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Kim GH, Ju JY, Chung KS, Cheon SY, Gil TY, Cominguez DC, Cha YY, Lee JH, Roh SS, An HJ. Rice Hull Extract (RHE) Suppresses Adiposity in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice and Inhibits Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051162. [PMID: 31137609 PMCID: PMC6566172 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of major health challenges in the industrial world. Although rice hull has been reported to show various bioactivities, no studies have evaluated its anti-obesity effect. We hope to demonstrate the anti-obesity effect of rice hull extract (RHE) and the underlying mechanism in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Serum lipid profiles were determined by enzymatic methods. Histological analysis of liver and epididymis fat tissues was carried out with hematoxylin and eosin stain. The mRNA expression of adipogenic markers was analyzed with qRT-PCR and western blotting. Oral administration of RHE reduced body weight gain and fat accumulation in HFD-fed mice. RHE also reduced lipid accumulation by inhibiting the mRNA expression of adipogenic-related genes in HFD-fed obese mice and differentiated preadipocytes. The downregulation of adipogenesis by RHE was mediated through the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). In addition, RHE induced the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in liver and epididymis adipose tissues of HFD-fed obese mice. Taken together, these findings indicate that RHE could inhibit the differentiation of adipose cell and prevent HFD-induced obesity, suggesting its potential in the prevention of obesity and metabolic syndrome and related-disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Hee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si 220702, Korea.
| | - Jae-Yun Ju
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si 220702, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si 220702, Korea.
| | - Se-Yun Cheon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si 220702, Korea.
| | - Tae-Young Gil
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si 220702, Korea.
| | - Divina C Cominguez
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si 220702, Korea.
| | - Yun-Yeop Cha
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine and Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si 220702, Korea.
| | - Jong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 03084, Korea.
- Department of Herbology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Korea.
| | - Seong-Soo Roh
- Department of Herbology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Korea.
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si 220702, Korea.
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Malbert CH, Genissel M, Divoux JL, Henry C. Chronic abdominal vagus stimulation increased brain metabolic connectivity, reduced striatal dopamine transporter and increased mid-brain serotonin transporter in obese miniature pigs. J Transl Med 2019; 17:78. [PMID: 30866954 PMCID: PMC6417219 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective Changes in brain metabolism has been investigated thoroughly during unilateral cervical chronic vagal stimulation in epileptic or depressive patients. Bilateral stimulation of the abdominal vagus (aVNS) has received less attention despite the reduction in body weight and an altered feeding behavior in obese animals that could be clinically relevant in obese individuals. Our study aims to examine the changes in brain glucose metabolism (CMRglu) induced by aVNS in obese adult miniature pigs. Dopamine (DAT) and serotonin transporters (SERT) were also quantified to further understand the molecular origins of the alterations in brain metabolism. Subjects/methods Pairs of stimulating electrodes were implanted during laparoscopy on both abdominal vagal trunks in 20 obese adult’s miniature pigs. Half of the animals were permanently stimulated while the remaining were sham stimulated. Two months after the onset of stimulation, dynamic 18FDG PET and 123I-ioflupane SPECT were performed. Food intake, resting energy expenditure and fat deposition were also assessed longitudinally. Results Food intake was halved and resting energy expenditure was increased by 60% in aVNS group compared to sham. The gain in body weight was also 38% less in aVNS group compared to sham. Brain metabolic connectivity increased between numerous structures including striatum, mid-brain, amygdala and hippocampus. On the contrary, increased CMRglu were restricted to the thalamus, the periaqueducal grey and the amygdala. DAT binding potential was decreased by about one third in the striatum while SERT was about doubled in the midbrain. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that aVNS reduced weight gain as a consequence of diminished daily food intake and increased resting energy expenditure. These changes were associated with enhanced connectivity between several brain areas. A lower striatal DAT together with a doubled mid-brain SERT were likely causative for these changes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1831-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mickael Genissel
- Pegase Unit, Dept of Animal Physiology, INRA, Saint-Gilles, France
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In Vivo Rodent Models of Type 2 Diabetes and Their Usefulness for Evaluating Flavonoid Bioactivity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030530. [PMID: 30823474 PMCID: PMC6470730 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
About 40% of the world’s population is overweight or obese and exist at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Obesity is a leading pathogenic factor for developing insulin resistance (IR). It is well established that IR and a progressive decline in functional β-cell mass are hallmarks of developing T2D. In order to mitigate the global prevalence of T2D, we must carefully select the appropriate animal models to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms of T2D, and to optimize novel therapeutics for their safe use in humans. Flavonoids, a group of polyphenols, have drawn great interest for their various health benefits, and have been identified in naturally occurring anti-diabetic compounds. Results from many clinical and animal studies demonstrate that dietary intake of flavonoids might prove helpful in preventing T2D. In this review, we discuss the currently available rodent animal models of T2D and analyze the advantages, the limitations of each T2D model, and highlight the potential anti-diabetic effects of flavonoids as well as the mechanisms of their actions.
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Xiong Y, Fu X, Mo J, Zhang L. Study on solubility and solubilisation of drying agent in supercritical carbon dioxide for improving local permeability of tight gas reservoir. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1580780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Geology and Exploitation, Petroleum Engineering Institute, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xitong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Geology and Exploitation, Petroleum Engineering Institute, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Geology and Exploitation, Petroleum Engineering Institute, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liehui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Geology and Exploitation, Petroleum Engineering Institute, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
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Pinheiro-Castro N, Silva LBAR, Novaes GM, Ong TP. Hypercaloric Diet-Induced Obesity and Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders in Experimental Models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1134:149-161. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12668-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bai X, Zhang X, Koutsos V, Fu Z, Ning T, Luo Y, Zhou S. Preparation and evaluation of amine terminated polyether shale inhibitor for water-based drilling fluid. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-018-0112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and liver from diet-induced obese rats: a comparison between Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strains. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:655-666. [PMID: 30411231 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Some researchers have proposed important variations in adipose tissue among different strains of rats and mice in response to a high-caloric (hc) diet, but data concerning the mechanisms underlying these differences are scarce. The aim of the present research was to characterize different aspects of triacylglycerol (TG) metabolism and clock genes between Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. For this purpose, 16 male Sprague-Dawley and 16 male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups (n = 8) and fed either a normal-caloric (nc) diet or a hc diet for 6 weeks. After sacrifice, liver and epididymal, perirenal, mesenteric, and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots were dissected, weighed and immediately frozen. Liver TG content was quantified, RNA extracted for gene expression analysis and fatty acid synthase enzyme activity measured. Two-way ANOVA and Student's t test were used to perform the statistical analyses. Under hc feeding conditions, Wistar rats were more prone to fat accumulation in adipose tissue, especially in the epididymal fat depot, due to their increased lipogenesis and fatty acid uptake. By contrast, both strains of rats showed similarly fatty livers after hc feeding. Peripheral clock machinery seems to be a potential explanatory mechanism for Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strain differences. In conclusion, Wistar strain seems to be the best choice as animal model in dietary-induced obesity studies.
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Tassi E, Garman KA, Schmidt MO, Ma X, Kabbara KW, Uren A, Tomita Y, Goetz R, Mohammadi M, Wilcox CS, Riegel AT, Carlstrom M, Wellstein A. Fibroblast Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (FGFBP3) impacts carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15973. [PMID: 30374109 PMCID: PMC6206164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted FGF binding proteins (FGFBP) mobilize locally-acting paracrine FGFs from their extracellular storage. Here, we report that FGFBP3 (BP3) modulates fat and glucose metabolism in mouse models of metabolic syndrome. BP3 knockout mice exhibited altered lipid metabolism pathways with reduced hepatic and serum triglycerides. In obese mice the expression of exogenous BP3 reduced hyperglycemia, hepatosteatosis and weight gain, blunted de novo lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissues, increased circulating adiponectin and decreased NEFA. The BP3 protein interacts with endocrine FGFs through its C-terminus and thus enhances their signaling. We propose that BP3 may constitute a new therapeutic to reverse the pathology associated with metabolic syndrome that includes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tassi
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Khalid A Garman
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Marcel O Schmidt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Xiaoting Ma
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Khaled W Kabbara
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Aykut Uren
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - York Tomita
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Regina Goetz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kidney, and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Anna T Riegel
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Mattias Carlstrom
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kidney, and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Wellstein
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
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Fuchs T, Loureiro MDP, Macedo LE, Nocca D, Nedelcu M, Costa-Casagrande TA. Modelos animais na síndrome metabólica. Rev Col Bras Cir 2018; 45:e1975. [DOI: 10.1590/0100-6991e-20181975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O conhecimento sobre modelos animais para estudo metabólico representa a base da pesquisa nessa área. Este trabalho tem por objetivo revisar os principais modelos animais a serem utilizados no estudo da obesidade e da síndrome metabólica. Para isso, pesquisa no banco de dados Pubmed foi realizada usando as palavras-chave “animal models”, “obesity”, "metabolic syndrome”, e “bariatric surgery”. Várias espécies de animais podem ser usadas para o estudo de distúrbios metabólicos, no entanto, os roedores, tanto modelos monogênicos quanto modelos de obesidade induzida por dieta (DIO), são os animais mais utilizados nessa área. Animais monogênicos são a melhor escolha se apenas um aspecto estiver sendo avaliado. Animais DIO tendem a demonstrar melhor a interação entre doença, ambiente e gene. No entanto, eles ainda não são totalmente eficazes para a compreensão de todos os mecanismos dessa doença.
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Lizarbe B, Cherix A, Duarte JMN, Cardinaux JR, Gruetter R. High-fat diet consumption alters energy metabolism in the mouse hypothalamus. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:1295-1304. [PMID: 30301962 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES High-fat diet consumption is known to trigger an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus, which has been characterized by an initial expression of pro-inflammatory genes followed by hypothalamic astrocytosis, microgliosis, and the appearance of neuronal injury markers. The specific effects of high-fat diet on hypothalamic energy metabolism and neurotransmission are however not yet known and have not been investigated before. SUBJECTS/METHODS We used 1H and 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and immunofluorescence techniques to evaluate in vivo the consequences of high-saturated fat diet administration to mice, and explored the effects on hypothalamic metabolism in three mouse cohorts at different time points for up to 4 months. RESULTS We found that high-fat diet increases significantly the hypothalamic levels of glucose (P < 0.001), osmolytes (P < 0.001), and neurotransmitters (P < 0.05) from 2 months of diet, and alters the rates of metabolic (P < 0.05) and neurotransmission fluxes (P < 0.001), and the contribution of non-glycolytic substrates to hypothalamic metabolism (P < 0.05) after 10 weeks of high-fat feeding. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We report changes that reveal a high-fat diet-induced alteration of hypothalamic metabolism and neurotransmission that is quantifiable by 1H and 13C MRS in vivo, and present the first evidence of the extension of the inflammation pathology to a localized metabolic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Lizarbe
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Antoine Cherix
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - João M N Duarte
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jean-René Cardinaux
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience (CNP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Requena T, Miguel M, Garcés-Rimón M, Martínez-Cuesta MC, López-Fandiño R, Peláez C. Pepsin egg white hydrolysate modulates gut microbiota in Zucker obese rats. Food Funct 2018; 8:437-443. [PMID: 28091678 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is limited information that relates the intake of food-derived bioactive peptides and the gut microbiota. We have previously described a pepsin hydrolysate of egg white (EWH) that ameliorates fat accumulation and dyslipidemia, while reducing oxidative stress and inflammation markers in obese Zucker rats. The aim of this study was to associate the beneficial effects of EWH with gut microbiota changes in these animals. Obese Zucker rats received daily 750 mg kg-1 EWH in drinking water for 12 weeks and faeces were analysed for microbial composition and metabolic compounds in comparison with Zucker lean rats and obese controls. EWH supplementation modulated the microbiological characteristics of the obese rats to values similar to those of the lean rats. Specifically, counts of total bacteria, Lactobacillus/Enterococcus and Clostridium leptum in EWH fed obese Zucker rats were more similar to the lean rats than to the obese controls. Besides, feeding the obese Zucker rats with EWH reduced (P < 0.05) the faecal concentration of lactic acid. The physiological benefits of EWH in the improvement of obesity associated complications of Zucker rats could be associated with a more lean-like gut microbiota and a tendency to diminish total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production and associated obesity complications. The results warrant the use of pepsin egg white hydrolysate as a bioactive food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Requena
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Miguel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Garcés-Rimón
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Martínez-Cuesta
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Peláez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Influenza, a highly contagious respiratory tract infection, affects millions of adults and children each year. Several high-risk populations include children, the elderly, the immunocompromised, and recently the obese. Given the dramatic rise in obesity over the past few decades, this increased risk for influenza infection poses a serious public health threat because nearly 500 million adults and children worldwide are classified as obese. Obesity impairs the immune response to influenza and influenza vaccination through alterations of the cellular immune system. Compared with vaccinated healthy-weight adults, vaccinated obese adults have twice the risk of influenza or influenza-like illness despite equal serological response to vaccination. This challenges the current standard of protection for influenza and suggests that further vaccination methods or therapeutics are required to combat this virulent respiratory virus.
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Angel C, Glovak ZT, Alami W, Mihalko S, Price J, Jiang Y, Baghdoyan HA, Lydic R. Buprenorphine Depresses Respiratory Variability in Obese Mice with Altered Leptin Signaling. Anesthesiology 2018; 128:984-991. [PMID: 29394163 PMCID: PMC5903969 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opiate-induced respiratory depression is sexually dimorphic and associated with increased risk among the obese. The mechanisms underlying these associations are unknown. The present study evaluated the two-tailed hypothesis that sex, leptin status, and obesity modulate buprenorphine-induced changes in breathing. METHODS Mice (n = 40 male and 40 female) comprising four congenic lines that differ in leptin signaling and body weight were injected with saline and buprenorphine (0.3 mg/kg). Whole-body plethysmography was used to quantify the effects on minute ventilation. The data were evaluated using three-way analysis of variance, regression, and Poincaré analyses. RESULTS Relative to B6 mice with normal leptin, buprenorphine decreased minute ventilation in mice with diet-induced obesity (37.2%; P < 0.0001), ob/ob mice that lack leptin (62.6%; P < 0.0001), and db/db mice with dysfunctional leptin receptors (65.9%; P < 0.0001). Poincaré analyses showed that buprenorphine caused a significant (P < 0.0001) collapse in minute ventilation variability that was greatest in mice with leptin dysfunction. There was no significant effect of sex or body weight on minute ventilation. CONCLUSIONS The results support the interpretation that leptin status but not body weight or sex contributed to the buprenorphine-induced decrease in minute ventilation. Poincaré plots illustrate that the buprenorphine-induced decrease in minute ventilation variability was greatest in mice with impaired leptin signaling. This is relevant because normal respiratory variability is essential for martialing a compensatory response to ventilatory challenges imposed by disease, obesity, and surgical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Angel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Zachary T. Glovak
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Wateen Alami
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Sara Mihalko
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Josh Price
- Department of Information Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Yandong Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Helen A. Baghdoyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Ralph Lydic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
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Frisbee SJ, Singh SS, Jackson DN, Lemaster KA, Milde SA, Shoemaker JK, Frisbee JC. Beneficial Pleiotropic Antidepressive Effects of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Interventions in the Metabolic Syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008185. [PMID: 29581223 PMCID: PMC5907597 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the increased prevalence and severity of clinical depression and elevated cardiovascular disease risk represent 2 vexing public health issues, the growing awareness of their combined presentation compounds the challenge. The obese Zucker rat, a model of the metabolic syndrome, spontaneously develops significant depressive symptoms in parallel with the progression of the metabolic syndrome and, thus, represents a compelling model for study. The primary objective was to assess the impact on both cardiovascular outcomes, specifically vascular structure and function, and depressive symptoms in obese Zucker rats after aggressive treatment for cardiovascular disease risk factors with long-term exercise or targeted pharmacological interventions. METHODS AND RESULTS We chronically treated obese Zucker rats with clinically relevant interventions against cardiovascular disease risk factors to determine impacts on vascular outcomes and depressive symptom severity. While most of the interventions (chronic exercise, anti-hypertensive, the interventions (long-term exercise, antihypertensive, antidyslipidemia, and antidiabetic) were differentially effective at improving vascular outcomes, only those that also resulted in a significant improvement to oxidant stress, inflammation, arachidonic acid metabolism (prostacyclin versus thromboxane A2), and their associated sequelae were effective at also blunting depressive symptom severity. Using multivariable analyses, discrimination between the effectiveness of treatment groups to maintain behavioral outcomes appeared to be dependent on breaking the cycle of inflammation and oxidant stress, with the associated outcomes of improving endothelial metabolism and both cerebral and peripheral vascular structure and function. CONCLUSIONS This initial study provides a compelling framework from which to further interrogate the links between cardiovascular disease risk factors and depressive symptoms and suggests mechanistic links and potentially effective avenues for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Frisbee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah S Singh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dwayne N Jackson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kent A Lemaster
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha A Milde
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jefferson C Frisbee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Kleinert M, Clemmensen C, Hofmann SM, Moore MC, Renner S, Woods SC, Huypens P, Beckers J, de Angelis MH, Schürmann A, Bakhti M, Klingenspor M, Heiman M, Cherrington AD, Ristow M, Lickert H, Wolf E, Havel PJ, Müller TD, Tschöp MH. Animal models of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14:140-162. [PMID: 29348476 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
More than one-third of the worldwide population is overweight or obese and therefore at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. In order to mitigate this pandemic, safer and more potent therapeutics are urgently required. This necessitates the continued use of animal models to discover, validate and optimize novel therapeutics for their safe use in humans. In order to improve the transition from bench to bedside, researchers must not only carefully select the appropriate model but also draw the right conclusions. In this Review, we consolidate the key information on the currently available animal models of obesity and diabetes and highlight the advantages, limitations and important caveats of each of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kleinert
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanna M Hofmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Mary C Moore
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
| | - Simone Renner
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilan University München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen C Woods
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Metabolic Diseases Institute, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA
| | - Peter Huypens
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Experimental Genetics, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Experimental Genetics, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mark Heiman
- MicroBiome Therapeutics, 1316 Jefferson Ave, New Orleans, Louisiana 70115, USA
| | - Alan D Cherrington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
| | - Michael Ristow
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8603 Zurich-Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Lickert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilan University München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, 3135 Meyer Hall, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, USA
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Han T, Lee BM, Park YH, Lee DH, Choi HH, Lee T, Kim H. YH18968, a Novel 1,2,4-Triazolone G-Protein Coupled Receptor 119 Agonist for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:201-209. [PMID: 29495245 PMCID: PMC5839499 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) is expressed in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract, and its activation promotes insulin secretion in the beta cells of the pancreatic islets as well as the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in intestinal L cells, consequently improving glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Due to this dual mechanism of action, the development of small-molecule GPR119 agonists has received significant interest for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. We newly synthesized 1,2,4-triazolone derivatives of GPR119 agonists, which demonstrated excellent outcomes in a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) assay. Among the synthesized derivatives, YH18968 showed cAMP=2.8 nM; in GLUTag cell, GLP-1secretion=2.3 fold; in the HIT-T15 cell, and insulin secretion=1.9 fold. Single oral administration of YH18968 improved glucose tolerance and combined treatment with a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor augmented the glucose lowering effect as well as the plasma level of active GLP-1 in normal mice. Single oral administration of YH18968 improved glucose tolerance in a diet induced obese mice model. This effect was maintained after repeated dosing for 4 weeks. The results indicate that YH18968 combined with a DPP-4 inhibitor may be an effective therapeutic candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taedong Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.,Yuhan R&D Institute, Yongin 17084, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yoo Hoi Park
- Yuhan R&D Institute, Yongin 17084, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Yuhan R&D Institute, Yongin 17084, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Choi
- Yuhan R&D Institute, Yongin 17084, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehoon Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakwon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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Collins KH, Herzog W, MacDonald GZ, Reimer RA, Rios JL, Smith IC, Zernicke RF, Hart DA. Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Musculoskeletal Disease: Common Inflammatory Pathways Suggest a Central Role for Loss of Muscle Integrity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:112. [PMID: 29527173 PMCID: PMC5829464 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation can arise in response to a variety of stimuli, including infectious agents, tissue injury, autoimmune diseases, and obesity. Some of these responses are acute and resolve, while others become chronic and exert a sustained impact on the host, systemically, or locally. Obesity is now recognized as a chronic low-grade, systemic inflammatory state that predisposes to other chronic conditions including metabolic syndrome (MetS). Although obesity has received considerable attention regarding its pathophysiological link to chronic cardiovascular conditions and type 2 diabetes, the musculoskeletal (MSK) complications (i.e., muscle, bone, tendon, and joints) that result from obesity-associated metabolic disturbances are less frequently interrogated. As musculoskeletal diseases can lead to the worsening of MetS, this underscores the imminent need to understand the cause and effect relations between the two, and the convergence between inflammatory pathways that contribute to MSK damage. Muscle mass is a key predictor of longevity in older adults, and obesity-induced sarcopenia is a significant risk factor for adverse health outcomes. Muscle is highly plastic, undergoes regular remodeling, and is responsible for the majority of total body glucose utilization, which when impaired leads to insulin resistance. Furthermore, impaired muscle integrity, defined as persistent muscle loss, intramuscular lipid accumulation, or connective tissue deposition, is a hallmark of metabolic dysfunction. In fact, many common inflammatory pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the interrelated tissues of the musculoskeletal system (e.g., tendinopathy, osteoporosis, and osteoarthritis). Despite these similarities, these diseases are rarely evaluated in a comprehensive manner. The aim of this review is to summarize the common pathways that lead to musculoskeletal damage and disease that result from and contribute to MetS. We propose the overarching hypothesis that there is a central role for muscle damage with chronic exposure to an obesity-inducing diet. The inflammatory consequence of diet and muscle dysregulation can result in dysregulated tissue repair and an imbalance toward negative adaptation, resulting in regulatory failure and other musculoskeletal tissue damage. The commonalities support the conclusion that musculoskeletal pathology with MetS should be evaluated in a comprehensive and integrated manner to understand risk for other MSK-related conditions. Implications for conservative management strategies to regulate MetS are discussed, as are future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H. Collins
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Graham Z. MacDonald
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Raylene A. Reimer
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jaqueline L. Rios
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- CAPES Foundation, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ian C. Smith
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ronald F. Zernicke
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David A. Hart
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Family Practice, The Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Alberta Health Services Bone and Joint Health Strategic Clinical Network, Calgary, AB, Canada
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68
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Klingelhutz AJ, Gourronc FA, Chaly A, Wadkins DA, Burand AJ, Markan KR, Idiga SO, Wu M, Potthoff MJ, Ankrum JA. Scaffold-free generation of uniform adipose spheroids for metabolism research and drug discovery. Sci Rep 2018; 8:523. [PMID: 29323267 PMCID: PMC5765134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction is critical to the development of type II diabetes and other metabolic diseases. While monolayer cell culture has been useful for studying fat biology, 2D culture often does not reflect the complexity of fat tissue. Animal models are also problematic in that they are expensive, time consuming, and may not completely recapitulate human biology because of species variation. To address these problems, we have developed a scaffold-free method to generate 3D adipose spheroids from primary or immortal human or mouse pre-adipocytes. Pre-adipocytes self-organize into spheroids in hanging drops and upon transfer to low attachment plates, can be maintained in long-term cultures. Upon exposure to differentiation cues, the cells mature into adipocytes, accumulating large lipid droplets that expand with time. The 3D spheroids express and secrete higher levels of adiponectin compared to 2D culture and respond to stress, either culture-related or toxin-associated, by secreting pro-inflammatory adipokines. In addition, 3D spheroids derived from brown adipose tissue (BAT) retain expression of BAT markers better than 2D cultures derived from the same tissue. Thus, this model can be used to study both the maturation of pre-adipocytes or the function of mature adipocytes in a 3D culture environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius J Klingelhutz
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Francoise A Gourronc
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Anna Chaly
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - David A Wadkins
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Anthony J Burand
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kathleen R Markan
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sharon O Idiga
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 115 S. Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,High Throughput Screening Core Facility at University of Iowa (UIHTS), University of Iowa, 115 S. Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - James A Ankrum
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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69
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Chu DT, Malinowska E, Jura M, Kozak LP. C57BL/6J mice as a polygenic developmental model of diet-induced obesity. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/7/e13093. [PMID: 28400497 PMCID: PMC5392500 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to obesity changes during the course of life. We utilized the C57BL/6J (B6) and 129S mouse as a genetic model for variation in diet‐induced obesity to define the adiposity phenotypes from birth to maturity at 8 weeks‐of‐age. From birth to 8 weeks‐of‐age, both male and female 129S mice had significantly higher fat mass and adiposity index than B6 mice, although they were not obese. After 8 weeks‐of‐age, B6 had greater adiposity/obesity than 129S mice in response to a high fat (HF). We sought to determine the mechanism activating the fat accumulation in B6 mice at 8‐weeks‐of‐age. We used microarray analysis of gene expression during development of inguinal fat to show that molecular networks of lipogenesis were maximally expressed at 8 weeks‐of‐age. In addition, the DNA methylation analysis of the Sfrp5 promoter and binding of acetylated histones to Sfrp5 and Acly promoter regions showed that major differences in the expression of genes of lipogenesis and chromatin structure occur during development. Differences in lipogenesis networks could account for the strain‐dependent differences in adiposity up to 8 weeks‐of‐age; however, changes in the expression of genes in these networks were not associated with the susceptibility to DIO in B6 male mice beyond 8 weeks‐of‐age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Malinowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jura
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Leslie P Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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Abstract
A multi-dimensional strategy to tackle the global obesity epidemic requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this complex condition. Much of the current mechanistic knowledge has arisen from preclinical research performed mostly, but not exclusively, in laboratory mouse and rat strains. These experimental models mimic certain aspects of the human condition and its root causes, particularly the over-consumption of calories and unbalanced diets. As with human obesity, obesity in rodents is the result of complex gene–environment interactions. Here, we review the traditional monogenic models of obesity, their contemporary optogenetic and chemogenetic successors, and the use of dietary manipulations and meal-feeding regimes to recapitulate the complexity of human obesity. We critically appraise the strengths and weaknesses of these different models to explore the underlying mechanisms, including the neural circuits that drive behaviours such as appetite control. We also discuss the use of these models for testing and screening anti-obesity drugs, beneficial bio-actives, and nutritional strategies, with the goal of ultimately translating these findings for the treatment of human obesity. Summary: We review genetic models of obesity, their optogenetic and chemogenetic successors, and the use of dietary manipulations and meal-feeding regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry Barrett
- The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Julian G Mercer
- The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Peter J Morgan
- The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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Abstract
Influenza, a highly contagious respiratory tract infection, affects millions of adults and children each year. Several high-risk populations include children, the elderly, the immunocompromised, and recently the obese. Given the dramatic rise in obesity over the past few decades, this increased risk for influenza infection poses a serious public health threat because nearly 500 million adults and children worldwide are classified as obese. Obesity impairs the immune response to influenza and influenza vaccination through alterations of the cellular immune system. Compared with vaccinated healthy-weight adults, vaccinated obese adults have twice the risk of influenza or influenza-like illness despite equal serological response to vaccination. This challenges the current standard of protection for influenza and suggests that further vaccination methods or therapeutics are required to combat this virulent respiratory virus.
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72
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Lee YM, Yoon Y, Yoon H, Park HM, Song S, Yeum KJ. Dietary Anthocyanins against Obesity and Inflammation. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101089. [PMID: 28974032 PMCID: PMC5691706 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of obesity, due to its associated chronic diseases such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases and cancer. Thus, targeting inflammation is an attractive strategy to counter the burden of obesity-induced health problems. Recently, food-derived bioactive compounds have been spotlighted as a regulator against various chronic diseases due to their low toxicity, as opposed to drugs that induce severe side effects. Here we describe the beneficial effects of dietary anthocyanins on obesity-induced metabolic disorders and inflammation. Red cabbage microgreen, blueberry, blackcurrant, mulberry, cherry, black elderberry, black soybean, chokeberry and jaboticaba peel contain a variety of anthocyanins including cyanidins, delphinidins, malvidins, pelargonidins, peonidins and petunidins, and have been reported to alter both metabolic markers and inflammatory markers in cells, animals, and humans. This review discusses the interplay between inflammation and obesity, and their subsequent regulation via the use of dietary anthocyanins, suggesting an alternative dietary strategy to ameliorate obesity and obesity associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Mi Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Young Yoon
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Haelim Yoon
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Min Park
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Sooji Song
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Jin Yeum
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
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Abstract
The FATZO/Pco mouse is the result of a cross of the C57BL/6J and AKR/J strains. The crossing of these two strains and the selective inbreeding for obesity, insulin resistance and hyperglycemia has resulted in an inbred strain exhibiting obesity in the presumed presence of an intact leptin pathway. Routinely used rodent models for obesity and diabetes research have a monogenic defect in leptin signaling that initiates obesity. Given that obesity and its sequelae in humans are polygenic in nature and not associated with leptin signaling defects, the FATZO mouse may represent a more translatable rodent model for study of obesity and its associated metabolic disturbances. The FATZO mouse develops obesity spontaneously when fed a normal chow diet. Glucose intolerance with increased insulin levels are apparent in FATZO mice as young as 6 weeks of age. These progress to hyperglycemia/pre-diabetes and frank diabetes with decreasing insulin levels as they age. The disease in these mice is multi-faceted, similar to the metabolic syndrome apparent in obese individuals, and thus provides a long pre-diabetic state for determining the preventive value of new interventions. We have assessed the utility of this new model for the pre-clinical screening of agents to stop or slow progression of the metabolic syndrome to severe diabetes. Our assessment included: 1) characterization of the spontaneous development of disease, 2) comparison of metabolic disturbances of FATZO mice to control mice and 3) validation of the model with regard to the effectiveness of current and emerging anti-diabetic agents; rosiglitazone, metformin and semaglutide. CONCLUSION Male FATZO mice spontaneously develop significant metabolic disease when compared to normal controls while maintaining hyperglycemia in the presence of high leptin levels and hyperinsulinemia. The disease condition responds to commonly used antidiabetic agents.
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Tomankova V, Anzenbacher P, Anzenbacherova E. Effects of obesity on liver cytochromes P450 in various animal models. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2017; 161:144-151. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2017.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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YH18421, a novel GPR119 agonist exerts sustained glucose lowering and weight loss in diabetic mouse model. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:772-782. [PMID: 28593550 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) represents a promising target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as it can increase both GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L cells and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from pancreatic β cells. Due to this dual mechanism of action, the development of small molecule GPR119 agonists has received much interest for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Here, we identified a novel small-molecule GPR119 agonist, YH18421 and evaluated its therapeutic potential. YH18421 specifically activated human GPR119 with high potency and potentiated GLP-1 secretion and GSIS in vitro cell based systems. In normal mice, single oral administration of YH18421 improved glucose tolerance. Combined treatment of YH18421 and the DPP-4 inhibitor augmented both plasma active GLP-1 levels and glycemic control. In diet induced obese (DIO) mice model, glucose lowering effect of YH18421 was maintained after 4 weeks of repeat dosing and YH18421 acted additively with DPP-IV inhibitor. We also observed that YH18421 inhibited weight gain during 4 weeks of administration in DIO mice. These data demonstrate that YH18421 is capable of delivering sustained glucose control and preventing weight gain and combination with the DPP-IV inhibitor maybe an effective strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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76
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Green WD, Beck MA. Obesity altered T cell metabolism and the response to infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:1-7. [PMID: 28359913 PMCID: PMC5554716 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An epidemic of obesity over the past three decades increases the risk of chronic and infectious diseases for adults and children alike. Within the past few years, obesity has been shown to impair the adaptive immune response to infection through alterations in T cell functioning. Growing evidence suggests that perturbations in T cell metabolism drives this stunted immune response, stemming from nutrient, hormone and adipokine dysregulation in the obese. In this review, recent findings in the fields of obesity and T cell mediated immunity demonstrate a unique relationship between altered mechanisms of T cell metabolic homeostasis and plasticity of adaptive immune responses in the obese setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Green
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Melinda A Beck
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States.
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Clement E, Lazar I, Muller C, Nieto L. Obesity and melanoma: could fat be fueling malignancy? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:294-306. [PMID: 28222242 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, it has become increasingly clear that adipose tissue, and particularly adipocytes, contributes to tumor progression. Obesity, an ever-increasing worldwide phenomenon, exacerbates this effect. The influence of obesity on melanoma remains poorly studied, although recent data do underline an association between the two diseases in both humans and murine models. Herein, we review the impact of obesity on melanoma incidence and progression and discuss the underlying mechanisms known to be involved. Adipose tissue favors the proliferation and aggressiveness of melanoma cells through a direct dialog, mediated by soluble factors and by exosomes, and through remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. This knowledge could, in the future, help to design new personalized therapeutic options for obese melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Clement
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Ikrame Lazar
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Muller
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Nieto
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse Cedex, France
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78
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Hall Z, Chu Y, Griffin JL. Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis Mass Spectrometry Method for Identifying the Presence and Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5161-5170. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Hall
- Department of Biochemistry
and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Yajing Chu
- Department of Biochemistry
and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Julian L. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry
and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
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79
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Hall Z, Bond NJ, Ashmore T, Sanders F, Ament Z, Wang X, Murray AJ, Bellafante E, Virtue S, Vidal‐Puig A, Allison M, Davies SE, Koulman A, Vacca M, Griffin JL. Lipid zonation and phospholipid remodeling in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2017; 65:1165-1180. [PMID: 27863448 PMCID: PMC5396354 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can progress from simple steatosis (i.e., nonalcoholic fatty liver [NAFL]) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and cancer. Currently, the driver for this progression is not fully understood; in particular, it is not known how NAFLD and its early progression affects the distribution of lipids in the liver, producing lipotoxicity and inflammation. In this study, we used dietary and genetic mouse models of NAFL and NASH and translated the results to humans by correlating the spatial distribution of lipids in liver tissue with disease progression using advanced mass spectrometry imaging technology. We identified several lipids with distinct zonal distributions in control and NAFL samples and observed partial to complete loss of lipid zonation in NASH. In addition, we found increased hepatic expression of genes associated with remodeling the phospholipid membrane, release of arachidonic acid (AA) from the membrane, and production of eicosanoid species that promote inflammation and cell injury. The results of our immunohistochemistry analyses suggest that the zonal location of remodeling enzyme LPCAT2 plays a role in the change in spatial distribution for AA-containing lipids. This results in a cycle of AA-enrichment in pericentral hepatocytes, membrane release of AA, and generation of proinflammatory eicosanoids and may account for increased oxidative damage in pericentral regions in NASH. CONCLUSION NAFLD is associated not only with lipid enrichment, but also with zonal changes of specific lipids and their associated metabolic pathways. This may play a role in the heterogeneous development of NAFLD. (Hepatology 2017;65:1165-1180).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- MRC Human Nutrition ResearchCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Tom Ashmore
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Xinzhu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Sam Virtue
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's HospitalUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Antonio Vidal‐Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's HospitalUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael Allison
- Liver Unit, Department of MedicineCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Susan E. Davies
- Department of HistopathologyCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Michele Vacca
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- MRC Human Nutrition ResearchCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's HospitalUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Julian L. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- MRC Human Nutrition ResearchCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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80
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Ventura LLA, Fortes NCL, Santiago HC, Caliari MV, Gomes MA, Oliveira DR. Obesity-induced diet leads to weight gain, systemic metabolic alterations, adipose tissue inflammation, hepatic steatosis, and oxidative stress in gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatus). PeerJ 2017; 5:e2967. [PMID: 28265495 PMCID: PMC5337087 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, the number of obese people in the world has reached alarming proportions. During the expansion of adipose tissue, a number of functions such as activation and release of cytokines and hormones may be affected. This leads the body to a pro-inflammatory pattern, which may affect the proper functioning of many tissues. Thus, studying the mechanisms by which obesity induces physiological disorders is necessary, and may be facilitated by the use of animal models, in particular rodents. We sought to characterize the metabolic and adipose tissue changes resulting from a diet rich in fats and simple sugars in gerbils. METHODS We divided 14 gerbils into two experimental groups that received a diet rich in simple carbohydrates and fats with 5,86 kcal/g (OB, n = 7) or a standard diet with 4.15 kcal/g (CT; n = 7) for 11 weeks. The animals had free access to water and food. The animal weight and food consumption were measured weekly. Blood, adipose tissue and liver of each animal were collected at the end of experiment. The following parameters were determined: cholesterol (COL), triglycerides (TGL) and glycemia (GLI) in the plasma; cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) and hormones (adiponectin and leptin) in adipose tissue; activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), extraction and differentiation of fat and histology in liver. RESULTS The consumption of a diet rich in simple carbohydrates and fats led to increased total body weight and increased relative weights of liver and adipose tissue. In addition, we observed increased fasting glucose levels and circulating triglycerides, along with high TNF-α production in adipose tissue and increased total fat, cholesterol and triglyceride contents in the liver, contributing to higher intensity of hepatic steatosis. On the other hand, the animals of this group showed depletion in the enzyme activity of SOD and CAT in the liver, as well as reduction of IL-10 and adiponectin levels in adipose tissue. DISCUSSION High intake of saturated fat and simple carbohydrates establish the gerbil as an experimental model for the study of metabolic and hepatic abnormalities resulting from obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana L A Ventura
- Department of Parasitologia/Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Nathália C L Fortes
- Department of Nutrição/Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Helton C Santiago
- Department of Bioquímica e Imunologia/Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Marcelo V Caliari
- Department of Patologia Geral/Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Maria A Gomes
- Department of Parasitologia/Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Dirce R Oliveira
- Department of Nutrição/Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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81
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Cieniewicz AM, Kirchner T, Hinke SA, Nanjunda R, D'Aquino K, Boayke K, Cooper PR, Perkinson R, Chiu ML, Jarantow S, Johnson DL, Whaley JM, Lacy ER, Lingham RB, Liang Y, Kihm AJ. Novel Monoclonal Antibody Is an Allosteric Insulin Receptor Antagonist That Induces Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2017; 66:206-217. [PMID: 27797911 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of type 2 diabetes is impaired insulin receptor (IR) signaling that results in dysregulation of glucose homeostasis. Understanding the molecular origins and progression of diabetes and developing therapeutics depend on experimental models of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. We present a novel monoclonal antibody, IRAB-B, that is a specific, potent IR antagonist that creates rapid and long-lasting insulin resistance. IRAB-B binds to the IR with nanomolar affinity and in the presence of insulin efficiently blocks receptor phosphorylation within minutes and is sustained for at least 3 days in vitro. We further confirm that IRAB-B antagonizes downstream signaling and metabolic function. In mice, a single dose of IRAB-B induces rapid onset of hyperglycemia within 6 h, and severe hyperglycemia persists for 2 weeks. IRAB-B hyperglycemia is normalized in mice treated with exendin-4, suggesting that this model can be effectively treated with a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Finally, a comparison of IRAB-B with the IR antagonist S961 shows distinct antagonism in vitro and in vivo. IRAB-B appears to be a powerful tool to generate both acute and chronic insulin resistance in mammalian models to elucidate diabetic pathogenesis and evaluate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Cieniewicz
- Biologics Research, Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism Therapeutic Area, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Simon A Hinke
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism Therapeutic Area, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Rupesh Nanjunda
- Biologics Research, Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Katharine D'Aquino
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism Therapeutic Area, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Ken Boayke
- Biologics Research, Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Philip R Cooper
- Biologics Research, Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Robert Perkinson
- Biologics Research, Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Mark L Chiu
- Biologics Research, Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Stephen Jarantow
- Biologics Research, Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Dana L Johnson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism Therapeutic Area, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Jean M Whaley
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism Therapeutic Area, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Eilyn R Lacy
- Biologics Research, Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Russell B Lingham
- Biologics Research, Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Yin Liang
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism Therapeutic Area, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Anthony J Kihm
- Biologics Research, Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA
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Abstract
Critical illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. While obesity is often detrimental in the context of trauma, it is paradoxically associated with improved outcomes in some septic patients. The reasons for these disparate outcomes are not well understood. A number of animal models have been used to study the obese response to various forms of critical illness. Just as there have been many animal models that have attempted to mimic clinical conditions, there are many clinical scenarios that can occur in the highly heterogeneous critically ill patient population that occupies hospitals and intensive care units. This poses a formidable challenge for clinicians and researchers attempting to understand the mechanisms of disease and develop appropriate therapies and treatment algorithms for specific subsets of patients, including the obese. The development of new, and the modification of existing animal models, is important in order to bring effective treatments to a wide range of patients. Not only do experimental variables need to be matched as closely as possible to clinical scenarios, but animal models with pre-existing comorbid conditions need to be studied. This review briefly summarizes animal models of hemorrhage, blunt trauma, traumatic brain injury, and sepsis. It also discusses what has been learned through the use of obese models to study the pathophysiology of critical illness in light of what has been demonstrated in the clinical literature.
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83
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Ghoshal S, Zhu Q, Asteian A, Lin H, Xu H, Ernst G, Barrow JC, Xu B, Cameron MD, Kamenecka TM, Chakraborty A. TNP [N2-(m-Trifluorobenzyl), N6-(p-nitrobenzyl)purine] ameliorates diet induced obesity and insulin resistance via inhibition of the IP6K1 pathway. Mol Metab 2016; 5:903-917. [PMID: 27689003 PMCID: PMC5034689 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) lead to various life-threatening diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, asthma, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, extensive research is ongoing to identify novel pathways that can be targeted in obesity/T2D. Deletion of the inositol pyrophosphate (5-IP7) biosynthetic enzyme, inositol hexakisphosphate kinase-1 (IP6K1), protects mice from high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity (DIO) and insulin resistance. Yet, whether this pathway is a valid pharmacologic target in obesity/T2D is not known. Here, we demonstrate that TNP [N2-(m-Trifluorobenzyl), N6-(p-nitrobenzyl)purine], a pan-IP6K inhibitor, has strong anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects in DIO mice. Methods Q-NMR, GTT, ITT, food intake, energy expenditure, QRT-PCR, ELISA, histology, and immunoblot studies were conducted in short (2.5-week)- and long (10-week)-term TNP treated DIO C57/BL6 WT and IP6K1-KO mice, under various diet and temperature conditions. Results TNP, when injected at the onset of HFD-feeding, decelerates initiation of DIO and insulin resistance. Moreover, TNP facilitates weight loss and restores metabolic parameters, when given to DIO mice. However, TNP does not reduce weight gain in HFD-fed IP6K1-KO mice. TNP specifically enhances insulin sensitivity in DIO mice via Akt activation. TNP decelerates weight gain primarily by enhancing thermogenic energy expenditure in the adipose tissue. Accordingly, TNP's effect on body weight is partly abolished whereas its impact on glucose homeostasis is preserved at thermoneutral temperature. Conclusion Pharmacologic inhibition of the inositol pyrophosphate pathway has strong therapeutic potential in obesity, T2D, and other metabolic diseases. Pharmacologic inhibition of IP6K by TNP, at the onset of high fat feeding, decelerates initiation of DIO and insulin resistance in mice. TNP, when treated to DIO mice, promotes weight loss and restores metabolic homeostasis. TNP does not reduce high fat diet induced weight gain in IP6K1-KO mice. TNP promotes insulin sensitivity by stimulating Akt activity, whereas it reduces body weight primarily by enhancing thermogenic energy expenditure. Long-term TNP treatment does not display deleterious side effects.
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Key Words
- 5-IP7, diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- AUC, area under curve
- Akt
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- CD, chow-diet
- CPT1a, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
- Cidea, cell death activator-A
- DIO, diet-induced obesity
- Diabetes
- EE, energy expenditure
- EWAT, epididymal adipose tissue
- Energy expenditure
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- IP6K
- IP6K, Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase
- IP6K1-KO, IP6K1 knockout
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- IWAT, inguinal adipose tissue
- Inositol pyrophosphate
- Obesity
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PGC1α, PPAR coactivator 1 alpha
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- PRDM16, PR domain containing 16
- Pro-TNP, TNP treatment for protection against DIO
- Q-NMR, quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance
- QRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- RER, Respiratory exchange ratio
- RWAT, retroperitoneal adipose tissue
- Rev-TNP, long-term TNP treatment for reversal of DIO
- RevT-TNP, Long-term TNP treatment for reversal of DIO at thermoneutral temperature
- S473, serine 473
- S9, serine 9
- SREV-TNP, short-term TNP treatment for reversal of DIO
- T2D, type-2 diabetes
- T308, threonine 308
- TNP, [N2-(m-Trifluorobenzyl), N6-(p-nitrobenzyl)purine]
- UCP-1/3, uncoupling protein 1/3
- VO2, volume of oxygen consumption
- WAT, white adipose tissue
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbani Ghoshal
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Qingzhang Zhu
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Alice Asteian
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Haifei Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Glen Ernst
- Drug Discovery Division, Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James C Barrow
- Drug Discovery Division, Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Baoji Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Anutosh Chakraborty
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Ochsner SA, Tsimelzon A, Dong J, Coarfa C, McKenna NJ. Research Resource: A Reference Transcriptome for Constitutive Androstane Receptor and Pregnane X Receptor Xenobiotic Signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:937-48. [PMID: 27409825 DOI: 10.1210/me.2016-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) (PXR/NR1I3) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) (CAR/NR1I2) members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors are well-characterized mediators of xenobiotic and endocrine-disrupting chemical signaling. The Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas maintains a growing library of transcriptomic datasets involving perturbations of NR signaling pathways, many of which involve perturbations relevant to PXR and CAR xenobiotic signaling. Here, we generated a reference transcriptome based on the frequency of differential expression of genes across 159 experiments compiled from 22 datasets involving perturbations of CAR and PXR signaling pathways. In addition to the anticipated overrepresentation in the reference transcriptome of genes encoding components of the xenobiotic stress response, the ranking of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and gonadotropin action sheds mechanistic light on the suspected role of xenobiotics in metabolic syndrome and reproductive disorders. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis showed that although acetaminophen, chlorpromazine, and phenobarbital impacted many similar gene sets, differences in direction of regulation were evident in a variety of processes. Strikingly, gene sets representing genes linked to Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's diseases were enriched in all 3 transcriptomes. The reference xenobiotic transcriptome will be supplemented with additional future datasets to provide the community with a continually updated reference transcriptomic dataset for CAR- and PXR-mediated xenobiotic signaling. Our study demonstrates how aggregating and annotating transcriptomic datasets, and making them available for routine data mining, facilitates research into the mechanisms by which xenobiotics and endocrine-disrupting chemicals subvert conventional NR signaling modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Ochsner
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.A.O., J.D., C.C., N.J.M.) and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center (A.T.) and the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas Informatics Group (S.A.O., N.J.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Anna Tsimelzon
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.A.O., J.D., C.C., N.J.M.) and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center (A.T.) and the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas Informatics Group (S.A.O., N.J.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jianrong Dong
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.A.O., J.D., C.C., N.J.M.) and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center (A.T.) and the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas Informatics Group (S.A.O., N.J.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.A.O., J.D., C.C., N.J.M.) and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center (A.T.) and the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas Informatics Group (S.A.O., N.J.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Neil J McKenna
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.A.O., J.D., C.C., N.J.M.) and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center (A.T.) and the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas Informatics Group (S.A.O., N.J.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Gutiérrez-Rebolledo GA, Garduño-Siciliano L, García-Rodríguez RV, Pérez-González MZ, Chávez MI, Bah M, Siordia-Reyes GA, Chamorro-Cevallos GA, Jiménez-Arellanes MA. Anti-inflammatory and toxicological evaluation of Moussonia deppeana (Schldl. & Cham) Hanst and Verbascoside as a main active metabolite. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 187:269-80. [PMID: 27125592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Moussonia deppeana, known as Tlachichinole, is a Mexican medicinal plant used for treatment of inflammatory diseases, influenza, diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders and arthritis. AIM OF THE STUDY In this paper the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as the acute and sub-acute toxicological effects were evaluated for the ethanolic extract from aerial parts of M. deppeana, also its phytochemical analysis is described. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phytochemical analysis and compound isolation were performed with thin layer chromatography. The chemical identification of the main compound was performed by (1)H NMR (COSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC) spectra. In vitro antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content for the ethanolic extract and its primary fractions was determined by DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Acute and subacute toxicity tests were evaluated on Balb/C mice. Finally acute anti-inflammatory evaluation was tested for a local (TPA) and systemic (carrageenan) murine model. RESULTS The main compound isolated from the ethanolic extract of M. deppeana was Verbascoside, which was isolated from F3 and was identified by (1)H NMR and COSY data. Furthermore oleanolic and ursolic acids were isolated from primary fractions F1 and F2. Ethanolic extract showed IC50 = 6.71mg/mL for DPPH test and 664.12µg QE/mL for the total phenolic content. The LD50 value was >2g/kg by i.g. route in male and female mice. Sub-acute administration (28 days) of the ethanolic extract (1g/kg) did not cause lethality or alter any hematological and biochemical parameters, in addition, histological analysis of the major organs exhibited no structural changes. Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract showed an ED50 = 1.5mg/ear and 450mg/kg for TPA and carrageenan test, respectively. Primary fractions generated moderate local and systemic anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSION The ethanolic extract from the aerial parts of M. deppeana did not cause any lethality or adverse effect in either of the acute and sub-acute toxicity tests. This exhibited an important local and systemic anti-inflammatory activity and also moderate antioxidant capacity. Moreover, the primary fraction F2 was more active for the TPA model while the primary fraction F3 was most active in the carrageenan model in vivo. The main compound isolated from F3 was verbascoside; on the other hand also ursolic and oleanolic acids were isolated from F1 and F2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alfonso Gutiérrez-Rebolledo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D.F., México
| | - Leticia Garduño-Siciliano
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Con Manuel M. Stampa, Col. Planetario Lindavista, Del. GAM, 77380 México D.F., México
| | - Rosa Virginia García-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190 Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Mariana Zuleima Pérez-González
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D.F., México
| | - María Isabel Chávez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México D.F., México
| | - Moustapha Bah
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, Cerro de las Campanas, 76010 Querétaro, México
| | - Georgina Alicia Siordia-Reyes
- División de Histopatología, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D.F., México
| | - Germán Alberto Chamorro-Cevallos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Con Manuel M. Stampa, Col. Planetario Lindavista, Del. GAM, 77380 México D.F., México
| | - María Adelina Jiménez-Arellanes
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D.F., México.
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86
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Wojciechowicz T, Skrzypski M, Szczepankiewicz D, Hertig I, Kołodziejski PA, Billert M, Strowski MZ, Nowak KW. Original Research: Orexins A and B stimulate proliferation and differentiation of porcine preadipocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1786-95. [PMID: 27190275 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216649261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin A (OXA) and B (OXB) are neuropeptides which regulate appetite, energy expenditure, and arousal via G-protein coupled receptors termed as OXR1 and OXR2. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of OXA and OXB on proliferation and differentiation of porcine preadipocytes. Porcine preadipocytes express both OXRs. OXA and OXB enhance porcine preadipocyte proliferation by 54.8% or 63.2 %, respectively. OXA and OXB potentiate differentiation of porcine preadipocytes, as judged by the increased lipid accumulation and expression of proadipogenic genes. Cellular lipid content after exposure of preadipocytes for six days to 100 nM OXA or OXB increased by 82.2% or 59.2%, respectively. OXA and OXB suppressed glycerol release by 23.9% or 24.9% in preadipocytes differentiated for six days. OXA (100 nM) increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression in cells differentiated for 24 h by 100.5%. PPARγ expression was also stimulated in preadipocytes differentiated in the presence of 10 nM (58.3%) or 100 nM OXA (50.6%) for three days. OXB potentiated PPARγ mRNA expression at 1 nM (59%), 10 nM (53.2%), and 100 nM (73.9%) in cells differentiated for three days. OXA increased CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha expression in preadipocytes differentiated for six days by 65%. OXB stimulated CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta expression in preadipocytes differentiated for three days at 10 nM (149.5%) as well as 100 nM (207.2%). Lipoprotein lipase mRNA expression increased in cells treated with 10 nM OXA by 152.6% and 100 nM OXA by 162%. Lipoprotein lipase expression increased by 134% at 100 nM OXB. Furthermore, OXA (100 nM) and OXB (100 nM) increased leptin mRNA expression in preadipocytes differentiated for three days by 49.9% or 71.3%, respectively. These data indicate that orexin receptors may be relevant in the context of white adipose tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Wojciechowicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Dawid Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Iwona Hertig
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Paweł A Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Maria Billert
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Mathias Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology and Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Charite-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Clinic, Elblandklinik, Meissen 01662, Germany
| | - Krzysztof W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
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87
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Jeong YJ, Sohn EH, Jung YH, Yoon WJ, Cho YM, Kim I, Lee SR, Kang SC. Anti-obesity effect of Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum Baker extract in high-fat diet-induced and monogenic obese mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:35-43. [PMID: 27470336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the anti-obesity effect of Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum Baker extract (CAE) on adipocytes and obese mice. The inhibitory effects of CAE on adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis were determined using differentiation induction medium in 3T3-L1 cells. To get an insight into underlying molecular actions of CAE, we investigated the changes in the expression levels of genes involved in lipogenesis by CAE treatment using qRT-PCR. CAE strongly suppressed adipocyte differentiation through downregulation of PPARγ, C/EBPα, C/EBP β, and aP2. CAE treatment could also suppress the expression levels of ACC, FAS, LPL and HMGCR gene in 3T3-L1 cells. Male C57BL/6 strain and C57BL/6J-ob/ob strain mice were fed with HFD containing 60% fat and normal diet in the presence or absence of 25, 50, and 100mg/kg CAE for 7 weeks. CAE supplementation could highly suppress the body weight gain and epididymal fat accumulation without changes in food uptake in both obese models. Increases in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride were highly suppressed in the presence of CAE. In summary, CAE has an anti-obesity effect and this anti-obesity potential might be associated with downregulation of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Joon Jeong
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hwa Sohn
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Jung
- Jeju Bio-Science Park, Jeju Technopark, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Weon-Jong Yoon
- Jeju Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju Technopark, Jeju 63608, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Cho
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhye Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ryul Lee
- College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center and Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Inje University, Busan 48108, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
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88
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Phetcharaburanin J, Lees H, Marchesi JR, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Seyfried F, Li JV. Systemic Characterization of an Obese Phenotype in the Zucker Rat Model Defining Metabolic Axes of Energy Metabolism and Host–Microbial Interactions. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1897-906. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jutarop Phetcharaburanin
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Lees
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R. Marchesi
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Digestive and Gut Health, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- School
of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Digestive and Gut Health, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Digestive and Gut Health, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department
of General and Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jia V. Li
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Digestive and Gut Health, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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89
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Mikulášková B, Zemenová J, Pirník Z, Pražienková V, Bednárová L, Železná B, Maletínská L, Kuneš J. Effect of palmitoylated prolactin-releasing peptide on food intake and neural activation after different routes of peripheral administration in rats. Peptides 2016; 75:109-17. [PMID: 26643957 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is an escalating epidemic, but an effective non-invasive therapy is still scarce. For obesity treatment, anorexigenic neuropeptides are promising tools, but their delivery from the periphery to the brain is complicated by their peptide character. In order to overcome this unfavorable fact, we have applied the lipidization of neuropeptide prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP), whose strong anorexigenic effect was demonstrated. A palmitoylated analog of human PrRP (h palm-PrRP31) was injected in free-fed Wistar rats by three routes: subcutaneous (s.c.), intraperitoneal (i.p) (both 5 mg/kg) and intravenous (i.v.) (from 0.01 to 0.5 mg/kg). We found a circulating compound in the blood after all three applications with the highest concentration after i.v. administration. This corresponds to the effect on food intake, which was also strongest after i.v. injection. Moreover, this is in agreement with the fact that the expression of c-Fos in specific brain regions involved in food intake regulation was also highest after intravenous application. Pharmacokinetic data are further supported by results obtained from dynamic light scattering and CD spectroscopy. Human palm-PrRP31 analog showed a strong tendency to micellize, and formation of aggregates suggested lower availability after i.p. or s.c. application. We have demonstrated that palm-PrRP influenced food intake even in free fed rats. Not surprisingly, the maximal effect was achieved after the intravenous application even though two orders of magnitude lower dose was used compared to both two other applications. We believe that palm-PrRP could have a potential as an antiobesity drug when its s.c. application would be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Mikulášková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zemenová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenko Pirník
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Functional Neuromorphology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, SAS, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Human and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Pražienková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bednárová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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90
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Marques C, Meireles M, Norberto S, Leite J, Freitas J, Pestana D, Faria A, Calhau C. High-fat diet-induced obesity Rat model: a comparison between Wistar and Sprague-Dawley Rat. Adipocyte 2016; 5:11-21. [PMID: 27144092 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1061723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, obesity and associated metabolic complications have reached epidemic proportions. For the study of these pathologies, a number of animal models have been developed. However, a direct comparison between Wistar and Sprague-Dawley (SD) Rat as models of high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity has not been adequately evaluated so far. Wistar and SD rats were assigned for 2 experimental groups for 17 weeks: standard (St) and high-fat (HF) diet groups. To assess some of the features of the metabolic syndrome, oral glucose tolerance tests, systolic blood pressure measurements and blood biochemical analysis were performed throughout the study. The gut microbiota composition of the animals of each group was evaluated at the end of the study by real-time PCR. HF diet increased weight gain, body fat mass, mesenteric adipocyte's size, adiponectin and leptin plasma levels and decreased oral glucose tolerance in both Wistar and SD rats. However, the majority of these effects were more pronounced or earlier detected in Wistar rats. The gut microbiota of SD rats was less abundant in Bacteroides and Prevotella but richer in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus comparatively to the gut microbiota of Wistar rats. Nevertheless, the modulation of the gut microbiota by HF diet was similar in both strains, except for Clostridium leptum that was only reduced in Wistar rats fed with HF diet. In conclusion, both Wistar and SD Rat can be used as models of HF diet-induced obesity although the metabolic effects caused by HF diet seemed to be more pronounced in Wistar Rat. Differences in the gut microbial ecology may account for the worsened metabolic scenario observed in Wistar Rat.
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91
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Liu Y, Metzinger MN, Lewellen KA, Cripps SN, Carey KD, Harper EI, Shi Z, Tarwater L, Grisoli A, Lee E, Slusarz A, Yang J, Loughran EA, Conley K, Johnson JJ, Klymenko Y, Bruney L, Liang Z, Dovichi NJ, Cheatham B, Leevy WM, Stack MS. Obesity Contributes to Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Success through Increased Lipogenesis, Enhanced Vascularity, and Decreased Infiltration of M1 Macrophages. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5046-57. [PMID: 26573796 PMCID: PMC4668203 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy, with high mortality attributable to widespread intraperitoneal metastases. Recent meta-analyses report an association between obesity, ovarian cancer incidence, and ovarian cancer survival, but the effect of obesity on metastasis has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to use an integrative approach combining in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies to test the hypothesis that obesity contributes to ovarian cancer metastatic success. Initial in vitro studies using three-dimensional mesomimetic cultures showed enhanced cell-cell adhesion to the lipid-loaded mesothelium. Furthermore, in an ex vivo colonization assay, ovarian cancer cells exhibited increased adhesion to mesothelial explants excised from mice modeling diet-induced obesity (DIO), in which they were fed a "Western" diet. Examination of mesothelial ultrastructure revealed a substantial increase in the density of microvilli in DIO mice. Moreover, enhanced intraperitoneal tumor burden was observed in overweight or obese animals in three distinct in vivo models. Further histologic analyses suggested that alterations in lipid regulatory factors, enhanced vascularity, and decreased M1/M2 macrophage ratios may account for the enhanced tumorigenicity. Together, these findings show that obesity potently affects ovarian cancer metastatic success, which likely contributes to the negative correlation between obesity and ovarian cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Matthew N Metzinger
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Kyle A Lewellen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Stephanie N Cripps
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Kyle D Carey
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | | | - Zonggao Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Laura Tarwater
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Annie Grisoli
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Eric Lee
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Ania Slusarz
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri. Department of Medical Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Elizabeth A Loughran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Kaitlyn Conley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Jeff J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Yuliya Klymenko
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Lana Bruney
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Department of Medical Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Zhong Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Norman J Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | | | - W Matthew Leevy
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - M Sharon Stack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
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Asteian A, Blayo AL, He Y, Koenig M, Shin Y, Kuruvilla DS, Corzo CA, Cameron MD, Lin L, Ruiz C, Khan S, Kumar N, Busby S, Marciano DP, Garcia-Ordonez RD, Griffin PR, Kamenecka TM. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Indole Biphenylcarboxylic Acids as PPARγ Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:998-1003. [PMID: 26396687 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazolidinediones (TZD) typified by rosiglitazone are the only approved therapeutics targeting PPARγ for the treatment of type-2 diabetes (T2DM). Unfortunately, despite robust insulin sensitizing properties, they are accompanied by a number of severe side effects including congestive heart failure, edema, weight gain, and osteoporosis. We recently identified PPARγ antagonists that bind reversibly with high affinity but do not induce transactivation of the receptor, yet they act as insulin sensitizers in mouse models of diabetes (SR1664).1 This Letter details our synthetic exploration around this novel series of PPARγ antagonists based on an N-biphenylmethylindole scaffold. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of compound 46 as a high affinity PPARγ antagonist that exhibits antidiabetic properties following oral administration in diet-induced obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Asteian
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Anne-Laure Blayo
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Yuanjun He
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Marcel Koenig
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Youseung Shin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Dana S. Kuruvilla
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Cesar A. Corzo
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Claudia Ruiz
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Susan Khan
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Scott Busby
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - David P. Marciano
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Ruben D. Garcia-Ordonez
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Patrick R. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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93
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Mallick P, Shah P, Gandhi A, Ghose R. Impact of obesity on accumulation of the toxic irinotecan metabolite, SN-38, in mice. Life Sci 2015; 139:132-8. [PMID: 26334566 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM Our aim is to investigate the impact of high fat diet-induced obesity on plasma concentrations of the toxic irinotecan metabolite, SN-38, in mice. MAIN METHODS Diet-induced obese (DIO, 60% kcal fed) and lean mice (10% kcal fed) were treated orally with a single dose of 10mg/kg irinotecan to determine pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. Feces and livers were collected for quantification of irinotecan and its metabolites (SN-38 & SN-38G). SN-38G formation by Ugt1a1 enzyme was analyzed in liver S9 fractions. Expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α was determined in liver and plasma. Hepatic β-glucuronidase and carboxylesterase enzymes (CES) were also determined. KEY FINDINGS AUC0-8 and Cmax of SN-38 increased by 2-fold in DIO mice compared to their lean controls. This was accompanied by a~2-fold reduction in AUC0-8 and Cmax of SN-38G in DIO mice. There were no differences in the PK parameters of irinotecan in DIO or lean mice. Conversion of SN-38 to SN-38G by Ugt1a1 enzyme was reduced by ~2-fold in liver S9 fractions in DIO mice. Furthermore, in DIO mice, β-glucuronidase activity increased by 2-fold, whereas there was no change in CES activity. TNF-α mRNA expression was 3 fold higher in DIO mice. SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrates that reduced hepatic Ugt1a activity during obesity likely contributes to reduced glucuronidation, and results in higher levels of the toxic metabolite, SN-38. Thus, irinotecan dosage should be closely monitored for effective and safe chemotherapy in obese cancer patients who are at a higher risk of developing liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankajini Mallick
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pranav Shah
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Adarsh Gandhi
- Department of Bioanalysis and Physiology, Lundbeck Research Inc. USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Romi Ghose
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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94
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Do Shale Pore Throats Have a Threshold Diameter for Oil Storage? Sci Rep 2015; 5:13619. [PMID: 26314637 PMCID: PMC4551973 DOI: 10.1038/srep13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a nanoporous template with a controllable channel diameter was used to simulate the oil storage ability of shale pore throats. On the basis of the wetting behaviours at the nanoscale solid-liquid interfaces, the seepage of oil in nano-channels of different diameters was examined to accurately and systematically determine the effect of the pore diameter on the oil storage capacity. The results indicated that the lower threshold for oil storage was a pore throat of 20 nm, under certain conditions. This proposed pore size threshold provides novel, evidence-based criteria for estimating the geological reserves, recoverable reserves and economically recoverable reserves of shale oil. This new understanding of shale oil processes could revolutionize the related industries.
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95
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Hinton PS, Shankar K, Eaton LM, Rector RS. Obesity-related changes in bone structural and material properties in hyperphagic OLETF rats and protection by voluntary wheel running. Metabolism 2015; 64:905-16. [PMID: 25963848 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine how the development of obesity and the associated insulin resistance affect bone structural and material properties, and bone formation and resorption markers in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat model. METHODS This was a 36-week study of sedentary, hyperphagic, male OLETF rats (OLETF-SED), exercise-treated OLETF rats (OLETF-EX) and sedentary non-hyperphagic controls (LETO-SED) with data collection at 13, 20, and 40 weeks of age (n = 5-8 animals per group per timepoint). RESULTS Body mass and fat (%) were significantly greater in OLETF-SED versus controls. OLETF-SED were insulin resistant at 13 and 20 weeks, with overt diabetes by 40 weeks. At 13weeks, OLETF-SED had lower total body BMC and BMD and serum P1NP compared with LETO-SED. Differences in total body BMC and BMD between OLETF-SED and LETO-SED persisted at 20 weeks, with reductions in total and cortical BMD of the tibia. OLETF-SED also had lesser femur diameter, cross-sectional area, polar moment of area, and torque at fracture than LETO-SED. By 40 weeks, OLETF-SED had elevated bone resorption and reduced intrinsic bone strength. OLETF-EX did not show the excessive weight gain, obesity, insulin resistance or diabetes observed in OLETF-SED. OLETF-EX had greater BMD than OLETF-SED, and structural and material properties of the femur were significantly increased in OLETF-EX relative to OLETF-SED and LETO-SED. CONCLUSIONS The negative skeletal effects of excessive adiposity and insulin resistance were evident early in the progressive obesity with lasting negative impacts on intrinsic and extrinsic bone strength. Exercise protected against obesity-associated skeletal changes with marked benefits on the biomechanical properties of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Hinton
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Lynn M Eaton
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - R Scott Rector
- Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, and Departments of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
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96
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Lacroix MC, Caillol M, Durieux D, Monnerie R, Grebert D, Pellerin L, Repond C, Tolle V, Zizzari P, Baly C. Long-Lasting Metabolic Imbalance Related to Obesity Alters Olfactory Tissue Homeostasis and Impairs Olfactory-Driven Behaviors. Chem Senses 2015. [PMID: 26209545 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic food intake disorders and binge eating. Food intake relies on the interaction between homeostatic regulation and hedonic signals among which, olfaction is a major sensory determinant. However, its potential modulation at the peripheral level by a chronic energy imbalance associated to obese status remains a matter of debate. We further investigated the olfactory function in a rodent model relevant to the situation encountered in obese humans, where genetic susceptibility is juxtaposed on chronic eating disorders. Using several olfactory-driven tests, we compared the behaviors of obesity-prone Sprague-Dawley rats (OP) fed with a high-fat/high-sugar diet with those of obese-resistant ones fed with normal chow. In OP rats, we reported 1) decreased odor threshold, but 2) poor olfactory performances, associated with learning/memory deficits, 3) decreased influence of fasting, and 4) impaired insulin control on food seeking behavior. Associated with these behavioral modifications, we found a modulation of metabolism-related factors implicated in 1) electrical olfactory signal regulation (insulin receptor), 2) cellular dynamics (glucorticoids receptors, pro- and antiapoptotic factors), and 3) homeostasis of the olfactory mucosa and bulb (monocarboxylate and glucose transporters). Such impairments might participate to the perturbed daily food intake pattern that we observed in obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique Caillol
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Didier Durieux
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Régine Monnerie
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denise Grebert
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, CH1005 Lausanne, Switzerland and
| | - Cendrine Repond
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, CH1005 Lausanne, Switzerland and
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Christine Baly
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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98
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Polichnowski AJ, Licea-Vargas H, Picken M, Long J, Bisla R, Williamson GA, Bidani AK, Griffin KA. Glomerulosclerosis in the diet-induced obesity model correlates with sensitivity to nitric oxide inhibition but not glomerular hyperfiltration or hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F791-9. [PMID: 26109088 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00211.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The diet-induced obesity (DIO) model is frequently used to examine the pathogenesis of obesity-related pathologies; however, only minimal glomerulosclerosis (GS) has been reported after 3 mo. We investigated if GS develops over longer periods of DIO and examined the potential role of hemodynamic mechanisms in its pathogenesis. Eight-week-old male obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) rats (Charles River) were administered a moderately high-fat diet for 5 mo. Radiotelemetrically measured blood pressure, proteinuria, and GS were assessed. OP (n=10) rats developed modest hypertension (142±3 vs. 128±2 mmHg, P<0.05) and substantial levels of proteinuria (63±12 vs. 12±1 mg/day, P<0.05) and GS (7.7±1.4% vs. 0.4±0.2%) compared with OR rats (n=8). Potential hemodynamic mechanisms of renal injury were assessed in additional groups of OP and OR rats fed a moderately high-fat diet for 3 mo. Kidney weight (4.3±0.2 vs. 4.3±0.1 g), glomerular filtration rate (3.3±0.3 vs. 3.1±0.1 ml/min), and glomerular volume (1.9±0.1 vs. 2.0±0.1 μm3×10(-6)) were similar between OP (n=6) and OR (n=9) rats. Renal blood flow autoregulation was preserved in both OP (n=7) and OR (n=7) rats. In contrast, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration in conscious, chronically instrumented OP (n=11) rats resulted in 15% and 39% increases in blood pressure and renal vascular resistance, respectively, and a 16% decrease in renal blood flow. Minimal effects of L-NAME were seen in OR (n=9) rats. In summary, DIO-associated GS is preceded by an increased hemodynamic sensitivity to L-NAME but not renal hypertrophy or hyperfiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Polichnowski
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University, and Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Hector Licea-Vargas
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University, and Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Maria Picken
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Jianrui Long
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Rashmi Bisla
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University, and Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Geoffrey A Williamson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Anil K Bidani
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University, and Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Karen A Griffin
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University, and Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Maywood, Illinois;
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99
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Miao X, Wang Y, Wang W, Lv X, Wang M, Yin H. The mAb against adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 2E4 attenuates the inflammation in the mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity via toll-like receptor 4 pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 403:1-9. [PMID: 25596549 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) plays an important role in fatty acid-mediated processes and related metabolic and inflammatory responses. In this study, we prepared a novel monoclonal antibody against A-FABP, designated 2E4. Our data showed that 2E4 specifically binded to the recombinant A-FABP and native A-FABP of mice adipose tissue. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of 2E4 on metabolic and inflammatory responses in C57BL/6J obese mice fed on a high fat diet. 2E4 administration improved glucose response in high-fat-diet induced obese mice. The 2E4 treated groups exhibited lower free fatty acids, cholesterol, and triglycerides in a concentration-dependent manner. These changes were accompanied by down-regulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue, including tumor necrosis factor α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and interleukin-6. Meanwhile, our data demonstrated that 2E4 significantly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of A-FABP in adipose tissue of mice. Further experiments showed that 2E4 notably suppressed the phosphorylation of IκBα and jun-N-terminal kinase through toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. Taken together, 2E4 is an effective monoclonal antibody against A-FABP, which attenuated the inflammatory responses induced in the high-fat-diet mice. These findings may provide scientific insight into the treatment of chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Miao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Wang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xiaobo Lv
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Hongping Yin
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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Apalasamy YD, Mohamed Z. Obesity and genomics: role of technology in unraveling the complex genetic architecture of obesity. Hum Genet 2015; 134:361-74. [PMID: 25687726 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex and multifactorial disease that occurs as a result of the interaction between "obesogenic" environmental factors and genetic components. Although the genetic component of obesity is clear from the heritability studies, the genetic basis remains largely elusive. Successes have been achieved in identifying the causal genes for monogenic obesity using animal models and linkage studies, but these approaches are not fruitful for polygenic obesity. The developments of genome-wide association approach have brought breakthrough discovery of genetic variants for polygenic obesity where tens of new susceptibility loci were identified. However, the common SNPs only accounted for a proportion of heritability. The arrival of NGS technologies and completion of 1000 Genomes Project have brought other new methods to dissect the genetic architecture of obesity, for example, the use of exome genotyping arrays and deep sequencing of candidate loci identified from GWAS to study rare variants. In this review, we summarize and discuss the developments of these genetic approaches in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamunah Devi Apalasamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
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