51
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Zhang S, Zhornitsky S, Angarita GA, Li CSR. Hypothalamic response to cocaine cues and cocaine addiction severity. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12682. [PMID: 30295396 PMCID: PMC6453736 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The dopaminergic motive system is compromised in cocaine addiction. Abundant research has examined the roles of the dopaminergic midbrain and ventral striatum (VS) in cue-induced craving and habitual drug consumption. Interconnected with the dopaminergic circuits, the hypothalamus is widely implicated in motivated behavior, including food and drug seeking. However, very few studies have investigated how the hypothalamus responds to drug cues and whether hypothalamic responses are related to clinical features such as craving and addiction severity. Here, in 23 cocaine-dependent individuals (CD) exposed to cocaine vs neutral cues during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined regional responses using established routines. At a corrected threshold, CD demonstrated increased activation to cocaine vs neutral cues in bilateral visual cortex, inferior parietal and middle frontal gyri, and the hypothalamus. The extent of hypothalamus but not other regional response was correlated with craving and cocaine addiction severity, each as assessed by the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire (CCQ) and Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment (CSSA). In contrast, subjective "acute" craving as elicited by cocaine cues during fMRI involved deactivation of bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and angular gyri (AG), and the OFC and AG responses were not related to CCQ or CSSA score. These findings distinguished tonic craving as a critical factor in capturing cocaine addiction severity and substantiated a role of the hypothalamus in motivational dysfunction in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gustavo A. Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Chiang-shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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52
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Suzuki S, Mell MM, O'Malley SS, Krystal JH, Anticevic A, Kober H. Regulation of Craving and Negative Emotion in Alcohol Use Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 5:239-250. [PMID: 31892465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing condition with poor treatment outcomes. Both alcohol craving and negative affect increase alcohol drinking, and-in healthy adults-can be attenuated using cognitive strategies, which rely on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, AUD is associated with cognitive impairments and PFC disruptions. Thus, we tested whether individuals with AUD can successfully recruit the PFC to effectively regulate craving and negative emotions, whether neural mechanisms are shared between the two types of regulation, and whether individual differences influence regulation success. METHODS During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants with AUD completed the regulation of craving task (n = 17) that compares a cue-induced craving condition with an instructed regulation condition. They also completed the emotion regulation task (n = 15) that compares a negative affect condition with an instructed regulation condition. Regulation strategies were drawn from cognitive behavioral therapy treatments for AUD. Self-reported craving and negative affect were collected on each trial. RESULTS Individuals with AUD effectively regulated their craving and negative affect when instructed to do so using cognitive behavioral therapy-based strategies. Regulation was associated with recruitment of both common and distinct PFC regions across tasks, as well as with reduced activity in regions associated with craving and negative affect (e.g., ventral striatum, amygdala). Effective regulation of craving was associated with negative alcohol expectancies. CONCLUSIONS Both common and distinct regulatory systems underlie regulation of craving and negative emotions in AUD, with notable individual differences. This has important implications for AUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Maggie Mae Mell
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Stephanie S O'Malley
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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53
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Brandl F, Le Houcq Corbi Z, Mulej Bratec S, Sorg C. Cognitive reward control recruits medial and lateral frontal cortices, which are also involved in cognitive emotion regulation: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neuroimage 2019; 200:659-673. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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54
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Adams RC, Sedgmond J, Maizey L, Chambers CD, Lawrence NS. Food Addiction: Implications for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Overeating. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2086. [PMID: 31487791 PMCID: PMC6770567 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the obesity epidemic being largely attributed to overeating, much research has been aimed at understanding the psychological causes of overeating and using this knowledge to develop targeted interventions. Here, we review this literature under a model of food addiction and present evidence according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) criteria for substance use disorders. We review several innovative treatments related to a food addiction model ranging from cognitive intervention tasks to neuromodulation techniques. We conclude that there is evidence to suggest that, for some individuals, food can induce addictive-type behaviours similar to those seen with other addictive substances. However, with several DSM-5 criteria having limited application to overeating, the term 'food addiction' is likely to apply only in a minority of cases. Nevertheless, research investigating the underlying psychological causes of overeating within the context of food addiction has led to some novel and potentially effective interventions. Understanding the similarities and differences between the addictive characteristics of food and illicit substances should prove fruitful in further developing these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Adams
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Jemma Sedgmond
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Leah Maizey
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | | | - Natalia S Lawrence
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
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55
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Exploring effects of single-session anodal tDCS over the inferior frontal gyrus on responses to food cues and food cravings among highly disinhibited restrained eaters: A preliminary study. Neurosci Lett 2019; 706:211-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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56
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Kure Liu C, Joseph PV, Feldman DE, Kroll DS, Burns JA, Manza P, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Brain Imaging of Taste Perception in Obesity: a Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2019; 8:108-119. [PMID: 30945140 PMCID: PMC6486899 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-0269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We summarize neuroimaging findings related to processing of taste (fat, salt, umami, bitter, and sour) in the brain and how they influence hedonic responses and eating behaviors and their role in obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Neuroimaging studies in obese individuals have revealed alterations in reward/motivation, executive control/self-regulation, and limbic/affective circuits that are implicated in food and drug addiction. Psychophysical studies show that sensory properties of food ingredients may be associated with anthropometric and neurocognitive outcomes in obesity. However, few studies have examined the neural correlates of taste and processing of calories and nutrient content in obesity. The literature of neural correlated of bitter, sour, and salty tastes remains sparse in obesity. Most published studies have focused on sweet, followed by fat and umami taste. Studies on calorie processing and its conditioning by preceding taste sensations have started to delineate a dynamic pattern of brain activation associated with appetition. Our expanded understanding of taste processing in the brain from neuroimaging studies is poised to reveal novel prevention and treatment targets to help address overeating and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kure Liu
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Paule Valery Joseph
- Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Biobehavioral Branch, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Rm 5B03, Bethesda, MD 20892-2178 USA
| | - Dana E. Feldman
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Danielle S. Kroll
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Jamie A. Burns
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 5274, Bethesda, MD 20892-9581 USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
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57
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Al-Zubaidi A, Mertins A, Heldmann M, Jauch-Chara K, Münte TF. Machine Learning Based Classification of Resting-State fMRI Features Exemplified by Metabolic State (Hunger/Satiety). Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:164. [PMID: 31191274 PMCID: PMC6546854 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has become an essential measure to investigate the human brain's spontaneous activity and intrinsic functional connectivity. Several studies including our own previous work have shown that the brain controls the regulation of energy expenditure and food intake behavior. Accordingly, we expected different metabolic states to influence connectivity and activity patterns in neuronal networks. METHODS The influence of hunger and satiety on rs-fMRI was investigated using three connectivity models (local connectivity, global connectivity and amplitude rs-fMRI signals). After extracting the connectivity parameters of 90 brain regions for each model, we used sequential forward floating selection strategy in conjunction with a linear support vector machine classifier and permutation tests to reveal which connectivity model differentiates best between metabolic states (hunger vs. satiety). RESULTS We found that the amplitude of rs-fMRI signals is slightly more precise than local and global connectivity models in order to detect resting brain changes during hunger and satiety with a classification accuracy of 81%. CONCLUSION The amplitude of rs-fMRI signals serves as a suitable basis for machine learning based classification of brain activity. This opens up the possibility to apply this combination of algorithms to similar research questions, such as the characterization of brain states (e.g., sleep stages) or disease conditions (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, minimal cognitive impairment).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfred Mertins
- Institute for Signal Processing, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kamila Jauch-Chara
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kiel University - Christian-Albrechts, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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58
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Mattavelli G, Gallucci A, Schiena G, D'Agostino A, Sassetti T, Bonora S, Bertelli S, Benetti A, Tugnoli E, Ruggiero GM, Sassaroli S, Romero Lauro L, Gambini O, Papagno C. Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates implicit attitudes towards food in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:576-581. [PMID: 30801792 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuromodulation of regions involved in food processing is increasingly used in studies on eating behaviors, but results are controversial. We assessed the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) on food and body implicit preferences in patients with eating disorders (EDs). METHOD Thirty-six ED patients and 36 healthy females completed three sessions with a-tDCS applied to the medial-prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the right extrastriate body area (rEBA) or in sham mode. Each participant then completed three Implicit Association Tests (IATs) on tasty/tasteless food, underweight/overweight body images, flowers versus insects as control. Differences in latency between incongruent and congruent blocks were calculated (D score). RESULTS The tDCS by group interaction was significant for the IAT-food D score, with patients showing weaker preference for tasty food than controls in sham, but not a-tDCS sessions. In particular, rEBA stimulation significantly increased patients' D score compared to sham. Moreover, a-tDCS over mPFC and rEBA selectively increased patients' reaction times in the incongruent blocks of the IAT-food. DISCUSSION A-tDCS on frontal and occipito-temporal cortices modulated food preferences in ED patients. The effect was specific for food images and selective in patients, but not in healthy participants. These findings suggest that neuromodulation of these regions could affect implicit food attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mattavelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,NeuroMi (Neuroscience Center), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Gallucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,NeuroMi (Neuroscience Center), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Armando D'Agostino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Mental Health, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Sassetti
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Bertelli
- Department of Mental Health, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Benetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tugnoli
- Studi Cognitivi, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maria Ruggiero
- Studi Cognitivi, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Sassaroli
- Studi Cognitivi, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonor Romero Lauro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,NeuroMi (Neuroscience Center), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Orsola Gambini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Mental Health, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy.,CRC "Aldo Ravelli" for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Costanza Papagno
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,CIMeC and CeRiN, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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59
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Stopyra MA, Friederich HC, Sailer S, Pauen S, Bendszus M, Herzog W, Simon JJ. The effect of intestinal glucose load on neural regulation of food craving. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:109-118. [PMID: 30983543 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1600275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Excess sugar consumption, particularly in the form of sweetened beverages, has been identified as a pivotal contributor to the epidemic of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. However, the impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on food craving is still inconclusive. Therefore, the present study aimed to specifically investigate the effects of an intestinal glucose load on neural processing of food cues. Methods: Using a single-blind fMRI design, 26 normal-weight women were scanned on two occasions, after receiving either a glucose or water infusion directly into the stomach using a nasogastric tube, without being aware of the type of infusion. Participants had to either view neutral and food images, or were asked to distract themselves from these images by solving an arithmetic task. Results: In response to viewing high-caloric food cues, we observed increased activation in reward-related brain areas. During food distraction, fronto-parietal brain regions were recruited, which are commonly related to attentional deployment and hedonic valuation. Furthermore, activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed increased functional connectivity with the insula and was correlated with subjective craving levels to food cues. Despite an increase of blood glucose levels in response to the glucose compared to the water infusion, neither subjective food craving nor neural regulation of food craving showed significant differences. Conclusions: These findings support a decreased satiation effect of sweet beverages, as intestinal glucose ingestion and signalling showed no significant effect on cortical brain circuits associated with food craving. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03075371.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion A Stopyra
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Psychological Institute, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Sailer
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabina Pauen
- Psychological Institute, Chair of Developmental and Biological Psychology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joe J Simon
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
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60
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Virgilio N, De Donno R, Bandini E, Napolitano A, Fogliano V, Vitaglione P. Milk protein enriched beverage reduces post-exercise energy intakes in women with higher levels of cognitive dietary restraint. Food Res Int 2019; 118:58-64. [PMID: 30898353 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the satiating efficacy of milk proteins compared to carbohydrates in twenty women during post-exercise period. METHODS A milk protein-enriched beverage (MPB), and an isocaloric carbohydrate-enriched beverage (CB) containing respectively 9.3g and 0.3g of milk proteins per 100mL beverage, were developed and tested in a satiety study with 20 free-living healthy and normal weight women. The participants drank 250mL of the two beverages after an aerobic exercise session, filled daily food diaries and rated their appetite on visual analogue scale (VAS), in two days over three consecutive weeks. A psychometric evaluation of eating behaviour was obtained by three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ). RESULTS No differences in appetite feelings and energy intakes between MPB and CB were found in the study population. However, 9 participants were significantly less hungry (-9% vs+15%, p 0.03) and ate later (208min vs 127min, p 0.03) and less (-10% vs+8% daily energy intake, p 0.01) when they had MPB than CB. These women had a slightly higher BMI and were more restrained than the others. CONCLUSIONS Data showed that MPB compared to CB could modify daily eating habits by enhancing satiety in women with a stronger cognitive control of eating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolina Virgilio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | - Roberta De Donno
- Research & Development, Parmalat Italia S.p.A, Collecchio, Italy
| | - Enrica Bandini
- Research & Development, Parmalat Italia S.p.A, Collecchio, Italy
| | - Aurora Napolitano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality & Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy.
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61
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Kohl SH, Veit R, Spetter MS, Günther A, Rina A, Lührs M, Birbaumer N, Preissl H, Hallschmid M. Real-time fMRI neurofeedback training to improve eating behavior by self-regulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A randomized controlled trial in overweight and obese subjects. Neuroimage 2019; 191:596-609. [PMID: 30798010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with altered responses to food stimuli in prefrontal brain networks that mediate inhibitory control of ingestive behavior. In particular, activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is reduced in obese compared to normal-weight subjects and has been linked to the success of weight-loss dietary interventions. In a randomized controlled trial in overweight/obese subjects, we investigated the effect on eating behavior of volitional up-regulation of dlPFC activity via real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback training. Thirty-eight overweight or obese subjects (BMI 25-40 kg/m2) took part in fMRI neurofeedback training with the aim of increasing activity of the left dlPFC (dlPFC group; n = 17) or of the visual cortex (VC/control group; n = 21). Participants were blinded to group assignment. The training session took place on a single day and included three training runs of six trials of up-regulation and passive viewing. Food appraisal and snack intake were assessed at screening, after training, and in a follow-up session four weeks later. Participants of both groups succeeded in up-regulating activity of the targeted brain area. However, participants of the control group also showed increased left dlPFC activity during up-regulation. Functional connectivity between dlPFC and ventromedial PFC, an area that processes food value, was generally increased during up-regulation compared to passive viewing. At follow-up compared to baseline, both groups rated pictures of high-, but not low-calorie foods as less palatable and chose them less frequently. Actual snack intake remained unchanged but palatability and choice ratings for chocolate cookies decreased after training. We demonstrate that one session of fMRI neurofeedback training enables individuals with increased body weight to up-regulate activity of the left dlPFC. Behavioral effects were observed in both groups, which might have been due to dlPFC co-activation in the control group and, in addition, unspecific training effects. Improved dlPFC-vmPFC functional connectivity furthermore suggested enhanced food intake-related control mechanisms. Neurofeedback training might support therapeutic strategies aiming at improved self-control in obesity, although the respective contributions of area-specific mechanisms and general regulation effects are in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H Kohl
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ralf Veit
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany; High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maartje S Spetter
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Astrid Günther
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andriani Rina
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Lührs
- Brain Innovation B.V, Research Department, Maastricht, Netherlands; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, Geneva, 1202, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
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62
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Neseliler S, Hu W, Larcher K, Zacchia M, Dadar M, Scala SG, Lamarche M, Zeighami Y, Stotland SC, Larocque M, Marliss EB, Dagher A. Neurocognitive and Hormonal Correlates of Voluntary Weight Loss in Humans. Cell Metab 2019; 29:39-49.e4. [PMID: 30344017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient responses to hypocaloric diets have been attributed to hormonal adaptations that override self-control of food intake. We tested this hypothesis by measuring circulating energy-balance hormones and brain functional magnetic resonance imaging reactivity to food cues in 24 overweight/obese participants before, and 1 and 3 months after starting a calorie restriction diet. Increased activity and functional connectivity in prefrontal regions at month 1 correlated with weight loss at months 1 and 3. Weight loss was also correlated with increased plasma ghrelin and decreased leptin, and these changes were associated with food cue reactivity in reward-related brain regions. However, the reduction in leptin did not counteract weight loss; indeed, it was correlated with further weight loss at month 3. Activation in prefrontal regions associated with self-control could contribute to successful weight loss and maintenance. This work supports the role of higher-level cognitive brain function in body-weight regulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Neseliler
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Wen Hu
- Crabtree Nutrition Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kevin Larcher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Maria Zacchia
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mahsa Dadar
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stephanie G Scala
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marie Lamarche
- Crabtree Nutrition Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Yashar Zeighami
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stephen C Stotland
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Avenue, Montréal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Maurice Larocque
- Clinique Motivation Minceur, 7106 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC H2S 2S4, Canada
| | - Errol B Marliss
- Crabtree Nutrition Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Sedgmond J, Lawrence NS, Verbruggen F, Morrison S, Chambers CD, Adams RC. Prefrontal brain stimulation during food-related inhibition training: effects on food craving, food consumption and inhibitory control. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181186. [PMID: 30800367 PMCID: PMC6366210 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity using non-invasive brain stimulation has been shown to reduce food craving as well as food consumption. Using a preregistered design, we examined whether bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the DLPFC could reduce food craving and consumption in healthy participants when administered alongside the cognitive target of inhibitory control training. Participants (N = 172) received either active or sham tDCS (2 mA; anode F4, cathode F3) while completing a food-related Go/No-Go task. State food craving, ad-lib food consumption and response inhibition were evaluated. Compared with sham stimulation, we found no evidence for an effect of active tDCS on any of these outcome measures in a predominantly female sample. Our findings raise doubts about the effectiveness of single-session tDCS on food craving and consumption. Consideration of individual differences, improvements in tDCS protocols and multi-session testing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Sedgmond
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Natalia S. Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Frederick Verbruggen
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sinead Morrison
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Christopher D. Chambers
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Rachel C. Adams
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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64
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Kruschwitz JD, Ludwig VU, Waller L, List D, Wisniewski D, Wolfensteller U, Goschke T, Walter H. Regulating Craving by Anticipating Positive and Negative Outcomes: A Multivariate Pattern Analysis and Network Connectivity Approach. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:297. [PMID: 30564107 PMCID: PMC6289042 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During self-control, we may resist short-term temptations in order to reach a favorable future (e.g., resisting cake to stay healthy). The neural basis of self-control is typically attributed to "cold," unemotional cognitive control mechanisms which inhibit affect-related regions via the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Here, we investigate the neural underpinnings of regulating cravings by mentally evoking the positive consequences of resisting a temptation (e.g., being healthy) as opposed to evoking the negative consequences of giving in to a temptation (e.g., becoming overweight). It is conceivable that when using these types of strategies, regions associated with emotional processing [e.g., striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)] are involved in addition to control-related prefrontal and parietal regions. Thirty-one participants saw pictures of unhealthy snacks in the fMRI scanner and, depending on the trial, regulated their craving by thinking of the positive consequences of resisting, or the negative consequences of not resisting. In a control condition, they anticipated the pleasure of eating and thus, allowed the craving to occur (now-condition). In line with previous studies, we found activation of a cognitive control network during self-regulation. In the negative future thinking condition, the insula was more active than in the positive condition, while there were no activations that were stronger in the positive (> negative) future thinking condition. However, additionally, multivariate pattern analysis showed that during craving regulation, information about the valence of anticipated emotions was present in the vmPFC, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the insula. Moreover, a network including vmPFC and PCC showed higher connectivity during the positive (> negative) future thinking condition. Since these regions are often associated with affective processing, these findings suggest that "hot," affective processes may, at least in certain circumstances, play a role in self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann D Kruschwitz
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 940 "Volition and Cognitive Control", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vera U Ludwig
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Mindfulness Center, Brown School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Lea Waller
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 940 "Volition and Cognitive Control", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David List
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 940 "Volition and Cognitive Control", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Wisniewski
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Uta Wolfensteller
- Collaborative Research Centre 940 "Volition and Cognitive Control", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Goschke
- Collaborative Research Centre 940 "Volition and Cognitive Control", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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65
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Stice E, Yokum S. Relation of neural response to palatable food tastes and images to future weight gain: Using bootstrap sampling to examine replicability of neuroimaging findings. Neuroimage 2018; 183:522-531. [PMID: 30144570 PMCID: PMC6197913 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Because understanding neural vulnerability factors that predict future weight gain may guide the design of more effective obesity prevention programs and treatments, we tested whether neural response to palatable food tastes and images predicted future weight gain. We recruited 135 initially healthy weight adolescents, to reduce the possibility that a history of overeating affected neural responsivity, had them complete fMRI paradigms examining neural response to tastes of milkshakes that varied in fat and sugar content and images of palatable foods, and assessed BMI annually over a 3-year follow-up. We used a novel bootstrapping analytic approach to investigate the replicability of the fMRI findings. Whole-brain analyses indicated that lower response in the pre-supplemental motor area to high-fat/low-sugar milkshake taste predicted future BMI gain in the full sample and in 5 out of the 10 bootstrap samples. Elevated response in the precentral gyrus/Rolandic operculum to images of appetizing foods predicted future BMI gain in the full sample and in 4 out of the 10 bootstrap samples. Other peaks that emerged in the full sample did not replicate in most of the bootstrap samples, suggesting they were not reliable. Region of interest analyses did not replicate the predictive effects of peaks reported in past papers that used similar paradigms, including the evidence that TaqIA polymorphism moderated the relation of striatal response to palatable food tastes to future weight gain. Results suggest that lower responsivity of a region implicated in motor processing in response to palatable taste was associated with greater BMI gain over time, and further that bootstrap sampling may be useful for estimating the replicability of findings that emerge from whole brain analyses or regions of interest analyses with the full sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| | - S Yokum
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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66
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Pleger B. Invasive and Non-invasive Stimulation of the Obese Human Brain. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:884. [PMID: 30555295 PMCID: PMC6281888 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that non-invasive and invasive brain stimulation may reduce food craving and calorie consumption rendering these techniques potential treatment options for obesity. Non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or repetitive transcranial magnet stimulation (rTMS) are used to modulate activity in superficially located executive control regions, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Modulation of the DLPFC’s activity may alter executive functioning and food reward processing in interconnected dopamine-rich regions such as the striatum or orbitofrontal cortex. Modulation of reward processing can also be achieved by invasive deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the nucleus accumbens. Another target for DBS is the lateral hypothalamic area potentially leading to improved energy expenditure. To date, available evidence is, however, restricted to few exceptional cases of morbid obesity. The vagal nerve plays a crucial role in signaling the homeostatic demand to the brain. Invasive or non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is thus assumed to reduce appetite, rendering VNS another possible treatment option for obesity. Based on currently available evidence, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved VNS for the treatment of obesity. This review summarizes scientific evidence regarding these techniques’ efficacy in modulating food craving and calorie intake. It is time for large controlled clinical trials that are necessary to translate currently available research discoveries into patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Pleger
- Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany.,BMBF nutriCARD, Center of Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 874 "Integration and Representation of Sensory Processes", Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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67
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Park BY, Lee MJ, Kim M, Kim SH, Park H. Structural and Functional Brain Connectivity Changes Between People With Abdominal and Non-abdominal Obesity and Their Association With Behaviors of Eating Disorders. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:741. [PMID: 30364290 PMCID: PMC6193119 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal obesity is important for understanding obesity, which is a worldwide medical problem. We explored structural and functional brain differences in people with abdominal and non-abdominal obesity by using multimodal neuroimaging and up-to-date analysis methods. A total of 274 overweight people, whose body mass index exceeded 25, were enrolled in this study. Participants were divided into abdominal and non-abdominal obesity groups using a waist–hip ratio threshold of 0.9 for males and 0.85 for females. Structural and functional brain differences were assessed with diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Centrality measures were computed from structural fiber tractography, and static and dynamic functional connectivity matrices. Significant inter-group differences in structural and functional connectivity were found using degree centrality (DC) values. The associations between the DC values of the identified regions/networks and behaviors of eating disorder scores were explored. The highest association was achieved by combining DC values of the cerebral peduncle, anterior corona radiata, posterior corona radiata (from structural connectivity), frontoparietal network (from static connectivity), and executive control network (from dynamic connectivity) compared to the use of structural or functional connectivity only. Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of multimodal imaging data and found brain regions or networks that may be responsible for behaviors of eating disorders in people with abdominal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yong Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.,Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Mi Ji Lee
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mansu Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.,Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Se-Hong Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Catholic University College of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Park
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, South Korea.,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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68
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Kumar S, Grundeis F, Brand C, Hwang HJ, Mehnert J, Pleger B. Satiety-induced enhanced neuronal activity in the frontal operculum relates to the desire for food in the obese female brain. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2553-2562. [PMID: 29934780 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present pilot study, we questioned how eating to satiety affects cognitive influences on the desire for food and corresponding neuronal activity in the obese female brain. During EEG recording, lean (n = 10) and obese women (n = 10) self-rated the ability to reappraise visually presented food. All women were measured twice, when hungry and after eating to satiety. After eating to satiety, reappraisal of food was easier than when being hungry. Comparing the EEG data of the sated to the hungry state, we found that only in obese women the frontal operculum was involved not only in the reappraisal of food but also in admitting the desire for the same food. The right frontal operculum in the obese female brain, assumed to primarily host gustatory processes, may be involved in opposing cognitive influences on the desire for food. These findings may help to find potential brain targets for non-invasive brain stimulation or neurofeedback studies that aim at modulating the desire for food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of System Neuroscience, Universal Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felicitas Grundeis
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cristin Brand
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Han-Jeong Hwang
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jan Mehnert
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of System Neuroscience, Universal Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Pleger
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Place 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
- Collaborative Research Centre 874 "Integration and Representation of Sensory Processes", Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
- BMBF "nutriCARD", Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena (FSU), Dornburger Str. 25, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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69
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Giuliani NR, Merchant JS, Cosme D, Berkman ET. Neural predictors of eating behavior and dietary change. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1428:208-220. [PMID: 29543993 PMCID: PMC6139096 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increase in the number of human neuroimaging studies seeking to predict behavior above and beyond traditional measurements such as self-report. This trend has been particularly notable in the area of food consumption, as the percentage of people categorized as overweight or obese continues to rise. In this review, we argue that there is considerable utility in this form of health neuroscience, modeling the neural bases of eating behavior and dietary change in healthy community populations. Further, we propose a model and accompanying evidence indicating that several basic processes underlying eating behavior, particularly reactivity, regulation, and valuation, can be predictive of behavior change. We also discuss future directions for this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Giuliani
- Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon
| | | | - Danielle Cosme
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon
| | - Elliot T. Berkman
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon
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70
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Cognitive reappraisal of low-calorie food predicts real-world craving and consumption of high- and low-calorie foods in daily life. Appetite 2018; 131:44-52. [PMID: 30176299 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In an increasingly obesogenic environment, an individual's regulatory capacity to pursue nutrient-rich, low-calorie foods over palatable, energy-dense items is essential to maintaining a healthy weight and preventing the detrimental health risks of obesity. Cognitive reappraisal, the process by which one changes the meaning of a stimulus by altering its emotional impact (or in this case, its appetitive value) demonstrates promise as a regulatory strategy to decrease obesogenic food consumption, but little research has directly addressed the relationship between cognitive reappraisal of food cravings and real-world eating behaviors. Additionally, research examining self-regulation of eating has typically focused exclusively on diminishing cravings and consumption of unhealthy, high-calorie foods, rather than examining, in tandem, ways to strengthen (or, up-regulate) cravings for healthier, low-calorie alternatives. In the present study, fifty-seven college aged participants first completed a cognitive reappraisal task in the laboratory in which they practiced regulating their craving responses to high- and low-calorie food items by focusing on the long-term health consequences of repeatedly consuming the pictured foods. Next, for a week following the laboratory session, participants reported daily eating behaviors via ecological momentary assessment. Participants who reported greater up-regulatory success during the reappraisal task also reported increased craving strength for low-calorie foods as well as decreased consumption of high-calorie foods in their daily lives. Greater overall regulation success also predicted more frequent consumption of craved low-calorie foods. These findings substantiate the association between cognitive reappraisal ability and real-world appetitive behaviors, and suggest that future interventions may benefit from specifically targeting individuals' evaluations of low-calorie foods.
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71
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Han JE, Boachie N, Garcia-Garcia I, Michaud A, Dagher A. Neural correlates of dietary self-control in healthy adults: A meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. Physiol Behav 2018; 192:98-108. [PMID: 29496487 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Han
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, QC, Canada.
| | - Nadia Boachie
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, QC, Canada.
| | - Isabel Garcia-Garcia
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, QC, Canada.
| | - Andréanne Michaud
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, QC, Canada.
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, QC, Canada.
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72
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Li G, Ji G, Hu Y, Xu M, Jin Q, Liu L, von Deneen KM, Zhao J, Chen A, Cui G, Wang H, Zhao Q, Wu K, Shokri-Kojori E, Tomasi D, Volkow ND, Nie Y, Zhang Y, Wang GJ. Bariatric surgery in obese patients reduced resting connectivity of brain regions involved with self-referential processing. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4755-4765. [PMID: 30062852 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obese individuals exhibit brain alterations of resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) integrity of resting-state networks (RSNs) related to food intake. Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for combating morbid obesity. How bariatric surgery influences neurocircuitry is mostly unknown. Functional connectivity density (FCD) mapping was employed to calculate local (lFCD)/global (gFCD) voxelwise connectivity metrics in 22 obese participants who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging before and 1 month after sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and in 19 obese controls (Ctr) without surgery but tested twice (baseline and 1-month later). Two factor (group, time) repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess main and interaction effects in lFCD/gFCD; regions of interest were identified for subsequent seed to voxel connectivity analyses to assess resting-state functional connectivity and to examine association with weight loss. Bariatric surgery significantly decreased lFCD in VMPFC, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)/dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) and decreased gFCD in VMPFC, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and right insula (pFWE < .05). lFCD decreased in VMPFC and PCC/precuneus correlated with reduction in BMI after surgery. Seed to voxel connectivity analyses showed the VMPFC had stronger connectivity with left DLPFC and weaker connectivity with hippocampus/parahippocampus, and PCC/precuneus had stronger connectivity with right caudate and left DLPFC after surgery. Bariatric surgery significantly decreased FCD in regions involved in self-referential processing (VMPFC, DMPFC, dACC, and precuneus), and interoception (insula), and changes in VMPFC/precuneus were associated with reduction in BMI suggesting a role in improving control of eating behaviors following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanya Li
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingzhu Xu
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingchao Jin
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Karen M von Deneen
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jizheng Zhao
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Antao Chen
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangbin Cui
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huaning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ehsan Shokri-Kojori
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
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73
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Miedl SF, Blechert J, Meule A, Richard A, Wilhelm FH. Suppressing images of desire: Neural correlates of chocolate-related thoughts in high and low trait chocolate cravers. Appetite 2018. [PMID: 29518469 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chocolate is the most often craved food in Western societies and many individuals try to resist its temptation due to weight concerns. Suppressing chocolate-related thoughts might, however, lead to paradoxical enhancements of these thoughts and this effect might be more pronounced in individuals with frequent chocolate cravings. In the current study, neural and cognitive correlates of chocolate thought suppression were investigated as a function of trait chocolate craving. Specifically, 20 high and 20 low trait chocolate cravers followed suppression vs. free thinking instructions after being exposed to chocolate and neutral images. Enhanced cue reactivity was evident in high trait chocolate cravers in that they reported more chocolate-related thoughts selectively after chocolate images compared to their low trait craving counterparts. This cue reactivity was mirrored neurally by higher activation in the ventral and dorsal striatum, demonstrating enhanced reward system activity. Unexpectedly, high trait chocolate cravers successfully reduced their elevated chocolate thoughts in the suppression condition. This lends support for the use of thought suppression as a means of regulating unwanted thoughts, cravings and imagery. Whether this thought manipulation is able to curb the elevated cue reactivity and the underlying reward sensitivity in chocolate cravers in applied settings remains to be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan F Miedl
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Richard
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank H Wilhelm
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria
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74
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Premenstrual appetite and emotional responses to foods among women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Appetite 2018; 125:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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75
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76
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Tusche A, Hutcherson CA. Cognitive regulation alters social and dietary choice by changing attribute representations in domain-general and domain-specific brain circuits. eLife 2018; 7:31185. [PMID: 29813018 PMCID: PMC5973829 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Are some people generally more successful using cognitive regulation or does it depend on the choice domain? Why? We combined behavioral computational modeling and multivariate decoding of fMRI responses to identify neural loci of regulation-related shifts in value representations across goals and domains (dietary or altruistic choice). Surprisingly, regulatory goals did not alter integrative value representations in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which represented all choice-relevant attributes across goals and domains. Instead, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) flexibly encoded goal-consistent values and predicted regulatory success for the majority of choice-relevant attributes, using attribute-specific neural codes. We also identified domain-specific exceptions: goal-dependent encoding of prosocial attributes localized to precuneus and temporo-parietal junction (not DLPFC). Our results suggest that cognitive regulation operated by changing specific attribute representations (not integrated values). Evidence of domain-general and domain-specific neural loci reveals important divisions of labor, explaining when and why regulatory success generalizes (or doesn’t) across contexts and domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Tusche
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Cendri A Hutcherson
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Marketing, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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77
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Mostafavi SA, Khaleghi A, Mohammadi MR, Akhondzadeh S. Is transcranial direct current stimulation an effective modality in reducing food craving? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:55-67. [PMID: 29734883 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1470371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive electrical stimulation of the brain has recently been extensively investigated to regulate food craving. However, the existing literature is controversial and there are some important questions which need to be addressed about clinical and technical factors contributing to efficacy of this method. A systematic search was performed in reliable scientific databases, and 15 eligible studies were identified. The pooled standardized mean differences for the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on Visual Analogue Scale, energy intake and food craving questionnaire were -0.78 [-1.12, -0.44], -0.91 [-1.38, -0.44], -0.54 [-0.85, -0.24], respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the most important factors associated with the impact of tDCS on food craving were the population under study, current intensity of stimulation, and number of stimulation sessions. The findings of this study support a significant impact of neuromodulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on energy intake and food craving using tDCS. It is recommended that multisession bilateral stimulation of the DLPFC with the current intensity of 2 mA be used to reduce food craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Ali Mostafavi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khaleghi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Akhondzadeh
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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78
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Abstract
The significant progress of psychiatry in the 20th century provided a sophisticated theoretical framework to analyze the complex relationships between crime and mental illness. Schizophrenia has been traditionally associated with severe cognitive and affective deficits that heavily influence empathy, judgment capacities, but also control of impulsiveness. Although there is an association between psychotic disorders and absence or decrease of legal responsibility, their relationship is also determined by sociodemographic, developmental, and clinical factors. These disorders are associated not only with abolished criminal responsibility but also with diminished responsibility. We conduct a systematic literature review to examine the relation between schizophrenia and criminal responsibility. We have found that this clinical entity is often associated with diminished or abolished criminal liability. We discuss these findings, focusing on the specific deficits found in patients with schizophrenia and examining how this problem affects their behavior and eventually their accountability for their crimes.
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79
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Wabnegger A, Schwab D, Schienle A. Aversive aftertaste changes visual food cue reactivity: An fMRI study on cross-modal perception. Neurosci Lett 2018; 673:56-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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80
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Crézé C, Notter-Bielser ML, Knebel JF, Campos V, Tappy L, Murray M, Toepel U. The impact of replacing sugar- by artificially-sweetened beverages on brain and behavioral responses to food viewing – An exploratory study. Appetite 2018; 123:160-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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81
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Makaronidis JM, Batterham RL. Obesity, body weight regulation and the brain: insights from fMRI. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20170910. [PMID: 29365284 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity constitutes a major global health threat. Despite the success of bariatric surgery in delivering sustainable weight loss and improvement in obesity-related morbidity, effective non-surgical treatments are urgently needed, necessitating an increased understanding of body weight regulation. Neuroimaging studies undertaken in people with healthy weight, overweight, obesity and following bariatric surgery have contributed to identifying the neurophysiological changes seen in obesity and help increase our understanding of the mechanisms driving the favourable eating behaviour changes and sustained weight loss engendered by bariatric surgery. These studies have revealed a key interplay between peripheral metabolic signals, homeostatic and hedonic brain regions and genetics. Findings from brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have consistently associated obesity with an increased motivational drive to eat, increased reward responses to food cues and impaired food-related self-control processes. Interestingly, new data link these obesity-associated changes with structural and connectivity changes within the central nervous system. Moreover, emerging data suggest that bariatric surgery leads to neuroplastic recovery. A greater understanding of the interactions between peripheral signals of energy balance, the neural substrates that regulate eating behaviour, the environment and genetics will be key for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for obesity. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the pathoaetiology of obesity with a focus upon the role that fMRI studies have played in enhancing our understanding of the central regulation of eating behaviour and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Makaronidis
- 1 Department of Medicine, Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, University College London , London , UK.,2 Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital (UCLH) Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital , London , UK.,3 Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, National Institute of Health Research, UCLH Biomedical Research Centre , London , UK
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- 1 Department of Medicine, Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, University College London , London , UK.,2 Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital (UCLH) Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital , London , UK.,3 Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, National Institute of Health Research, UCLH Biomedical Research Centre , London , UK
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82
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Takada K, Ishii A, Matsuo T, Nakamura C, Uji M, Yoshikawa T. Neural activity induced by visual food stimuli presented out of awareness: a preliminary magnetoencephalography study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3119. [PMID: 29449657 PMCID: PMC5814400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem in modern society. Appetitive behavior has been proposed to be partially driven by unconscious decision-making processes and thus, targeting the unconscious cognitive processes related to eating behavior is essential to develop strategies for overweight individuals and obese patients. Here, we presented food pictures below the threshold of awareness to healthy male volunteers and examined neural activity related to appetitive behavior using magnetoencephalography. We found that, among participants who did not recognize food pictures during the experiment, an index of heart rate variability assessed by electrocardiography (low-frequency component power/high-frequency component power ratio, LF/HF) just after picture presentation was increased compared with that just before presentation, and the increase in LF/HF was negatively associated with the score for cognitive restraint of food intake. In addition, increased LF/HF was negatively associated with increased alpha band power in Brodmann area (BA) 47 caused by food pictures presented below the threshold of awareness, and level of cognitive restraint was positively associated with increased alpha band power in BA13. Our findings may provide valuable clues to the development of methods assessing unconscious regulation of appetite and offer avenues for further study of the neural mechanisms related to eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuko Takada
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Chika Nakamura
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masato Uji
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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83
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Oxytocin curbs calorie intake via food-specific increases in the activity of brain areas that process reward and establish cognitive control. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2736. [PMID: 29426874 PMCID: PMC5807408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20963-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic neurohormone oxytocin decreases food intake via largely unexplored mechanisms. We investigated the central nervous mediation of oxytocin's hypophagic effect in comparison to its impact on the processing of generalized rewards. Fifteen fasted normal-weight, young men received intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) or placebo before functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements of brain activity during exposure to food stimuli and a monetary incentive delay task (MID). Subsequently, ad-libitum breakfast intake was assessed. Oxytocin compared to placebo increased activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, anterior cingulate, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices in response to high- vs. low-calorie food images in the fasted state, and reduced calorie intake by 12%. During anticipation of monetary rewards, oxytocin compared to placebo augmented striatal, orbitofrontal and insular activity without altering MID performance. We conclude that during the anticipation of generalized rewards, oxytocin stimulates dopaminergic reward-processing circuits. In contrast, oxytocin restrains food intake by enhancing the activity of brain regions that exert cognitive control, while concomitantly increasing the activity of structures that process food reward value. This pattern points towards a specific role of oxytocin in the regulation of eating behaviour in humans that might be of relevance for potential clinical applications.
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84
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The real-life costs of emotion regulation in anorexia nervosa: a combined ecological momentary assessment and fMRI study. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:28. [PMID: 29362440 PMCID: PMC5802555 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of emotions is necessary for successful attainment of short-term and long-term goals. However, over-regulation may also have its costs. In anorexia nervosa (AN), forgoing food intake despite emaciation and endocrine signals that promote eating is an example of "too much" self-control. Here we investigated whether voluntary emotion regulation in AN patients comes with associated disorder-relevant costs. Thirty-five patients with acute AN and thirty-five age-matched healthy controls (HCs) performed an established emotion regulation paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging after an overnight fast. The task required reducing emotions induced by positively valenced pictures via distancing. We calculated a neural regulation score from responses recorded in a reward-related brain region of interest (ventral striatum; VS) by subtracting activation measured on "positive distance" trials from that elicited under the "positive watch" (baseline) condition. Complementing the imaging data, we used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to probe disorder-related rumination and affect six times/day for 2 weeks following the scanning session. The neural regulation score indicating reduced VS activation during emotion regulation was used as a predictor in hierarchical linear models with EMA measures as outcomes. No group differences in neural activity were found for the main contrasts of the task. However, regulation of VS activity was associated with increased body-related rumination and increased negative affect in AN, but not in HC. In line with this finding, correlational analysis with longitudinal BMI measurements revealed a link between greater VS regulation and poorer treatment outcome after 60 and 90 days. Together, these results identify a neural correlate of altered emotion regulation in AN, which seems to be detrimental to psychological well-being and may interfere with recovery.
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85
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Monteleone AM, Castellini G, Volpe U, Ricca V, Lelli L, Monteleone P, Maj M. Neuroendocrinology and brain imaging of reward in eating disorders: A possible key to the treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:132-142. [PMID: 28259721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are severe eating disorders whose etiopathogenesis is still unknown. Clinical features suggest that eating disorders may develop as reward-dependent syndromes, since eating less food is perceived as rewarding in anorexia nervosa while consumption of large amounts of food during binge episodes in bulimia nervosa aims at reducing the patient's negative emotional states. Therefore, brain reward mechanisms have been a major focus of research in the attempt to contribute to the comprehension of the pathophysiology of these disorders. Structural brain imaging data provided the evidence that brain reward circuits may be altered in patients with anorexia or bulimia nervosa. Similarly, functional brain imaging studies exploring the activation of brain reward circuits by food stimuli as well as by stimuli recognized to be potentially rewarding for eating disordered patients, such as body image cues or stimuli related to food deprivation and physical hyperactivity, showed several dysfunctions in ED patients. Moreover, very recently, it has been demonstrated that some of the biochemical homeostatic modulators of eating behavior are also implicated in the regulation of food-related and non-food-related reward, representing a possible link between the aberrant behaviors of ED subjects and their hypothesized deranged reward processes. In particular, changes in leptin and ghrelin occur in patients with anorexia or bulimia nervosa and have been suggested to represent not only homeostatic adaptations to an altered energy balance but to contribute also to the acquisition and/or maintenance of persistent starvation, binge eating and physical hyperactivity, which are potentially rewarding for ED patients. On the basis of such findings new pathogenetic models of EDs have been proposed, and these models may provide new theoretical basis for the development of innovative treatment strategies, either psychological and pharmacological, with the aim to improve the outcomes of so severe disabling disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Castellini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Umberto Volpe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Palmiero Monteleone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Section of Neurosciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
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86
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Gadde KM, Martin CK, Berthoud HR, Heymsfield SB. Obesity: Pathophysiology and Management. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71:69-84. [PMID: 29301630 PMCID: PMC7958889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity continues to be among the top health concerns across the globe. Despite our failure to contain the high prevalence of obesity, we now have a better understanding of its pathophysiology, and how excess adiposity leads to type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle modification is recommended as the cornerstone of obesity management, but many patients do not achieve long-lasting benefits due to difficulty with adherence as well as physiological and neurohormonal adaptation of the body in response to weight loss. Fortunately, 5 drug therapies-orlistat, lorcaserin, liraglutide, phentermine/topiramate, and naltrexone/bupropion-are available for long-term weight management. Additionally, several medical devices are available for short-term and long-term use. Bariatric surgery yields substantial and sustained weight loss with resolution of type 2 diabetes, although due to the high cost and a small risk of serious complications, it is generally recommended for patients with severe obesity. Benefit-to-risk balance should guide treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore M Gadde
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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87
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Chen F, He Q, Han Y, Zhang Y, Gao X. Increased BOLD Signals in dlPFC Is Associated With Stronger Self-Control in Food-Related Decision-Making. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:689. [PMID: 30618869 PMCID: PMC6306453 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-control is the ability to comply with a request, to postpone acting upon a desire object or goal, and to generate socially approved behavior in the absence of external monitors. Overeating is actually the failure in self-control while feeding. However, little is known about the brain function that allows individuals to consciously control their behavior in the context of food choice. To address this issue, we used functional MRI to measure brain activity among undergraduate young females. Forty-one undergraduate female students participated in the current study. Subjects underwent the food rating task, during which they rated each food item according to their subjective perception of its taste (from Dislike it very much to Like it very much), its long term effect on health (from very unhealthy to very healthy) and decision strength to eat it (from Strong no to Strong yes). Behavioral results indicate the positive correlation between taste rating and its corresponding decision strength to eat, no matter the food is high caloric or low. Moreover, health ratings of high caloric food was negatively correlated with DEBQ-emotional eating, and taste ratings of high caloric food was positively correlated with DEBQ-external eating. Whole brain analysis of fMRI data indicates that BOLD responses in dlPFC were positively correlated with successful self-control; BOLD responses in midcingulate cortex were positively correlated with failed self-control. This study provided direct evidence that dlPFC was involved in self-control in food-related choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
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88
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Ulrich M, Lorenz S, Spitzer MW, Steigleder L, Kammer T, Grön G. Theta-burst modulation of mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex affects salience coding in the human ventral tegmental area. Appetite 2017; 123:91-100. [PMID: 29247796 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the context of hedonic (over-)eating the ventral tegmental area (VTA) as a core part of the dopaminergic reward system plays a central role in coding incentive salience of high-caloric food. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate whether transcranial magnetic theta-burst stimulation (TBS) over the right mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (mid-VLPFC) can induce modulation of calorie-sensitive brain activation in the VTA. The prefrontal location for TBS had been predetermined by seed-based resting-state fMRI with a functionally defined portion of the VTA serving as seed region obtained from an independent second fMRI experiment. In a sample of 15 healthy male participants, modulation of calorie-sensitive VTA activation did not significantly differ between the two TBS protocols. Comparisons with baseline revealed that both TBS protocols significantly affected calorie-sensitive neural processing of the mid-VLPFC in a rather similar way. In the VTA significant modulation of calorie-sensitive activation was observed after continuous TBS, whereas the modulatory effect of intermittent TBS was less reliable but also associated with a decrease of activation for high-caloric food images. Neurostimulation of right mid-VLPFC is suggestive as a main entry point of downstream signal changes for high- and low-caloric food cues that could enforce a shift in valuating stimuli of initially different incentive salience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ulrich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabrina Lorenz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus W Spitzer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Leon Steigleder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Kammer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Georg Grön
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, 89075 Ulm, Germany.
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89
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Higgs S, Spetter MS, Thomas JM, Rotshtein P, Lee M, Hallschmid M, Dourish CT. Interactions between metabolic, reward and cognitive processes in appetite control: Implications for novel weight management therapies. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1460-1474. [PMID: 29072515 PMCID: PMC5700796 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117736917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traditional models of appetite control have emphasised the role of parallel homeostatic and hedonic systems, but more recently the distinction between independent homeostatic and hedonic systems has been abandoned in favour of a framework that emphasises the cross talk between the neurochemical substrates of the two systems. In addition, evidence has emerged more recently, that higher level cognitive functions such as learning, memory and attention play an important role in everyday appetite control and that homeostatic signals also play a role in cognition. Here, we review this evidence and present a comprehensive model of the control of appetite that integrates cognitive, homeostatic and reward mechanisms. We discuss the implications of this model for understanding the factors that may contribute to disordered patterns of eating and suggest opportunities for developing more effective treatment approaches for eating disorders and weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Higgs
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Jason M Thomas
- 2 Department of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pia Rotshtein
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michelle Lee
- 3 Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- 4 Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- 6 Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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90
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Kahkoska AR, Mayer-Davis EJ, Hood KK, Maahs DM, Burger KS. Behavioural implications of traditional treatment and closed-loop automated insulin delivery systems in Type 1 diabetes: applying a cognitive restraint theory framework. Diabet Med 2017; 34. [PMID: 28626906 PMCID: PMC5647213 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As the prevalence of obesity in Type 1 diabetes rises, the effects of emerging therapy options should be considered in the context of both weight and glycaemic control outcomes. Artificial pancreas device systems will 'close the loop' between blood glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery and may transform day-to-day dietary management for people with Type 1 diabetes in multiple ways. In the present review, we draw directly from cognitive restraint theory to consider unintended impacts that closed-loop systems may have on ingestive behaviour and food intake. We provide a brief overview of dietary restraint theory and its relation to weight status in the general population, discuss the role of restraint in traditional Type 1 diabetes treatment, and lastly, use this restraint framework to discuss the possible behavioural implications and opportunities of closed-loop systems in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes. We hypothesize that adopting closed-loop systems will lift the diligence and restriction that characterizes Type 1 diabetes today, thus requiring a transition from a restrained eating behaviour to a non-restrained eating behaviour. Furthermore, we suggest this transition be leveraged as an opportunity to teach people lifelong eating behaviour to promote healthy weight status by incorporating education and cognitive reappraisal. Our aim was to use a transdisciplinary approach to highlight critical aspects of the emerging closed-loop technologies relating to eating behaviour and weight effects and to promote discussion of strategies to optimize long-term health in Type 1 diabetes via two key outcomes: glycaemic control and weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Kahkoska
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - E J Mayer-Davis
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - K K Hood
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - D M Maahs
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K S Burger
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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91
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Park BY, Moon T, Park H. Dynamic functional connectivity analysis reveals improved association between brain networks and eating behaviors compared to static analysis. Behav Brain Res 2017; 337:114-121. [PMID: 28986105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrollable eating behavior is highly associated with dysfunction in neurocognitive systems. We aimed to quantitatively link brain networks and eating behaviors based on dynamic functional connectivity analysis, which reflects temporal dynamics of brain networks. We used 62 resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data sets representing 31 healthy weight (HW) and 31 non-HW participants based on body mass index (BMI). Brain networks were defined using a data-driven group-independent component analysis and a dynamic connectivity analysis with a sliding window technique was applied. The network centrality parameters of the dynamic brain networks were extracted from each brain network and they were correlated to eating behavior and BMI scores. The network parameters of the executive control network showed a strong correlation with eating behavior and BMI scores only when a dynamic (p < 0.05), not static (p > 0.05), connectivity analysis was adopted. We demonstrated that dynamic connectivity analysis was more effective at linking brain networks and eating behaviors than static approach. We also confirmed that the executive control network was highly associated with eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yong Park
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesup Moon
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Park
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea; School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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92
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Papies EK, Best M, Gelibter E, Barsalou LW. The Role of Simulations in Consumer Experiences and Behavior: Insights from the Grounded Cognition Theory of Desire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1086/693110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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93
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Neumeier WH, Goodner E, Biasini F, Dhurandhar EJ, Menear KS, Turan B, Hunter GR. Exercise following Mental Work Prevented Overeating. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1803-9. [PMID: 27116647 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mental work may promote caloric intake, whereas exercise may offset positive energy balance by decreasing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. PURPOSE This study aimed to replicate previous findings that mental work increases caloric intake compared with a rest condition and assess whether exercise after mental work can offset this effect. METHODS Thirty-eight male and female university students were randomly assigned to mental work + rest (MW + R) or mental work + exercise (MW + E). Participants also completed a baseline rest (BR) visit consisting of no mental work or exercise. Visit order was counterbalanced. During the MW + R or MW + E visit, participants completed a 20-min mental task and either a 15-min rest (MW + R) or a 15-min interval exercise (MW + E). Each visit ended with an ad libitum pizza lunch. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare eating behavior between groups. RESULTS Participants in the MW + R condition consumed an average of 100 more kilocalories compared with BR (633.3 ± 72.9 and 533.9 ± 67.7, respectively, P = 0.02), and participants in MW + E consumed an average of 25 kcal less compared with BR (432.3 ± 69.2 and 456.5 ± 64.2, respectively, P > 0.05). When including the estimated energy expenditure of exercise in the MW + E conditions, participants were in negative energy balance by an average of 98.5 ± 41.5 kcal, resulting in a significant difference in energy balance between the two groups (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION An acute bout of interval exercise after mental work resulted in significantly decreased food consumption compared with a nonexercise condition. These results suggest that an acute bout of exercise may be used to offset positive energy balance induced by mental tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Neumeier
- 1Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; 2Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and 3Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
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94
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Neural predictors of 12-month weight loss outcomes following bariatric surgery. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:785-793. [PMID: 28894291 PMCID: PMC6319374 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Despite the effectiveness of bariatric surgery, there is still substantial variability in long-term weight outcomes and few factors with predictive power to explain this variability. Neuroimaging may provide a novel biomarker with utility beyond other commonly used variables in bariatric surgery trials to improve prediction of long-term weight loss outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on reward and cognitive control circuitry post-surgery and determine the extent to which baseline brain activity predicts weight loss at 12-months post-surgery. Subjects/Methods: Using a longitudinal design, behavioral, hormone, and neuroimaging data (during a desire for palatable food regulation paradigm) were collected from 18 patients undergoing SG at baseline (<1 month prior) and 12-months post-SG. Results: SG patients lost an average of 29.0% of their weight (% total weight loss, %TWL) at 12-months post-SG, with significant variability (range: 16.0–43.5%). Maladaptive eating behaviors (uncontrolled, emotional, and externally-cued eating) improved (p<0.01), in parallel with reductions in fasting hormones (acyl ghrelin, leptin, glucose, insulin; p<0.05). Brain activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), caudate, pallidum, and amygdala during desire for palatable food enhancement vs. regulation decreased from baseline to 12-months [p(FWE)<0.05]. Dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activity during desire for palatable food regulation (vs. enhancement) increased from baseline to 12-months [p(FWE)<0.05]. Baseline activity in the NAcc and hypothalamus during desire for palatable food enhancement was significantly predictive of %TWL at 12-months [p(FWE)<0.05], superior to behavioral and hormone predictors, which did not significantly predict %TWL (p>0.10). Using stepwise linear regression, left NAcc activity accounted for 54% of the explained variance in %TWL at 12-months. Conclusions: Consistent with previous obesity studies, reward-related neural circuit activity may serve as an objective, relatively robust predictor of post-surgery weight loss. Replication in larger studies is necessary to determine true effect sizes for outcome prediction.
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95
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Ribeiro EA, Scarpa JR, Garamszegi SP, Kasarskis A, Mash DC, Nestler EJ. Gene Network Dysregulation in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Neurons of Humans with Cocaine Use Disorder. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5412. [PMID: 28710498 PMCID: PMC5511210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic and functional alterations of neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) are thought to contribute to impulsivity, which is a hallmark of addictive behaviors that underlie compulsive drug seeking and taking in humans. To determine if there is a transcriptional signature in dlPFC neurons of humans with cocaine use disorder, we performed total RNA-sequencing on neuronal nuclei isolated from post-mortem dlPFC of cocaine addicts and healthy controls. Our results point toward a transcriptional mechanism whereby cocaine alters specific gene networks in dlPFC neurons. In particular, we identified an AP-1 regulated transcriptional network in dlPFC neurons associated with cocaine use disorder that contains several differentially expressed hub genes. Several of these hub genes are GWAS hits for traits that might involve dysfunction of brain reward circuitry (Body-Mass Index, Obesity) or dlPFC (Bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia). Further study is warranted to determine their potential pathophysiological role in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain A Ribeiro
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph R Scarpa
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susanna P Garamszegi
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew Kasarskis
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Grundeis F, Brand C, Kumar S, Rullmann M, Mehnert J, Pleger B. Non-invasive Prefrontal/Frontal Brain Stimulation Is Not Effective in Modulating Food Reappraisal Abilities or Calorie Consumption in Obese Females. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:334. [PMID: 28676735 PMCID: PMC5476843 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Previous studies suggest that non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the prefrontal cortex modulates food choices and calorie intake in obese humans. Participants/Methods: In the present fully randomized, placebo-controlled, within-subject and double-blinded study, we applied single sessions of anodal, cathodal, and sham tDCS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and contralateral frontal operculum in 25 hungry obese women and investigated possible influences on food reappraisal abilities as well as calorie intake. We hypothesized that tDCS, (i) improves the ability to regulate the desire for visually presented foods and, (ii) reduces their consumption. Results: We could not confirm an effect of anodal or cathodal tDCS, neither on the ability to modulate the desire for visually presented foods, nor on calorie consumption. Conclusions: The present findings do not support the notion of prefrontal/frontal tDCS as a promising treatment option for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Grundeis
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Cristin Brand
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Rullmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Mehnert
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Pleger
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany
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97
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Michaud A, Vainik U, Garcia-Garcia I, Dagher A. Overlapping Neural Endophenotypes in Addiction and Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:127. [PMID: 28659866 PMCID: PMC5469912 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity refers to a tendency to act rapidly without full consideration of consequences. The trait is thought to result from the interaction between high arousal responses to potential rewards and poor self-control. Studies have suggested that impulsivity confers vulnerability to both addiction and obesity. However, results in this area are unclear, perhaps due to the high phenotypic complexity of addictions and obesity. Focusing on impulsivity, the aim of this review is to tackle the putative overlaps between addiction and obesity in four domains: (1) personality research, (2) neurocognitive tasks, (3) brain imaging, and (4) clinical evidence. We suggest that three impulsivity-related domains are particularly relevant for our understanding of similarities between addiction and obesity: lower self-control (high Disinhibition/low Conscientiousness), reward sensitivity (high Extraversion/Positive Emotionality), and negative affect (high Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality). Neurocognitive studies have shown that obesity and addiction are both associated with increased impulsive decision-making and attention bias in response to drug or food cues, respectively. Mirroring this, obesity and different forms of addiction seem to exhibit similar alterations in functional MRI brain activity in response to reward processing and during self-control tasks. Overall, our review provides an integrative approach to understand those facets of obesity that present similarities to addictive behaviors. In addition, we suggest that therapeutic interventions targeting inhibitory control may represent a promising approach for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Michaud
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Uku Vainik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Isabel Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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98
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Neseliler S, Tannenbaum B, Zacchia M, Larcher K, Coulter K, Lamarche M, Marliss EB, Pruessner J, Dagher A. Academic stress and personality interact to increase the neural response to high-calorie food cues. Appetite 2017; 116:306-314. [PMID: 28487246 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress is associated with an increased intake of palatable foods and weight gain in stress-reactive individuals. Personality traits have been shown to predict stress-reactivity. However, it is not known if personality traits influence brain activity in regions implicated in appetite control during psychosocial stress. The current study assessed whether Gray's Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) scale, a measure of stress-reactivity, was related to the activity of brain regions implicated in appetite control during a stressful period. Twenty-two undergraduate students participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment once during a non-exam period and once during final exams in a counter-balanced order. In the scanner, they viewed food and scenery pictures. In the exam compared with the non-exam condition, BIS scores related to increased perceived stress and correlated with increased blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) response to high-calorie food images in regions implicated in food reward and subjective value, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, (vmPFC) and the amygdala. BIS scores negatively related to the functional connectivity between the vmPFC and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The results demonstrate that the BIS trait influences stress reactivity. This is observed both as an increased activity in brain regions implicated in computing the value of food cues and decreased connectivity of these regions to prefrontal regions implicated in self-control. This suggests that the effects of real life stress on appetitive brain function and self-control is modulated by a personality trait. This may help to explain why stressful periods can lead to overeating in vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Neseliler
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Beth Tannenbaum
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maria Zacchia
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Kevin Larcher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Kirsty Coulter
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie Lamarche
- Crabtree Nutrition Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Errol B Marliss
- Crabtree Nutrition Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jens Pruessner
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
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99
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Pohl TM, Tempelmann C, Noesselt T. How task demands shape brain responses to visual food cues. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2897-2912. [PMID: 28294458 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several previous imaging studies have aimed at identifying the neural basis of visual food cue processing in humans. However, there is little consistency of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results across studies. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this variability across studies might - at least in part - be caused by the different tasks employed. In particular, we assessed directly the influence of task set on brain responses to food stimuli with fMRI using two tasks (colour vs. edibility judgement, between-subjects design). When participants judged colour, the left insula, the left inferior parietal lobule, occipital areas, the left orbitofrontal cortex and other frontal areas expressed enhanced fMRI responses to food relative to non-food pictures. However, when judging edibility, enhanced fMRI responses to food pictures were observed in the superior and middle frontal gyrus and in medial frontal areas including the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. This pattern of results indicates that task sets can significantly alter the neural underpinnings of food cue processing. We propose that judging low-level visual stimulus characteristics - such as colour - triggers stimulus-related representations in the visual and even in gustatory cortex (insula), whereas discriminating abstract stimulus categories activates higher order representations in both the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2897-2912, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Maria Pohl
- Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Claus Tempelmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Toemme Noesselt
- Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
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100
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