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Hinata N, Fujisawa M. Racial Differences in Prostate Cancer Characteristics and Cancer-Specific Mortality: An Overview. World J Mens Health 2022; 40:217-227. [PMID: 35021294 PMCID: PMC8987139 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.210070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Racial differences of prostate cancer incidence and mortality among Asian, Black, and Caucasian men have been known, however, comprehensive update of this topic is not yet reported. In the present review, an overview of the racial differences in prostate cancer characteristics and cancer-specific mortality is collected and reviewed. Regarding racial differences of incidence and mortality, surprising differences in the incidence of prostate cancer are seen among different populations around the world, with some countries having rates that are 60 to 100 times higher than others. African-American men have a higher incidence of prostate cancer, higher prostate cancer mortality, and are diagnosed with prostate cancer at a younger age than Caucasian American men. Furthermore, race is gaining attention as an important factor to consider for planning active surveillance for localized prostate cancer, especially among African-Americans. In addition, the causes of these differences are being elucidated by genomic profiling. Determinants of racial disparities are multifactorial, including socioeconomic and biologic factors. Although race-specific differences in prostate cancer survival estimates appear to be narrowing over time, there is an ongoing need to continue to understand and mitigate racial factors associated with disparities in health care outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hinata
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Masato Fujisawa
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is characterized by considerable geo-ethnic disparity. African ancestry is a significant risk factor, with mortality rates across sub-Saharan Africa of 2.7-fold higher than global averages1. The contributing genetic and non-genetic factors, and associated mutational processes, are unknown2,3. Here, through whole-genome sequencing of treatment-naive prostate cancer samples from 183 ancestrally (African versus European) and globally distinct patients, we generate a large cancer genomics resource for sub-Saharan Africa, identifying around 2 million somatic variants. Significant African-ancestry-specific findings include an elevated tumour mutational burden, increased percentage of genome alteration, a greater number of predicted damaging mutations and a higher total of mutational signatures, and the driver genes NCOA2, STK19, DDX11L1, PCAT1 and SETBP1. Examining all somatic mutational types, we describe a molecular taxonomy for prostate cancer differentiated by ancestry and defined as global mutational subtypes (GMS). By further including Chinese Asian data, we confirm that GMS-B (copy-number gain) and GMS-D (mutationally noisy) are specific to African populations, GMS-A (mutationally quiet) is universal (all ethnicities) and the African-European-restricted subtype GMS-C (copy-number losses) predicts poor clinical outcomes. In addition to the clinical benefit of including individuals of African ancestry, our GMS subtypes reveal different evolutionary trajectories and mutational processes suggesting that both common genetic and environmental factors contribute to the disparity between ethnicities. Analogous to gene-environment interaction-defined here as a different effect of an environmental surrounding in people with different ancestries or vice versa-we anticipate that GMS subtypes act as a proxy for intrinsic and extrinsic mutational processes in cancers, promoting global inclusion in landmark studies.
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Hayes BL, Robinson T, Kar S, Ruth KS, Tsilidis KK, Frayling T, Murray A, Martin RM, Lawlor DA, Richmond RC. Do sex hormones confound or mediate the effect of chronotype on breast and prostate cancer? A Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009887. [PMID: 35061662 PMCID: PMC8809575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Morning-preference chronotype has been found to be protective against breast and prostate cancer. Sex hormones have been implicated in relation to chronotype and the development of both cancers. This study aimed to assess whether sex hormones confound or mediate the effect of chronotype on breast and prostate cancer using a Mendelian Randomization (MR) framework. Genetic variants associated with chronotype and sex hormones (total testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, and oestradiol) (p<5×10-8) were obtained from published genome-wide association studies (n≤244,207 females and n≤205,527 males). These variants were used to investigate causal relationships with breast (nCases/nControls = 133,384/113,789) and prostate (nCases/nControls = 79,148/61,106) cancer using univariable, bidirectional and multivariable MR. In females, we found evidence for: I) Reduced risk of breast cancer per category increase in morning-preference (OR = 0.93, 95% CI:0. 88, 1.00); II) Increased risk of breast cancer per SD increase in bioavailable testosterone (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.19) and total testosterone (OR = 1.15, 95% CI:1.07, 1.23); III) Bidirectional effects between morning-preference and both bioavailable and total testosterone (e.g. mean SD difference in bioavailable testosterone = -0.08, 95% CI:-0.12, -0.05 per category increase in morning-preference vs difference in morning-preference category = -0.04, 95% CI: -0.08, 0.00 per SD increase in bioavailable testosterone). In males, we found evidence for: I) Reduced risk of prostate cancer per category increase in morning-preference (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.97) and II) Increased risk of prostate cancer per SD increase in bioavailable testosterone (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.37). No bidirectional effects were found between morning-preference and testosterone in males. While testosterone levels were causally implicated with both chronotype and cancer, there was inconsistent evidence for testosterone as a mediator of the relationship. The protective effect of morning-preference on both breast and prostate cancer is clinically interesting, although it may be difficult to effectively modify chronotype. Further studies are needed to investigate other potentially modifiable intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony L. Hayes
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Robinson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Siddhartha Kar
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine S. Ruth
- Genetics of Human Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos K. Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Timothy Frayling
- Genetics of Human Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Human Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Martin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C. Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Fernandez PW. Prostate Cancer Genomics Research Disparities in Africa: Advancing Knowledge in Resource Constrained Settings. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748221095952. [PMID: 35475404 PMCID: PMC9087236 DOI: 10.1177/10732748221095952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer disproportionately affects men of African descent and it is
estimated that Africa will bear the highest disease burden in the next decade.
Underlying genomic factors may contribute to prostate cancer disparities;
however, it is unclear whether Africa has prioritised genomics research toward
addressing these disparities. A Pubmed review was performed of publications
spanning a 15-year period, with specific focus on prostate cancer genomics
research that included samples from Africa and investigators in Africa. Data are
presented on research publications from Africa relative to similar publications
from different geographical regions, and more specifically, the extent of
disparities and the contributions to prostate cancer knowledge as a result of
genomics research that included African samples and African institutions.
Limited publication output may reflect the infrastructure and funding challenges
in Africa. Widespread cooperation should be fostered by sharing capacity and
leveraging existing expertise to address the growing cancer burden facing the
continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro W Fernandez
- Division of Urology, 26697Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Long Non-Coding RNAs at the Chromosomal Risk Loci Identified by Prostate and Breast Cancer GWAS. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12122028. [PMID: 34946977 PMCID: PMC8701176 DOI: 10.3390/genes12122028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key players in a variety of cellular processes. Deregulation of the lncRNAs has been implicated in prostate and breast cancers. Recently, germline genetic variations associated with cancer risk have been correlated with lncRNA expression and/or function. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at well-characterized cancer-associated lncRNAs have been analyzed for their association with cancer risk. These SNPs may occur within the lncRNA transcripts or spanning regions that may alter the structure, function, and expression of these lncRNA molecules and contribute to cancer progression and may have potential as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Additionally, some of these lncRNA have a tissue-specific expression profile, suggesting them as biomarkers for specific cancers. In this review, we highlight some of the cancer risk-associated SNPs that modulated lncRNAs with a potential role in prostate and breast cancers and speculate on how these lncRNAs may contribute to cancer development.
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Benafif S, Ni Raghallaigh H, McHugh J, Eeles R. Genetics of prostate cancer and its utility in treatment and screening. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 108:147-199. [PMID: 34844712 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer heritability is attributed to a combination of rare, moderate to highly penetrant genetic variants as well as commonly occurring variants conferring modest risks [single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)]. Some of the former type of variants (e.g., BRCA2 mutations) predispose particularly to aggressive prostate cancer and confer poorer prognoses compared to men who do not carry mutations. Molecularly targeted treatments such as PARP inhibitors have improved outcomes in men carrying somatic and/or germline DNA repair gene mutations. Ongoing clinical trials are exploring other molecular targeted approaches based on prostate cancer somatic alterations. Genome wide association studies have identified >250 loci that associate with prostate cancer risk. Multi-ancestry analyses have identified shared as well as population specific risk SNPs. Prostate cancer risk SNPs can be used to estimate a polygenic risk score (PRS) to determine an individual's genetic risk of prostate cancer. The odds ratio of prostate cancer development in men whose PRS lies in the top 1% of the risk profile ranges from 9 to 11. Ongoing studies are investigating the utility of a prostate cancer PRS to target population screening to those at highest risk. With the advent of personalized medicine and development of DNA sequencing technologies, access to clinical genetic testing is increasing, and oncology guidelines from bodies such as NCCN and ESMO have been updated to provide criteria for germline testing of "at risk" healthy men as well as those with prostate cancer. Both germline and somatic prostate cancer research have significantly evolved in the past decade and will lead to further development of precision medicine approaches to prostate cancer treatment as well as potentially developing precision population screening models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Benafif
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - J McHugh
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - R Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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Lakkis NA, Osman MH. Prostate Cancer in Lebanon: Incidence, Temporal Trends, and Comparison to Countries From Different Regions in the World. Cancer Control 2021; 28:10732748211055267. [PMID: 34758644 PMCID: PMC8591641 DOI: 10.1177/10732748211055267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men globally. This study aims at investigating the incidence rates and trends of prostate cancer in Lebanon, and to compare them to those of countries from different regions in the world. METHODS Data on prostate cancer were obtained from the Lebanese national cancer registry for the years 2005 to 2016. The calculated age-standardized incidence and age-specific rates were expressed as per 100 000 population. RESULTS In Lebanon, prostate cancer is ranked as the most common cancer in men. The age-standardized incidence rate of prostate cancer has increased from 29.1 per 100 000 in 2005 to 37.3 per 100 000 in 2016; the highest rate was in 2012, surpassing the global average incidence rate for that year. The age-specific incidence rate of prostate cancer has increased exponentially starting at the age of 50 years to reach its peak in men aged 75 years or more. Two trends were identified in the age-standardized incidence rate of prostate cancer; an average significant increase of 7.28% per year for the period 2005-2009 (P-value < .05), followed by a non-significant decrease of around .99% for the period between 2009 and 2016 (P-value > .05). The age-standardized incidence rate in Lebanon was higher than most countries in the Middle East and North Africa region and Asia, but lower than the rates reported in Australia, America, and different European countries. CONCLUSION Prostate cancer is the leading cancer among men in Lebanon. Screening practices, changes in population age structure, and prevalence of genetic and risky lifestyle factors may explain the increased incidence rates of prostate cancer. Given the controversy of screening recommendations and the slow growing nature of prostate cancer, increasing public awareness on ways of prevention, and implementing the latest screening recommendation of the United States Preventive Services Task Force are the suggested way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla A Lakkis
- Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mona H Osman
- Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), Beirut, Lebanon
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58
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Johnson JR, Woods-Burnham L, Hooker SE, Batai K, Kittles RA. Genetic Contributions to Prostate Cancer Disparities in Men of West African Descent. Front Oncol 2021; 11:770500. [PMID: 34820334 PMCID: PMC8606679 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.770500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of death in men worldwide, after adjusting for age. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, continents such as North America and Europe report higher incidence of PCa; however, mortality rates are highest among men of African ancestry in the western, southern, and central regions of Africa and the Caribbean. The American Cancer Society reports, African Americans (AAs), in the United States, have a 1.7 increased incidence and 2.4 times higher mortality rate, compared to European American's (EAs). Hence, early population history in west Africa and the subsequent African Diaspora may play an important role in understanding the global disproportionate burden of PCa shared among Africans and other men of African descent. Nonetheless, disparities involved in diagnosis, treatment, and survival of PCa patients has also been correlated to socioeconomic status, education and access to healthcare. Although recent studies suggest equal PCa treatments yield equal outcomes among patients, data illuminates an unsettling reality of disparities in treatment and care in both, developed and developing countries, especially for men of African descent. Yet, even after adjusting for the effects of the aforementioned factors; racial disparities in mortality rates remain significant. This suggests that molecular and genomic factors may account for much of PCa disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabril R. Johnson
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Leanne Woods-Burnham
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Stanley E. Hooker
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Ken Batai
- Department of Urology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Rick A. Kittles
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
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59
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Wang T, Song J, Qu M, Gao X, Zhang W, Wang Z, Zhao L, Wang Y, Li B, Li J, Yang J. Integrative Epigenome Map of the Normal Human Prostate Provides Insights Into Prostate Cancer Predisposition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:723676. [PMID: 34513844 PMCID: PMC8427514 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.723676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of all tissues in the human body share almost the exact same DNA sequence, but the epigenomic landscape can be drastically distinct. To improve our understanding of the epigenetic abnormalities in prostate-related diseases, it is important to use the epigenome of normal prostate as a reference. Although previous efforts have provided critical insights into the genetic and transcriptomic features of the normal prostate, a comprehensive epigenome map has been lacking. To address this need, we conducted a Roadmap Epigenomics legacy project integrating six histone marks (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K9me3, H3K36me3, H3K27me3, and H3K27ac) with complete DNA methylome, transcriptome, and chromatin accessibility data to produce a comprehensive epigenome map of normal prostate tissue. Our epigenome map is composed of 18 chromatin states each with unique signatures of DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, and gene expression. This map provides a high-resolution comprehensive annotation of regulatory regions of the prostate, including 105,593 enhancer and 70,481 promoter elements, which account for 5.3% of the genome. By comparing with other epigenomes, we identified 7,580 prostate-specific active enhancers associated with prostate development. Epigenomic annotation of GWAS SNPs associated with prostate cancers revealed that two out of nine SNPs within prostate enhancer regions destroyed putative androgen receptor (AR) binding motif. A notable SNP rs17694493, might decouple AR's repressive effect on CDKN2B-AS1 and cell cycle regulation, thereby playing a causal role in predisposing cancer risk. The comprehensive epigenome map of the prostate is valuable for investigating prostate-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Qu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Center for Translational Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjian Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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60
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Sun J, Wang Y, Folkersen L, Borné Y, Amlien I, Buil A, Orho-Melander M, Børglum AD, Hougaard DM, Melander O, Engström G, Werge T, Lage K. Translating polygenic risk scores for clinical use by estimating the confidence bounds of risk prediction. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5276. [PMID: 34489429 PMCID: PMC8421428 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A promise of genomics in precision medicine is to provide individualized genetic risk predictions. Polygenic risk scores (PRS), computed by aggregating effects from many genomic variants, have been developed as a useful tool in complex disease research. However, the application of PRS as a tool for predicting an individual's disease susceptibility in a clinical setting is challenging because PRS typically provide a relative measure of risk evaluated at the level of a group of people but not at individual level. Here, we introduce a machine-learning technique, Mondrian Cross-Conformal Prediction (MCCP), to estimate the confidence bounds of PRS-to-disease-risk prediction. MCCP can report disease status conditional probability value for each individual and give a prediction at a desired error level. Moreover, with a user-defined prediction error rate, MCCP can estimate the proportion of sample (coverage) with a correct prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangming Sun
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Lifespan Changes in Bain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yan Borné
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Inge Amlien
- Lifespan Changes in Bain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alfonso Buil
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Human Genetics and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Lage
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
- Stanley Center at Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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61
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Hybrid algorithm for the classification of prostate cancer patients of the MCC-Spain study based on support vector machines and genetic algorithms. Neurocomputing 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2019.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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62
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Song X, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Miao M, Liu J, Luan M, Du J, Liang H, Yuan W. Differential methylation of genes in the human placenta associated with bisphenol A exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111389. [PMID: 34089743 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes among offspring. Although DNA methylation is considered one of the underlying causes of these associations, few studies have focused on the association between prenatal BPA exposure and DNA methylation in the human placenta. In this study, we examined the association between prenatal BPA exposure and DNA methylation in the placenta of 146 mother-infant pairs from the Shanghai-Minhang Birth Cohort Study. BPA concentrations in maternal urine samples were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Six placenta samples were selected for whole-genome methylation analysis using Infinium Human Methylation 450K Beadchip, followed by pyrosequencing-based methylation analysis of three selected genes in 146 placentas. Among 282 differentially methylated CpGs, representing 208 genes, 127 were hypermethylated, and 155 were hypomethylated in the BPA exposure group. Prenatal BPA exposure was associated with a higher methylation level of HLA-DRB6 in individuals as determined using pyrosequencing, which was consistent with the whole-genome methylation analysis results. Compared with that subjects with low BPA exposure, the methylation level (ln-transformed) of HLA-DRB6 in placentas from those with high BPA exposure increased by 0.29% (95% confidence interval[CI]: 0.02%, 0.56%) at the CpG2 site, and the average methylation level (ln-transformed) of the three CpG sites increased by 0.30% (95%CI: -0.03%, 0.63%). Our findings provide evidence that prenatal BPA exposure might alter DNA methylation levels in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Science, NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Science, NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Science, NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maohua Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Science, NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Science, NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Luan
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Science, NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Science, NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Science, NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Science, NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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63
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Ren N, Liu Q, Yan L, Huang Q. Parallel Reporter Assays Identify Altered Regulatory Role of rs684232 in Leading to Prostate Cancer Predisposition. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8792. [PMID: 34445492 PMCID: PMC8395720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional characterization of cancer risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has become a big challenge. To identify the regulatory risk SNPs that can lead to transcriptional misregulation, we performed parallel reporter gene assays with both alleles of 213 prostate cancer risk-associated GWAS SNPs in 22Rv1 cells. We disclosed 32 regulatory SNPs that exhibited different regulatory activities with two alleles. For one of the regulatory SNPs, rs684232, we found that the variation altered chromatin binding of transcription factor FOXA1 on the DNA region and led to aberrant gene expression of VPS53, FAM57A, and GEMIN4, which play vital roles in prostate cancer malignancy. Our findings reveal the roles and underlying mechanism of rs684232 in prostate cancer progression and hold great promise in benefiting prostate cancer patients with prognostic prediction and target therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qilai Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (N.R.); (Q.L.); (L.Y.)
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Mulder N, Zass L, Hamdi Y, Othman H, Panji S, Allali I, Fakim YJ. African Global Representation in Biomedical Sciences. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 2021; 4:57-81. [PMID: 34465182 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-102920-112550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
African populations are diverse in their ethnicity, language, culture, and genetics. Although plagued by high disease burdens, until recently the continent has largely been excluded from biomedical studies. Along with limitations in research and clinical infrastructure, human capacity, and funding, this omission has resulted in an underrepresentation of African data and disadvantaged African scientists. This review interrogates the relative abundance of biomedical data from Africa, primarily in genomics and other omics. The visibility of African science through publications is also discussed. A challenge encountered in this review is the relative lack of annotation of data on their geographical or population origin, with African countries represented as a single group. In addition to the abovementioned limitations,the global representation of African data may also be attributed to the hesitation to deposit data in public repositories. Whatever the reason, the disparity should be addressed, as African data have enormous value for scientists in Africa and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Mulder
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; .,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-AFRICA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Lyndon Zass
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
| | - Yosr Hamdi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics and Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Houcemeddine Othman
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Sumir Panji
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
| | - Imane Allali
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Yasmina Jaufeerally Fakim
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
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Otte KA, Nolte V, Mallard F, Schlötterer C. The genetic architecture of temperature adaptation is shaped by population ancestry and not by selection regime. Genome Biol 2021; 22:211. [PMID: 34271951 PMCID: PMC8285869 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the genetic architecture of temperature adaptation is key for characterizing and predicting the effect of climate change on natural populations. One particularly promising approach is Evolve and Resequence, which combines advantages of experimental evolution such as time series, replicate populations, and controlled environmental conditions, with whole genome sequencing. Recent analysis of replicate populations from two different Drosophila simulans founder populations, which were adapting to the same novel hot environment, uncovered very different architectures—either many selection targets with large heterogeneity among replicates or fewer selection targets with a consistent response among replicates. Results Here, we expose the founder population from Portugal to a cold temperature regime. Although almost no selection targets are shared between the hot and cold selection regime, the adaptive architecture was similar. We identify a moderate number of targets under strong selection (19 selection targets, mean selection coefficient = 0.072) and parallel responses in the cold evolved replicates. This similarity across different environments indicates that the adaptive architecture depends more on the ancestry of the founder population than the specific selection regime. Conclusions These observations will have broad implications for the correct interpretation of the genomic responses to a changing climate in natural populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-021-02425-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin A Otte
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Present address: Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Viola Nolte
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - François Mallard
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Present address: Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm U1024, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France
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Meehan J, Gray M, Martínez-Pérez C, Kay C, McLaren D, Turnbull AK. Tissue- and Liquid-Based Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Precision Medicine. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11070664. [PMID: 34357131 PMCID: PMC8306523 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, prostate cancer (PC) is the second-most-frequently diagnosed male cancer and the fifth-most-common cause of all cancer-related deaths. Suspicion of PC in a patient is largely based upon clinical signs and the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Although PSA levels have been criticised for a lack of specificity, leading to PC over-diagnosis, it is still the most commonly used biomarker in PC management. Unfortunately, PC is extremely heterogeneous, and it can be difficult to stratify patients whose tumours are unlikely to progress from those that are aggressive and require treatment intensification. Although PC-specific biomarker research has previously focused on disease diagnosis, there is an unmet clinical need for novel prognostic, predictive and treatment response biomarkers that can be used to provide a precision medicine approach to PC management. In particular, the identification of biomarkers at the time of screening/diagnosis that can provide an indication of disease aggressiveness is perhaps the greatest current unmet clinical need in PC management. Largely through advances in genomic and proteomic techniques, exciting pre-clinical and clinical research is continuing to identify potential tissue, blood and urine-based PC-specific biomarkers that may in the future supplement or replace current standard practices. In this review, we describe how PC-specific biomarker research is progressing, including the evolution of PSA-based tests and those novel assays that have gained clinical approval. We also describe alternative diagnostic biomarkers to PSA, in addition to biomarkers that can predict PC aggressiveness and biomarkers that can predict response to certain therapies. We believe that novel biomarker research has the potential to make significant improvements to the clinical management of this disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Meehan
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (C.M.-P.); (C.K.); (A.K.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mark Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (C.M.-P.); (C.K.); (A.K.T.)
- Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Charlene Kay
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (C.M.-P.); (C.K.); (A.K.T.)
- Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Duncan McLaren
- Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK;
| | - Arran K. Turnbull
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (C.M.-P.); (C.K.); (A.K.T.)
- Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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Plasma Metabolomics for Discovery of Early Metabolic Markers of Prostate Cancer Based on Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133140. [PMID: 34201735 PMCID: PMC8268247 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevention and early screening of PCa is highly dependent on the identification of new biomarkers. In this study, we investigated whether plasma metabolic profiles from healthy males provide novel early biomarkers associated with future risk of PCa. METHODS Using the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) cohort, we identified plasma samples collected from 146 PCa cases up to 13 years prior to diagnosis and 272 matched controls. Plasma metabolic profiles were characterized using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). RESULTS Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) discriminated PCa cases from controls, with a median area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AU-ROC) of 0.92 using a 1000-time repeated random sub-sampling validation. Sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (sPLS-DA) identified the top 10 most important metabolites (p < 0.001) discriminating PCa cases from controls. Among them, phosphate, ethyl oleate, eicosadienoic acid were higher in individuals that developed PCa than in the controls during the follow-up. In contrast, 2-hydroxyadenine, sphinganine, L-glutamic acid, serotonin, 7-keto cholesterol, tiglyl carnitine, and sphingosine were lower. CONCLUSION Our results support the dysregulation of amino acids and sphingolipid metabolism during the development of PCa. After validation in an independent cohort, these signatures may promote the development of new prevention and screening strategies to identify males at future risk of PCa.
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Bree KK, Henley PJ, Pettaway CA. Germline Predisposition to Prostate Cancer in Diverse Populations. Urol Clin North Am 2021; 48:411-423. [PMID: 34210495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There remains a paucity of data related to germline genetic alterations predisposing patients to prostate cancer. Recent data suggest that African American, Hispanic, and Asian and Pacific Islander men exhibit genetic alterations in both highly penetrant germline genes, including BRCA1/2, ATM, and CHEK2, and the mismatch repair genes associated with Lynch syndrome, as well as low-penetrant single-nucleotide polymorphisms. However, cohort sizes remain small in many studies limiting the ability to determine clinical significance, appropriate risk stratification, and treatment implications in these diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Bree
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Urology, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patrick J Henley
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Urology, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Curtis A Pettaway
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Urology, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer represents a significant health care burden in the United States due to its incidence, treatment-related morbidity, and cancer-specific mortality. The burden begins with prostate-specific antigen screening, which has been subject to controversy due to concerns of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Advancements in molecular oncology have provided evidence for the inherited predisposition to prostate cancer, which could improve individualized, risk-adapted approaches to screening and mitigate the harms of routine screening. This review presents the current evidence for the genetic basis of prostate cancer and novel genetically informed, risk-adapted screening strategies for prostate cancer.
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70
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Abstract
More than 40% of the risk of developing prostate cancer (PCa) is from genetic factors. Genome-wide association studies have led to the discovery of more than 140 variants associated with PCa risk. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) generated using these variants show promise in identifying individuals at much higher (and lower) lifetime risk than the average man. PCa PRS also improve the predictive value of prostate-specific antigen screening, may inform the age for starting PCa screening, and are informative for development of more aggressive tumors. Despite the promise, few clinical trials have evaluated the benefit of PCa PRS for clinical care.
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71
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Camargo JAD, Lopes RE, Ferreira GFD, Viana NI, Guimaraes V, Leite KRM, Nahas WC, Srougi M, Antunes AA, Reis ST. The role of single nucleotide polymorphisms of miRNAs 100 and 146a as prognostic factors for prostate cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2021; 36:50-56. [PMID: 34030497 DOI: 10.1177/1724600821997461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer has a high incidence in men and is the second cause of cancer death among americans male. microRNA (miR) is becoming a potential new prognostic factor for prostate cancer. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are common polymorphisms, characterized by a single exchange of nitrogen based in the DNA. This polymorphism is present in the miRs, altering their function. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of SNP rs1834306 of miR100 and rs2910164 of miR146a in the development and prognosis of prostate cancer. METHODS One hundred patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and 68 controls were selected. The identification of SNP was rated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction from blood samples, and the analysis was performed within the presence of SNP and the prognostic variables. RESULTS In the SNP rs1834306 (miR100), a smaller presence of the polymorphic homozygous genotype was identified in patients with PSA >10 ng/mL, (P=0.03); when evaluating only the presence of the polymorphic allele G (P=0.09) it was compared to the presence of the wild type allele A. Among the patients with prostate cancer, SNP rs2910164 (miR146A), the polymorphic allele was more frequent in patients with a Gleason score ⩾7 than in patients with a Gleason score <7, (P=0.043). In patients with prostate cancer, miR100 was overexpressed in those with pT3 staging compared to pT2 and among those who had biochemical recurrence (P = 0.004 and P = 0.011, respectively). CONCLUSIONS SNP of miR146a acts as a poor prognostic factor (Gleason ⩾7), and the SNP of miR100 is linked to better prognostic data (PSA <10). MiR100 was overexpressed in prostate cancer with worse prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renan Eboli Lopes
- FMUSP, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital dos Servidores do Estado de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - William C Nahas
- University of Sao Paulo Medical School and Institute of Cancer State of Sao Paulo (ICESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Albawardi A, Livingstone J, Almarzooqi S, Palanisamy N, Houlahan KE, Awwad AAA, Abdelsalam RA, Boutros PC, Bismar TA. Copy Number Profiles of Prostate Cancer in Men of Middle Eastern Ancestry. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102363. [PMID: 34068856 PMCID: PMC8153627 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-skin malignancy in men. Numerous studies have been undertaken to explore the role that genomics plays in prostate cancer initiation and progression. Most of this genomic data comes tumors arising in men with European or Asian ancestry, leaving other ancestry groups understudied. To fill this gap, we investigated the differences in copy number aberrations between prostate cancers arising in men of Middle Eastern ethnicity and those of European, African, or East Asian ethnicities in the hope of better understanding the incidence and risk of prostate cancer in different populations. We identified ancestry-specific gains and deletions, as well as differences in overall genomic instability between ancestry groups. This confirms that ancestry should be considered when investigating and characterizing biomarkers and molecular signatures relative to disease progression, prognosis, and potentially therapeutic targeting. Abstract Our knowledge of prostate cancer (PCa) genomics mainly reflects European (EUR) and Asian (ASN) populations. Our understanding of the influence of Middle Eastern (ME) and African (AFR) ancestry on the mutational profiles of prostate cancer is limited. To characterize genomic differences between ME, EUR, ASN, and AFR ancestry, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) studies for NKX3-1 deletion and MYC amplification were carried out on 42 tumors arising in individuals of ME ancestry. These were supplemented by analysis of genome-wide copy number profiles of 401 tumors of all ancestries. FISH results of NKX3-1 and MYC were assessed in the ME cohort and compared to other ancestries. Gene level copy number aberrations (CNAs) for each sample were statistically compared between ancestry groups. NKX3-1 deletions by FISH were observed in 17/42 (17.5%) prostate tumors arising in men of ME ancestry, while MYC amplifications were only observed in 1/42 (2.3%). Using CNAs called from arrays, the incidence of NKX3-1 deletions was significantly lower in ME vs. other ancestries (20% vs. 52%; p = 2.3 × 10−3). Across the genome, tumors arising in men of ME ancestry had fewer CNAs than those in men of other ancestries (p = 0.014). Additionally, the somatic amplification of 21 specific genes was more frequent in tumors arising in men of ME vs. EUR ancestry (two-sided proportion test; Q < 0.05). Those included amplifications in the glutathione S-transferase family on chromosome 1 (GSTM1, GSTM2, GSTM5) and the IQ motif-containing family on chromosome 3 (IQCF1, IQCF2, IQCF13, IQCF4, IQCF5, IQCF6). Larger studies investigating ME populations are warranted to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Albawardi
- Tawam Hospital, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 15258, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.A.A.A.)
- Pathology College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Julie Livingstone
- Departments of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 94607, USA; (J.L.); (K.E.H.); (P.C.B.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 94607, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 94607, USA
| | - Saeeda Almarzooqi
- Tawam Hospital, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 15258, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.A.A.A.)
- Pathology College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System Detroit, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Kathleen E. Houlahan
- Departments of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 94607, USA; (J.L.); (K.E.H.); (P.C.B.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 94607, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 94607, USA
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Ramy A. Abdelsalam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary-Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Precision Labs, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
- Department of Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Paul C. Boutros
- Departments of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 94607, USA; (J.L.); (K.E.H.); (P.C.B.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 94607, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 94607, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 94607, USA
| | - Tarek A. Bismar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary-Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Precision Labs, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
- Departments of Oncology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary-Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute and Tom Baker Cancer Center, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Precision Labs, Rockyview Hospital Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 7007-14th Street SW, Calgary, AB T2V 1P9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-943-8430; Fax: +1-403-943-3333
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NRG1 Genetic Variant Influences the Efficacy of Androgen-Deprivation Therapy in Men with Prostate Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050528. [PMID: 34068503 PMCID: PMC8151455 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulins (NRGs) activate receptor tyrosine kinases of the ErbB family, and play essential roles in the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of normal and malignant tissue cells. We hypothesized that genetic variants of NRG signalling pathway genes may influence treatment outcomes in prostate cancer. To test this hypothesis, we performed a comprehensive analysis to evaluate the associations of 459 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 19 NRG pathway genes with cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) in 630 patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). After multivariate Cox regression and multiple testing correction, we found that NRG1 rs144160282 C > T is significantly associated with worsening CSS, OS, and PFS during ADT. Further analysis showed that low expression of NRG1 is closely related to prostate cancer, as indicated by a high Gleason score, an advanced stage, and a shorter PFS rate. Meta-analysis of 16 gene expression datasets of 1,081 prostate cancer samples and 294 adjacent normal samples indicate lower NRG1 expression in the former compared with the latter (p < 0.001). These results suggest that NRG1 rs144160282 might be a prognostic predictor of the efficacy of ADT. Further studies are required to confirm the significance of NRG1 as a biomarker and therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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Sandahl M, Pedersen BG, Ulhøi BP, Borre M, Sørensen KD. Risk stratification in men with a negative prostate biopsy: an interim analysis of a prospective cohort study. BJU Int 2021; 128:702-712. [PMID: 33964113 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a risk score for prostate cancer (PCa) lifetime risk can be used to optimise triaging of patients with a negative prostate biopsy, but under sustained suspicion of PCa. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this prospective clinical study, we included, and risk scored patients who had a PCa-negative transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy, but elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a suspicious prostate digital rectal examination and/or a positive family history (FH) of PCa. The risk score estimated individual lifetime risk of PCa, based on a polygenic risk score (33 single nucleotide polymorphisms), age, and FH of PCa. Patients were followed, under urological supervision, for up to 4 years with annual controls, always including PSA measurements. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and/or prostate biopsy was performed at selected annual controls depending on risk score and at the urologist's/patient's discretion, which means that the follow-up differed based on the risk score. RESULTS We included 429 patients. After risk scoring, 376/429 (88%) patients were allocated to a normal-risk group (<30% PCa lifetime risk) and 53/429 (12%) to a high-risk group (≥30% PCa lifetime risk). The high-risk group had significantly different follow-up, with more biopsy and mpMRI sessions compared to the normal-risk group. PCa was detected in 89/429 (21%) patients, with 67/376 (18%) patients diagnosed in the normal-risk group and 22/53 (42%) in the high-risk group. There was no statistically significant difference in the cumulative incidence of PCa between the normal-risk group and the high-risk group after 4 years of follow-up. Currently, 67/429 (16%) patients are still being followed in this ongoing study. CONCLUSION In a 4-year perspective, our PCa lifetime risk score did not demonstrate significant prognostic value for triaging patients, with a negative TRUS-guided biopsy and sustained suspicion of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Sandahl
- Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bodil Ginnerup Pedersen
- Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Borre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Doan DK, Schmidt KT, Chau CH, Figg WD. Germline Genetics of Prostate Cancer: Prevalence of Risk Variants and Clinical Implications for Disease Management. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092154. [PMID: 33947030 PMCID: PMC8124444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer has entered into the era of precision medicine with the recent approvals of targeted therapeutics (olaparib and rucaparib). The presence of germline mutations has important hereditary cancer implications for patients with prostate cancer, and germline testing is increasingly important in cancer screening, risk assessment, and the overall treatment and management of the disease. In this review, we discuss germline variants associated with inherited predisposition, prostate cancer risk and outcomes. We review recommendations for germline testing, available testing platforms, genetic counseling as well as discuss the therapeutic implications of germline variants relevant to prostate cancer treatments. Understanding the role of germline (heritable) mutations that affect prostate cancer biology and risk as well as the subsequent effect of these alterations on potential therapies is critical as the treatment paradigm shifts towards precision medicine. Furthermore, enhancing patient education tactics and healthcare system infrastructure is essential for the utilization of relevant predictive biomarkers and the improvement of clinical outcomes of patients with prostate cancer or at high risk of developing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith T. Schmidt
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Cindy H. Chau
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - William D. Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-240-760-6179; Fax: +1-240-858-3020
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76
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Zhang W, Dong Y, Sartor O, Zhang K. Comprehensive Analysis of Multiple Cohort Datasets Deciphers the Utility of Germline Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 14:741-752. [PMID: 33866309 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer susceptibility is a polygenic trait. We aimed to examine the controversial diagnostic utility of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for prostate cancer. We analyzed two datasets collected from Europeans and one from Africans. These datasets were generated by the genome-wide association studies, that is, CGEMS, BPC3, and MEC-Africans, respectively. About 540,000 SNPs, including 61 risk markers that constitute a panel termed MK-61, were commonly genotyped. For each dataset, we augmented the MK-61 panel to generate an MK-61+ one by adding several thousands of SNPs that were moderately associated with prostate cancer occurrence in external dataset(s). We assessed the diagnostic utility of both panels by measuring their predictive strength for prostate cancer occurrence with AUC statistics. We calculated the theoretical AUCs using quantitative genetics model-based formulae and obtained the empirical estimates via 10-fold cross-validation using statistical and machine learning techniques. For the MK-61 panel, the 95% confidence intervals of the theoretical AUCs (AUC-CI.95) were 0.578-0.655, 0.596-0.656, and 0.539-0.596 in the CGEMS, BPC3, and MEC-Africans cohorts, respectively. For the MK-61+ panels, the corresponding AUC-CI.95 were 0.617-0.663, 0.527-0.736, and 0.547-0.565. The empirical AUCs largely fell within the theoretical interval. A promising result (AUC = 0.703, FNR = 0.354, FPR = 0.353) was obtained in the BPC3 cohort when the MK-61+ panel was used. In the CGEMS cohort, the MK-61+ panel complemented PSA in predicting the disease status of PSA ≥ 2.0 ng/mL samples. This study demonstrates that augmented risk SNP panels can enhance prostate cancer prediction for males of European ancestry, especially those with [Formula: see text]ng/mL. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: This study demonstrates that augmented risk SNP panels can enhance prostate cancer prediction for males of European ancestry, especially those with PSA ≥ 2 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Zhang
- Bioinformatics Core of Xavier NIH RCMI Center of Cancer Research, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Oliver Sartor
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- Bioinformatics Core of Xavier NIH RCMI Center of Cancer Research, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA. .,Department of Computer Science, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
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77
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Leon AF, Chau CH, Price DK, Figg WD. Diversity on demand: multi-ancestry meta-analysis improves genetic risk prediction in prostate cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2021; 9:189-193. [PMID: 34079852 PMCID: PMC8165707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several genome-wide association studies have been conducted to identify genetic risk factors associated with prostate cancer, but their ability to discover new genetic variants and their applicability across ancestry groups have been limited by their lack of genetic diversity, owing to an underrepresentation of non-European populations. A recent meta-analysis published in Nature Genetics by Conti et al. has used a multi-ancestry approach to identify 86 new genetic loci associated with prostate cancer risk, refine leads in known risk regions, and develop a genetic risk score that is transferable across population groups. The findings of this study represent a significant advancement in genetic risk prediction for prostate cancer and their incorporation into standard screening protocols may lead to significant improvements in clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres F Leon
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cindy H Chau
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas K Price
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William D Figg
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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78
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Han D, Owiredu JN, Healy BM, Li M, Labaf M, Steinfeld JS, Patalano S, Gao S, Liu M, Macoska JA, Zarringhalam K, Siegfried KR, Yuan X, Rebbeck TR, Cai C. Susceptibility-Associated Genetic Variation in NEDD9 Contributes to Prostate Cancer Initiation and Progression. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3766-3776. [PMID: 33632899 PMCID: PMC8286295 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although American men of European ancestry represent the largest population of patients with prostate cancer, men of African ancestry are disproportionately affected by prostate cancer, with higher prevalence and worse outcomes. These racial disparities in prostate cancer are due to multiple factors, but variations in genomic susceptibility such as SNP may play an important role in determining cancer aggressiveness and treatment outcome. Using public databases, we have identified a prostate cancer susceptibility SNP at an intronic enhancer of the neural precursor expressed, developmentally downregulated 9 (NEDD9) gene, which is strongly associated with increased risk of patients with African ancestry. This genetic variation increased expression of NEDD9 by modulating the chromatin binding of certain transcription factors, including ERG and NANOG. Moreover, NEDD9 displayed oncogenic activity in prostate cancer cells, promoting prostate cancer tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Together, our study provides novel insights into the genetic mechanisms driving prostate cancer racial disparities. SIGNIFICANCE: A prostate cancer susceptibility genetic variation in NEDD9, which is strongly associated with the increased risk of patients with African ancestry, increases NEDD9 expression and promotes initiation and progression of prostate cancer.See related commentary by Mavura and Huang, p. 3764.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jude N Owiredu
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bridget M Healy
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Muqing Li
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maryam Labaf
- Department of Mathematics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jocelyn S Steinfeld
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Patalano
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuai Gao
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mingyu Liu
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jill A Macoska
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kourosh Zarringhalam
- Department of Mathematics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kellee R Siegfried
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xin Yuan
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Changmeng Cai
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
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79
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Saunders EJ, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles RA. Identification of Germline Genetic Variants that Increase Prostate Cancer Risk and Influence Development of Aggressive Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:760. [PMID: 33673083 PMCID: PMC7917798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is a heterogeneous disease, which presents in individual patients across a diverse phenotypic spectrum ranging from indolent to fatal forms. No robust biomarkers are currently available to enable routine screening for PrCa or to distinguish clinically significant forms, therefore late stage identification of advanced disease and overdiagnosis plus overtreatment of insignificant disease both remain areas of concern in healthcare provision. PrCa has a substantial heritable component, and technological advances since the completion of the Human Genome Project have facilitated improved identification of inherited genetic factors influencing susceptibility to development of the disease within families and populations. These genetic markers hold promise to enable improved understanding of the biological mechanisms underpinning PrCa development, facilitate genetically informed PrCa screening programmes and guide appropriate treatment provision. However, insight remains largely lacking regarding many aspects of their manifestation; especially in relation to genes associated with aggressive phenotypes, risk factors in non-European populations and appropriate approaches to enable accurate stratification of higher and lower risk individuals. This review discusses the methodology used in the elucidation of genetic loci, genes and individual causal variants responsible for modulating PrCa susceptibility; the current state of understanding of the allelic spectrum contributing to PrCa risk; and prospective future translational applications of these discoveries in the developing eras of genomics and personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Saunders
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Rosalind A. Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
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80
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Brezina S, Feigl M, Gumpenberger T, Staudinger R, Baierl A, Gsur A. Genome-wide association study of germline copy number variations reveals an association with prostate cancer aggressiveness. Mutagenesis 2021; 35:283-290. [PMID: 32255470 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major health burden, being the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men worldwide. Overtreatment represents a major problem in prostate cancer therapy, leading to significant long-term quality-of-life effects for patients and a broad socio-ecological burden. Biomarkers that could facilitate risk stratification of prostate cancer aggressiveness at the time of diagnosis may help to guide clinical treatment decisions and reduce overtreatment. Previous research on genetic variations in prostate cancer has shown that germline copy number variations as well as somatic copy number alterations are commonly present in cancer patients, altering a greater portion of the cancer genome than any other type of genetic variation. To investigate the effect of germline copy number variations on cancer aggressiveness we have compared genome-wide screening data from genomic DNA isolated from the blood of 120 patients with aggressive prostate cancer, 231 patients with non-aggressive prostate cancer and 87 controls with benign prostatic hyperplasia from the Prostate Cancer Study of Austria biobank using the Affymetrix SNP 6.0 array. We could show that patients with an aggressive form of prostate cancer had a higher frequency of copy number variations [mean count of copy number segments (CNS) = 12.9, median count of CNS = 9] compared to patients with non-aggressive prostate cancer (mean count of CNS = 10.4, median count of CNS = 8) or control patients diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (mean count of CNS = 9.3, median count of CNS = 8). In general, we observed that copy number gain is a rarer event, compared to copy number loss within all three patient groups. Furthermore, we could show a significant effect of copy number losses located on chromosomes 8, 9 and 10 on prostate cancer aggressiveness (P = 0.040, P = 0.037 and P = 0.005, respectively). Applying a cross-validation analysis yielded an area under the curve of 0.63. Our study reports promising findings suggesting that copy number losses might play an important role in the establishment of novel biomarkers to predict prostate cancer aggressiveness at the time of diagnosis. Such markers could be used to facilitate risk stratification to reduce overtreatment of prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brezina
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Feigl
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Hydrology and Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Gumpenberger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricarda Staudinger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Baierl
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Gsur
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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81
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Family history of prostate cancer and prostate tumor aggressiveness in black and non-black men;results from an equal access biopsy study. Cancer Causes Control 2021; 32:337-346. [PMID: 33532986 PMCID: PMC7946692 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-020-01389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To test for racial differences in associations between family history (FH) of prostate cancer (PC) and prostate cancer aggressiveness in a racially diverse equal access population undergoing prostate biopsy. Subjects/patients and methods We prospectively enrolled men undergoing prostate biopsy at the Durham Veterans Administration from 2007 to 2018 and assigned case or control status based on biopsy results. Race and FH of PC were self-reported on questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to test the association between FH and PC diagnosis overall and by tumor aggressiveness [high- (Grade Group 3–5) or low-grade (Grade Group 1–2) vs. no cancer], overall, and stratified by race. Models were adjusted for age and year of consent, race, PSA level, digital rectal exam findings, prostate volume, and previous (negative) biopsy receipt. Results Of 1,225 men, 323 had a FH of PC and 652 men were diagnosed with PC on biopsy. On multivariable analysis, FH was associated with increased odds of high-grade PC in black (OR 1.85, p = 0.041) and all men (OR 1.56, p = 0.057) and was unrelated to overall or low-grade PC diagnosis, overall, or stratified by race (all p ≥ 0.325). In sensitivity analyses among men without a previous biopsy, results were slightly more pronounced. Conclusion In this setting of equal access to care, positive FH of PC was associated with increased tumor aggressiveness in black men, but not non-black men undergoing prostate biopsy. Further research is required to tease apart the contribution of genetics from increased PC awareness potentially influencing screening and biopsy rates in men with FH. Supplementary Information The online version of this article (10.1007/s10552-020-01389-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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82
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Merseburger AS, Waldron N, Ribal MJ, Heidenreich A, Perner S, Fizazi K, Sternberg CN, Mateo J, Wirth MP, Castro E, Olmos D, Petrylak DP, Chowdhury S. Genomic Testing in Patients with Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: A Pragmatic Guide for Clinicians. Eur Urol 2021; 79:519-529. [PMID: 33494937 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Genomic testing is becoming increasingly important in patients with advanced prostate cancer (PC) and is being incorporated in clinical practice to guide treatment. OBJECTIVE To review the current understanding of genomic alterations and the status of genomic testing in patients with metastatic castration-resistant PC (mCRPC), and the potential use of genomic tests in clinical practice. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We reviewed recent publications (past 15 yr) from PubMed, proceedings of scientific conferences, and published guidelines. Reports on mCRPC in the following areas were selected: development, testing, and validation of techniques for identifying genomic alterations; molecular characterization; and trials of genetically targeted therapies. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS mCRPC tumors harbor molecular alterations that are possible targets for treatment, and a number of therapies are in development to exploit these alterations (eg, PD-1 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors). Next-generation sequencing of DNA from tumor tissue can identify somatic alterations that would not be identified by germline testing. Work is ongoing to evaluate the use of less invasive somatic testing methods (eg, sequencing of cell-free circulating tumor DNA). Current international guidelines recommend germline and/or somatic testing for men with advanced and/or high-risk PC regardless of family history to identify those with homologous recombination repair gene mutations or mismatch repair defects/microsatellite instability who may be eligible for treatment with a PARP inhibitor or pembrolizumab, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Genomic testing for mCRPC may provide information on prognostic, predictive, and resistance biomarkers. Although the incorporation of testing into clinical practice remains challenging, routine genomic testing of men with advanced PC is recommended to guide management and treatment decisions. PATIENT SUMMARY Similar to many cancers, prostate cancer is caused by defects in the cancer's DNA, which are called genetic or genomic defects. New treatments targeting these defects are approved for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Specific new tests are under development to detect these potentially treatable genetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria J Ribal
- Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Pathology Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Karim Fizazi
- University of Paris Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Cora N Sternberg
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joaquin Mateo
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elena Castro
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain; University Hospitals Regional and Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - David Olmos
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain; University Hospitals Regional and Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Simon Chowdhury
- Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Sarah Cannon Research Institute, London, UK
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83
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Novel prostate cancer susceptibility gene SP6 predisposes patients to aggressive disease. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:1158-1166. [PMID: 34012061 PMCID: PMC8616752 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is one of the most common cancers in men, but little is known about factors affecting its clinical outcomes. Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 170 germline susceptibility loci, but most of them are not associated with aggressive disease. We performed a genome-wide analysis of 185,478 SNPs in Finnish samples (2738 cases, 2400 controls) from the international Collaborative Oncological Gene-Environment Study (iCOGS) to find underlying PrCa risk variants. We identified a total of 21 common, low-penetrance susceptibility loci, including 10 novel variants independently associated with PrCa risk. Novel risk loci were located in the 8q24 (CASC8 rs16902147, OR 1.86, padj = 3.53 × 10-8 and rs58809953, OR 1.71, padj = 4.00 × 10-6; intergenic rs79012498, OR 1.81, padj = 4.26 × 10-8), 17q21 (SP6 rs2074187, OR 1.66, padj = 3.75 × 10-5), 11q13 (rs12795301, OR 1.42, padj = 2.89 × 10-5) and 8p21 (rs995432, OR 1.38, padj = 3.00 × 10-11) regions. Here, we describe SP6, a transcription factor gene, as a new, potentially high-risk gene for PrCa. The intronic variant rs2074187 in SP6 was associated not only with overall susceptibility to PrCa (OR 1.66) but also with a higher odds ratio for aggressive PrCa (OR 1.89) and lower odds for non-aggressive PrCa (OR 1.43). Furthermore, the new intergenic variant rs79012498 at 8q24 conferred risk for aggressive PrCa. Our findings highlighted the power of a population-stratified approach to identify novel, clinically actionable germline PrCa risk loci and strongly suggested SP6 as a new PrCa candidate gene that may be involved in the pathogenesis of PrCa.
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84
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Conti DV, Darst BF, Moss LC, Saunders EJ, Sheng X, Chou A, Schumacher FR, Olama AAA, Benlloch S, Dadaev T, Brook MN, Sahimi A, Hoffmann TJ, Takahashi A, Matsuda K, Momozawa Y, Fujita M, Muir K, Lophatananon A, Wan P, Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Stevens VL, Gapstur SM, Carter BD, Schleutker J, Tammela TLJ, Sipeky C, Auvinen A, Giles GG, Southey MC, MacInnis RJ, Cybulski C, Wokołorczyk D, Lubiński J, Neal DE, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Martin RM, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SF, Weischer M, Bojesen SE, Røder MA, Iversen P, Batra J, Chambers S, Moya L, Horvath L, Clements JA, Tilley W, Risbridger GP, Gronberg H, Aly M, Szulkin R, Eklund M, Nordström T, Pashayan N, Dunning AM, Ghoussaini M, Travis RC, Key TJ, Riboli E, Park JY, Sellers TA, Lin HY, Albanes D, Weinstein SJ, Mucci LA, Giovannucci E, Lindstrom S, Kraft P, Hunter DJ, Penney KL, Turman C, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, Thompson IM, Hamilton RJ, Fleshner NE, Finelli A, Parent MÉ, Stanford JL, Ostrander EA, Geybels MS, Koutros S, Freeman LEB, Stampfer M, Wolk A, Håkansson N, Andriole GL, Hoover RN, Machiela MJ, Sørensen KD, Borre M, Blot WJ, Zheng W, Yeboah ED, Mensah JE, Lu YJ, Zhang HW, Feng N, Mao X, Wu Y, Zhao SC, Sun Z, Thibodeau SN, McDonnell SK, Schaid DJ, West CML, Burnet N, Barnett G, Maier C, Schnoeller T, Luedeke M, Kibel AS, Drake BF, Cussenot O, Cancel-Tassin G, Menegaux F, Truong T, Koudou YA, John EM, Grindedal EM, Maehle L, Khaw KT, Ingles SA, Stern MC, Vega A, Gómez-Caamaño A, Fachal L, Rosenstein BS, Kerns SL, Ostrer H, Teixeira MR, Paulo P, Brandão A, Watya S, Lubwama A, Bensen JT, Fontham ETH, Mohler J, Taylor JA, Kogevinas M, Llorca J, Castaño-Vinyals G, Cannon-Albright L, Teerlink CC, Huff CD, Strom SS, Multigner L, Blanchet P, Brureau L, Kaneva R, Slavov C, Mitev V, Leach RJ, Weaver B, Brenner H, Cuk K, Holleczek B, Saum KU, Klein EA, Hsing AW, Kittles RA, Murphy AB, Logothetis CJ, Kim J, Neuhausen SL, Steele L, Ding YC, Isaacs WB, Nemesure B, Hennis AJM, Carpten J, Pandha H, Michael A, De Ruyck K, De Meerleer G, Ost P, Xu J, Razack A, Lim J, Teo SH, Newcomb LF, Lin DW, Fowke JH, Neslund-Dudas C, Rybicki BA, Gamulin M, Lessel D, Kulis T, Usmani N, Singhal S, Parliament M, Claessens F, Joniau S, Van den Broeck T, Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE, Martinez ME, Larkin S, Townsend PA, Aukim-Hastie C, Bush WS, Aldrich MC, Crawford DC, Srivastava S, Cullen JC, Petrovics G, Casey G, Roobol MJ, Jenster G, van Schaik RHN, Hu JJ, Sanderson M, Varma R, McKean-Cowdin R, Torres M, Mancuso N, Berndt SI, Van Den Eeden SK, Easton DF, Chanock SJ, Cook MB, Wiklund F, Nakagawa H, Witte JS, Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai Z, Haiman CA. Trans-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of prostate cancer identifies new susceptibility loci and informs genetic risk prediction. Nat Genet 2021; 53:65-75. [PMID: 33398198 PMCID: PMC8148035 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a highly heritable disease with large disparities in incidence rates across ancestry populations. We conducted a multiancestry meta-analysis of prostate cancer genome-wide association studies (107,247 cases and 127,006 controls) and identified 86 new genetic risk variants independently associated with prostate cancer risk, bringing the total to 269 known risk variants. The top genetic risk score (GRS) decile was associated with odds ratios that ranged from 5.06 (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.84-5.29) for men of European ancestry to 3.74 (95% CI, 3.36-4.17) for men of African ancestry. Men of African ancestry were estimated to have a mean GRS that was 2.18-times higher (95% CI, 2.14-2.22), and men of East Asian ancestry 0.73-times lower (95% CI, 0.71-0.76), than men of European ancestry. These findings support the role of germline variation contributing to population differences in prostate cancer risk, with the GRS offering an approach for personalized risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Conti
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Burcu F Darst
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lilit C Moss
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Xin Sheng
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alisha Chou
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara Benlloch
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Ali Sahimi
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Atushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Biobank, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masashi Fujita
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Artitaya Lophatananon
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peggy Wan
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Victoria L Stevens
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian D Carter
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genomics, Laboratory Division, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Teuvo L J Tammela
- Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Csilla Sipeky
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dominika Wokołorczyk
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubiński
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - David E Neal
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- University of Cambridge, Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jenny L Donovan
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maren Weischer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Andreas Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Iversen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Leire Moya
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa Horvath
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse (COBLH), Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Judith A Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wayne Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik Gronberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Aly
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Szulkin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- SDS Life Science, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Martin Eklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Nordström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences at Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Thomas A Sellers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Lindstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Hunter
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Constance Turman
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine M Tangen
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Phyllis J Goodman
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian M Thompson
- CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Hospital - Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Hamilton
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil E Fleshner
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio Finelli
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Élise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Milan S Geybels
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meir Stampfer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niclas Håkansson
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Borre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Edward D Yeboah
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - James E Mensah
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Ninghan Feng
- Wuxi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xueying Mao
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK
| | - Yudong Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shan-Chao Zhao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zan Sun
- The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, The People's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shannon K McDonnell
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel J Schaid
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Catharine M L West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Burnet
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Gill Barnett
- University of Cambridge Department of Oncology, Oncology Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Adam S Kibel
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Florence Menegaux
- Exposome and Heredity, CESP (UMR 1018), Paris-Saclay Medical School, Paris-Saclay University, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Thérèse Truong
- Exposome and Heredity, CESP (UMR 1018), Paris-Saclay Medical School, Paris-Saclay University, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Yves Akoli Koudou
- CESP (UMR 1018), Paris-Saclay Medical School, Paris-Saclay University, Inserm, Villejuif, France
| | - Esther M John
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Lovise Maehle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sue A Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mariana C Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega Medicina Xenómica, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gómez-Caamaño
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Fachal
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Fundación Pública Galega Medicina Xenómica, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Barry S Rosenstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah L Kerns
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Harry Ostrer
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Paulo
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Brandão
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Jeannette T Bensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth T H Fontham
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Mohler
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jack A Taylor
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Llorca
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Craig C Teerlink
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chad D Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara S Strom
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luc Multigner
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Blanchet
- CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, University of the French Antilles, University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health), Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Laurent Brureau
- CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, University of the French Antilles, University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health), Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Chavdar Slavov
- Department of Urology and Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vanio Mitev
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Robin J Leach
- Department of Urology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Brandi Weaver
- Department of Urology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katarina Cuk
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Kai-Uwe Saum
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric A Klein
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Department of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rick A Kittles
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Adam B Murphy
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeri Kim
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Linda Steele
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Chun Ding
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Nemesure
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Anselm J M Hennis
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Chronic Disease Research Centre and Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - John Carpten
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Agnieszka Michael
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Kim De Ruyck
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Gert De Meerleer
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Piet Ost
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care and Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Azad Razack
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jasmine Lim
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia (CRM), Outpatient Centre, Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Lisa F Newcomb
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel W Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay H Fowke
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marija Gamulin
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomislav Kulis
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nawaid Usmani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sandeep Singhal
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew Parliament
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van den Broeck
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Servicio Galego de Saúde, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jose Esteban Castelao
- Genetic Oncology Unit, CHUVI Hospital, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Galicia Sur (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- Moores Cancer Center, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samantha Larkin
- The University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Paul A Townsend
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Health Innovation Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Claire Aukim-Hastie
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - William S Bush
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Melinda C Aldrich
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer C Cullen
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron H N van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer J Hu
- The University of Miami School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maureen Sanderson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rohit Varma
- Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mina Torres
- Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Mancuso
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen K Van Den Eeden
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Christopher A Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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85
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Zhou J, Liu C, Sun Y, Huang W, Ye K. Cognitive disorders associated with hospitalization of COVID-19: Results from an observational cohort study. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:383-392. [PMID: 33148439 PMCID: PMC7584518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our understanding of risk factors for COVID‑19, including pre-existing medical conditions and genetic variations, is limited. To what extent the pre-existing clinical condition and genetic background have implications for COVID-19 still needs to be explored. METHODS Our study included 389,620 participants of European descent from the UK Biobank, of whom 3,884 received the COVID-19 test and 1,091 were tested positive for COVID-19. We examined the association of COVID-19 status with an extensive list of 974 medical conditions and 30 blood biomarkers. Additionally, we tested the association of genetic variants in two key genes related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), with COVID-19 or any other phenotypes. RESULTS The most significant risk factors for COVID-19 include Alzheimer's disease (OR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.25-4.16), dementia (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.36-3.42), and the overall category of delirium, dementia, amnestic and other cognitive disorders (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.24-2.90). Evidence suggesting associations of genetic variants in SARS-CoV-2 infection-related genes with COVID-19 (rs7282236, OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.14-1.54, p = 2.31 × 10-4) and other phenotypes, such as an immune deficiency (p = 5.65 × 10-5) and prostate cancer (p = 1.1 × 10-5), was obtained. CONCLUSIONS Our unbiased and extensive search identified pre-existing Alzheimer's disease and dementia as top risk factors for hospital admission due to COVID-19, highlighting the importance of providing special protective care for patients with cognitive disorders during this pandemic. We also obtained evidence suggesting a direct association of genetic variants with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA,School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Genetics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yitang Sun
- Department of Genetics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kaixiong Ye
- Department of Genetics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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86
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Osuchowski M, Bartusik-Aebisher D, Osuchowski F, Aebisher D. Photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer - A narrative review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102158. [PMID: 33352313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article is a review of approaches to treatment of low and high-grade prostate cancer including a discussion of active treatment vs. active surveillance for patients with low-grade prostate cancer. In particular, we will review PDT as an option for active treatment of low-grade prostate cancer considered in light of recent clinical trials. The mechanism and clinical methods of PDT application and the key points from clinical trials using PDT for prostate cancer with the photosensitizers m-tetrahydroxyphenyl chloride, protoporphyrin IX, motexafin lutetium, padoporfin, and padeliporfin between the years 2002 and 2017 are reviewed. Recently developed methodologies for photodynamic prostate cancer treatment that are in the experimental stage, photodynamic diagnosis, fluorescence guided resection, and PSMA-targeted PDT will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Osuchowski
- Department of Photomorphology, The Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, The Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Filip Osuchowski
- Department of Health Sciences, The Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Sciences, The Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland.
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87
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Tang L, Zhang L, Liu L, Dong L, Dong Y, Zhu W, Wang H. NCOR1 may be a potential biomarker of a novel molecular subtype of prostate cancer. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2678-2686. [PMID: 33058520 PMCID: PMC7714081 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed male cancer. An earlier study of a cohort of 333 primary prostate carcinomas showed that 74% of these tumors fell into one of seven subtypes of a molecular taxonomy defined by specific gene fusions (ERG, ETV1/4 and FLI1) or mutations (SPOP, FOXA1 and IDH1). Molecular subtypes may aid in distinguishing indolent cases from aggressive cases and improving management of the disease. However, molecular features of PCa outside the seven subtypes are still not well studied. Here we report molecular features of PCa cases without typical features of the established subtypes. We performed comprehensive genomic analysis of 91 patients, including 54 primary and 37 metastatic cases, by whole‐exome sequencing. TP53, SPOP, FOXA1, AR (androgen receptor) and a TMPRSS2–ERG fusion emerged as the most commonly altered genes in primary cases, whereas AR, FOXA1, PTEN, CDK12, APC and TP53 were the most commonly altered genes in metastatic cases. Nuclear receptor corepressor (NCOR1) genomic alterations have been identified in 5% of cases, which are nontypical molecular features of PCa subtypes. A novel NCOR1 c.2182G>C (p.Val728Leu) was identified in tumor. RT‐PCR was used to show that this mutation caused loss of NCOR1 exon 19 and might be oncogenic in PCa. NCOR1 is involved in maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential in PCa cells, and loss of NCOR1 might contribute to PCa progression. Therefore, NCOR1 may be a potential molecular marker of a subtype of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tang
- Jilin Collaborative Innovation Center for Antibody Engineering, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- School of Landscape, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Jilin Collaborative Innovation Center for Antibody Engineering, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Liping Dong
- Jilin Collaborative Innovation Center for Antibody Engineering, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- Jilin Collaborative Innovation Center for Antibody Engineering, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Wenhe Zhu
- Jilin Collaborative Innovation Center for Antibody Engineering, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Jilin Collaborative Innovation Center for Antibody Engineering, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
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88
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Brandão A, Paulo P, Maia S, Pinheiro M, Peixoto A, Cardoso M, Silva MP, Santos C, Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai Z, Muir K, Schleutker J, Wang Y, Pashayan N, Batra J, Grönberg H, Neal DE, Nordestgaard BG, Tangen CM, Southey MC, Wolk A, Albanes D, Haiman CA, Travis RC, Stanford JL, Mucci LA, West CML, Nielsen SF, Kibel AS, Cussenot O, Berndt SI, Koutros S, Sørensen KD, Cybulski C, Grindedal EM, Park JY, Ingles SA, Maier C, Hamilton RJ, Rosenstein BS, Vega A, Kogevinas M, Wiklund F, Penney KL, Brenner H, John EM, Kaneva R, Logothetis CJ, Neuhausen SL, Ruyck KD, Razack A, Newcomb LF, Lessel D, Usmani N, Claessens F, Gago-Dominguez M, Townsend PA, Roobol MJ, Teixeira MR. The CHEK2 Variant C.349A>G Is Associated with Prostate Cancer Risk and Carriers Share a Common Ancestor. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3254. [PMID: 33158149 PMCID: PMC7694218 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of recurrent founder variants in cancer predisposing genes may have important implications for implementing cost-effective targeted genetic screening strategies. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence and relative risk of the CHEK2 recurrent variant c.349A>G in a series of 462 Portuguese patients with early-onset and/or familial/hereditary prostate cancer (PrCa), as well as in the large multicentre PRACTICAL case-control study comprising 55,162 prostate cancer cases and 36,147 controls. Additionally, we investigated the potential shared ancestry of the carriers by performing identity-by-descent, haplotype and age estimation analyses using high-density SNP data from 70 variant carriers belonging to 11 different populations included in the PRACTICAL consortium. The CHEK2 missense variant c.349A>G was found significantly associated with an increased risk for PrCa (OR 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.2). A shared haplotype flanking the variant in all carriers was identified, strongly suggesting a common founder of European origin. Additionally, using two independent statistical algorithms, implemented by DMLE+2.3 and ESTIAGE, we were able to estimate the age of the variant between 2300 and 3125 years. By extending the haplotype analysis to 14 additional carrier families, a shared core haplotype was revealed among all carriers matching the conserved region previously identified in the high-density SNP analysis. These findings are consistent with CHEK2 c.349A>G being a founder variant associated with increased PrCa risk, suggesting its potential usefulness for cost-effective targeted genetic screening in PrCa families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Brandão
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (P.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Paula Paulo
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (P.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Sofia Maia
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (P.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Manuela Pinheiro
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (P.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Ana Peixoto
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Marta Cardoso
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (P.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Maria P. Silva
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (P.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Catarina Santos
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Rosalind A. Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (R.A.E.); (Z.K.-J.)
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (R.A.E.); (Z.K.-J.)
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - UKGPCS Collaborators
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK; (UKGPCS Collaborators); (The IMPACT Study Steering Committee and Collaborators)
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun Yliopisto, 20050 Turku, Finland;
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genomics, Laboratory Division, Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, 250 Williams Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK;
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (J.B.); (APCB BioResource)
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - APCB BioResource
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (J.B.); (APCB BioResource)
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.G.); (F.W.)
| | - David E. Neal
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Room 6603, Level 6, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.G.N.); (S.F.N.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catherine M. Tangen
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, M3-C102, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA;
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, ML 20892, USA; (D.A.); (S.I.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90015, USA;
| | - Ruth C. Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK;
| | - Janet L. Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, DC 98109-1024, USA; (J.L.S.); (L.F.N.); (Canary PASS Investigators)
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, DC 98195, USA
| | - Lorelei A. Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Catharine M. L. West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Sune F. Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.G.N.); (S.F.N.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam S. Kibel
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Womens Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- Sorbonne Universite, GRC n 5, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, 4 rue de la Chine, F-75020 Paris, France;
- CeRePP, Tenon Hospital, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, ML 20892, USA; (D.A.); (S.I.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, ML 20892, USA; (D.A.); (S.I.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-115 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Eli Marie Grindedal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Jong Y. Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Sue A. Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90015, USA;
| | - Christiane Maier
- Humangenetik Tuebingen, Paul-Ehrlich-Str 23, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Robert J. Hamilton
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada;
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Barry S. Rosenstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Box 1236, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega Medicina Xenómica, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Campus del Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.G.); (F.W.)
| | - Kathryn L. Penney
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02184, USA;
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther M. John
- Departments of Epidemiology & Population Health and of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA;
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, 2 Zdrave Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Susan L. Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Kim De Ruyck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Azad Razack
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
| | - Lisa F. Newcomb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, DC 98109-1024, USA; (J.L.S.); (L.F.N.); (Canary PASS Investigators)
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356510, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Canary PASS Investigators
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, DC 98109-1024, USA; (J.L.S.); (L.F.N.); (Canary PASS Investigators)
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356510, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Nawaid Usmani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada;
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Group of Genomic Medicine, Galician Public Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS) University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Moores Cancer Center, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0012, USA
| | - Paul A. Townsend
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Health Innovation Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Monique J. Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | | | | | - Manuel R. Teixeira
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (P.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.P.S.)
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.); (C.S.)
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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89
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Black MH, Li S, LaDuca H, Lo M, Chen J, Hoiness R, Gutierrez S, Tippin‐Davis B, Lu H, Gielzak M, Wiley K, Shi Z, Wei J, Zheng SL, Helfand BT, Isaacs W, Xu J. Validation of a prostate cancer polygenic risk score. Prostate 2020; 80:1314-1321. [PMID: 33258481 PMCID: PMC7590110 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have identified over 100 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with prostate cancer (PrCa), and polygenic risk scores (PRS) based on their combined genotypes have been developed for risk stratification. We aimed to assess the contribution of PRS to PrCa risk in a large multisite study. METHODS The sample included 1972 PrCa cases and 1919 unaffected controls. Next-generation sequencing was used to assess pathogenic variants in 14 PrCa-susceptibility genes and 72 validated PrCa-associated SNPs. We constructed a population-standardized PRS and tested its association with PrCa using logistic regression adjusted for age and family history of PrCa. RESULTS The mean age of PrCa cases at diagnosis and age of controls at testing/last clinic visit was 59.5 ± 7.2 and 57.2 ± 13.0 years, respectively. Among 1740 cases with pathology data, 57.4% had Gleason score ≤ 6, while 42.6% had Gleason score ≥ 8. In addition, 39.6% cases and 20.1% controls had a family history of PrCa. The PRS was significantly higher in cases than controls (mean ± SD: 1.42 ± 1.11 vs 1.02 ± 0.76; P < .0001). Compared with men in the 1st quartile of age-adjusted PRS, those in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartile were 1.58 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31-1.90), 2.36 (95% CI: 1.96-2.84), and 3.98 (95% CI: 3.29-4.82) times as likely to have PrCa (all P < .0001). Adjustment for family history yielded similar results. PRS predictive performance was consistent with prior literature (area under the receiver operating curve = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.62-0.66). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a 72-SNP PRS is predictive of PrCa, supporting its potential use in clinical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Gielzak
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Kathleen Wiley
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Zhuqing Shi
- Program for Personalized Cancer CareNorthShore University Health SystemEvanstonIllinois
| | - Jun Wei
- Program for Personalized Cancer CareNorthShore University Health SystemEvanstonIllinois
| | - Siqun Lilly Zheng
- Program for Personalized Cancer CareNorthShore University Health SystemEvanstonIllinois
| | - Brian T. Helfand
- Program for Personalized Cancer CareNorthShore University Health SystemEvanstonIllinois
| | - William Isaacs
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer CareNorthShore University Health SystemEvanstonIllinois
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Recommandations françaises du Comité de cancérologie de l’AFU – actualisation 2020–2022 : cancer de la prostate. Prog Urol 2020; 30:S136-S251. [DOI: 10.1016/s1166-7087(20)30752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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91
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Wang X, Hayes JE, Xu X, Gao X, Mehta D, Lilja HG, Klein RJ. Validation of prostate cancer risk variants rs10993994 and rs7098889 by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing. Gene 2020; 768:145265. [PMID: 33122083 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GWAS have identified numerous SNPs associated with prostate cancer risk. One such SNP is rs10993994. It is located in the β-microseminoprotein (MSMB) promoter region, mediates MSMB prostate secretion levels, and is linked to mRNA expression changes in both MSMB and the adjacent gene NCOA4. In addition, our previous work showed a second SNP, rs7098889, is in positive linkage disequilibrium with rs10993994 and associated with MSMB expression independent of rs10993994. Here, we generate a series of clones with single alleles removed by double guide RNA (gRNA) mediated CRISPR/Cas9 deletions, through which we demonstrate that each of these SNPs independently and greatly alters MSMB expression in an allele-specific manner. We further show that these SNPs have no substantial effect on the expression of NCOA4. These data demonstrate that a single SNP can have a large effect on gene expression and illustrate the importance of functional validation studies to deconvolute observed correlations. The method we have developed is generally applicable to test any SNP for which a relevant heterozygous cell line is available. AUTHOR SUMMARY: In pursuing the underlying biological mechanism of prostate cancer pathogenesis, scientists utilized the existence of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human genome as genetic markers to perform large scale genome wide association studies (GWAS) and have so far identified more than a hundred prostate cancer risk variants. Such variants provide an unbiased and systematic new venue to study the disease mechanism, and the next big challenge is to translate these genetic associations to the causal role of altered gene function in oncogenesis. The majority of these variants are waiting to be studied and lots of them may act in oncogenesis through gene expression regulation. To prove the concept, we took rs10993994 and its linked rs7098889 as an example and engineered single cell clones by allelic-specific CRISPR/Cas9 deletion to separate the effect of each allele. We observed that a single nucleotide difference would lead to surprisingly high level of MSMB gene expression change in a gene specific and cell-type specific manner. Our study strongly supports the notion that differential level of gene expression caused by risk variants and their associated genetic locus play a major role in oncogenesis and also highlights the importance of studying the function of MSMB encoded β-MSP in prostate cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - James E Hayes
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xing Xu
- Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaoni Gao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dipti Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hans G Lilja
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK and Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Robert J Klein
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
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92
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Survival outcomes in men with a positive family history of prostate cancer: a registry based study. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:894. [PMID: 32948129 PMCID: PMC7499864 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the correlation between family history of prostate cancer (PCa) and survival (overall and cancer specific) in patients undergoing treatment for PCa. Methods ine thousand four hundred fifty-nine patients with PCa were extracted from the South Australian Prostate Cancer Clinical Outcomes Collaborative (SA-PCCOC) database. Diagnosis occurred after 1998 and treatment before 2014. Cox proportional-hazards modeling was used to assess the effect of family history on overall survival after adjustment for confounders (age at diagnosis, NCCN risk category and year of treatment), and with stratification by primary treatment group. Competing risks regression modelling was used to assess PCa specific mortality. Results Men with a positive family history of PCa appear to have a lower Gleason score at the time of diagnosis (50% with Gleason < 7, compared to 39% in those without family history) and be diagnosed at a lower age (64 vs 69). Men with a positive family history of PCa appear to have better overall survival outcomes (p < 0.001, log rank test). In analysis adjusting for age at diagnosis, NCCN risk category and year of treatment, family history remained a significant factor when modelling overall survival (HR 0.72 95% CI 0.55–0.95, p = 0.021). There were no significant differences in treatment subgroups of radical prostatectomy (p = 0.7) and radiotherapy (0.054). Conclusion Men with a positive family history of PCa appear to have better overall survival outcomes. This better survival may represent lead time bias and early initiation of PSA screening. Family history of PCa was not associated with different survival outcomes in men who were treated with either radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy.
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93
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Giri VN, Knudsen KE, Kelly WK, Cheng HH, Cooney KA, Cookson MS, Dahut W, Weissman S, Soule HR, Petrylak DP, Dicker AP, AlDubayan SH, Toland AE, Pritchard CC, Pettaway CA, Daly MB, Mohler JL, Parsons JK, Carroll PR, Pilarski R, Blanco A, Woodson A, Rahm A, Taplin ME, Polascik TJ, Helfand BT, Hyatt C, Morgans AK, Feng F, Mullane M, Powers J, Concepcion R, Lin DW, Wender R, Mark JR, Costello A, Burnett AL, Sartor O, Isaacs WB, Xu J, Weitzel J, Andriole GL, Beltran H, Briganti A, Byrne L, Calvaresi A, Chandrasekar T, Chen DYT, Den RB, Dobi A, Crawford ED, Eastham J, Eggener S, Freedman ML, Garnick M, Gomella PT, Handley N, Hurwitz MD, Izes J, Karnes RJ, Lallas C, Languino L, Loeb S, Lopez AM, Loughlin KR, Lu-Yao G, Malkowicz SB, Mann M, Mille P, Miner MM, Morgan T, Moreno J, Mucci L, Myers RE, Nielsen SM, O’Neil B, Pinover W, Pinto P, Poage W, Raj GV, Rebbeck TR, Ryan C, Sandler H, Schiewer M, Scott EMD, Szymaniak B, Tester W, Trabulsi EJ, Vapiwala N, Yu EY, Zeigler-Johnson C, Gomella LG. Implementation of Germline Testing for Prostate Cancer: Philadelphia Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference 2019. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:2798-2811. [PMID: 32516092 PMCID: PMC7430215 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Germline testing (GT) is a central feature of prostate cancer (PCA) treatment, management, and hereditary cancer assessment. Critical needs include optimized multigene testing strategies that incorporate evolving genetic data, consistency in GT indications and management, and alternate genetic evaluation models that address the rising demand for genetic services. METHODS A multidisciplinary consensus conference that included experts, stakeholders, and national organization leaders was convened in response to current practice challenges and to develop a genetic implementation framework. Evidence review informed questions using the modified Delphi model. The final framework included criteria with strong (> 75%) agreement (Recommend) or moderate (50% to 74%) agreement (Consider). RESULTS Large germline panels and somatic testing were recommended for metastatic PCA. Reflex testing-initial testing of priority genes followed by expanded testing-was suggested for multiple scenarios. Metastatic disease or family history suggestive of hereditary PCA was recommended for GT. Additional family history and pathologic criteria garnered moderate consensus. Priority genes to test for metastatic disease treatment included BRCA2, BRCA1, and mismatch repair genes, with broader testing, such as ATM, for clinical trial eligibility. BRCA2 was recommended for active surveillance discussions. Screening starting at age 40 years or 10 years before the youngest PCA diagnosis in a family was recommended for BRCA2 carriers, with consideration in HOXB13, BRCA1, ATM, and mismatch repair carriers. Collaborative (point-of-care) evaluation models between health care and genetic providers was endorsed to address the genetic counseling shortage. The genetic evaluation framework included optimal pretest informed consent, post-test discussion, cascade testing, and technology-based approaches. CONCLUSION This multidisciplinary, consensus-driven PCA genetic implementation framework provides novel guidance to clinicians and patients tailored to the precision era. Multiple research, education, and policy needs remain of importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veda N. Giri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Karen E. Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - William K. Kelly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Heather H. Cheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Clinical Research, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathleen A. Cooney
- Duke University School of Medicine and Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | | | - William Dahut
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | - Adam P. Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Amanda E. Toland
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Colin C. Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter R. Carroll
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Robert Pilarski
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Amie Blanco
- University of California, San Francisco, Cancer Genetics and Prevention Program, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ashley Woodson
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Alanna Rahm
- Center for Health Research, Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA
| | | | | | | | - Colette Hyatt
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Felix Feng
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Urology, and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Jacqueline Powers
- University of Pennsylvania, Basser Center for BRCA, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - James Ryan Mark
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Anthony Costello
- Urology at Royal Melbourne Hospital, North Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Jianfeng Xu
- North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL
| | | | | | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Alberto Briganti
- Unit of Urology, Division of Oncology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Anne Calvaresi
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Thenappan Chandrasekar
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Robert B. Den
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Albert Dobi
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - James Eastham
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Marc Garnick
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Nathan Handley
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark D. Hurwitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joseph Izes
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Costas Lallas
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lucia Languino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stacy Loeb
- Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University and Manhattan Veterans Affairs, New York, NY
| | - Ana Maria Lopez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Grace Lu-Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Mark Mann
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Patrick Mille
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Lorelei Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA
| | - Ronald E. Myers
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Brock O’Neil
- University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Peter Pinto
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Wendy Poage
- Prostate Conditions Education Council, Elizabeth, CO
| | - Ganesh V. Raj
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Timothy R. Rebbeck
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA
| | - Charles Ryan
- University of Minnesota and Masonic Cancer Center, Madison, WI
| | | | - Matthew Schiewer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - William Tester
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Edouard J. Trabulsi
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Evan Y. Yu
- University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Charnita Zeigler-Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Leonard G. Gomella
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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94
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Peng H, Wu X, Wen Y, Li C, Lin J, Li J, Xiong S, Zhong R, Liang H, Cheng B, Liu J, He J, Liang W. Association between systemic sclerosis and risk of lung cancer: results from a pool of cohort studies and Mendelian randomization analysis. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102633. [PMID: 32801043 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based cohort studies have indicated that systemic sclerosis (SSc) may be associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. However, there are few studies that comprehensively investigate their correlation and the causal effect remains unknown. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase from the inception dates to December 1, 2019 was carried out. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were performed regarding gender. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was carried out with summary data from published genome-wide association studies of SSc (Neale Lab, 3871 individuals; UK Biobank, 463,315 individuals) and lung cancer (International Lung Cancer Consortium, 27,209 individuals; UK Biobank, 508,977 individuals). Study-specific estimates were summarized using inverse variance-weighted, weighted median, and MR-Egger method. RESULTS Through meta-analysis of 10 population-based cohort studies involving 12,218 patients, we observed a significantly increased risk of lung cancer among patients with SSc (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.55-5.03). In accordance with subgroup analysis, male patients (OR 4.11, 95% CI 1.92-8.79) had a 1.5-fold higher lung cancer risk compared with female patients (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.41-5.27). However, using a score of 11 SSc-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (p < 5*10-8) as instrumental variables, the MR study did not support a causality between SSc and lung cancer (OR 1.001, 95% CI 0.929-1.100, p = 0.800). Specifically, subgroup MR analyses indicated that SSc was not associated with increased risks of non-small-cell lung cancer (OR 1.000, 95% CI 0.999-1.000, p = 0.974), including lung adenocarcinoma (OR 0.996, 95% CI 0.906-1.094, p = 0.927), squamous cell lung carcinoma (OR 1.034, 95% CI 0.937-1.140, p = 0.507), nor small-cell lung cancer (OR 1.000, 95% CI 0.999-1.000, p = 0.837). CONCLUSIONS This study indicated an increased risk of lung cancer among patients with SSc by meta-analysis, whereas the MR study did not support a causality between the two diseases. Further studies are warranted to investigate the factors underlying the attribution of SSc to lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Peng
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Nanshan School, Guangzhou Medical University, Jingxiu Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xiangrong Wu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Nanshan School, Guangzhou Medical University, Jingxiu Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yaokai Wen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Nanshan School, Guangzhou Medical University, Jingxiu Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Caichen Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsheng Lin
- Nanshan School, Guangzhou Medical University, Jingxiu Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jianfu Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengrui Liang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxing He
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wenhua Liang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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95
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Wu L, Yang Y, Guo X, Shu XO, Cai Q, Shu X, Li B, Tao R, Wu C, Nikas JB, Sun Y, Zhu J, Roobol MJ, Giles GG, Brenner H, John EM, Clements J, Grindedal EM, Park JY, Stanford JL, Kote-Jarai Z, Haiman CA, Eeles RA, Zheng W, Long J. An integrative multi-omics analysis to identify candidate DNA methylation biomarkers related to prostate cancer risk. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3905. [PMID: 32764609 PMCID: PMC7413371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains elusive whether some of the associations identified in genome-wide association studies of prostate cancer (PrCa) may be due to regulatory effects of genetic variants on CpG sites, which may further influence expression of PrCa target genes. To search for CpG sites associated with PrCa risk, here we establish genetic models to predict methylation (N = 1,595) and conduct association analyses with PrCa risk (79,194 cases and 61,112 controls). We identify 759 CpG sites showing an association, including 15 located at novel loci. Among those 759 CpG sites, methylation of 42 is associated with expression of 28 adjacent genes. Among 22 genes, 18 show an association with PrCa risk. Overall, 25 CpG sites show consistent association directions for the methylation-gene expression-PrCa pathway. We identify DNA methylation biomarkers associated with PrCa, and our findings suggest that specific CpG sites may influence PrCa via regulating expression of candidate PrCa target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wu
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Yaohua Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xingyi Guo
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiang Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bingshan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chong Wu
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jason B Nikas
- Research & Development, Genomix Inc, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yanfa Sun
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie St, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology & Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther M John
- Department of Medicine (Oncology) and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Judith Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-QLD, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Lane JA, Mason M, Metcalfe C, Holding P, Wade J, Noble S, Garfield K, Young G, Davis M, Peters TJ, Turner EL, Martin RM, Oxley J, Robinson M, Staffurth J, Walsh E, Blazeby J, Bryant R, Bollina P, Catto J, Doble A, Doherty A, Gillatt D, Gnanapragasam V, Hughes O, Kockelbergh R, Kynaston H, Paul A, Paez E, Powell P, Prescott S, Rosario D, Rowe E, Neal D. Active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy in PSA-detected clinically localised prostate cancer: the ProtecT three-arm RCT. Health Technol Assess 2020; 24:1-176. [PMID: 32773013 PMCID: PMC7443739 DOI: 10.3310/hta24370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the UK. Prostate-specific antigen testing followed by biopsy leads to overdetection, overtreatment as well as undertreatment of the disease. Evidence of treatment effectiveness has lacked because of the paucity of randomised controlled trials comparing conventional treatments. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of conventional treatments for localised prostate cancer (active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy) in men aged 50-69 years. DESIGN A prospective, multicentre prostate-specific antigen testing programme followed by a randomised trial of treatment, with a comprehensive cohort follow-up. SETTING Prostate-specific antigen testing in primary care and treatment in nine urology departments in the UK. PARTICIPANTS Between 2001 and 2009, 228,966 men aged 50-69 years received an invitation to attend an appointment for information about the Prostate testing for cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) study and a prostate-specific antigen test; 82,429 men were tested, 2664 were diagnosed with localised prostate cancer, 1643 agreed to randomisation to active monitoring (n = 545), radical prostatectomy (n = 553) or radical radiotherapy (n = 545) and 997 chose a treatment. INTERVENTIONS The interventions were active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy. TRIAL PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Definite or probable disease-specific mortality at the 10-year median follow-up in randomised participants. SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Overall mortality, metastases, disease progression, treatment complications, resource utilisation and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for 17 prostate cancer-specific (p = 0.48) and 169 all-cause (p = 0.87) deaths. Eight men died of prostate cancer in the active monitoring group (1.5 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 0.7 to 3.0); five died of prostate cancer in the radical prostatectomy group (0.9 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 0.4 to 2.2 per 1000 person years) and four died of prostate cancer in the radical radiotherapy group (0.7 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 0.3 to 2.0 per 1000 person years). More men developed metastases in the active monitoring group than in the radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy groups: active monitoring, n = 33 (6.3 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 4.5 to 8.8); radical prostatectomy, n = 13 (2.4 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 4.2 per 1000 person years); and radical radiotherapy, n = 16 (3.0 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 1.9 to 4.9 per 1000 person-years; p = 0.004). There were higher rates of disease progression in the active monitoring group than in the radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy groups: active monitoring (n = 112; 22.9 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 19.0 to 27.5 per 1000 person years); radical prostatectomy (n = 46; 8.9 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 6.7 to 11.9 per 1000 person-years); and radical radiotherapy (n = 46; 9.0 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 6.7 to 12.0 per 1000 person years; p < 0.001). Radical prostatectomy had the greatest impact on sexual function/urinary continence and remained worse than radical radiotherapy and active monitoring. Radical radiotherapy's impact on sexual function was greatest at 6 months, but recovered somewhat in the majority of participants. Sexual and urinary function gradually declined in the active monitoring group. Bowel function was worse with radical radiotherapy at 6 months, but it recovered with the exception of bloody stools. Urinary voiding and nocturia worsened in the radical radiotherapy group at 6 months but recovered. Condition-specific quality-of-life effects mirrored functional changes. No differences in anxiety/depression or generic or cancer-related quality of life were found. At the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year, the probabilities that each arm was the most cost-effective option were 58% (radical radiotherapy), 32% (active monitoring) and 10% (radical prostatectomy). LIMITATIONS A single prostate-specific antigen test and transrectal ultrasound biopsies were used. There were very few non-white men in the trial. The majority of men had low- and intermediate-risk disease. Longer follow-up is needed. CONCLUSIONS At a median follow-up point of 10 years, prostate cancer-specific mortality was low, irrespective of the assigned treatment. Radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy reduced disease progression and metastases, but with side effects. Further work is needed to follow up participants at a median of 15 years. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN20141297. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 37. See the National Institute for Health Research Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - J Athene Lane
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Malcolm Mason
- School of Medicine, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chris Metcalfe
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Holding
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julia Wade
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sian Noble
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Grace Young
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael Davis
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tim J Peters
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma L Turner
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Jon Oxley
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Mary Robinson
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John Staffurth
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eleanor Walsh
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jane Blazeby
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Bryant
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Prasad Bollina
- Department of Urology and Surgery, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew Doble
- Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alan Doherty
- Department of Urology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Gillatt
- Department of Urology, Southmead Hospital and Bristol Urological Institute, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Owen Hughes
- Department of Urology, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Roger Kockelbergh
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Howard Kynaston
- Department of Urology, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alan Paul
- Department of Urology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Edgar Paez
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Philip Powell
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stephen Prescott
- Department of Urology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Derek Rosario
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Edward Rowe
- Department of Urology, Southmead Hospital and Bristol Urological Institute, Bristol, UK
| | - David Neal
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Academic Urology Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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97
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Brandão A, Paulo P, Teixeira MR. Hereditary Predisposition to Prostate Cancer: From Genetics to Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5036. [PMID: 32708810 PMCID: PMC7404100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) ranks among the top five cancers for both incidence and mortality worldwide. A significant proportion of PrCa susceptibility has been attributed to inherited predisposition, with 10-20% of cases expected to occur in a hereditary/familial context. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies have uncovered several moderate- to high-penetrance PrCa susceptibility genes, most of which have previously been related to known hereditary cancer syndromes, namely the hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, CHEK2, and PALB2) and Lynch syndrome (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2) genes. Additional candidate genes have also been suggested, but further evidence is needed to include them in routine genetic testing. Recommendations based on clinical features, family history, and ethnicity have been established for more cost-efficient genetic testing of patients and families who may be at an increased risk of developing PrCa. The identification of alterations in PrCa predisposing genes may help to inform screening strategies, as well as treatment options, in the metastatic setting. This review provides an overview of the genetic basis underlying hereditary predisposition to PrCa, the current genetic screening recommendations, and the implications for clinical management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Brandão
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (P.P.)
| | - Paula Paulo
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (P.P.)
| | - Manuel R. Teixeira
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (P.P.)
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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98
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Ethnic variation in prostate cancer detection: a feasibility study for use of the Stockholm3 test in a multiethnic U.S. cohort. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2020; 24:120-127. [PMID: 32641739 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-0250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Stockholm3 test improves Gleason Grade Group ≥2 (GG ≥ 2) prostate cancer (PC) detection, however it has not been evaluated in an American cohort where clinical practice patterns and ethnicity differ. We aimed to identify subgroups within a Stockholm population with PC risk profiles matching American ethnicity-specific subgroups and compare the detection of PC and describe Stockholm3 performance within these subgroups. METHODS All men age 49-70 years presenting for prostate biopsies were evaluated at UIC from 2016 to 2019, as well as men in Stockholm from 2012 to 2014 in the STHLM3 study. Propensity scores (PS) were estimated for each person using logistic regression for age, PSA, prostate volume, family history of PC, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor use, and prior biopsy. 3:1 PS matching was performed for Stockholm to Chicago ethnicity-specific cohorts and odds ratios (OR) were computed to compare detection of GG ≥ 2 PC between groups. RESULTS 504 Chicago men and 6980 Stockholm men were included. In African American (AA) men, 51% had GG ≥ 2 PC detected, while in risk-matched Stockholm men, 34% had GG ≥ 2 PC detected (OR: 2.1, p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in GG ≥ 2 PC detected when matching Stockholm men to non-Hispanic Caucasian men (31% vs. 24%, OR: 0.7, p = 0.30) or Hispanic Caucasian men (31% vs. 27%, OR: 1.2, p = 0.42). The AUC for the Stockholm3 test of the matched Stockholm cohorts for AA, non-Hispanic Caucasian, and Hispanic Caucasian men was 0.85, 0.89, and 0.90, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Using statistical techniques to simulate a multi-ethnic Chicago cohort within the STHLM3 population, we found an excess risk of GG ≥ 2 PC among AA men. Our hypothesis that the Stockholm3 may have good predictive value in a multiethnic cohort is strengthened, and that recalibration to at least AA men seems likely to be needed to obtain well-calibrated predictions.
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99
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Pal G, Di L, Orunmuyi A, Olapade-Olaopa EO, Qiu W, Ogunwobi OO. Population Differentiation at the PVT1 Gene Locus: Implications for Prostate Cancer. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:2257-2264. [PMID: 32358016 PMCID: PMC7341130 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in susceptibility to complex diseases, such as cancer, is well-established. Enrichment of disease associated alleles in specific populations could have implications for disease incidence and prevalence. Prostate cancer (PCa) is a disease with well-established higher incidence, prevalence, and worse outcomes among men of African ancestry in comparison to other populations. PCa is a multi-factorial, complex disease, but the exact mechanisms for its development and progression are unclear. The gene desert located on chromosome 8q24 is associated with aggressiveness of PCa. Interestingly, the non-protein coding gene locus Plasmacytoma Variant Translocation (PVT1) is present at chromosome 8q24 and is overexpressed in PCa. PVT1 gives rise to multiple transcripts with potentially different molecular and cellular functions. In an analysis of the PVT1 locus using data from the 1000 Genomes Project, we found the chromosomal region spanning PVT1 exons 4A and 4B to be highly differentiated between African and non-African populations. We further investigated levels of gene expression of PVT1 exons 4A and 4B and observed significant overexpression of these exons in PCa tissues relative to benign prostatic hyperplasia and to normal prostate tissues obtained from men of African ancestry. These results indicate that PVT1 exons 4A and 4B may have clinical implications in PCa a conclusion supported by the observation that transient and stable overexpression of PVT1 exons 4A and 4B significantly induce greater prostate epithelial cell migration and proliferation. We anticipate that further exploration of the role of PVT1 exons 4A and 4B may lead to the development of diagnostic, therapeutic, and other clinical applications in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Pal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of The City University of New York, NY
| | - Lia Di
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of The City University of New York, NY
| | | | | | - Weigang Qiu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of The City University of New York, NY
| | - Olorunseun O Ogunwobi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of The City University of New York, NY,
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY
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100
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Harlemon M, Ajayi O, Kachambwa P, Kim MS, Simonti CN, Quiver MH, Petersen DC, Mittal A, Fernandez PW, Hsing AW, Baichoo S, Agalliu I, Jalloh M, Gueye SM, Snyper NYF, Adusei B, Mensah JE, Abrahams AOD, Adebiyi AO, Orunmuyi AT, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach OI, Nwegbu MM, Joffe M, Chen WC, Irusen H, Neugut AI, Quintana Y, Seutloali M, Fadipe MB, Warren C, Woehrmann MH, Zhang P, Ongaco CM, Mawhinney M, McBride J, Andrews CV, Adams M, Pugh E, Rebbeck TR, Petersen LN, Lachance J. A Custom Genotyping Array Reveals Population-Level Heterogeneity for the Genetic Risks of Prostate Cancer and Other Cancers in Africa. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2956-2966. [PMID: 32393663 PMCID: PMC7335354 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality for African men, the vast majority of known disease associations have been detected in European study cohorts. Furthermore, most genome-wide association studies have used genotyping arrays that are hindered by SNP ascertainment bias. To overcome these disparities in genomic medicine, the Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate (MADCaP) Network has developed a genotyping array that is optimized for African populations. The MADCaP Array contains more than 1.5 million markers and an imputation backbone that successfully tags over 94% of common genetic variants in African populations. This array also has a high density of markers in genomic regions associated with cancer susceptibility, including 8q24. We assessed the effectiveness of the MADCaP Array by genotyping 399 prostate cancer cases and 403 controls from seven urban study sites in sub-Saharan Africa. Samples from Ghana and Nigeria clustered together, whereas samples from Senegal and South Africa yielded distinct ancestry clusters. Using the MADCaP array, we identified cancer-associated loci that have large allele frequency differences across African populations. Polygenic risk scores for prostate cancer were higher in Nigeria than in Senegal. In summary, individual and population-level differences in prostate cancer risk were revealed using a novel genotyping array. SIGNIFICANCE: This study presents an Africa-specific genotyping array, which enables investigators to identify novel disease associations and to fine-map genetic loci that are associated with prostate and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Harlemon
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Olabode Ajayi
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Michelle S Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Corinne N Simonti
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Melanie H Quiver
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Pedro W Fernandez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Ilir Agalliu
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Mohamed Jalloh
- Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de Recherche en Urologie et Santé Familiale, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Serigne M Gueye
- Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de Recherche en Urologie et Santé Familiale, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - James E Mensah
- Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | | | - Maxwell M Nwegbu
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja and University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Maureen Joffe
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Division, Wits Health Consortium (PTY) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Developmental Pathways to Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wenlong C Chen
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hayley Irusen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yuri Quintana
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mayowa B Fadipe
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chrissie M Ongaco
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michelle Mawhinney
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jo McBride
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Marcia Adams
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Pugh
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Joseph Lachance
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
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