51
|
Jinglong X, Xiaobin L, Fang Z, Chenchen W, Kailun Y. Isolation and identification of an isoflavone reducing bacterium from feces from a pregnant horse. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223503. [PMID: 31738752 PMCID: PMC6860936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to isolate bacteria capable of biotransforming daidzein from fresh feces from pregnant horses. A Hungate anaerobic roller tube was used for anaerobic culture. Single colonies were picked at random and incubated with daidzein. High performance liquid chromatography was used to detect whether the isolated bacteria were able to biotransform the substrate. A strain capable of reducing daidzein was selected and characterized using sequence analysis of 16S rDNA, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The morphological physiological and biochemical characteristics of the strain were investigated. A facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium capable of converting daidzein to dihydrodaidzein was isolated and named HXBM408 (MF992210). A BLAST search of HXBM408's 16S rDNA sequence against the GenBank database suggested that the strain has 99% similarity with Pediococcus acidilactici strain DSM (NR042057). The morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of HXBM408 are very similar to those of Pediococcus. Based on these characteristics, the strain was identified as Pediococcus acidilactici. The bacterial strain HXBM408 isolated from the feces of pregnant horses was able to reduce the isoflavone daidzein to dihydrodaidzein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xie Jinglong
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li Xiaobin
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhao Fang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wang Chenchen
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yang Kailun
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Fujii Y, Nguyen TTT, Fujimura Y, Kameya N, Nakamura S, Arakawa K, Morita H. Fecal metabolite of a gnotobiotic mouse transplanted with gut microbiota from a patient with Alzheimer’s disease. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:2144-2152. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1644149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Studies of Alzheimer’s disease are based on model mice that have been altered by transgenesis and other techniques to elicit pathogenesis. However, changes in the gut microbiota were recently suggested to diminish cognitive function in patients, as well as in model mice. Accordingly, we have created model mice of the human gut microbiota by transplanting germ-free C57BL/6N mice with fecal samples from a healthy volunteer and from an affected patient. These humanized mice were stably colonized and reproduced the bacterial diversity in donors. Remarkably, performance on Object Location Test and Object Recognition Test was significantly reduced in the latter than in the former at 55 weeks of age, suggesting that gut microbiota transplanted from an affected patient affects mouse behavior. In addition, metabolites related to the nervous system, including γ-aminobutyrate, taurine, and valine, were significantly less abundant in the feces of mice transplanted with microbiota from the affected patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Fujii
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Fundamental Laboratory, Ohayo Dairy Products Co., Ltd., Okayama, Japan
| | - Thuy Tien Thi Nguyen
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Yuta Fujimura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naotaka Kameya
- Sales/marketing Division, Human Metabolome Technologies Inc., Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Shoji Nakamura
- Fundamental Laboratory, Ohayo Dairy Products Co., Ltd., Okayama, Japan
| | - Kensuke Arakawa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Morita
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Man AWC, Xia N, Daiber A, Li H. The roles of gut microbiota and circadian rhythm in the cardiovascular protective effects of polyphenols. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:1278-1293. [PMID: 31465555 PMCID: PMC7056468 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants that have been widely studied for their health benefits as antioxidants. In the last decade, several clinical trials and epidemiological studies have shown that long‐term consumption of polyphenol‐rich diet protects against chronic diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Current cardiovascular studies have also suggested an important role of gut microbiota and circadian rhythm in the pathogenesis metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. It is known that polyphenols can modulate the composition of core gut microbiota and interact with circadian clocks. In this article, we summarize recent findings, review the molecular mechanisms and the potential of polyphenols as dietary supplements for regulating gut microbiota and circadian rhythms, and discuss future research directions. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on The Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.6/issuetoc
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy W C Man
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center of Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Kumar Singh A, Cabral C, Kumar R, Ganguly R, Kumar Rana H, Gupta A, Rosaria Lauro M, Carbone C, Reis F, Pandey AK. Beneficial Effects of Dietary Polyphenols on Gut Microbiota and Strategies to Improve Delivery Efficiency. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2216. [PMID: 31540270 PMCID: PMC6770155 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestine contains an intricate ecological community of dwelling bacteria, referred as gut microbiota (GM), which plays a pivotal role in host homeostasis. Multiple factors could interfere with this delicate balance, including genetics, age, antibiotics, as well as environmental factors, particularly diet, thus causing a disruption of microbiota equilibrium (dysbiosis). Growing evidences support the involvement of GM dysbiosis in gastrointestinal (GI) and extra-intestinal cardiometabolic diseases, namely obesity and diabetes. This review firstly overviews the role of GM in health and disease, then critically reviews the evidences regarding the influence of dietary polyphenols in GM based on preclinical and clinical data, ending with strategies under development to improve efficiency of delivery. Although the precise mechanisms deserve further clarification, preclinical and clinical data suggest that dietary polyphenols present prebiotic properties and exert antimicrobial activities against pathogenic GM, having benefits in distinct disorders. Specifically, dietary polyphenols have been shown ability to modulate GM composition and function, interfering with bacterial quorum sensing, membrane permeability, as well as sensitizing bacteria to xenobiotics. In addition, can impact on gut metabolism and immunity and exert anti-inflammatory properties. In order to overcome the low bioavailability, several different approaches have been developed, aiming to improve solubility and transport of dietary polyphenols throughout the GI tract and deliver in the targeted intestinal regions. Although more research is still needed, particularly translational and clinical studies, the biotechnological progresses achieved during the last years open up good perspectives to, in a near future, be able to improve the use of dietary polyphenols modulating GM in a broad range of disorders characterized by a dysbiotic phenotype.
Collapse
Grants
- UID/NEU/04539/2013 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- UID/NEU/04539/2019 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- PTDC/SAU-NUT/31712/2017 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440 Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade
- POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031712 Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade
- CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012-HealthyAging2020 Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade
- AKS, RK and RG Senior/Junior research fellowship Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, India
- AKS, RK, RG, HKR, AG and AKP acknowledgment Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure (FIST) of the Department of Science & Technology (DST), India
- AKS, RK, RG, HKR, AG and AKP acknowledgment UGC-SAP, India
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Célia Cabral
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine; & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Risha Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Harvesh Kumar Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Ashutosh Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Maria Rosaria Lauro
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Flávio Reis
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine; & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Abhay K Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Luo Q, Cheng D, Huang C, Li Y, Lao C, Xia Y, Liu W, Gong X, Hu D, Li B, He X, Chen Z. Improvement of Colonic Immune Function with Soy Isoflavones in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:E1139. [PMID: 30909396 PMCID: PMC6470843 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The damage to intestinal barrier function plays an important role in the development of obesity and associated diseases. Soy isoflavones are effective natural active components for controlling obesity and reducing the level of blood lipid. Here, we explored whether these effects of soy isoflavones were associated with the intestinal barrier function. Methods and Results: The obese rat models were established by high fat diet feeding. Then, those obese rats were supplemented with soy isoflavones at different doses for 4 weeks. Our results showed that obesity induced the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) expression, elevated intestinal permeability, altered gut microbiota and exacerbated oxidative damages in colon. The administration of soy isoflavones reversed these changes in obese rats, presenting as the improvement of intestinal immune function and permeability, attenuation of oxidative damage, increase in the fraction of beneficial bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids and short-chain fatty acid production, and reduction in harmful bacteria. Furthermore, soy isoflavones blocked the expressions of TLR4 and NF-κB in the colons of the obese rats. Conclusions: Soy isoflavones could improve obesity through the attenuation of intestinal oxidative stress, recovery of immune and mucosal barrier, as well as re-balance of intestinal gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dongjing Cheng
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yifan Li
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chengjie Lao
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yu Xia
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wentao Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Danlei Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xue He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Sun S, Liu F, Liu G, Miao J, Xiao H, Xiao J, Qiu Z, Luo Z, Tang J, Cao Y. Effects of casein phosphopeptides on calcium absorption and metabolism bioactivity in vitro and in vivo. Food Funct 2019; 9:5220-5229. [PMID: 30206607 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00401c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) are a series of peptides containing serine phosphate, which prevents calcium precipitation in the small intestine, so that it can be absorbed. Calcium metabolism studies have been typically carried out using traditional metabolic balance tests. Non-radioactive stable isotopes have rarely been used to examine the in vivo absorption and metabolism of calcium in animal models due to their high cost and the difficulty in their accurate detection. However, they have recently attracted intense research attention. In this study, we developed InertSep ME-1 using a chelating resin to effectively separate 42Ca from spectral-interference in the process of ICP-MS detection. The method effectively removes interfering ions like potassium and sodium and greatly improves the accurate detection of the calcium ion isotope. We also investigated the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of different CPPs through both in vitro cell experiments and in vivo animal experiments. The results indicate that CPPs strongly promote calcium absorption, especially the P5 active monomer component. The results of our in vivo studies show that the calcium isotope can be absorbed from the small intestine into the blood. Then, one part is transported to various organs through tissue fluids while another part is excreted into the urine through the kidneys. In general, our results reveal that CPPs promote the absorption of calcium significantly and positively affect calcium metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Sun
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Fermentation of commercial soy beverages with lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains featuring high β-glucosidase activity. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
58
|
Wu XM, Tan RX. Interaction between gut microbiota and ethnomedicine constituents. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:788-809. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00041g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This highlight reviews the interaction processes between gut microbiota and ethnomedicine constituents, which may conceptualize future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Kawada Y, Goshima T, Sawamura R, Yokoyama SI, Yanase E, Niwa T, Ebihara A, Inagaki M, Yamaguchi K, Kuwata K, Kato Y, Sakurada O, Suzuki T. Daidzein reductase of Eggerthella sp. YY7918, its octameric subunit structure containing FMN/FAD/4Fe-4S, and its enantioselective production of R-dihydroisoflavones. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:301-309. [PMID: 29699942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
S-Equol is a metabolite of daidzein, a type of soy isoflavone, and three reductases are involved in the conversion of daidzein by specific intestinal bacteria. S-Equol is thought to prevent hormone-dependent diseases. We previously identified the equol producing gene cluster (eqlABC) of Eggerthella sp. YY7918. Daidzein reductase (DZNR), encoded by eqlA, catalyzes the reduction of daidzein to dihydrodaidzein (the first step of equol synthesis), which was confirmed using a recombinant enzyme produced in Escherichia coli. Here, we purified recombinant DZNR to homogeneity and analyzed its enzymological properties. DZNR contained FMN, FAD, and one 4Fe-4S cluster per 70-kDa subunit as enzymatic cofactors. DZNR reduced the CC bond between the C-2 and C-3 positions of daidzein, genistein, glycitein, and formononetin in the presence of NADPH. R-Dihydrodaidzein and R-dihydrogenistein were highly stereo-selectively produced from daidzein and genistein. The Km and kcat for daidzein were 11.9 μM and 6.7 s-1, and these values for genistein were 74.1 μM and 28.3 s-1, respectively. This enzyme showed similar kinetic parameters and wide substrate specificity for isoflavone molecules. Thus, this enzyme appears to be an isoflavone reductase. Gel filtration chromatography and chemical cross-linking analysis of the active form of DZNR suggested that the enzyme consists of an octameric subunit structure. We confirmed this by small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy at a magnification of ×200,000. DZNR formed a globular four-petal cloverleaf structure with a central vertical hole. The maximum particle size was 173 Å.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuika Kawada
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tomoko Goshima
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Rie Sawamura
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Yokoyama
- Department of Food Technology, Industrial Technology Center, Gifu Prefectural Government, 47 Kitaoyobi, Kasamatsu, Hashima, Gifu 501-6064, Japan
| | - Emiko Yanase
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toshio Niwa
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Shubun University, 6 Nikko-cho, Ichinomiya, Aichi 491-0938, Japan
| | - Akio Ebihara
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mizuho Inagaki
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamaguchi
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kuwata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuta Kato
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Osamu Sakurada
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Martin CR, Osadchiy V, Kalani A, Mayer EA. The Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:133-148. [PMID: 30023410 PMCID: PMC6047317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 633] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies have shown bidirectional interactions within the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Gut microbes communicate to the central nervous system through at least 3 parallel and interacting channels involving nervous, endocrine, and immune signaling mechanisms. The brain can affect the community structure and function of the gut microbiota through the autonomic nervous system, by modulating regional gut motility, intestinal transit and secretion, and gut permeability, and potentially through the luminal secretion of hormones that directly modulate microbial gene expression. A systems biological model is proposed that posits circular communication loops amid the brain, gut, and gut microbiome, and in which perturbation at any level can propagate dysregulation throughout the circuit. A series of largely preclinical observations implicates alterations in brain-gut-microbiome communication in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and several psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Continued research holds the promise of identifying novel therapeutic targets and developing treatment strategies to address some of the most debilitating, costly, and poorly understood diseases.
Collapse
Key Words
- 2BA, secondary bile acid
- 5-HT, serotonin
- ANS, autonomic nervous system
- ASD, autism spectrum disorder
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- BGM, brain-gut-microbiome
- CNS, central nervous system
- ECC, enterochromaffin cell
- EEC, enteroendocrine cell
- FFAR, free fatty acid receptor
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GF, germ-free
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- GPR, G-protein–coupled receptor
- IBS, irritable bowel syndrome
- Intestinal Permeability
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- SCFA, short-chain fatty acid
- SPF, specific-pathogen-free
- Serotonin
- Stress
- TGR5, G protein-coupled bile acid receptor
- Trp, tryptophan
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emeran A. Mayer
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Emeran A. Mayer, MD, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California at Los Angeles, MC737818-10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-7378. fax: (310) 825-1919.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Phytochemicals That Influence Gut Microbiota as Prophylactics and for the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:9734845. [PMID: 29785173 PMCID: PMC5896216 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9734845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) plays several crucial roles in host physiology and influences several relevant functions. In more than one respect, it can be said that you “feed your microbiota and are fed by it.” GM diversity is affected by diet and influences metabolic and immune functions of the host's physiology. Consequently, an imbalance of GM, or dysbiosis, may be the cause or at least may lead to the progression of various pathologies such as infectious diseases, gastrointestinal cancers, inflammatory bowel disease, and even obesity and diabetes. Therefore, GM is an appropriate target for nutritional interventions to improve health. For this reason, phytochemicals that can influence GM have recently been studied as adjuvants for the treatment of obesity and inflammatory diseases. Phytochemicals include prebiotics and probiotics, as well as several chemical compounds such as polyphenols and derivatives, carotenoids, and thiosulfates. The largest group of these comprises polyphenols, which can be subclassified into four main groups: flavonoids (including eight subgroups), phenolic acids (such as curcumin), stilbenoids (such as resveratrol), and lignans. Consequently, in this review, we will present, organize, and discuss the most recent evidence indicating a relationship between the effects of different phytochemicals on GM that affect obesity and/or inflammation, focusing on the effect of approximately 40 different phytochemical compounds that have been chemically identified and that constitute some natural reservoir, such as potential prophylactics, as candidates for the treatment of obesity and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
62
|
Lv Z, Fan H, Zhang B, Ning C, Xing K, Guo Y. Dietary genistein supplementation in laying broiler breeder hens alters the development and metabolism of offspring embryos as revealed by hepatic transcriptome analysis. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701457r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zengpeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Beibei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chao Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Kun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Attri S, Sharma K, Raigond P, Goel G. Colonic fermentation of polyphenolics from Sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides ) berries: Assessment of effects on microbial diversity by Principal Component Analysis. Food Res Int 2018; 105:324-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
64
|
Santhakumar AB, Battino M, Alvarez-Suarez JM. Dietary polyphenols: Structures, bioavailability and protective effects against atherosclerosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:49-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
65
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the cross-sectional association between phytoestrogens and speed of processing. We hypothesized that higher levels of phytoestrogens would be related to better cognitive performance among older women. METHODS Participants were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and consisted of 200 older women (M = 74.4 y). Stepwise regressions examined indicators of speed of processing, measured by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Isoflavones, lignans, and individual phytoestrogens were added to the regression after including covariates of age, education, race, smoking, and creatinine. Isoflavones were further broken into quartiles among the sample to further evaluate the nature of the curvilinear association. RESULTS Results showed a relationship between cognition and lignans, explaining 3.8% of the variance after including the covariates, indicating fewer lignans were associated with better speed of processing (P < 0.001). A significant curvilinear relationship with isoflavones explained 1.3% additional variance (P < 0.001). The moderate-high, low-moderate, and the lowest quartile of isoflavones were associated with better cognition, whereas the highest amount was associated with worse speed of processing. Among the individual phytoestrogens, only enterodiol accounted for 4.4% additional variance after taking into account covariates and indicated a negative association with cognition (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that moderate levels of isoflavones, but not lignans, may be associated with better speed of processing. Caution must remain for high isoflavone amounts due to the negative association with cognition. Given the results, phytoestrogens have the potential to be an intervention target for older females' cognition. To become a viable intervention, further research is needed.
Collapse
|
66
|
Hillman ET, Lu H, Yao T, Nakatsu CH. Microbial Ecology along the Gastrointestinal Tract. Microbes Environ 2017; 32:300-313. [PMID: 29129876 PMCID: PMC5745014 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecosystem of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract traverses a number of environmental, chemical, and physical conditions because it runs from the oral cavity to the anus. These differences in conditions along with food or other ingested substrates affect the composition and density of the microbiota as well as their functional roles by selecting those that are the most suitable for that environment. Previous studies have mostly focused on Bacteria, with the number of studies conducted on Archaea, Eukarya, and Viruses being limited despite their important roles in this ecosystem. Furthermore, due to the challenges associated with collecting samples directly from the inside of humans, many studies are still exploratory, with a primary focus on the composition of microbiomes. Thus, mechanistic studies to investigate functions are conducted using animal models. However, differences in physiology and microbiomes need to be clarified in order to aid in the translation of animal model findings into the context of humans. This review will highlight Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, and Viruses, discuss differences along the GI tract of healthy humans, and perform comparisons with three common animal models: rats, mice, and pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan T. Hillman
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana 47907USA
| | - Hang Lu
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana 47907USA
| | - Tianming Yao
- Department of Food Science, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana 47907USA
| | - Cindy H. Nakatsu
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana 47907USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Wang M, Hu Q, Shi Q, Yang G, Feng F. Metabolic profile elucidation of Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction in rat intestinal bacteria using high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with multiple analytical perspectives. Xenobiotica 2017; 49:1-12. [PMID: 29219669 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1414972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction (ZZDHD) has been widely used for the treatment of alcoholic jaundice, alcoholic liver disease, and acute hepatitis in China for thousands of years. Conventionally decoctions are administered orally, after which the metabolism caused by the enzymes in intestinal bacteria may influence significantly on the curative effects or toxicity. 2. In this work, the comprehensive metabolic process of ZZDHD in intestinal bacteria was investigated reliably using high-resolution HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF/MS. Besides, a novel strategy for major-to-trace metabolites identification which integrated information derived from diagnostic fragment ions, mass spectral similarity filter strategy, dynamic metabolic change of target compounds and relevant behavior in LC-MS was adopted. 3. As a result, 45 compounds, including 26 bio-converted prototypes and 19 newly generated metabolites were detected and tentatively identified. The metabolic profile of ZZDHD in gastro-intestinal was subsequently elucidated. Deglycosylation, oxidation, reduction, acetylation, and ring cleavage were all observed in the biotransformation of the decoction. Among the rest, deglycosylation was found to be the predominant metabolic pathway. 4. The results obtained herein provided a practical strategy for metabolic profile elucidation of traditional herbal medicines. Moreover, it would be helpful to unravel how the oral decoctions play the therapeutic role in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qing Hu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qingshui Shi
- b Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control , Nanjing , China , and
| | - Gongjun Yang
- c Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education , Nanjing , China
| | - Fang Feng
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China.,c Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education , Nanjing , China
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Braune A, Blaut M. Evaluation of inter-individual differences in gut bacterial isoflavone bioactivation in humans by PCR-based targeting of genes involved in equol formation. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:220-231. [PMID: 29055162 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To identify human subjects harbouring intestinal bacteria that bioactivate daidzein to equol using a targeted PCR-based approach. METHODS AND RESULTS In a pilot study including 17 human subjects, equol formation was determined in faecal slurries. In parallel, faecal DNA was amplified by PCR using degenerate primers that target highly conserved regions of dihydrodaidzein reductase and tetrahydrodaidzein reductase genes. PCR products of the expected size were observed for six of the eight subjects identified as equol producers. Analysis of clone libraries revealed the amplification of sequences exclusively related to Adlercreutzia equolifaciens in four of the subjects tested positive for equol formation, whereas in three of the equol producers, only sequences related to Slackia isoflavoniconvertens were observed. No amplicons were obtained for one equol-forming subject, thus suggesting the presence of nontargeted alternative genes. Amplicons were only sporadically observed in the nonequol producers. CONCLUSION The majority of human subjects who produced equol were also detected with the developed PCR-based approach. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The obtained results shed light on the distribution and the diversity of known equol-forming bacterial species in the study group and indicate the presence of as yet unknown equol-forming bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Braune
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - M Blaut
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Xu X, Jia X, Mo L, Liu C, Zheng L, Yuan Q, Zhou X. Intestinal microbiota: a potential target for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone Res 2017; 5:17046. [PMID: 28983411 PMCID: PMC5627629 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2017.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is a prevalent metabolic bone disease characterized by bone loss and structural destruction, which increases the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women. Owing to the high morbidity and serious complications of PMO, many efforts have been devoted to its prophylaxis and treatment. The intestinal microbiota is the complex community of microorganisms colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotics, which are dietary or medical supplements consisting of beneficial intestinal bacteria, work in concert with endogenous intestinal microorganisms to maintain host health. Recent studies have revealed that bone loss in PMO is closely related to host immunity, which is influenced by the intestinal microbiota. The curative effects of probiotics on metabolic bone diseases have also been demonstrated. The effects of the intestinal microbiota on bone metabolism suggest a promising target for PMO management. This review seeks to summarize the critical effects of the intestinal microbiota and probiotics on PMO, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenic relationship between bacteria and host, and to define the possible treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longyi Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dental Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Synthesis and Evaluation of Isoflavones as Potential Anti-inflammatory Inhibitors. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-2614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
71
|
Guadamuro L, Flórez AB, Alegría Á, Vázquez L, Mayo B. Characterization of four β-glucosidases acting on isoflavone-glycosides from Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum IPLA 36007. Food Res Int 2017; 100:522-528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
72
|
UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS screening of lignans and other phenolics in dry seeds for human consumption. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
|
73
|
Wilson ID, Nicholson JK. Gut microbiome interactions with drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity. Transl Res 2017; 179:204-222. [PMID: 27591027 PMCID: PMC5718288 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has both direct and indirect effects on drug and xenobiotic metabolisms, and this can have consequences for both efficacy and toxicity. Indeed, microbiome-driven drug metabolism is essential for the activation of certain prodrugs, for example, azo drugs such as prontosil and neoprontosil resulting in the release of sulfanilamide. In addition to providing a major source of reductive metabolizing capability, the gut microbiota provides a suite of additional reactions including acetylation, deacylation, decarboxylation, dehydroxylation, demethylation, dehalogenation, and importantly, in the context of certain types of drug-related toxicity, conjugates hydrolysis reactions. In addition to direct effects, the gut microbiota can affect drug metabolism and toxicity indirectly via, for example, the modulation of host drug metabolism and disposition and competition of bacterial-derived metabolites for xenobiotic metabolism pathways. Also, of course, the therapeutic drugs themselves can have effects, both intended and unwanted, which can impact the health and composition of the gut microbiota with unforeseen consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Wilson
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Das A, Srinivasan M, Ghosh TS, Mande SS. Xenobiotic Metabolism and Gut Microbiomes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163099. [PMID: 27695034 PMCID: PMC5047465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to numerous xenobiotics, a majority of which are in the form of pharmaceuticals. Apart from human enzymes, recent studies have indicated the role of the gut bacterial community (microbiome) in metabolizing xenobiotics. However, little is known about the contribution of the plethora of gut microbiome in xenobiotic metabolism. The present study reports the results of analyses on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in various human gut microbiomes. A total of 397 available gut metagenomes from individuals of varying age groups from 8 nationalities were analyzed. Based on the diversities and abundances of the xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, various bacterial taxa were classified into three groups, namely, least versatile, intermediately versatile and highly versatile xenobiotic metabolizers. Most interestingly, specific relationships were observed between the overall drug consumption profile and the abundance and diversity of the xenobiotic metabolizing repertoire in various geographies. The obtained differential abundance patterns of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and bacterial genera harboring them, suggest their links to pharmacokinetic variations among individuals. Additional analyses of a few well studied classes of drug modifying enzymes (DMEs) also indicate geographic as well as age specific trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Das
- TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Meenakshi Srinivasan
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sharmila S. Mande
- TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Abstract
Over the past decade, the gut microbiome has emerged as a novel and largely unexplored source of variability for metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk, including diabetes. Animal and human studies support several possible pathways through which the gut microbiome may impact health, including the production of health-related metabolites from dietary sources. Diet is considered important to shaping the gut microbiota; in addition, gut microbiota influence the metabolism of many dietary components. In the present paper, we address the distinction between compositional and functional analysis of the gut microbiota. We focus on literature that highlights the value of moving beyond surveys of microbial composition to measuring gut microbial functioning to delineate mechanisms related to the interplay between diet and gut microbiota in cardiometabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Meyer
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003 Michael Hooker Research Center, CB no. 7461, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
| | - Brian J Bennett
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003 Michael Hooker Research Center, CB no. 7461, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Gaya P, Medina M, Sánchez-Jiménez A, Landete JM. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. Molecules 2016; 21:E1034. [PMID: 27517891 PMCID: PMC6274073 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are plant-derived polyphenols with a structure similar to human estrogens. The three main groups of phytoestrogens, isoflavones, ellagitannins, and lignans, are transformed into equol, urolithins, and enterolignans, respectively, by bacteria. These metabolites have more estrogenic/antiestrogenic and antioxidant activities than their precursors, and they are more bioavailable. The aim of this study was to analyze the metabolism of isoflavones, lignans and ellagitannins by gut microbiota, and to study the possible correlation in the metabolism of these three groups of phytoestrogens. In vitro fermentation experiments were performed with feces samples from 14 healthy adult volunteers, and metabolite formation was measured by HPLC-PAD and HPLC-ESI/MS. Only the microbiota of one subject produced equol, while most of them showed production of O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA). Significant inter-subject differences were observed in the metabolism of dihydrodaidzein and dihydrogenistein, while the glucoside isoflavones and their aglycones showed less variability, except for glycitin. Most subjects produced urolithins M-5 and E. Urolithin D was not detected, while uroltithin B was found in half of the individuals analyzed, and urolithins A and C were detected in two and four subjects, respectively. Enterolactone was found in all subjects, while enterodiol only appeared in five. Isoflavone metabolism could be correlated with the metabolism of lignans and ellagitannins. However, the metabolism of ellagitannins and lignans could not be correlated. This the first study where the metabolism of the three groups together of phytoestrogen, isoflavones, lignans, and ellagitannins by gut microbiota is analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Gaya
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Margarita Medina
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Abel Sánchez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada (Biomatemática), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 12, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - José Mᵃ Landete
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Kuligowski M, Pawłowska K, Jasińska-Kuligowska I, Nowak J. Isoflavone composition, polyphenols content and antioxidative activity of soybean seeds during tempeh fermentation. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2016.1197316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
78
|
Katsumata SI, Fujioka M, Fujii S, Takeda K, Ishimi Y, Uehara M. Kanamycin inhibits daidzein metabolism and abilities of the metabolites to prevent bone loss in ovariectomized mice. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:334. [PMID: 27388904 PMCID: PMC4936167 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daidzein is an isoflavone derived from soybeans that exerts preventive effects on bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) animals. These effects have been correlated with increasing serum equol levels. In the present study, we investigated the effects of antibiotic intake on equol metabolism from daidzein, and the corresponding levels of bone loss in OVX mice. METHODS Eight-week-old female ddY mice (n = 42) were either ovariectomized (OVX) or subjected to a sham operation (sham). OVX mice were then divided into six dietary subgroups: control diet (control), 0.3 % kanamycin diet (KN), 0.1 % daidzein diet (Dz), 0.1 % daidzein and 0.0375 % kanamycin diet (Dz+KN3.75), 0.1 % daidzein and 0.075 % kanamycin diet (Dz+KN7.5), and 0.1 % daidzein and 0.3 % kanamycin diet (Dz+KN30). The mice were fed their respective diets for 4 weeks. RESULTS Uterine weight and femoral bone mineral density (BMD) were significantly lower in the OVX mice compared in the sham mice. No significant differences in uterine weight were observed among all OVX dietary subgroups. The Dz subgroup was found to exhibit higher plasma equol and O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) concentrations, as well as greater femoral BMD, compared to all other OVX subgroups. Furthermore, when compared to the Dz group, kanamycin intake decreased plasma equol and O-DMA concentrations, as well as femoral BMD in the OVX mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that kanamycin intake inhibited the conversion of daidzein to equol and O-DMA, blocking the preventive effects of daidzein on bone loss in OVX mice. Therefore, the bone-protective effects of daidzein intake may be predominantly associated with increased plasma concentrations of either equol or O-DMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Katsumata
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Maiko Fujioka
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation and Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.,Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shungo Fujii
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Ken Takeda
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ishimi
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation and Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Mariko Uehara
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Tamura M, Hori S, Nakagawa H, Yamauchi S, Sugahara T. Effects of an equol-producing bacterium isolated from human faeces on isoflavone and lignan metabolism in mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:3126-3132. [PMID: 26455424 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equol is a metabolite of daidzein that is produced by intestinal microbiota. The oestrogenic activity of equol is stronger than daidzein. Equol-producing bacteria are believed to play an important role in the gut. The rod-shaped and Gram-positive anaerobic equol-producing intestinal bacterium Slackia TM-30 was isolated from healthy human faeces and its effects on urinary phyto-oestrogen, plasma and faecal lipids were assessed in adult mice. RESULTS The urinary amounts of equol in urine were significantly higher in mice receiving the equol-producing bacterium TM-30 (BAC) group than in the control (CO) group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between the urinary amounts of daidzein, dihydrodaidzein, enterodiol, and enterolactone between the BAC and CO groups. No significant differences in the plasma lipids were observed between the two groups. The lipid content (% dry weight) in the faeces sampled on the final day of the experiment tended to be higher in the BAC group than in the CO group (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION Administration of equol-producing bacterium TM-30 affected the urinary amounts of phyto-oestrogens and the faecal lipid contents of mice. The equol-producing bacterium TM-30 likely influences the metabolism of phyto-oestrogen via changes in the gastrointestinal environment. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Tamura
- National Food Research Institute of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hori
- National Food Research Institute of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakagawa
- National Food Research Institute of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamauchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
- Food and Health Sciences Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Takuya Sugahara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
- Food and Health Sciences Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Josephs-Spaulding J, Beeler E, Singh OV. Human microbiome versus food-borne pathogens: friend or foe. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4845-63. [PMID: 27102132 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As food safety advances, there is a great need to maintain, distribute, and provide high-quality food to a much broader consumer base. There is also an ever-growing "arms race" between pathogens and humans as food manufacturers. The human microbiome is a collective organ of microbes that have found community niches while associating with their host and other microorganisms. Humans play an important role in modifying the environment of these organisms through their life choices, especially through individual diet. The composition of an individual's diet influences the digestive system-an ecosystem with the greatest number and largest diversity of organisms currently known. Organisms living on and within food have the potential to be either friends or foes to the consumer. Maintenance of this system can have multiple benefits, but lack of maintenance can lead to a host of chronic and preventable diseases. Overall, this dynamic system is influenced by intense competition from food-borne pathogens, lifestyle, overall diet, and presiding host-associated microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Josephs-Spaulding
- Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Campus Drive, Bradford, PA, 16701, USA
| | - Erik Beeler
- Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Campus Drive, Bradford, PA, 16701, USA
| | - Om V Singh
- Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Campus Drive, Bradford, PA, 16701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Stevens JF, Maier CS. The Chemistry of Gut Microbial Metabolism of Polyphenols. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2016; 15:425-444. [PMID: 27274718 PMCID: PMC4888912 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-016-9459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota contribute to the metabolism of dietary polyphenols and affect the bioavailability of both the parent polyphenols and their metabolites. Although there is a large number of reports of specific polyphenol metabolites, relatively little is known regarding the chemistry and enzymology of the metabolic pathways utilized by specific microbial species and taxa, which is the focus of this review. Major classes of dietary polyphenols include monomeric and oligomeric catechins (proanthocyanidins), flavonols, flavanones, ellagitannins, and isoflavones. Gut microbial metabolism of representatives of these polyphenol classes can be classified as A- and C-ring cleavage (retro Claisen reactions), C-ring cleavage mediated by dioxygenases, dehydroxylations (decarboxylation or reduction reactions followed by release of H2O molecules), and hydrogenations of alkene moieties in polyphenols, such as resveratrol, curcumin, and isoflavones (mediated by NADPH-dependent reductases). The qualitative and quantitative metabolic output of the gut microbiota depends to a large extent on the metabolic capacity of individual taxa, which emphasizes the need for assessment of functional analysis in conjunction with determinations of gut microbiota compositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Zeng M, Sun R, Basu S, Ma Y, Ge S, Yin T, Gao S, Zhang J, Hu M. Disposition of flavonoids via recycling: Direct biliary excretion of enterically or extrahepatically derived flavonoid glucuronides. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1006-19. [PMID: 26843117 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Enterohepatic recycling is often thought to involve mostly phase II metabolites generated in the liver. This study aims to determine if direct biliary excretion of extrahepatically generated glucuronides would also enable recycling. METHODS AND RESULTS Conventional and modified intestinal perfusion models along with intestinal and liver microsomes were used to determine the contribution of extrahepatically derived glucuronides. Glucuronidation of four flavonoids (genistein, biochanin A, apigenin, and chrysin at 2.5-20 μM) were generally more rapid in the hepatic than intestinal microsomes. Furthermore, when aglycones (at 10 μM each) were perfused, larger (1.7-9 fold) amounts of glucuronides were found in the bile than in the luminal perfusate. However, higher concentrations of glucuronides were not found in jugular vein than portal vein, and apigenin glucuronide actually displayed a significantly lower concentration in jugular vein (<1 nM) than portal vein (≈4 nM). A direct portal infusion of four flavonoid glucuronides (5.9-10.4 μM perfused at 2 mL/h) showed that the vast majority (>65%) of the glucuronides (except for biochanin A glucuronide) administered were efficiently excreted into the bile. CONCLUSION Direct biliary excretion of extrahepatically generated flavonoid glucuronides is a highly efficient clearance mechanism, which should enable enterohepatic recycling of flavonoids without hepatic conjugating enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zeng
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiomacrovascular Surgery, Hubei University of Medicine Affiliated Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rongjin Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Hubei Provincial Technology and Research Center for Comprehensive Development of Medicinal Herbs, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Sumit Basu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shufan Ge
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Taijun Yin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiomacrovascular Surgery, Hubei University of Medicine Affiliated Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Kawada Y, Yokoyama S, Yanase E, Niwa T, Suzuki T. The production of S-equol from daidzein is associated with a cluster of three genes in Eggerthella sp. YY7918. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2016; 35:113-21. [PMID: 27508112 PMCID: PMC4965515 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2015-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Daidzein (DZN) is converted to equol (EQL) by intestinal bacteria. We previously reported that
Eggerthella sp. YY7918, which is found in human feces, is an EQL-producing bacterium and
analyzed its whole genomic sequence. We found three coding sequences (CDSs) in this bacterium that showed 99%
similarity to the EQL-producing enzymes of Lactococcus sp. 20-92. These identified CDSs were
designated eqlA, eqlB, and eqlC and thought to encode
daidzein reductase (DZNR), dihydrodaidzein reductase (DHDR), and tetrahydrodaidzein reductase (THDR),
respectively. These genes were cloned into pColdII. Recombinant plasmids were then introduced into
Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and DZNR, DHDR, and THDR were expressed and purified by
6×His-Tag chromatography. We confirmed that these three enzymes were involved in the conversion of DZN to EQL.
Purified DZNR converted DZN to dihydrodaizein (DHD) in the presence of NADPH. DHDR converted DHD to
tetrahydrodaizein (THD) in the presence of NADPH. Neither enzyme showed activities with NADH. THDR converted
THD in the absence of cofactors, NAD(P)H, and also produced DHD as a by-product. Thus, we propose that THDR is
not a reductase but a new type of dismutase. The GC content of these clusters was 64%, similar to the overall
genomic GC content for Eggerthella and Coriobacteriaceae (56–60%), and higher than that for
Lactococcus garvieae (39%), even though the gene cluster showed 99% similarity to that in
Lactococcus sp. 20-92. Taken together, our results indicate that the gene cluster
associated with EQL production evolved in high-GC bacteria including Coriobacteriaceae and was then laterally
transferred to Lactococcus sp. 20-92.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuika Kawada
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yokoyama
- Department of Food Technology, Industrial Technology Center, Gifu Prefectural Government, 47 Kitaoyobi, Kasamatsu, Hashima, Gifu 501-6064, Japan
| | - Emiko Yanase
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toshio Niwa
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Shubun University, 6 Nikko-cho, Ichinomiya, Aichi 491-0938, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Ozdal T, Sela DA, Xiao J, Boyacioglu D, Chen F, Capanoglu E. The Reciprocal Interactions between Polyphenols and Gut Microbiota and Effects on Bioaccessibility. Nutrients 2016; 8:78. [PMID: 26861391 PMCID: PMC4772042 DOI: 10.3390/nu8020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As of late, polyphenols have increasingly interested the scientific community due to their proposed health benefits. Much of this attention has focused on their bioavailability. Polyphenol-gut microbiota interactions should be considered to understand their biological functions. The dichotomy between the biotransformation of polyphenols into their metabolites by gut microbiota and the modulation of gut microbiota composition by polyphenols contributes to positive health outcomes. Although there are many studies on the in vivo bioavailability of polyphenols, the mutual relationship between polyphenols and gut microbiota is not fully understood. This review focuses on the biotransformation of polyphenols by gut microbiota, modulation of gut microbiota by polyphenols, and the effects of these two-way mutual interactions on polyphenol bioavailability, and ultimately, human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Ozdal
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Okan Univesity, Tuzla, Istanbul TR-34959, Turkey.
| | - David A Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Dilek Boyacioglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul TR-34469, Turkey.
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul TR-34469, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Wu GD, Compher C, Chen EZ, Smith SA, Shah RD, Bittinger K, Chehoud C, Albenberg LG, Nessel L, Gilroy E, Star J, Weljie AM, Flint HJ, Metz DC, Bennett MJ, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD. Comparative metabolomics in vegans and omnivores reveal constraints on diet-dependent gut microbiota metabolite production. Gut 2016; 65:63-72. [PMID: 25431456 PMCID: PMC4583329 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The consumption of an agrarian diet is associated with a reduced risk for many diseases associated with a 'Westernised' lifestyle. Studies suggest that diet affects the gut microbiota, which subsequently influences the metabolome, thereby connecting diet, microbiota and health. However, the degree to which diet influences the composition of the gut microbiota is controversial. Murine models and studies comparing the gut microbiota in humans residing in agrarian versus Western societies suggest that the influence is large. To separate global environmental influences from dietary influences, we characterised the gut microbiota and the host metabolome of individuals consuming an agrarian diet in Western society. DESIGN AND RESULTS Using 16S rRNA-tagged sequencing as well as plasma and urinary metabolomic platforms, we compared measures of dietary intake, gut microbiota composition and the plasma metabolome between healthy human vegans and omnivores, sampled in an urban USA environment. Plasma metabolome of vegans differed markedly from omnivores but the gut microbiota was surprisingly similar. Unlike prior studies of individuals living in agrarian societies, higher consumption of fermentable substrate in vegans was not associated with higher levels of faecal short chain fatty acids, a finding confirmed in a 10-day controlled feeding experiment. Similarly, the proportion of vegans capable of producing equol, a soy-based gut microbiota metabolite, was less than that was reported in Asian societies despite the high consumption of soy-based products. CONCLUSIONS Evidently, residence in globally distinct societies helps determine the composition of the gut microbiota that, in turn, influences the production of diet-dependent gut microbial metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charlene Compher
- School of Nursing, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Z Chen
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah A Smith
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachana D Shah
- Divisions of Endocrinolgy, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christel Chehoud
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lindsey G Albenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa Nessel
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erin Gilroy
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie Star
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harry J Flint
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David C Metz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James D Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Woo SG, Lee SY, Choi GW, Hong YJ, Lee SM, Park KG, Eom YB. Bacterial Identification and Detection of Equol in Korean Soybean Paste. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2015.47.4.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Gyun Woo
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Lee
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Go-Woon Choi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - You-Jin Hong
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - So-Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Kang Gyun Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Yong-Bin Eom
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, Temml V, Wang L, Schwaiger S, Heiss EH, Rollinger JM, Schuster D, Breuss JM, Bochkov V, Mihovilovic MD, Kopp B, Bauer R, Dirsch VM, Stuppner H. Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1582-1614. [PMID: 26281720 PMCID: PMC4748402 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1298] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have historically proven their value as a source of molecules with therapeutic potential, and nowadays still represent an important pool for the identification of novel drug leads. In the past decades, pharmaceutical industry focused mainly on libraries of synthetic compounds as drug discovery source. They are comparably easy to produce and resupply, and demonstrate good compatibility with established high throughput screening (HTS) platforms. However, at the same time there has been a declining trend in the number of new drugs reaching the market, raising renewed scientific interest in drug discovery from natural sources, despite of its known challenges. In this survey, a brief outline of historical development is provided together with a comprehensive overview of used approaches and recent developments relevant to plant-derived natural product drug discovery. Associated challenges and major strengths of natural product-based drug discovery are critically discussed. A snapshot of the advanced plant-derived natural products that are currently in actively recruiting clinical trials is also presented. Importantly, the transition of a natural compound from a "screening hit" through a "drug lead" to a "marketed drug" is associated with increasingly challenging demands for compound amount, which often cannot be met by re-isolation from the respective plant sources. In this regard, existing alternatives for resupply are also discussed, including different biotechnology approaches and total organic synthesis. While the intrinsic complexity of natural product-based drug discovery necessitates highly integrated interdisciplinary approaches, the reviewed scientific developments, recent technological advances, and research trends clearly indicate that natural products will be among the most important sources of new drugs also in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atanas G. Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Pferschy-Wenzig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Linder
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Wawrosch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Temml
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elke H. Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes M. Breuss
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Valery Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Kopp
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Grootaert C, Kamiloglu S, Capanoglu E, Van Camp J. Cell Systems to Investigate the Impact of Polyphenols on Cardiovascular Health. Nutrients 2015; 7:9229-55. [PMID: 26569293 PMCID: PMC4663590 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are a diverse group of micronutrients from plant origin that may serve as antioxidants and that contribute to human health in general. More specifically, many research groups have investigated their protective effect against cardiovascular diseases in several animal studies and human trials. Yet, because of the excessive processing of the polyphenol structure by human cells and the residing intestinal microbial community, which results in a large variability between the test subjects, the exact mechanisms of their protective effects are still under investigation. To this end, simplified cell culture systems have been used to decrease the inter-individual variability in mechanistic studies. In this review, we will discuss the different cell culture models that have been used so far for polyphenol research in the context of cardiovascular diseases. We will also review the current trends in cell culture research, including co-culture methodologies. Finally, we will discuss the potential of these advanced models to screen for cardiovascular effects of the large pool of bioactive polyphenols present in foods and their metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grootaert
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Senem Kamiloglu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - John Van Camp
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Ahn-Jarvis JH, Clinton SK, Grainger EM, Riedl KM, Schwartz SJ, Lee MLT, Cruz-Cano R, Young GS, Lesinski GB, Vodovotz Y. Isoflavone pharmacokinetics and metabolism after consumption of a standardized soy and soy-almond bread in men with asymptomatic prostate cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1045-54. [PMID: 26276749 PMCID: PMC4633369 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic associations suggest that populations consuming substantial amounts of dietary soy exhibit a lower risk of prostate cancer. A 20-week randomized, phase II, crossover trial was conducted in 32 men with asymptomatic prostate cancer. The crossover involved 8 weeks each of soy bread (SB) and soy-almond bread (SAB). The primary objective was to investigate isoflavone bioavailability and metabolite profile. Secondary objectives include safety, compliance, and assessment of biomarkers linked to prostate carcinogenesis. Two distinct SBs were formulated to deliver approximately 60 mg aglycone equivalents of isoflavones per day. The isoflavones were present as aglycones (∼78% as aglycones) in the SAB whereas in the standard SB predominantly as glucosides (18% total isoflavones as aglycones). Compliance to SB (97% ± 4%) and SAB (92% ± 18%) was excellent; toxicity was rare and limited to grade 1 gastrointestinal complaints. Pharmacokinetic studies between SB and SAB showed modest differences. Peak serum concentration time (Tmax) was significantly faster with SAB meal compared with SB in some isoflavonoids, and AUC0 to 24 h of dihydrodaidzein and O-desmethylangolensin was significantly greater after an SB meal. An exploratory cluster analysis was used to identify four isoflavone-metabolizing phenotypes. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein increased significantly by 41% (P = 0.024) with soy intervention. Findings from this study provide the necessary framework to study isoflavone-metabolizing phenotypes as a strategy for identification of individuals that might benefit or show resistance to cancer preventive strategies using dietary soy. A standardized SB used for future large-scale randomized clinical trials to affect human prostate carcinogenesis is feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Ahn-Jarvis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James and Richard Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.
| | | | - Kenneth M Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mei-Ling T Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Raul Cruz-Cano
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Gregory S Young
- Center for Biostatistics at The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James and Richard Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yael Vodovotz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
The relevance of pharmacognosy in pharmacological research on herbal medicinal products. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:344-62. [PMID: 26169932 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As all medicines, herbal medicinal products are expected to be safe, effective, and of appropriate quality. However, regulations on herbal medicinal products vary from country to country, and herbal preparations do occur not only in the form of medicinal products but also as less strictly regulated product groups like dietary supplements. Therefore, it is not always easy for the consumers to discriminate high-quality products from low-quality products. On the other hand, herbal medicines have many special features that distinguish them from conventional medicinal products. Plants are complex multicomponent mixtures; in addition, their phytochemical composition is not constant because of inherent variability and a plethora of external influences. Therefore, the production process of an herbal medicinal product needs to be strictly monitored. First of all, the starting materials need to be correctly authenticated and free of adulterants and contaminants. During plant growth, many factors like harvest season and time, developmental stage, temperature, and humidity have a strong impact on plant metabolite production. Also, postharvest processing steps like drying and storage can significantly alter the phytochemical composition of herbal material. As the production of many phytopharmaceuticals includes an extraction step, the extraction solvent and conditions need to be optimized in order to enrich the bioactive constituents in the extract. The quality of finished preparations needs to be determined either on the basis of marker constituents or on the basis of analytical fingerprints. Thus, all production stages should be accompanied by appropriate quality assessment measures. Depending on the particular task, different methods need to be applied, ranging from macroscopic, microscopic, and DNA-based authentication methods to spectroscopic methods like vibrational spectroscopy and chromatographic and hyphenated methods like HPLC, GC-MS and LC-MS. Also, when performing pharmacological and toxicological studies, many features inherent in herbal medicinal products need to be considered in order to guarantee valid results: concerning in vitro studies, difficulties are often related to lacking knowledge of ADME characteristics of the bioactive constituents, nuisance compounds producing false positive and false negative results, and solubility problems. In in vivo animal studies, the route of administration is a very important issue. Clinical trials on herbal medicinal products in humans very often suffer from a poor reporting quality. This often hampers or precludes the pooling of clinical data for systematic reviews. In order to overcome this problem, appropriate documentation standards for clinical trials on herbal medicinal products have been defined in an extension of the CONSORT checklist. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
Collapse
|
91
|
Nagino T, Kano M, Masuoka N, Kaga C, Anbe M, Miyazaki K, Kamachi K, Isozaki M, Suzuki C, Kasuga C, Tanaka A. Intake of a fermented soymilk beverage containing moderate levels of isoflavone aglycones enhances bioavailability of isoflavones in healthy premenopausal Japanese women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, crossover trial. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2015; 35:9-17. [PMID: 26858926 PMCID: PMC4735029 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2015-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the bioavailability of serum isoflavones after the intake of soymilk
fermented by Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota containing 32.5% isoflavone aglycones (FSM)
or placebo soymilk containing no isoflavone aglycones (SM). In a double-blind, placebo-controlled,
single-dose, crossover trial, 7 healthy premenopausal Japanese women (mean age: 35.3 ± 11.0) consumed FSM or
SM on day 1 and crossed over to the other soymilk after a 6-day washout period. Serum isoflavones in blood
samples collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hr after intake were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with
tandem mass spectrometry. The area under the curve (AUC) values for the serum concentrations of genistein and
total isoflavones were significantly higher, by about 1.4-fold, up to 5 hr after FSM intake compared with SM
intake (each p<0.05), and that of daidzein tended to be higher after FSM intake. In addition, AUC analysis
of total isoflavones for individual subjects revealed that 5 out of 7 subjects had higher AUC values after FSM
intake compared with SM intake and that the 2 remaining subjects had similar AUC values. These 2 subjects had
higher AUC values after SM intake (mean, 2,502 ± 348) than those of the other subjects (mean, 1,158 ± 269).
These results indicate that the bioavailability of isoflavones, especially genistein, is enhanced after the
intake of FSM containing 32.5% isoflavone aglycones compared with intake of SM containing no isoflavone
aglycones and that the enhancement is observed in healthy premenopausal Japanese women whose isoflavone
absorption capacity is low after SM intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nagino
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Kano
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Norie Masuoka
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kaga
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Michitoshi Anbe
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., 1-1-19 Higashi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8660, Japan
| | - Kouji Miyazaki
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Keiko Kamachi
- Nutrition Clinic of Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-24-3 Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8481, Japan
| | - Mariko Isozaki
- Nutrition Clinic of Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-24-3 Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8481, Japan
| | - Chigusa Suzuki
- Nutrition Clinic of Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-24-3 Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8481, Japan
| | - Chikako Kasuga
- Nutrition Clinic of Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-24-3 Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8481, Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Nutrition Clinic of Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-24-3 Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8481, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Hatton GB, Yadav V, Basit AW, Merchant HA. Animal Farm: Considerations in Animal Gastrointestinal Physiology and Relevance to Drug Delivery in Humans. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2747-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
93
|
Xie B, Zhang S, Liu J, Zhan X, Xie D, Zhang Z. Enhanced Estrogenic Activity of Soybean Isoflavones by Coadministration of Liuwei Dihuang Pills in Ovariectomized Rats. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1054-61. [PMID: 25826579 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Soybean isoflavones are beneficial for treating hormone-related diseases. Simultaneous consumption of soybean isoflavones and Liuwei Dihuang pills (LWPs) is effective for treating perimenopausal period syndrome. However, why the combination of isoflavones and LWPs is more effective than ingestion of each component alone remains unknown. Here, we show that enhanced estrogenic activities would appear when the ovariectomized rats were fed with a soybean diet in combination of LWPs treatment. Our further studies explored enhancements of Lactobacillus (19-fold) and Bifidobacterium (12-fold) contents in the intestine of rat and 1.84-fold higher intestinal β-glucosidase activity in LWPs treatment group compared with the control group. As a result, steady-state concentrations of genistein (1.20-fold), daidzein (1.36-fold), and equol (1.43-fold) in serum were significantly elevated in the combination group compared with the soybean alone group. The results present the first evidence of the mechanism of enhanced estrogenic activity of dietary soybean isoflavones in combination with LWPs. Our study indicates that alterations of gut bacteria after LWPs treatment play a key role in the enhanced estrogenic effect of dietary soybean, suggesting a direct relationship between dietary soybean, LWPs, and gut flora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baogang Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuohua Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Children's Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuejun Zhan
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Medical Science, Nanchang, China
| | - Daze Xie
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Medical Science, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Tamura M, Hori S, Nakagawa H, Katada K, Kamada K, Uchiyama K, Handa O, Takagi T, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T. Relationships among fecal daidzein metabolites, dietary habit and BMI in healthy volunteers: a preliminary study. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2015. [PMID: 26221577 PMCID: PMC4513257 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2014-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the relationships among fecal isoflavone metabolism, dietary habit and Body Mass Index (BMI), 15 healthy men and 15 healthy women were recruited and provided stool samples for analysis of ex vivo anaerobic incubation of fecal suspension with daidzein. A negative correlation was observed between BMI and the dihydrodaidzein (DHD) production in men, and between BMI and the equol production in women. There was a positive correlation between intake of soluble dietary fiber and the DHD production in men. The results suggest that dietary habits and BMI are related to the metabolic activity of isoflavonoids by fecal intestinal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Tamura
- National Food Research Institute of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hori
- National Food Research Institute of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakagawa
- National Food Research Institute of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Katada
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachidori Hirokojiagaru, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kamada
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachidori Hirokojiagaru, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Uchiyama
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachidori Hirokojiagaru, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Osamu Handa
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachidori Hirokojiagaru, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachidori Hirokojiagaru, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachidori Hirokojiagaru, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yoshikawa
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachidori Hirokojiagaru, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Yang X, Belosay A, Hartman JA, Song H, Zhang Y, Wang W, Doerge DR, Helferich WG. Dietary soy isoflavones increase metastasis to lungs in an experimental model of breast cancer with bone micro-tumors. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:323-33. [PMID: 25749878 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most common sites for metastasis in breast cancer (BC). Micro-metastasis in bone marrow was detected in 30% of patients with stage I, II, or III BC at primary surgery and is a strong indicator of poor prognosis. The role dietary soy isoflavones play in BC with bone micro-metastasis is unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of genistein, daidzein, (-)-equol or a mixture of soy isoflavones on BC with bone micro-metastasis using an experimental model of murine mammary cancer 4T1 cells engineered with luciferase. A small number (1000) of 4T1 cells were injected into the tibia of female Balb/c mice to establish micro-tumors in bone. Soy isoflavones were supplemented in the AIN-93G diet at 750 mg/kg and were provided to mice from 3 weeks before to 3 weeks after cell injection. Bioluminescent imaging was conducted on day 2 (D2), D6, D8, D16 and D20 post cell injection and the results indicated dietary soy isoflavones enhanced the growth of bone micro-tumors on D8. Furthermore, dietary soy isoflavones stimulated metastatic tumor formation in lungs and increased Ki-67 protein expression in these metastasized tumors. In vitro, soy isoflavones (<10 µM) had limited effects on the growth, motility or invasion of 4T1 cells. Thus, the in vivo stimulatory effect could be likely due to systemic effects between the host, 4T1 tumors and soy isoflavones. In conclusion, soy isoflavones stimulate BC with bone micro-metastasis in mice and further investigations are needed regarding their consumption by BC survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xujuan Yang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 580 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Loutchanwoot P, Srivilai P, Jarry H. The influence of equol on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and hepatic lipid metabolic parameters in adult male rats. Life Sci 2015; 128:1-7. [PMID: 25744395 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Equol, the principal active metabolite of soy-derived phytoestrogen daidzein, has well-known estrogenic actions. Results of several studies indicate that equol may also have anti-androgenic activities. However, mechanisms of action of equol on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPTA) and hepatic lipid metabolism in adult male rats have not been determined yet. MAIN METHODS Equol at two doses of 100 and 250mg/kgbodyweight(BW)/day was orally gavaged for 5days to groups of 4-month-old male rats. As a positive anti-androgenic control group, animals received 100mg of pure anti-androgenic drug flutamide/kgBW/day. Circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones and lipids, and expression levels of genes underlying HPTA function were determined by radioimmunoassay and TaqMan® real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. KEY FINDINGS Flutamide significantly decreased relative prostate weight, whereas equol did not. Both equol and flutamide caused a significant increase in relative liver weights, and decreases in plasma levels of total tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), whereas free T4 and T3 concentrations were not reduced. Equol caused the marked down-regulation of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone mRNA expression, whereas flutamide did not. Equol as well as flutamide significantly down-regulated the expression levels of pituitary thyrotropin beta-subunit mRNA, without altering thyrotropin secretion. Equol caused reductions in plasma levels of total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides, whereas flutamide exerted opposite effects. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to reveal that in male rats equol did not affect HPTA function and liver lipid metabolism through the anti-androgenic pathway, however, the intrinsic estrogenic actions of equol were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panida Loutchanwoot
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-district, Kantharawichai District, Mahasarakham Province 44150 Thailand.
| | - Prayook Srivilai
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-district, Kantharawichai District, Mahasarakham Province 44150 Thailand
| | - Hubertus Jarry
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: antimicrobial properties. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:905215. [PMID: 25802870 PMCID: PMC4352739 DOI: 10.1155/2015/905215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds are plant nutraceuticals showing a huge structural diversity, including chlorogenic acids, hydrolyzable tannins, and flavonoids (flavonols, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, isoflavones, and flavones). Most of them occur as glycosylated derivatives in plants and foods. In order to become bioactive at human body, these polyphenols must undergo diverse intestinal transformations, due to the action of digestive enzymes, but also by the action of microbiota metabolism. After elimination of sugar tailoring (generating the corresponding aglycons) and diverse hydroxyl moieties, as well as further backbone reorganizations, the final absorbed compounds enter the portal vein circulation towards liver (where other enzymatic transformations take place) and from there to other organs, including behind the digestive tract or via blood towards urine excretion. During this transit along diverse tissues and organs, they are able to carry out strong antiviral, antibacterial, and antiparasitic activities. This paper revises and discusses these antimicrobial activities of dietary polyphenols and their relevance for human health, shedding light on the importance of polyphenols structure recognition by specific enzymes produced by intestinal microbial taxa.
Collapse
|
98
|
The role of colonic bacteria in the metabolism of the natural isoflavone daidzin to equol. Metabolites 2015; 5:56-73. [PMID: 25594250 PMCID: PMC4381290 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are found in leguminous plants, especially soybeans. They have a structural similarity to natural estrogens, which enables them to bind to estrogen receptors and elicit biological activities similar to natural estrogens. They have been suggested to be beneficial for the prevention and therapy of hormone-dependent diseases. After soy products are consumed, the bacteria of the intestinal microflora metabolize isoflavones to metabolites with altered absorption, bioavailability, and estrogenic characteristics. Variations in the effect of soy products have been correlated with the isoflavone metabolites found in plasma and urine samples of the individuals consuming soy products. The beneficial effects of the soy isoflavone daidzin, the glycoside of daidzein, have been reported in individuals producing equol, a reduction product of daidzein produced by specific colonic bacteria in individuals called equol producers. These individuals comprise 30% and 60% of populations consuming Western and soy-rich Asian diets, respectively. Since the higher percentage of equol producers in populations consuming soy-rich diets is correlated with a lower incidence of hormone-dependent diseases, considerable efforts have been made to detect the specific colonic bacteria involved in the metabolism of daidzein to the more estrogenic compound, equol, which should facilitate the investigation of the metabolic activities related to this compound.
Collapse
|
99
|
Setchell KDR, Brown NM, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Wolfe B, Jha P, Heubi JE. Metabolism of secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside the dietary precursor to the intestinally derived lignan enterolactone in humans. Food Funct 2014; 5:491-501. [PMID: 24429845 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60402k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside (SDG), a natural dietary lignan of flaxseeds now available in dietary supplements, is converted by intestinal bacteria to the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone. High levels of these lignans in blood and urine are associated with reduced risk of many chronic diseases. Our objective was to determine the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of SDG in purified flaxseed extracts under dose-ranging and steady-state conditions, and to examine whether differences in secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside purity influence bioavailability. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed on healthy postmenopausal women after oral intake of 25, 50, 75, 86 and 172 mg of secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside. Extracts differing in secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside purity were compared, and steady-state lignan concentrations measured after daily intake for one week. Blood and urine samples were collected at timed intervals and secoisolariciresinol, enterodiol and enterolactone concentrations measured by mass spectrometry. Secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside was efficiently hydrolyzed and converted to secoisolariciresinol. Serum concentrations increased rapidly after oral intake, peaking after 5-7 h and disappearing with a plasma elimination half-life of 4.8 h. Maximum serum concentrations of the biologically active metabolites, enterodiol and enterolactone were attained after 12-24 h and 24-36 h, respectively, and the half-lives were 9.4 h and 13.2 h. Linear dose-responses were observed and secoisolariciresinol bioavailability correlated (r(2) = 0.835) with cumulative lignan excretion. There were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of extracts differing in purity, and steady-state serum lignan concentrations were obtained after one-week of daily dosing. In conclusion, this study defines the pharmacokinetics of secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside and shows it is first hydrolyzed and then metabolized in a time-dependent sequence to secoisolariciresinol, enterodiol and ultimately enterolactone, and these metabolites are efficiently absorbed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D R Setchell
- Division of Pathology, Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
|