from 201 households, 56.4% (286/507) were children, 43.6% (221/507) adults. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was 87% (249/286) in children, and 78% (172/221) in adults. The mean age of PCR positive children was 10.4 (SD = 4.5) and of PCR positive adults was 44.5 years (SD = 9.5), similar to the PCR negative control groups [children 10.5 years (SD = 3.24), adults 42.3 years (SD = 9.06)]. Median follow-up post-SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis was 77 days (IQR 47-169). A significantly higher proportion of adults compared to children reported at least one persistent symptom (67%, 68/101 vs. 32%, 57/179, p < 0.001) at the first follow up. Adults had more frequently coexistence of several symptom categories at both follow-up time-points. Female gender was identified as a risk factor for PASC in adults (p 0.02 at 1-3 months and p 0.01 at 6-9 months follow up), but not in children. We found no significant correlation between adults and children symptoms. In the paediatric group, there was a significant difference in persisting symptoms between those with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to controls at 1-3 months follow up, but not at 6-9 months. Conversely, positive adults had a higher frequency of persisting symptoms at both follow-up assessments. CONCLUSION Our data highlights that children can experience persistent multisystemic symptoms months after diagnosis of mild acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, although less frequently and less severely than co-habitant adults. There was no correlation between symptoms experienced by adults and children living in the same household. Our data highlights an urgent need for studies to characterise PASC in whole populations and the wider impact on families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Global Health Research Institute, Istituto di Igiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Sezione di Microbiologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Munblit
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ekaterina Pazukhina
- Laboratory of Health Economics, Institute of Applied Economic Studies, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Advanced Financial Planning, Macroeconomic Analysis and Financial Statistics, Financial Research Institute, Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonia Ricchiuto
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Sinatti
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Zona
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia De Matteis
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico D'Ilario
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Gentili
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Lanni
- Pediatra di Libera Scelta, Federazione Italiana Medici Pediatri, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Rongai
- Pediatra di Libera Scelta, Federazione Italiana Medici Pediatri, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Del Balzo
- Pediatra di Libera Scelta, Federazione Italiana Medici Pediatri, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fonte
- Pediatra di Libera Scelta, Federazione Italiana Medici Pediatri, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Valente
- Pediatra di Libera Scelta, Federazione Italiana Medici Pediatri, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina De Rose
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Louise Sigfrid
- International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium Global Support Centre, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Piero Valentini
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Global Health Research Institute, Istituto di Igiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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COVID-19 Ignited a Successful Growth Spurt in Pediatric HIV Differentiated Service Delivery Programming. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2022; 9:243-249. [PMID: 36465330 PMCID: PMC9702760 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Pediatric HIV differentiated service delivery (DSD) programming has historically lagged behind adult care despite WHO recommendations to include family-friendly alternatives for children and caregivers. This review explores the status of Pediatric DSD programming before the COVID-19 pandemic and then reviews published differentiated approaches that developed during the pandemic. Recent Findings Differentiated service delivery programming for adults living with HIV has increased worldwide, and patient outcomes from these programs have been positive. Pediatric DSD programming has lagged, with many children ineligible for multi-month refills. Despite WHO recommendations to space ART visits for children, limited access to viral load monitoring and a lack of viral suppression among children have left them out of this more convenient care option. Community ART groups historically were not structured to include children. Furthermore, after-hours clinics and teen clubs with ART dispensing have not reached the majority of CLHIV. Summary This review highlights programs that developed out of necessity during the lockdowns of the pandemic. Ingenuity and creativity forced programmers to provide care to their patients with less patient-clinician interaction. Children became eligible for multi-month dispensing as programs loosened eligibility criteria. Technology helped provide virtual psychological support, and unique ART delivery methods were developed. This rapid expansion or growth spurt, of pediatric DSD programming sped up the inclusion of children into care options that were less burdensome to the family. As we move away from the pandemic and adjust to a new standard, we will remain diligent in ensuring that CLHIV outcomes remain stable or perhaps, improve.
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80
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Gray TF, Zanville N, Cohen B, Cooley ME, Starkweather A, Linder LA. Finding New Ground-Fostering Post-Traumatic Growth in Children and Adolescents After Parental Death From COVID-19. J Adolesc Health 2022; 70:10-11. [PMID: 34930565 PMCID: PMC8598317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamryn F. Gray
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Phyllis F. Cantor Center for Research in Nursing and Patient Care Services, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts,Address correspondence to: Tamryn F. Gray, Ph.D., R.N., M.P.H., Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Noah Zanville
- Center for Clinical Advancement, Mission Health, HCA Healthcare North Carolina Division, Asheville, North Carolina
| | - Bevin Cohen
- Center for Nursing Research and Innovation, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Mary E. Cooley
- Phyllis F. Cantor Center for Research in Nursing and Patient Care Services, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angela Starkweather
- The Center for Accelerating Precision Pain Self-Management (CAPPS-M), University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Lauri A. Linder
- Division of Acute and Chronic Care, University of Utah College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, Utah,Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah
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81
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Zima BT, Devaskar SU, Patel M, Raphael J, Pursley D, Keller D, Cheng T, Javier J, Lee L. Imperative to accelerate research aligning real-time clinical demand with mental health supply. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:917-920. [PMID: 36104514 PMCID: PMC9472179 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie T. Zima
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,Pediatric Policy Council, Washington, DC USA
| | - Sherin U. Devaskar
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,Pediatric Policy Council, Washington, DC USA
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Reali L, Nijman RG, Hadjipanayis A, Del Torso S, Calamita P, Rafele I, Katz M, Barak S, Grossman Z. Repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health: A matter of concern-A joint statement from EAP and ECPCP. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1006596. [PMID: 36518772 PMCID: PMC9742603 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1006596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent rigid social distancing measures implemented, including school closures, have heavily impacted children's and adolescents' psychosocial wellbeing, and their mental health problems significantly increased. However, child and adolescent mental health were already a serious problem before the Pandemic all over the world. COVID-19 is not just a pandemic, it is a syndemic and mentally or socially disadvantaged children and adolescents are the most affected. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and previous mental health issues are an additional worsening condition. Even though many countries have responded with decisive efforts to scale-up mental health services, a more integrated and community-based approach to mental health is required. EAP and ECPCP makes recommendations to all the stakeholders to take action to promote, protect and care for the mental health of a generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reali
- Primary Care Pediatrician, Italian National Health System (INHS), ASL Rm1, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Division of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital - Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Pediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R G Nijman
- European Society of Emergency Paediatrics, European Society of Emergency Medicine, Brussels, Belgium.,European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Hadjipanayis
- Medical School, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Paediatrics, Larnaca General Hospital, Larnaca, Cyprus
| | - S Del Torso
- Medical School, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,ChildCare WorldWide-CCWWItalia OdV, Padova, Italy
| | - P Calamita
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Division of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital - Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Pediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Medical School, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - I Rafele
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Division of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital - Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Pediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Primary Care Pediatrician, Italian National Health System (INHS), ASL Rm 6, Rome, Italy.,Primary Care Pediatrician, Italian National Health System (INHS), ASL Rm 3, Rome, Italy
| | - M Katz
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Division of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital - Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Pediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Patient Safety Department, Meuhedet Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Barak
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Division of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital - Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Pediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Tamsc, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Z Grossman
- European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University Pediatrics, Ariel, Israel.,Department of Pediatrics, Maccabi Health Care Services Pediatrics, Tel Aviv, Israel
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83
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The COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric mental health: advocating for improved access and recognition. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1018-1020. [PMID: 35102301 PMCID: PMC8801557 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-01952-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric mental health has been poorly addressed and access to quality psychiatric care is limited in many countries around the world including wealthy nations. The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused a strain on pediatric mental health resources across the globe. This was primarily due to the stress of lockdowns, loss of caregivers, and school interruptions, which further exacerbated the mental health needs of children. Despite their unreadiness, emergency departments have been utilized to address those needs. Kostopoulou et al. reported that, although emergency departments’ pediatric visits have decreased earlier during the pandemic, mental health visits increased during the same period.
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84
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Lowe C, Rachmawati L, Richardson A, Kelly M. COVID-19 orphans-Global patterns associated with the hidden pandemic. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000317. [PMID: 36962708 PMCID: PMC10021133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whilst the COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant mortality across the globe, many children have been orphaned due to the loss of their parents. Using the framework of an ecological analysis, we used estimates of total maternal/paternal orphans using an online COVID-19 orphanhood calculator to estimate the total orphans per COVID-19 death for 139 countries. Descriptive statistics were used to determine global patterns behind this risk of children being orphaned. Linear regression models were fitted to determine factors associated with this risk, and the association with vaccination coverage was calculated. We found that there is tremendous global variation in the risk that COVID-19 deaths will lead to orphaned children, and that this risk is higher in countries below median GDP per capita (1·56 orphans per deaths) compared to countries above (0·09 orphans per death). Poverty prevalence (B = 2·32, p<0·01), GDP per capita (B = -0·23, p<0·05), and a greater proportion of people with NCDs being reproductive aged (B = 1·46, p<0·0001) were associated with this risk. There was a negative correlation between 2nd dose vaccination coverage and orphans per death (p<0·05). The risk of children being orphaned per COVID-19 death, alongside fertility rate, is due to there being a greater share of COVID-19 deaths among younger persons. This is more likely in poorer countries and those where the age distribution for non-communicable diseases that elevate COVID-19 mortality risk are more uniform. Due to vaccine coverage inequity, more children will suffer the loss of their parents in poorer countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Lowe
- Department of Global Health, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Leli Rachmawati
- Centre for Indonesia's Strategic Development Initiatives, Central Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alice Richardson
- Statistical Support Network, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew Kelly
- Department of Global Health, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Haag K, Du Toit S, Skeen S, Steventon Roberts K, Chideya Y, Notholi V, Sambudla A, Gordon S, Sherr L, Tomlinson M. Predictors of COVID-related changes in mental health in a South African sample of adolescents and young adults. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2022; 27:239-255. [PMID: 35950705 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2108087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially affected the lives of young people living in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), leading to poorer short-term mental health outcomes. However, longitudinal data investigating changes in mental health from pre-COVID levels and their predictors are lacking. Our longitudinal sample comprised N = 233 young people (mean age: 17.8 years at baseline, 55.6% female) living in a deprived neighbourhood near Cape Town, South Africa. Symptoms of depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7) and alcohol use (AUDIT) were assessed during two waves of data collection, pre-pandemic (2018/19) and via phone interviews in June to October 2020, during South Africa's first COVID wave and subsequent case decline. Latent change score models were used to investigate predictors of changes in mental health. Controlling for baseline levels, we found increases in depression and anxiety but not alcohol use symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher baseline symptoms were associated with smaller increases on all measures. Socio-economic deprivation (lack of household income, food insecurity) before and during COVID were associated with higher anxiety and depression symptom increases. Having had more positive experiences during COVID was associated with lower post-COVID onset anxiety and depression increases, and marginally with less alcohol use, while negative experiences (household arguments, worries) were linked to stronger symptom increases. Overall, in a sample of young people from an adverse environment in South Africa, we found increased mental health difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic, though higher baseline symptoms did not necessarily predict stronger increases. Several factors pre- and post-COVID onset were identified that could be relevant for determining risk and resilience. In the long term, it will be key to address these structural drivers of well-being and to ensure mental health needs of young people are being met to support SSA countries in building back successfully from COVID-19 and preparing for future shock events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Haag
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stefani Du Toit
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Sarah Skeen
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Yeukai Chideya
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Vuyolwethu Notholi
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Akhona Sambudla
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Sarah Gordon
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University, Belfast, UK
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86
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Anabwani-Richter F, Swanson T, Dlamini S, Katulege K, Daire C, Singhal G. The Silent Pandemic: the Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Adolescents Living with HIV. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2022; 9:207-217. [PMID: 36277680 PMCID: PMC9579544 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has resulted in millions of confirmed cases and likely more than six million deaths globally Worldometer (2022). We sought to understand secondary mental effects in adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) on the African continent caused by lockdowns, school closures, and other restriction measures for infection control. We reviewed the broader literature and conducted 86 retrospective chart reviews of mental health disorders of ALHIV and interventions utilized at a pediatric clinic in Eswatini. Recent Findings ALHIVs are disproportionately affected by mental health disorders. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated adverse mental health outcomes of adolescents on the African continent, especially for ALHIV. There have been many calls for researchers, clinicians, and governments to prioritize mental health in adolescents going forward. Summary In pediatric clinics in Eswatini, Malawi, and Uganda, there were psychosocial measures in place prior to the COVID-19 pandemic for ALHIV. After looking closely at a pediatric clinic in Eswatini, we found that many interventions were paused and new psychosocial interventions compatible with social distancing were instead utilized by clinicians. Even so, after multidisciplinary management comprising of interventions such as psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, referral to psychologists/psychiatrists, and enrollment in peer support groups, the PHQ-9 depressions scores of ALHIV during the COVID-19 significantly improved. We found that there is a need for age-specific standardized tools to measure depression in ALHIV. Furthermore, more research is needed on the effectiveness and scope of psychosocial interventions for ALHIV post-COVID-19 throughout Eswatini and the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trina Swanson
- Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation - Eswatini, Mbabane, Eswatini
| | - Sandile Dlamini
- Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation - Eswatini, Mbabane, Eswatini ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Kizito Katulege
- grid.423308.e0000 0004 0397 2008Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation - Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chikabachi Daire
- Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation - Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Geeta Singhal
- grid.416975.80000 0001 2200 2638Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
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Hearst MO, Hughey L, Magoon J, Mubukwanu E, Ndonji M, Ngulube E, Makhoul Z. Rapid health impact assessment of COVID-19 on families with children with disabilities living in low-income communities in Lusaka, Zambia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260486. [PMID: 34910762 PMCID: PMC8673599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Worldwide, children with disabilities are a vulnerable population and at high risk for COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. There is little information on the impact that COVID-19 had on children with disabilities and their families, particularly in low-income settings. This assessment describes the extent to which the pandemic impacted seven indicators of well-being in three low-income communities in Lusaka, Zambia. METHODS Interviews were conducted with a random selection of families participating in an existing program (n = 39), community health workers (n = 6), healthcare workers (n = 7) and government officials (n = 2). Descriptive data was summarized and qualitative responses reviewed for themes. RESULTS Most families reported a major loss of income resulting in food insecurity (79%), housing instability (67%), stress (36%), and increased risk of child separation and neglect (18%). Most families did not report receiving governmental financial assistance and reported loss of access to health services for their child such as physiotherapy (33%). Stakeholders interviewed reported that COVID-19 information was widely available although few specific interventions for children. Families were seen to have greater food insecurity, more poverty, more crowding, less healthcare services and children left alone or on the streets to beg. DISCUSSION COVID-19 and related containment measures have impacted the lives of children with disabilities and their families to a great extent. There is an urgent need for disability-inclusive responses that deliberately address the needs of children with disabilities and their families, notably uninterrupted access to adequate food, inclusive education, rehabilitation therapy, and income-generating activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary O. Hearst
- Public Health Department, Henrietta Schmoll School of Health, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | | | - Jamie Magoon
- Public Health Department, Henrietta Schmoll School of Health, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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88
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Hillis SD, Blenkinsop A, Villaveces A, Annor FB, Liburd L, Massetti GM, Demissie Z, Mercy JA, Nelson Iii CA, Cluver L, Flaxman S, Sherr L, Donnelly CA, Ratmann O, Unwin HJT. COVID-19-Associated Orphanhood and Caregiver Death in the United States. Pediatrics 2021; 148:e2021053760. [PMID: 34620728 PMCID: PMC10896160 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-053760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths occur among adults, not children, and attention has focused on mitigating COVID-19 burden among adults. However, a tragic consequence of adult deaths is that high numbers of children might lose their parents and caregivers to COVID-19-associated deaths. METHODS We quantified COVID-19-associated caregiver loss and orphanhood in the United States and for each state using fertility and excess and COVID-19 mortality data. We assessed burden and rates of COVID-19-associated orphanhood and deaths of custodial and coresiding grandparents, overall and by race and ethnicity. We further examined variations in COVID-19-associated orphanhood by race and ethnicity for each state. RESULTS We found that from April 1, 2020, through June 30, 2021, >140 000 children in the United States experienced the death of a parent or grandparent caregiver. The risk of such loss was 1.1 to 4.5 times higher among children of racial and ethnic minority groups compared with non-Hispanic White children. The highest burden of COVID-19-associated death of parents and caregivers occurred in Southern border states for Hispanic children, in Southeastern states for Black children, and in states with tribal areas for American Indian and/or Alaska Native populations. CONCLUSIONS We found substantial disparities in distributions of COVID-19-associated death of parents and caregivers across racial and ethnic groups. Children losing caregivers to COVID-19 need care and safe, stable, and nurturing families with economic support, quality child care, and evidence-based parenting support programs. There is an urgent need to mount an evidence-based comprehensive response focused on those children at greatest risk in the states most affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Hillis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Francis B Annor
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Leandris Liburd
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - James A Mercy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charles A Nelson Iii
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University and Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Departments of Social Policy and Intervention
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christl A Donnelly
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - H Juliette T Unwin
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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89
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de Matos AAG, Cruz Correia da Silva KV, Júnior JG, Alves RNP, Lima NNR, Sampaio ML, de Matos Cassiano CJ, Neto MLR. Social inequalities and extreme vulnerability of children and adolescents affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. J R Soc Med 2021; 115:36-37. [PMID: 34844462 DOI: 10.1177/01410768211061357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jucier Gonçalves Júnior
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Cariri - UFCA, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nádia Nara Rolim Lima
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Monique Leite Sampaio
- School of Medicine, 154624Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Cajazeiras, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Modesto Leite Rolim Neto
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Cariri - UFCA, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil.,School of Medicine from Juazeiro do Norte FMJ/Estacio, Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
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90
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Gurdasani D, Bhatt S, Costello A, Denaxas S, Flaxman S, Greenhalgh T, Griffin S, Hyde Z, Katzourakis A, McKee M, Michie S, Ratmann O, Reicher S, Scally G, Tomlinson C, Yates C, Ziauddeen H, Pagel C. Vaccinating adolescents against SARS-CoV-2 in England: a risk-benefit analysis. J R Soc Med 2021; 114:513-524. [PMID: 34723680 PMCID: PMC8649477 DOI: 10.1177/01410768211052589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To offer a quantitative risk-benefit analysis of two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among adolescents in England. SETTING England. DESIGN Following the risk-benefit analysis methodology carried out by the US Centers for Disease Control, we calculated historical rates of hospital admission, Intensive Care Unit admission and death for ascertained SARS-CoV-2 cases in children aged 12-17 in England. We then used these rates alongside a range of estimates for incidence of long COVID, vaccine efficacy and vaccine-induced myocarditis, to estimate hospital and Intensive Care Unit admissions, deaths and cases of long COVID over a period of 16 weeks under assumptions of high and low case incidence. PARTICIPANTS All 12-17 year olds with a record of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in England between 1 July 2020 and 31 March 2021 using national linked electronic health records, accessed through the British Heart Foundation Data Science Centre. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Hospitalisations, Intensive Care Unit admissions, deaths and cases of long COVID averted by vaccinating all 12-17 year olds in England over a 16-week period under different estimates of future case incidence. RESULTS At high future case incidence of 1000/100,000 population/week over 16 weeks, vaccination could avert 4430 hospital admissions and 36 deaths over 16 weeks. At the low incidence of 50/100,000/week, vaccination could avert 70 hospital admissions and two deaths over 16 weeks. The benefit of vaccination in terms of hospitalisations in adolescents outweighs risks unless case rates are sustainably very low (below 30/100,000 teenagers/week). Benefit of vaccination exists at any case rate for the outcomes of death and long COVID, since neither have been associated with vaccination to date. CONCLUSIONS Given the current (as at 15 September 2021) high case rates (680/100,000 population/week in 10-19 year olds) in England, our findings support vaccination of adolescents against SARS-CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zoë Hyde
- University of Western Australia,
Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | | | - Martin McKee
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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91
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Malti T, Cheah CSL. Toward complementarity: Specificity and commonality in social-emotional development: Introduction to the special section. Child Dev 2021; 92:e1085-e1094. [PMID: 34658013 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
What are the roles of specificity and commonality in social-emotional development? We begin by highlighting the conceptual context for this timely and timeless question and explain how responses to it can inform novel lines of theoretical and empirical inquiry, as well as sociocultural generalizability. Next, we describe how the selection of papers included in this special section contributes to our understanding of specificity and commonality in social-emotional development. We then explain how applying the complementarity principle to social-emotional development can inform a future research agenda in this domain. Lastly, we discuss how specificity and commonality fundamentally impact the way we conceptualize and implement interventions aimed at nurturing social-emotional development in every child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Malti
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Child Development, Mental Health, and Policy, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charissa S L Cheah
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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92
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Chachar AS, Younus S, Ali W. Developmental Understanding of Death and Grief Among Children During COVID-19 Pandemic: Application of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:654584. [PMID: 34658940 PMCID: PMC8511419 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.654584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 Pandemic has influenced death-related attitudes and understanding during the childhood development leading to a life-long impact. Factors like pandemic-related movement restrictions, school closures, and parents' stay-at-home have exposed children to the phenomenon of grief and death. In that case, children anticipate adverse outcomes and fear while they struggle with unanswered questions. Children may not have coping skills needed to manage their grief in constructive ways to identify, normalize, and express their responses to the loss in their lives. Naming and validating these responses as distinctive aspects of grief process and providing safe space to express their feelings are essential components of a child's coping with loss and grief. This is crucial to consider, as different children react to and are influenced by their environments differently. This article aims to explore the developmental understanding of the process of death and grief by applying the conceptual framework of Bronfenbrenner's theory. Understanding mutual interaction between a child and various ecological systems determines how children perceive death and process grief can facilitate effective communication that has significant implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sana Younus
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wamiq Ali
- Synapse, Pakistan Neuroscience Institute, Karachi, Pakistan
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93
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Durán-Strauch E. [Momento difícil para la salud y el bienestar de la niñez]. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2021; 41:384-387. [PMID: 34559485 PMCID: PMC8519597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Kentor
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030-2399, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper reviews the literature on the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and the reactions of vulnerable children. RECENT FINDINGS Research reveals increases in clinically significant depression, suicidal ideation and behavior, and some anxiety symptoms. Substance use studies suggest an inadvertent decrease in substance use in some youth though findings are inconsistent across substances and for males and females. Children with pre-existing emotional and behavioral problems are especially vulnerable though some children appear to improve in the context of public health measures which have decreased the stresses associated with school and socialization. In addition, children with pre-existing problems are likely to have established resources and relationships that may protect them relative to other children. COVID-19 has had a major effect on the mental health of children around the world, but findings should be considered preliminary until more rigorous research has been conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, WP3217, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK, 73126-0901, USA.
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COVID-19 in children and the importance of COVID-19 vaccination. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:462-466. [PMID: 34581958 PMCID: PMC8476974 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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