51
|
Lgssiar A, Hassan M, Schott-Ohly P, Friesen N, Nicoletti F, Trepicchio WL, Gleichmann H. Interleukin-11 inhibits NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation in islets and prevents diabetes induced with streptozotocin in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004; 229:425-36. [PMID: 15096655 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422900511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This laboratory has reported that multiple low doses of streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) similarly upregulate the T helper (Th)1-type proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma in islets of both the diabetes-susceptible male and the diabetes-resistant female C57BL/6 mice and that MLD-STZ downregulates the anti-inflammatory Th2-type cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, as well as the anti-inflammatory Th3-type cytokine-transforming growth factor (TGF)-ss1 in islets of male, but not female, mice. Thus, diabetes is associated with a relative preponderance of local proinflammatory cytokines. Here, we investigated the effects of MLD-STZ on the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-11 and the transcription factors nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and activator protein (AP)-1, which are involved in gene activation of proinflammatory cytokines, and on the cytosolic kinase (IKK-alpha) of NF-kappaB inhibitor (IkappaB). Furthermore, the effect of recombinant human (rh)IL-11 on MLD-STZ diabetes, insulitis, cytokines, IKK-alpha, NF-kappaB, and AP-1 was analyzed in islets. Interleukin-11 prevented diabetes without affecting insulitis; attenuated TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma response; and stimulated IL-4 production and inhibited activation of IKK-alpha, NF-kappaB, and AP-1. The results demonstrated the potential of rhIL-11 in preventing MLD-STZ diabetes through enhancement of anti-inflammatory responses in islets. In this process, the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 might play a key role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Lgssiar
- German Diabetes Center, German Diabetes Research Institute at the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, D-40223 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Sung HH, Juang JH, Lin YC, Kuo CH, Hung JT, Chen A, Chang DM, Chang SY, Hsieh SL, Sytwu HK. Transgenic expression of decoy receptor 3 protects islets from spontaneous and chemical-induced autoimmune destruction in nonobese diabetic mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:1143-51. [PMID: 15078896 PMCID: PMC2211895 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Decoy receptor 3 (DCR3) halts both Fas ligand– and LIGHT-induced cell deaths, which are required for pancreatic β cell damage in autoimmune diabetes. To directly investigate the therapeutic potential of DCR3 in preventing this disease, we generated transgenic nonobese diabetic mice, which overexpressed DCR3 in β cells. Transgenic DCR3 protected mice from autoimmune and cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes in a dose-dependent manner and significantly reduced the severity of insulitis. Local expression of the transgene did not alter the diabetogenic properties of systemic lymphocytes or the development of T helper 1 or T regulatory cells. The transgenic islets had a higher transplantation success rate and survived for longer than wild-type islets. We have demonstrated for the first time that the immune-evasion function of DCR3 inhibits autoimmunity and that genetic manipulation of grafts may improve the success and survival of islet transplants.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Graft Survival
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 6b
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Hsuan Sung
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Peng Y, Laouar Y, Li MO, Green EA, Flavell RA. TGF-beta regulates in vivo expansion of Foxp3-expressing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells responsible for protection against diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:4572-7. [PMID: 15070759 PMCID: PMC384788 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400810101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are essential in the protection from organ-specific autoimmune diseases. In the pancreas, they inhibit actions of autoreactive T cells and thereby prevent diabetes progression. The signals that control the generation, the maintenance, or the expansion of regulatory T cell pool in vivo remain poorly understood. Here we show that a transient pulse of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in the islets during the priming phase of diabetes is sufficient to inhibit disease onset by promoting the expansion of intraislet CD4+CD25+ T cell pool. Approximately 40-50% of intraislet CD4+ T cells expressed the CD25 marker and exhibited characteristics of regulatory T cells including small size, high level of intracellular CTLA-4, expression of Foxp3, and transfer of protection against diabetes. Results from in vivo incorporation of BrdUrd revealed that the generation of a high frequency of regulatory T cells in the islets is due to in situ expansion upon TGF-beta expression. Thus, these findings demonstrate a previously uncharacterized mechanism by which TGF-beta inhibits autoimmune diseases via regulation of the size of the CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell pool in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Peng
- Section of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Ise K, Kanazawa Y, Sato Y, Matsuyama S, Gunji T, Endo Y, Hojo H, Abe M, Gotoh M. Survival of mitomycin C-treated pancreatic islet xenografts is mediated by increased expression of transforming growth factor-β1. Transplantation 2004; 77:907-14. [PMID: 15077036 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000116770.13517.0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitomycin C (MMC) can trigger various intracellular signals. The authors previously showed that pretreatment of highly immunogenic crude pancreatic islets with MMC improved their survival in a rat-to-mouse transplantation model. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in mediating MMC-induced survival of islet xenografts. METHODS : Collagenase-digested islets obtained from WS rats (RT1k) were incubated for 30 min with 10 microg/mL MMC and then transplanted into streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice after 20 hr of culture at 37 degrees C. RESULTS Survival of xenografts was enhanced by pretreatment of islets with MMC. MMC-treated xenografts showed a mild inflammatory cell response and significantly minimal infiltration of macrophages, CD4 T cells, and CD8 T cells compared with untreated grafts. TGF-beta mRNA was increased at 20 hr after MMC treatment, and TGF-beta protein expression was also increased compared with untreated islet xenografts. TGF-beta concentration in blebs formed around the xenografts (but not in the serum) was higher in animals that underwent transplantation with MMC-treated islets than with untreated islets. Simultaneous transplantation of MMC-treated and untreated islets separately in each kidney of recipient mice showed that protection was only found in MMC-treated islets. Treatment of islets before transplantation by neutralizing anti-TGF-beta antibody suppressed the MMC-protective effects on graft survival, whereas no such effect was noted with isotype-matched immunoglobulin. CONCLUSIONS : The authors' results indicate that MMC treatment effectively reduces local inflammatory response and that such effects are mediated by increase of TGF-beta during the early period of islet transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ise
- Department of Surgery 1, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Emerich DF, Hemendinger R, Halberstadt CR. The testicular-derived Sertoli cell: cellular immunoscience to enable transplantation. Cell Transplant 2004; 12:335-49. [PMID: 12911122 DOI: 10.3727/000000003108746894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a renewed enthusiasm for the potential of cellular transplantation as a therapy for numerous clinical disorders. The revived interest is largely due to the unprecedented success of the "Edmonton protocol," which produced a 100% cure rate for type I diabetics following the transplantation of human islet allografts together with a modified immunosuppressive regimen. While these data provide a clear and unequivocal demonstration that transplantation is a viable treatment strategy, the shortage of suitable donor tissue together with the debilitating consequences of lifelong immunosuppression necessitate a concerted effort to develop novel means to enable transplantation on a widespread basis. This review outlines the use of Sertoli cells to provide local immunoprotection to cografted discordant cells, including those from xenogeneic sources. Sertoli cells are normally found in the testes where one of their functions is to provide local immunologic protection to developing germ cells. Isolated Sertoli cells 1) engraft and self-protect when transplanted into allogeneic and xenogeneic environments, 2) protect cografted allogeneic and xenogeneic cells from immune destruction, 3) protect islet grafts to reverse diabetes in animal models, 4) enable survival and function of cografted foreign dopaminergic neurons in rodent models of Parkinson's disease (PD), and 5) promote regeneration of damaged striatal dopaminergic circuitry in those same PD models. These benefits are discussed in the context of several potential underlying biological mechanisms. While the majority of work to date has focused on Sertoli cells to facilitate transplantation for diabetes and PD, the generalized ability of these unique cells to potently suppress the local immune environment opens additional clinical possibilities.
Collapse
|
56
|
Christen U, Juedes A, Homann D, von Herrath MG. Virally induced inflammation and therapeutic avenues in type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004; 33:45-58, viii. [PMID: 15053894 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8529(03)00097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urs Christen
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
It is well established that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs) possess potent immune-stimulatory function. They are considered to be the key driving element for most immune, autoimmune, and host-defense responses. However, recent evidence suggests that as much as APCs can turn things on, they also have the capability to turn things off. To summarize the evidence for such regulatory function of APCs is the purpose of this review article. We are just beginning to understand whether regulatory APC function can be mapped to a separate lineage of APCs or whether it is more commonly acquired under certain maturation conditions. Furthermore, it becomes apparent that it is important to consider differences between human and mouse DCs as well as splenic-, lymph node-, or blood-derived APCs. We believe that, in the upcoming years, better understanding of positive and negative roles of APCs in immune regulation will benefit both sides of APC therapy: their use in enhancing immunity, for example, in vaccine design and cancer, as well as their application for the treatment of autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Juedes
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
von Herrath M, Homann D. Introducing baselines for therapeutic use of regulatory T cells and cytokines in autoimmunity. Trends Immunol 2004; 24:540-5. [PMID: 14552838 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concept of therapeutic immune regulation aiming to treat autoimmune diseases has been validated in multiple animal models, yet, the development of strategies for treatment of human autoimmune diseases remains problematic. Main obstacles are the contradictory findings in different model systems, as well as the contrasting functions of regulatory lymphocytes and cytokines. By drawing examples primarily from experimental type 1 diabetes, we propose that regulatory cells and cytokines can be classified according to the baseline at which they operate in healthy individuals and disease states that are not accompanied by severe systemic immune deficiency or skewing. Consequently, deletion or neutralization of regulatory cells or cytokines operative at high levels to maintain systemic homeostasis should constitute a therapeutic strategy for immune enhancement (e.g. tumor- and pathogen-specific immunity), whereas boosting these factors will have limited effects if the therapeutic goal is a downmodulation of immune responses (e.g. autoimmunity). Conversely, regulatory cells and cytokines operative at low homeostatic levels should unfold therapeutic capacities by further embellishment but not additional reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias von Herrath
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121-1118, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Lúdvíksson BR, Gunnlaugsdóttir B. Transforming growth factor-beta as a regulator of site-specific T-cell inflammatory response. Scand J Immunol 2003; 58:129-38. [PMID: 12869133 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A common immunopathological hallmark of many autoimmune inflammatory diseases is a T-cell invasion and accumulation at the inflamed tissue. Although the exact molecular and microenvironmental mechanisms governing such cellular invasion and tissue retention are not known, some key immunological principles must be at work. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is known to modulate some of these processes including homing, cellular adhesion, chemotaxis and finally T-cell activation, differentiation and apoptosis. The chronicity of such T-cell-driven inflammation probably involves an innate immunological response leading to a T-1 (Th/Tc), T-2 or T-3 (Th/Tr) T-cell adaptive immune response. Several studies suggest that the key to T-cell final destination resides on its and the antigen-presenting cell's phenotype as well as the coreceptor expression pattern and their signalling intensity. Recent observations suggest other equally important regulatory elements of T-cell inflammatory response that are sensitive to TGF-beta modulation. These include: (i) the stage of T-cell activation/differentiation; (ii) the chemotactic/adhesion molecule expression pattern; and (iii) the conditioning at the immunological synapse determining their sensitivity to known regulators such as TGF-beta. In this article, we focus on how the phenotype of the responding T cell and the T-cell receptor (TCR)-signalling intensity could drive the given inflammatory response. In particular, we discuss how TGF-beta can influence the process of T-cell migration and activation during such site-specific inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Lúdvíksson
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, Landspítali-University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Dufour JM, Rajotte RV, Korbutt GS, Emerich DF. Harnessing the Immunomodulatory Properties of Sertoli Cells to Enable Xenotransplantation in Type I Diabetes. Immunol Invest 2003; 32:275-97. [PMID: 14603995 DOI: 10.1081/imm-120025106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation has emerged as a viable long-term means of treating type I diabetes. This is largely due to the success of the "Edmonton protocol" which has produced insulin independence in 85% of patients 1 year after transplantation of allogeneic islets together with a non-steroid immunosuppressive regimen. While these data provide a clear and unequivocal demonstration that islet transplantation is a viable treatment strategy, the shortage of suitable donor tissue together with the debilitating consequences of life-long immunosuppression necessitate the development of novel means to enable transplantation of all type 1 diabetics including the young juvenile diabetics. One potential means of enabling islet transplantation takes advantage of the ability of Sertoli cells to provide local immunoprotection to co-grafted islets, including those from xenogeneic sources. Sertoli cells are normally found in the testes where one of their functions is to provide local immunologic protection to developing germ cells. In animal models, allogeneic and xenogeneic islets survive and function for extended periods of time when grafted into the testes. Moreover, isolated Sertoli cells protect co-grafted allogeneic and xenogeneic islets from immune destruction and reverse diabetes in immunocompetent and autoimmune animals. These benefits are discussed in the context of several potential underlying biological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannette M Dufour
- Surgical-Medical Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Coppin H, Roth MP, Liblau RS. Cytokine and cytokine receptor genes in the susceptibility and resistance to organ-specific autoimmune diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 520:33-65. [PMID: 12613571 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0171-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Coppin
- Laboratoire d'immunologie Cellulaire INSERM CJF 97-11, Hospital Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Rabinovitch A. Immunoregulation by cytokines in autoimmune diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 520:159-93. [PMID: 12613578 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0171-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
63
|
Meagher C, Sharif S, Hussain S, Cameron MJ, Arreaza GA, Delovitch TL. Cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of murine type 1 diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 520:133-58. [PMID: 12613577 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0171-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Meagher
- The Robarts Research Institute and University of Western Ontario, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Medicine, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Offringa R, de Jong A, Toes REM, van der Burg SH, Melief CJM. Interplay between human papillomaviruses and dendritic cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2003; 276:215-40. [PMID: 12797450 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-06508-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The design of the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection cycle is tightly fitted to the differentiation program of its natural host, the keratinocyte. This has important consequences for the role of antigen-presenting cells in the priming of antiviral immunity. The confinement of HPV infection to epithelia puts the epithelial dendritic cell, the Langerhans cell (LC), in charge of the induction of T cell-dependent immunity. Because HPV-infected keratinocytes cannot reach the regional lymphoid organs, and HPV-infection of LCs does not result in viral gene expression, priming of antiviral T cells exclusively depends on cross-presentation of viral antigens by the LC. Sensitization of the immune system in the regional lymphoid organs elicits systemic anti-HPV immunity as well as intraepithelial immune surveillance by memory-type intraepithelial T cells and locally produced antibodies. The high rate of spontaneous rejections of high-risk HPV-infections and HPV-positive premalignant lesions indicates that in general the LC-driven antigen presentation machinery is capable of raising an effective immune defense against HPV. Epidemiological studies also reveal that a decrease in the vigilance of the immune system is readily exploited by HPV to escape immune destruction, resulting in persistent infections and development of HPV-positive cancers. In view of the inherent antigenicity of HPV, immune intervention strategies constitute a promising approach for both the prevention and the therapeutic treatment of HPV-induced diseases. Importantly, the mechanisms that govern the induction and effector phases of the intraepithelial immune surveillance against HPV must be taken into account when designing such strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Offringa
- Tumor Immunology Group, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Abstract
Dendritic cells capable of influencing immunity exist as functionally distinct subsets, T cell-tolerizing and T cell-immunizing subsets. The present paper reviews how these subsets of DCs develop, differentiate and function in vivo and in vitro at the cellular and molecular level. In particular, the role of DCs in the generation of regulatory T cells is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gad
- Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Gilliet M, Kleinhans M, Lantelme E, Schadendorf D, Burg G, Nestle FO. Intranodal injection of semimature monocyte-derived dendritic cells induces T helper type 1 responses to protein neoantigen. Blood 2003; 102:36-42. [PMID: 12560234 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) represent the most potent antigen-presenting cells of the immune system capable of initiating primary immune responses to neoantigens. Here we characterize the primary CD4 T-cell immune response to protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in 5 metastatic melanoma patients undergoing a tumor peptide-based dendritic cell vaccination trial. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells displaying a semimature phenotype, as defined by surface markers, were loaded ex vivo with antigen and injected intranodally at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. All patients developed a strong and long-lasting delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity to KLH, which correlated with the induction of KLH-dependent proliferation of CD4 T cells in vitro. Secondary in vitro stimulation with KLH showed significant increase in interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 (IL-2) but not IL-4, IL-5, nor IL-10 secretion by bulk T cells. On the single-cell level, most TH1 cells among in vitro-generated KLH-specific T-cell lines confirmed the preferential induction of a KLH-specific type 1 T helper immune response. Furthermore, the induction of KLH-specific antibodies of the IgG2 subtype may reflect the induction of a type 1 cytokine profile in vivo after vaccination. Our results indicate that intranodal vaccination with semimature DCs can prime strong, long-lasting CD4 T-cell responses with a TH1-type cytokine profile in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Gilliet
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Liu Y, Van Ginderachter JA, Brys L, De Baetselier P, Raes G, Geldhof AB. Nitric oxide-independent CTL suppression during tumor progression: association with arginase-producing (M2) myeloid cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5064-74. [PMID: 12734351 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.5064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most of the mice bearing a s.c. BW-Sp3 lymphoma tumor mount a CD8(+) T cell-mediated response resulting in tumor regression. Nonetheless, tumor progression occurs in some of the recipients and is associated with CTL inactivity. We demonstrated that T cell-activating APC were induced in regressors whereas T cell suppressive myeloid cells predominated in the spleen of progressors. Indeed, in vitro depletion of either the adherent or the CD11b(+) populations restored T cell cytotoxicity and proliferation in these mice. This CTL inhibition was cell-to-cell contact-dependent but not mediated by NO. However, the same progressor suppressive cells prevented the activity of in vitro-restimulated CTLs derived from regressors in a cell-to-cell contact and NO-dependent fashion. Thus, either the NO-dependent or -independent suppressive pathway prevailed, depending on the target CTL population. In addition, the suppressive population expressed a high arginase activity, suggesting an association of the suppressive phenotype with alternatively activated (M2) myeloid cells. However, the high arginase activity is not directly involved in the suppressive process. Our results provide new insights for myeloid cell-mediated CTL inhibition during cancer progression.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis
- Arginase/biosynthesis
- CD11b Antigen/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/enzymology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred AKR
- Myeloid Cells/enzymology
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/enzymology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Masuda K, Horie K, Suzuki R, Yoshikawa T, Hirano K. Oral-antigen delivery via a water-in-oil emulsion system modulates the balance of the Th1/Th2 type response in oral tolerance. Pharm Res 2003; 20:130-4. [PMID: 12608547 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022267312869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the ability of a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion containing ovalbumin (OVA), a model antigen, to induce oral tolerance and to elucidate the mechanism for the induction of oral tolerance by the emulsion system. METHODS A W/O emulsion containing OVA was prepared and evaluated its ability to induce oral tolerance in mice. Also, the Th1/Th2 balance in the mice tolerized was investigated in terms of the ratios of anti-OVA IgG2a titer to anti-OVA IgG1 titer (IgG2a/IgG1 ratios) and cytokine profiles. RESULTS Anti-OVA total IgG antibody titer of mice administered OVA in saline was approximately 3.5-fold higher than that of the mice administered OVA in W/O emulsion at a dose of 0.1 mg/mouse/day. Similar total IgG responses were observed between the above two at a dose of 1 mg/mouse/day. The IgG2a/IgG1 ratios decreased as the dose of OVA in W/O emulsion, but not in saline, increased at doses of 0, 0.1, and 1 mg/mouse/day. Interferon-gamma secretion of PLN cells from the mice administered OVA in W/O emulsion decreased, whereas their interleukin-4 secretion remained high. Although interferon-gamma secretion for the mice administered OVA in saline decreased, interleukin-4 secretion did not change. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that oral delivery of OVA via the W/O emulsion system may more efficiently enhance the induction of Th2-dominated imbalance than that of OVA in saline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Masuda
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 5-124, Sagisu, Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553-0002, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Feili-Hariri M, Falkner DH, Gambotto A, Papworth GD, Watkins SC, Robbins PD, Morel PA. Dendritic cells transduced to express interleukin-4 prevent diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice with advanced insulitis. Hum Gene Ther 2003; 14:13-23. [PMID: 12573055 DOI: 10.1089/10430340360464679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that adoptive transfer of dendritic cells (DC) prevents diabetes in young nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice by inducing regulatory T(H)2 cells. In this report, as a means of treating NOD mice with more advanced insulitis, we infected DC with adenoviral vectors expressing interleukin (IL)-4 (Ad.IL-4), eGFP (Ad.eGFP), or empty vector (Ad psi 5). DC infected with any of the Ad vectors expressed higher levels of CD40, CD80, and CD86 molecules than uninfected DC and Ad.IL-4 DC produced IL-4 after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-gamma stimulation. Ad-infected DC efficiently stimulated allogeneic T cells, and cultures of T cells with Ad.IL-4 DC produced lower levels of IFN-gamma and marginally higher levels of IL-4. In vivo studies demonstrated that the Ad.eGFP DC trafficked to the pancreatic lymph nodes within 24 hr of intravenous administration, and could be visualized in the T cell areas of the spleen. The intrapancreatic IFN-gamma:IL-4 or IFN-gamma:IL-10 cytokine ratios were lower in 10-week-old mice treated with Ad.IL-4 DC, and these mice were significantly protected from disease. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that genetically modified DC can prevent diabetes in the context of advanced insulitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Feili-Hariri
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Abstract
Cytokines are the co-ordinators of the immune system and, as such, are important targets for immunomodulation. Progress has been made towards the use of IL-10 for immunosuppressive therapy to prevent autoimmunity. Interest has also recently focused on the role of cytokines in controlling the activation of dendritic cells and NK cells, and the consequences of this for the development of autoaggressive responses. Genes involved in IFN-activated pathways that control the survival of lymphocytes have been strongly linked to lupus susceptibility, and IFN-mediated defenses against viral infection have been shown to determine susceptibility to a model of viral-induced diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Hill
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
van der Burg SH, de Jong A, Welters MJP, Offringa R, Melief CJM. The status of HPV16-specific T-cell reactivity in health and disease as a guide to HPV vaccine development. Virus Res 2002; 89:275-84. [PMID: 12445667 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human papilloma viruses (HPV) are among the most common sexually transmitted pathogens in young adults. In the majority of individuals, anti-viral immunity is capable of suppressing viral infection but in a minority of patients viral infection is not cleared in time to prevent the development of malignancies. In these cases, HPV16-specific immunity may develop too late, is not strong enough, and/or is possibly of the wrong type. The influence of pre-existing immunity on the efficacy of vaccines is largely unknown. Nor has it been studied what the effect is of vaccines on the various types of pre-existing HPV-specific T-cell immunity. Animal models showing that vaccines are able to protect against a subsequent tumor challenge and even to treat transplantable tumors, are not qualified to address this point because tumor development is not preceded by persistent viral infection. Therefore, the comparison between fully characterized pre-existing HPV-specific immunity in patients and healthy subjects is a prerequisite for the full appreciation of vaccine-efficacy as well as for further development of next-generation vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Tumor Immunology Group, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Matsuda H, Suda T, Hashizume H, Yokomura K, Asada K, Suzuki K, Chida K, Nakamura H. Alteration of balance between myeloid dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in peripheral blood of patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:1050-4. [PMID: 12379547 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma, a well-known helper T cell Type 2 (Th2)-mediated disease, has a polarized immune response toward a Th2 phenotype. However, the factors causing the Th2 polarization remain to be fully determined in this disease. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells that play a central role in initiating the primary immune response. In human blood, two functional distinct subsets of DCs, myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs, have been identified. Myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are also called Type 1 DCs (DC1) and Type 2 DCs (DC2), respectively, because mDCs and pDCs were shown to preferentially differentiate naive T cells into Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. In asthma, it can thus be speculated that an altered balance of mDCs to pDCs toward pDCs may contribute to the Th2 polarization. To clarify this, we examined the numbers of mDCs and pDCs in the peripheral blood of 44 patients with asthma and 38 normal subjects, using multicolor flow cytometry. We found that the patients with asthma had a significantly higher number of pDCs, resulting in a significant decrease in the ratio of mDCs to pDCs compared with normal subjects. These data indicate that the patients with asthma had a polarization of the mDC:pDC balance toward pDCs, which may be involved in producing the Th2-dominant immune phenotype in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Matsuda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Palmer EM, Beilfuss BA, Nagai T, Semnani RT, Badylak SF, van Seventer GA. Human helper T cell activation and differentiation is suppressed by porcine small intestinal submucosa. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2002; 8:893-900. [PMID: 12459068 DOI: 10.1089/10763270260424259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A cell-free biomaterial derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) has been used successfully in many models as a xenogeneic scaffolding material without generating immune-mediated inflammatory reactions. We investigated whether this absence of inflammation is due to the presence of porcine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) activity found in SIS that may have immunosuppressive properties on helper T (Th) cell subset activation and differentiation. We used in vitro models for the generation of human Th1 and Th2 cells to investigate the influence of SIS. We found that SIS partially suppressed Th1 cell expansion and secretion of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in a TGF-beta-dependent manner, but Th1 cell expansion and IFN-gamma secretion could be fully overcome by addition of recombinant IL-12. The suppression by SIS of Th cell activation also involved the induction of Th cell apoptosis. In addition, SIS completely abolished the generation of Th2 cells in vitro, but this effect of SIS was not reversed by neutralizing TGF-beta antibodies. Our results indicate the presence in SIS of factors that can suppress Th cell activation through both the inhibition of IL-12 secretion and the induction of Th cell apoptosis. We established further that these factors include TGF-beta and at least one other factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Palmer
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Grewal IS, Grewal KD, Wong FS, Wang H, Picarella DE, Janeway CA, Flavell RA. Expression of transgene encoded TGF-beta in islets prevents autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by a local mechanism. J Autoimmun 2002; 19:9-22. [PMID: 12367555 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2002.0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To analyse the effects of TGF-beta in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), we have developed non-obese diabetic (NOD) transgenic mice expressing TGF-beta under the control of the rat insulin II promoter. Pancreata of TGF-beta transgenic mice were roughly one twentieth of the size of pancreata of wild-type NOD mice and showed small clusters of micro-islets rather than normal adult islets. However, these islets produced sufficient levels of insulin to maintain normal glucose levels and mice were protected from the diabetes, which developed in their negative littermates. A massive fibrosis was seen in the transgenic pancreata that was accompanied with infiltration of mononuclear cells that decreased with age. Interestingly, these mice showed normal anti-islet immune response in their spleens and remained susceptible to adoptive transfer of IDDM by mature cloned CD8 effector cells. TUNEL assays revealed increased apoptosis of invading cells when compared to non-transgenic NOD mice. Taken together, these results suggest that TGF-beta protects islets by a local event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal S Grewal
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
von Herrath MG. Regulation of virally induced autoimmunity and immunopathology: contribution of LCMV transgenic models to understanding autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 263:145-75. [PMID: 11987813 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56055-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M G von Herrath
- Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, IMM6, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Flavell RA. The relationship of inflammation and initiation of autoimmune disease: role of TNF super family members. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 266:1-9. [PMID: 12014199 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-04700-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Flavell
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Abstract
Typical immune responses lead to prominent clonal expansion of antigen-specific T and B cells followed by differentiation into effector cells. Most effector cells die at the end of the immune response but some of these cells survive and form long-lived memory cells. The factors controlling the formation and survival of memory T cells are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sprent
- Department of Immunology, IMM4, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Reding MT, Wu H, Krampf M, Okita DK, Diethelm-Okita BM, Key NS, Conti-Fine BM. CD4+ T cells specific for factor VIII as a target for specific suppression of inhibitor production. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 489:119-34. [PMID: 11554586 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1277-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The studies we reviewed here have begun to clarify the complex cellular mechanisms involved in the immune response to fVIII, and the circumstances under which fVIII inhibitors develop. Further characterization and comparison of the immune response to fVIII in both hemophilia patients and healthy subjects will help to further elucidate these mechanisms. The murine hemophilia model will hopefully provide further insights into the mechanisms of inhibitor formation, and prove to be a suitable tool for the design and testing of therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the development of fVIII inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Reding
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-St. Paul, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Abstract
Type 1 or insulin-dependent diabetes is an autoimmune disease that causes the selective destruction of insulin-secreting beta cells in the pancreatic islets. Although this is a polygenic disease, with at least 20 genes implicated, the dominant susceptibility locus maps to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), both in humans and in rodent models. However, in spite of progress on several fronts, the molecular pathology of autoimmune diabetes remains incompletely defined. Major areas of research include environmental trigger factors, the identification and role of beta-cell antigens in inducing and maintaining the autoimmune response, and the nature of the pathogenic and protective lymphocytes involved. In this review, we will focus on these areas to highlight recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes, drawing extensively on insights gained by studying the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Adorini
- Roche Milano Ricerche, Via Olgettina 58, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Fondal W, Sampson C, Sharp GC, Braley-Mullen H. Transforming growth factor-beta has contrasting effects in the presence or absence of exogenous interleukin-12 on the in vitro activation of cells that transfer experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:971-80. [PMID: 11747629 DOI: 10.1089/107999001753289587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse thyroglobulin (MuTg)-sensitized spleen cells activated in vitro with MuTg induce experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in recipient mice with a thyroid infiltrate consisting primarily of lymphocytes. A more severe and histologically distinct granulomatous form of EAT (G-EAT) is induced when donor cells are activated with MuTg together with anti-interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), anti-interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) monoclonal antibody (mAb), and IL-12. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional cytokine that can both suppress and exacerbate autoimmune diseases and often has inhibitory effects on lymphocytes. To determine if TGF-beta could modulate the in vitro activation of effector cells for G-EAT, TGF-beta was added to cultures of MuTg-sensitized donor spleen cells together with MuTg. Cells activated in the presence of 2 ng/ml TGF-beta induced moderately severe G-EAT in recipient mice. G-EAT induced by cells activated in the presence of TGF-beta was histologically similar but less severe than the G-EAT induced by cells activated in the presence of IL-12. IL-12 and TGF-beta modulate the activation of G-EAT effector cells by distinct mechanisms, as cells activated by TGF-beta could induce G-EAT in the presence of anti-IL-12, and TGF-beta inhibited the effects of IL-12 on EAT effector cells. TGF-beta exerted its activity during the first 24 h of the 72-h culture, whereas IL-12 functioned primarily during the final 24 h of culture. These results indicate that thyroid lesions with granulomatous histopathology can be induced by both IL-12-dependent and IL-12-independent mechanisms, and TGF-beta can exert both positive and negative effects on the effector cells for G-EAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Fondal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Im SH, Barchan D, Maiti PK, Raveh L, Souroujon MC, Fuchs S. Suppression of experimental myasthenia gravis, a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease, by blockade of IL-18. FASEB J 2001; 15:2140-8. [PMID: 11641240 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0072com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production and IL-12-driven Th1 phenotype polarization. Increased expression of IL-18 has been observed in several autoimmune diseases. In this study we have analyzed the role of IL-18 in an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease and elucidated the mechanisms involved in disease suppression mediated by blockade of IL-18, using experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) as a model. EAMG is a T cell-regulated, antibody-mediated autoimmune disease in which the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is the major autoantigen. Th1- and Th2-type responses are both implicated in EAMG development. We show that treatment by anti-IL-18 during ongoing EAMG suppresses disease progression. The protective effect can be adoptively transferred to naive recipients and is mediated by increased levels of the immunosuppressive Th3-type cytokine TGF-beta and decreased AChR-specific Th1-type cellular responses. Suppression of EAMG is accompanied by down-regulation of the costimulatory factor CD40L and up-regulation of CTLA-4, a key negative immunomodulator. Our results suggest that IL-18 blockade may potentially be applied for immunointervention in myasthenia gravis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Animals
- Antibodies/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/therapy
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-18/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-18/immunology
- Kinetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Nicotinic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Im
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Wood KJ, Jones ND, Bushell AR, Morris PJ. Alloantigen-induced specific immunological unresponsiveness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001; 356:665-80. [PMID: 11375070 PMCID: PMC1088454 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2001.0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
When the immune system encounters alloantigen it can respond in any one of a number of different ways. The choice that is made will take into account factors such as where, when and how the contact with the alloantigen takes place, as well as the environmental conditions that prevail at the time the alloantigen is encountered. Alloantigen administration before transplantation either alone or in combination with therapeutic agents that modulate the functional activity of the responding leucocytes can be a powerful way of inducing specific unresponsiveness to alloantigens in vivo. The molecular mechanisms that influence the way the outcome of the immune response to alloantigen develops, either activation or unresponsiveness to the triggering antigen, hold the key to our ability to manipulate the immune system effectively by exposing it to donor antigen for therapeutic purposes. This review will focus on alloantigen-induced immunological unresponsiveness and how insights into the mechanisms of unresponsiveness have driven the development of novel tolerance-induction strategies that show promise for translation into the clinic in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Wood
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
Regulatory T(Treg)-cell populations have been identified in a number of disease models. In this review we focus on the role of naturally occurring Treg cells in the control of intestinal inflammation. Specifically, we discuss their mechanism of action with particular emphasis on the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines and cell surface molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Toms
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Shi FD, Flodström M, Kim SH, Pakala S, Cleary M, Ljunggren HG, Sarvetnick N. Control of the autoimmune response by type 2 nitric oxide synthase. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:3000-6. [PMID: 11509651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.5.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune defense against pathogens often requires NO, synthesized by type 2 NO synthase (NOS2). To discern whether this axis could participate in an autoimmune response, we immunized NOS2-deficient mice with the autoantigen acetylcholine receptor, inducing muscle weakness characteristic of myasthenia gravis, a T cell-dependent Ab-mediated autoimmune disease. We found that the acetylcholine receptor-immunized NOS2-deficient mice developed an exacerbated form of myasthenia gravis, and demonstrated that NOS2 expression limits autoreactive T cell determinant spreading and diversification of the autoantibody repertoire, a process driven by macrophages. Thus, NOS2/NO is important for silencing autoreactive T cells and may restrict bystander autoimmune reactions following the innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F D Shi
- Department of Immunology, IMM-23, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Yang X, Brunham RC. In Pursuit of a Human Chlamydial Vaccine *. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00019048-200109000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
86
|
|
87
|
|
88
|
Tian J, Zekzer D, Hanssen L, Lu Y, Olcott A, Kaufman DL. Lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells down-regulate Th1 immunity and prevent autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1081-9. [PMID: 11441119 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
B cells can serve dual roles in modulating T cell immunity through their potent capacity to present Ag and induce regulatory tolerance. Although B cells are necessary components for the initiation of spontaneous T cell autoimmunity to beta cell Ags in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, the role of activated B cells in the autoimmune process is poorly understood. In this study, we show that LPS-activated B cells, but not control B cells, express Fas ligand and secrete TGF-beta. Coincubation of diabetogenic T cells with activated B cells in vitro leads to the apoptosis of both T and B lymphocytes. Transfusion of activated B cells, but not control B cells, into prediabetic NOD mice inhibited spontaneous Th1 autoimmunity, but did not promote Th2 responses to beta cell autoantigens. Furthermore, this treatment induced mononuclear cell apoptosis predominantly in the spleen and temporarily impaired the activity of APCs. Cotransfer of activated B cells with diabetogenic splenic T cells prevented the adoptive transfer of type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to NOD/scid mice. Importantly, whereas 90% of NOD mice treated with control B cells developed T1DM within 27 wk, <20% of the NOD mice treated with activated B cells became hyperglycemic up to 1 year of age. Our data suggest that activated B cells can down-regulate pathogenic Th1 immunity through triggering the apoptosis of Th1 cells and/or inhibition of APC activity by the secretion of TGF-beta. These findings provide new insights into T-B cell interactions and may aid in the design of new therapies for human T1DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Liu YJ, Kanzler H, Soumelis V, Gilliet M. Dendritic cell lineage, plasticity and cross-regulation. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:585-9. [PMID: 11429541 DOI: 10.1038/89726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have an extraordinary capacity to stimulate naïve T cells and initiate primary immune responses. Here we review progress in understanding the additional functions of DCs in regulating the types of T cell-mediated immune responses and innate immunity to microbes. In addition, evidence for the existence of myeloid and lymphoid DC lineages and their different functions are summarized. We propose that the diverse functions of DCs in immune regulation are dictated by the instructions they received during innate immune responses to different pathogens and from their evolutionary lineage heritage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Liu
- DNAX Research Institute, 901 California Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Gounni AS, Spanel-Borowski K, Palacios M, Heusser C, Moncada S, Lobos E. Pulmonary Inflammation Induced by a Recombinant Brugia malayi γ-glutamyl transpeptidase Homolog: Involvement of Humoral Autoimmune Responses. Mol Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
91
|
Balasa B, Boehm BO, Fortnagel A, Karges W, Van Gunst K, Jung N, Camacho SA, Webb SR, Sarvetnick N. Vaccination with glutamic acid decarboxylase plasmid DNA protects mice from spontaneous autoimmune diabetes and B7/CD28 costimulation circumvents that protection. Clin Immunol 2001; 99:241-52. [PMID: 11318596 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2001.5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse develops spontaneous T-cell-dependent autoimmune diabetes. We tested here whether vaccination of NOD mice with a plasmid DNA encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an initial target islet antigen of autoimmune T cell repertoire, would modulate their diabetes. Our results showed that vaccination of young or old female NOD mice with the GAD-plasmid DNA, but not control-plasmid DNA, effectively prevented their diabetes, demonstrating that GAD-plasmid DNA vaccination is quite effective in abrogating diabetes even after the development of insulitis. The prevention of diabetes did not follow the induction of immunoregulatory Th2 cells but was dependent upon CD28/B7 costimulation. Our results suggest a potential for treating spontaneous autoimmune diabetes via DNA vaccination with plasmids encoding self-Ag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Balasa
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Ostlie NS, Karachunski PI, Wang W, Monfardini C, Kronenberg M, Conti-Fine BM. Transgenic expression of IL-10 in T cells facilitates development of experimental myasthenia gravis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4853-62. [PMID: 11290761 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.4853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ab to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) cause experimental myasthenia gravis (EMG). Th1 cytokines facilitate EMG, whereas Th2 cytokines might be protective. IL-10 inhibits Th1 responses but facilitates B cell proliferation and Ig production. We examined the role of IL-10 in EMG by using wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and transgenic (TG) C57BL/6 mice that express IL-10 under control of the IL-2 promoter. We immunized the mice with doses of AChR that cause EMG in WT mice or with low doses ineffective at causing EMG in WT mice. After low-dose AChR immunization, WT mice did not develop EMG and had very little anti-AChR serum Ab, which were mainly IgG1, whereas TG mice developed EMG and had higher levels of anti-AChR serum Ab, which were mainly IgG2, in addition to IgG1. At the higher doses, TG mice developed EMG earlier and more frequently than WT mice and had more serum anti-AChR Ab. Both strains had similar relative serum concentrations of anti-AChR IgG subclasses and IgG and complement at the muscle synapses. CD8(+)-depleted splenocytes from all AChR-immunized mice proliferated in the presence of AChR and recognized a similar epitope repertoire. CD8(+)-depleted splenocytes from AChR-immunized TG mice stimulated in vitro with AChR secreted significantly more IL-10, but less of the prototypic Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma, than those from WT mice. They secreted comparable amounts of IL-4 and slightly but not significantly reduced amounts of IL-2. This suggests that TG mice had reduced activation of anti-Torpedo AChR Th1 cells, but increased anti-AChR Ab synthesis, that likely resulted from IL-10-mediated stimulation of anti-AChR B cells. Thus, EMG development is not strictly dependent on Th1 cell activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S Ostlie
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Liu YJ, Kadowaki N, Rissoan MC, Soumelis V. T cell activation and polarization by DC1 and DC2. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 251:149-59. [PMID: 11036770 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57276-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Liu
- DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Serreze DV, Chapman HD, Post CM, Johnson EA, Suarez-Pinzon WL, Rabinovitch A. Th1 to Th2 cytokine shifts in nonobese diabetic mice: sometimes an outcome, rather than the cause, of diabetes resistance elicited by immunostimulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:1352-9. [PMID: 11145720 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous immunostimulatory protocols inhibit the development of T cell-mediated autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. Many of these protocols, including treatment with the nonspecific immunostimulatory agents CFA or bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, have been reported to mediate protection by skewing the pattern of cytokines produced by pancreatic beta-cell autoreactive T cells from a Th1 (IFN-gamma) to a Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) profile. However, most of these studies have documented associations between such cytokine shifts and disease protection rather than a cause/effect relationship. To partially address this issue we produced NOD mice genetically deficient in IFN-gamma, IL-4, or IL-10. Elimination of any of these cytokines did not significantly alter the rate of spontaneous IDDM development. Additional experiments using these mice confirmed that CFA- or BCG-elicited diabetes protection is associated with a decreased IFN-gamma to IL-4 mRNA ratio within T cell-infiltrated pancreatic islets, but this is a secondary consequence rather than the cause of disease resistance. Unexpectedly, we also found that the ability of BCG and, to a lesser extent, CFA to inhibit IDDM development in standard NOD mice is actually dependent upon the presence of the Th1 cytokine, IFN-gamma. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that while Th1 and Th2 cytokine shifts may occur among beta-cell autoreactive T cells of NOD mice protected from overt IDDM by various immunomodulatory therapies, it cannot automatically be assumed that this is the cause of their disease resistance.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Female
- Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage
- Gene Deletion
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/deficiency
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Muromonab-CD3/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D V Serreze
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609. Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Schlapbach R, Spanaus KS, Malipiero U, Lens S, Tasinato A, Tschopp J, Fontana A. TGF-beta induces the expression of the FLICE-inhibitory protein and inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis of microglia. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30:3680-8. [PMID: 11169411 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200012)30:12<3680::aid-immu3680>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During inflammatory reactions in the central nervous system (CNS), resident macrophages, the microglia, are exposed to Th1 cell-derived cytokines and pro-apoptotic Fas ligand (FasL). Despite the presence of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, both being capable of sensitizing microglia to FasL, apoptosis of microglia is not a hallmark of inflammatory diseases of the CNS. In the present study, TGF-beta is found to counteract the effect of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma to sensitize microglia to FasL-mediated apoptosis. Resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis by TGF-beta does not correlate with a down-regulation of Fas expression. As a key inhibitor of Fas-mediated apoptosis, we found expression of the cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) to be induced by TGF-beta in resting as well as in activated microglia. Induction of FLIP was found to depend on a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK)-dependent pathway as shown by the use of the specific MKK-inhibitor PD98059. The presence of FLIP strongly interfered with FasL-induced activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 preventing subsequent cell death. The presented data provide the first evidence for a TGF-beta-mediated FLIP in macrophage-like cells and suggest a mode of action for the anti-apoptotic role of TGF-beta in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Schlapbach
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Internal Medicine, Section for Clinical Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Quintana FJ, Rotem A, Carmi P, Cohen IR. Vaccination with empty plasmid DNA or CpG oligonucleotide inhibits diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice: modulation of spontaneous 60-kDa heat shock protein autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:6148-55. [PMID: 11086048 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice develop insulitis and diabetes through a process involving autoimmunity to the 60-kDa heat shock protein (HSP60). Treatment of NOD mice with HSP60 or with peptides derived from HSP60 inhibits this diabetogenic process. We now report that NOD diabetes can be inhibited by vaccination with a DNA construct encoding human HSP60, with the pcDNA3 empty vector, or with an oligonucleotide containing the CpG motif. Prevention of diabetes was associated with a decrease in the degree of insulitis and with down-regulation of spontaneous proliferative T cell responses to HSP60 and its peptide p277. Moreover, both the pcDNA3 vector and the CpG oligonucleotide induced specific Abs, primarily of the IgG2b isotype, to HSP60 and p277, and not to other islet Ags (glutamic acid decarboxylase or insulin) or to an unrelated recombinant Ag expressed in bacteria (GST). The IgG2b isotype of the specific Abs together with the decrease in T cell proliferative responses indicate a shift of the autoimmune process to a Th2 type in treated mice. These results suggest that immunostimulation by bacterial DNA motifs can modulate spontaneous HSP60 autoimmunity and inhibit NOD diabetes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Chaperonin 60/administration & dosage
- Chaperonin 60/genetics
- Chaperonin 60/immunology
- CpG Islands/genetics
- CpG Islands/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Female
- Growth Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Growth Inhibitors/immunology
- Heat-Shock Proteins/administration & dosage
- Heat-Shock Proteins/immunology
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/immunology
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/biosynthesis
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunosuppressive Agents/immunology
- Incidence
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/immunology
- Species Specificity
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J Quintana
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Noorchashm H, Moore DJ, Noto LE, Noorchashm N, Reed AJ, Reed AL, Song HK, Mozaffari R, Jevnikar AM, Barker CF, Naji A. Impaired CD4 T cell activation due to reliance upon B cell-mediated costimulation in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:4685-96. [PMID: 11035112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.8.4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice results from the activation of I-A(g7)-restricted, islet-reactive T cells. This study delineates several characteristics of NOD CD4 T cell activation, which, independent of I-A(g7), are likely to promote a dysregulated state of peripheral T cell tolerance. NOD CD4 T cell activation was found to be resistant to antigenic stimulation via the TCR complex, using the progression of cell division as a measure. The extent of NOD CD4 T cell division was highly sensitive to changes in Ag ligand density. Moreover, even upon maximal TCR complex-mediated stimulation, NOD CD4 T cell division prematurely terminated. Maximally stimulated NOD CD4 T cells failed to achieve the threshold number of division cycles required for optimal susceptibility to activation-induced death, a critical mechanism for the regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance. Importantly, these aberrant activation characteristics were not T cell-intrinsic but resulted from reliance on B cell costimulatory function in NOD mice. Costimulation delivered by nonautoimmune strain APCs normalized NOD CD4 T cell division and the extent of activation-induced death. Thus, by disrupting the progression of CD4 T cell division, polarization of APC costimulatory function to the B cell compartment could allow the persistence and activation of diabetogenic cells in NOD mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Noorchashm
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Hall DS, Roberts E, Davies J. Allograft rejection results from a failed attempt by the immune system to protect foreign tissue. Immunol Res 2000; 21:177-83. [PMID: 10852115 DOI: 10.1385/ir:21:2-3:177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The focus of our research is to understand the immune response to foreign tissue. We believe that a dichotomy exists within the immune response to an allograft such that part of the response is dedicated to the protection of the graft. Nevertheless, in a dominantly graft-aggressive environment, rejection typically ensues. In this article, we describe models that have been set up to test directly the ability of potentially protective aspects of the immune response to prevent allograft rejection. We discuss our data in the context of a growing body of exciting and often controversial literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Hall
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Abstract
Many malignant cells secrete transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a potent immunosuppresant, suggesting that TGF-beta production may represent a significant tumor escape mechanism from host immunosurveillance. Establishment of a leukocyte subpopulation with disrupted TGF-beta signaling in the tumor-bearing host offers a potential means for immunotherapy of cancer. Downregulation of TGF-beta secretion in tumor cells results in restoration of immunogenicity in the host, while T-cell insensitivity to TGF-beta results in accelerated differentiation and autoimmunity, elements of which may be required in order to combat self-antigen-expressing tumors in a tolerized host. The rationale, approaches, and potential pitfalls of this strategy will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Shah
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3009, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Zhu LX, Sharma S, Stolina M, Gardner B, Roth MD, Tashkin DP, Dubinett SM. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits antitumor immunity by a CB2 receptor-mediated, cytokine-dependent pathway. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:373-80. [PMID: 10861074 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we show that Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive component of marijuana, suppresses host immune reactivity against lung cancer. In two different weakly immunogenic murine lung cancer models, intermittent administration of THC (5 mg/kg, four times/wk i.p. for 4 wk) led to accelerated growth of tumor implants compared with treatment with diluent alone. In contrast to our findings in immunocompetent mice, THC did not affect tumor growth in tumor-bearing SCID mice. The immune inhibitory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-beta, were augmented, while IFN-gamma was down-regulated at both the tumor site and in the spleens of THC-treated mice. Administration of either anti-IL-10- or anti-TGF-beta-neutralizing Abs prevented the THC-induced enhancement in tumor growth. Both APC and T cells from THC-treated mice showed limited capacities to generate alloreactivity. Furthermore, lymphocytes from THC-treated mice transferred the effect to normal mice, resulting in accelerated tumor growth similar to that seen in the THC-treated mice. THC decreased tumor immunogenicity, as indicated by the limited capacity for tumor-immunized, THC-treated mice to withstand tumor rechallenge. In vivo administration of a specific antagonist of the CB2 cannabinoid receptor also blocked the effects of THC. Our findings suggest the THC promotes tumor growth by inhibiting antitumor immunity by a CB2 receptor-mediated, cytokine-dependent pathway.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/prevention & control
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cytokines/physiology
- Dronabinol/antagonists & inhibitors
- Dronabinol/metabolism
- Dronabinol/pharmacology
- Growth Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunosuppressive Agents/antagonists & inhibitors
- Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Lymphocyte Transfusion
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Receptors, Cannabinoid
- Receptors, Drug/physiology
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L X Zhu
- Pulmonary Immunology Laboratory and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|