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Hönzke K, Obermayer B, Mache C, Fatykhova D, Kessler M, Dökel S, Wyler E, Baumgardt M, Löwa A, Hoffmann K, Graff P, Schulze J, Mieth M, Hellwig K, Demir Z, Biere B, Brunotte L, Mecate-Zambrano A, Bushe J, Dohmen M, Hinze C, Elezkurtaj S, Tönnies M, Bauer TT, Eggeling S, Tran HL, Schneider P, Neudecker J, Rückert JC, Schmidt-Ott KM, Busch J, Klauschen F, Horst D, Radbruch H, Radke J, Heppner F, Corman VM, Niemeyer D, Müller MA, Goffinet C, Mothes R, Pascual-Reguant A, Hauser AE, Beule D, Landthaler M, Ludwig S, Suttorp N, Witzenrath M, Gruber AD, Drosten C, Sander LE, Wolff T, Hippenstiel S, Hocke AC. Human lungs show limited permissiveness for SARS-CoV-2 due to scarce ACE2 levels but virus-induced expansion of inflammatory macrophages. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:2102725. [PMID: 35728978 PMCID: PMC9712848 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02725-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) utilises the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transmembrane peptidase as cellular entry receptor. However, whether SARS-CoV-2 in the alveolar compartment is strictly ACE2-dependent and to what extent virus-induced tissue damage and/or direct immune activation determines early pathogenesis is still elusive. METHODS Spectral microscopy, single-cell/-nucleus RNA sequencing or ACE2 "gain-of-function" experiments were applied to infected human lung explants and adult stem cell derived human lung organoids to correlate ACE2 and related host factors with SARS-CoV-2 tropism, propagation, virulence and immune activation compared to SARS-CoV, influenza and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) autopsy material was used to validate ex vivo results. RESULTS We provide evidence that alveolar ACE2 expression must be considered scarce, thereby limiting SARS-CoV-2 propagation and virus-induced tissue damage in the human alveolus. Instead, ex vivo infected human lungs and COVID-19 autopsy samples showed that alveolar macrophages were frequently positive for SARS-CoV-2. Single-cell/-nucleus transcriptomics further revealed nonproductive virus uptake and a related inflammatory and anti-viral activation, especially in "inflammatory alveolar macrophages", comparable to those induced by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but different from NL63 or influenza virus infection. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings indicate that severe lung injury in COVID-19 probably results from a macrophage-triggered immune activation rather than direct viral damage of the alveolar compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hönzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Contributed equally
| | - Benedikt Obermayer
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin, Germany
- Contributed equally
| | - Christin Mache
- Unit 17 "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
- Contributed equally
| | - Diana Fatykhova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Dökel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and IRI Life Sciences, Institute for Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Morris Baumgardt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Löwa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Hoffmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Graff
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Schulze
- Unit 17 "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Mieth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Hellwig
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zeynep Demir
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Biere
- Unit 17 "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology, Westfaelische Wilhelms Universität, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Judith Bushe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Dohmen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hinze
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sefer Elezkurtaj
- Department of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Tönnies
- HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Department of Pneumology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chest Hospital Heckeshorn, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten T Bauer
- HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Department of Pneumology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chest Hospital Heckeshorn, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Eggeling
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Clinics Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hong-Linh Tran
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Clinics Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Schneider
- Department for Thoracic Surgery, DRK Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Neudecker
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens C Rückert
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai M Schmidt-Ott
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Busch
- Clinic for Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederick Klauschen
- Department of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Horst
- Department of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Institute for Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josefine Radke
- Institute for Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Heppner
- Institute for Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Niemeyer
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronja Mothes
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Pascual-Reguant
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Erika Hauser
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Beule
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and IRI Life Sciences, Institute for Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, Westfaelische Wilhelms Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif-Erik Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17 "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Devaux CA, Camoin-Jau L. An update on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 structure/functions, polymorphism, and duplicitous nature in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019: Implications for vascular and coagulation disease associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042200. [PMID: 36519165 PMCID: PMC9742611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been known for many years that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cell surface enzyme involved in the regulation of blood pressure. More recently, it was proven that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) interacts with ACE2 to enter susceptible human cells. This functional duality of ACE2 tends to explain why this molecule plays such an important role in the clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). At the very start of the pandemic, a publication from our Institute (entitled "ACE2 receptor polymorphism: susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome"), was one of the first reviews linking COVID-19 to the duplicitous nature of ACE2. However, even given that COVID-19 pathophysiology may be driven by an imbalance in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), we were still far from understanding the complexity of the mechanisms which are controlled by ACE2 in different cell types. To gain insight into the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is essential to consider the polymorphism and expression levels of the ACE2 gene (including its alternative isoforms). Over the past 2 years, an impressive amount of new results have come to shed light on the role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, requiring us to update our analysis. Genetic linkage studies have been reported that highlight a relationship between ACE2 genetic variants and the risk of developing hypertension. Currently, many research efforts are being undertaken to understand the links between ACE2 polymorphism and the severity of COVID-19. In this review, we update the state of knowledge on the polymorphism of ACE2 and its consequences on the susceptibility of individuals to SARS-CoV-2. We also discuss the link between the increase of angiotensin II levels among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and the development of a cytokine storm associated microvascular injury and obstructive thrombo-inflammatory syndrome, which represent the primary causes of severe forms of COVID-19 and lethality. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the severe forms of COVID-19 that target ACE2. Changing paradigms may help improve patients' therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Camoin-Jau
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Hôpital de La Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, Marseille, France
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53
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Valenzuela-Fernández A, Cabrera-Rodriguez R, Ciuffreda L, Perez-Yanes S, Estevez-Herrera J, González-Montelongo R, Alcoba-Florez J, Trujillo-González R, García-Martínez de Artola D, Gil-Campesino H, Díez-Gil O, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, Flores C, Garcia-Luis J. Nanomaterials to combat SARS-CoV-2: Strategies to prevent, diagnose and treat COVID-19. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1052436. [PMID: 36507266 PMCID: PMC9732709 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1052436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which severely affect the respiratory system and several organs and tissues, and may lead to death, have shown how science can respond when challenged by a global emergency, offering as a response a myriad of rapid technological developments. Development of vaccines at lightning speed is one of them. SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks have stressed healthcare systems, questioning patients care by using standard non-adapted therapies and diagnostic tools. In this scenario, nanotechnology has offered new tools, techniques and opportunities for prevention, for rapid, accurate and sensitive diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. In this review, we focus on the nanotechnological applications and nano-based materials (i.e., personal protective equipment) to combat SARS-CoV-2 transmission, infection, organ damage and for the development of new tools for virosurveillance, diagnose and immune protection by mRNA and other nano-based vaccines. All the nano-based developed tools have allowed a historical, unprecedented, real time epidemiological surveillance and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, at community and international levels. The nano-based technology has help to predict and detect how this Sarbecovirus is mutating and the severity of the associated COVID-19 disease, thereby assisting the administration and public health services to make decisions and measures for preparedness against the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and severe or lethal COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Romina Cabrera-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Laura Ciuffreda
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Perez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Estevez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Julia Alcoba-Florez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Departamento de Análisis Matemático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Helena Gil-Campesino
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Oscar Díez-Gil
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo-Salazar
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jonay Garcia-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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Muralidharan A, Bauer C, Katafiasz DM, Pham D, Oyewole OO, Morwitzer MJ, Roy E, Bailey KL, Reid SP, Wyatt TA. Malondialdehyde acetaldehyde adduction of surfactant protein D attenuates SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding and virus neutralization. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 47:95-103. [PMID: 36352814 PMCID: PMC9878066 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 43% of the world's population regularly consumes alcohol. Although not commonly known, alcohol can have a significant impact on the respiratory environment. Living in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, alcohol misuse can have a particularly deleterious effect on SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and, in turn, the overall healthcare system. Patients with alcohol use disorders have higher odds of COVID-19-associated hospitalization and mortality. Even though the detrimental role of alcohol on COVID-19 outcomes has been established, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. Alcohol misuse has been shown to induce oxidative damage in the lungs through the production of reactive aldehydes such as malondialdehyde and acetaldehyde (MAA). MAA can then form adducts with proteins, altering their structure and function. One such protein is surfactant protein D (SPD), which plays an important role in innate immunity against pathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we examined whether MAA adduction of SPD (SPD-MAA) attenuates the ability of SPD to bind SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, reversing SPD-mediated virus neutralization. Using ELISA, we show that SPD-MAA is unable to competitively bind spike protein and prevent ACE2 receptor binding. Similarly, SPD-MAA fails to inhibit entry of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus into Calu-3 cells, a lung epithelial cell line, as well as ciliated primary human bronchial epithelial cells isolated from healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS Overall, MAA adduction of SPD, a consequence of alcohol overconsumption, represents one mechanism of compromised lung innate defense against SARS-CoV-2, highlighting a possible mechanism underlying COVID-19 severity and related mortality in patients who misuse alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abenaya Muralidharan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Christopher Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Dawn M. Katafiasz
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Danielle Pham
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Opeoluwa O. Oyewole
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - M. Jane Morwitzer
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Enakshi Roy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Kristina L. Bailey
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA,Veterans Affairs Nebraska‐Western Iowa Health Care SystemOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - St Patrick Reid
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Todd A. Wyatt
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA,Veterans Affairs Nebraska‐Western Iowa Health Care SystemOmahaNebraskaUSA,Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public HealthUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
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Ganesan S, Acosta H, Brigolin C, Orange K, Trabbic K, Chen C, Lien CE, Lin YJ, Lin MY, Chuang YS, Fattom A, Bitko V. Intranasal nanoemulsion adjuvanted S-2P vaccine demonstrates protection in hamsters and induces systemic, cell-mediated and mucosal immunity in mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272594. [PMID: 36322572 PMCID: PMC9629544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid progress made in the development of vaccines to fight the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, almost >90% of vaccine candidates under development and a 100% of the licensed vaccines are delivered intramuscularly (IM). While these vaccines are highly efficacious against COVID-19 disease, their efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection of upper respiratory tract and transmission is at best temporary. Development of safe and efficacious vaccines that are able to induce robust mucosal and systemic immune responses are needed to control new variants. In this study, we have used our nanoemulsion adjuvant (NE01) to intranasally (IN) deliver stabilized spike protein (S-2P) to induce immunogenicity in mouse and hamster models. Data presented demonstrate the induction of robust immunity in mice resulting in 100% seroconversion and protection against SARS-CoV-2 in a hamster challenge model. There was a significant induction of mucosal immune responses as demonstrated by IgA- and IgG-producing memory B cells in the lungs of animals that received intranasal immunizations compared to an alum adjuvanted intramuscular vaccine. The efficacy of the S-2P/NE01 vaccine was also demonstrated in an intranasal hamster challenge model with SARS-CoV-2 and conferred significant protection against weight loss, lung pathology, and viral clearance from both upper and lower respiratory tract. Our findings demonstrate that intranasal NE01-adjuvanted vaccine promotes protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease through activation of three arms of immune system: humoral, cellular, and mucosal, suggesting that an intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may play a role in addressing a unique public health problem and unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Ganesan
- BlueWillow Biologics, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hugo Acosta
- BlueWillow Biologics, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chris Brigolin
- BlueWillow Biologics, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kallista Orange
- BlueWillow Biologics, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin Trabbic
- BlueWillow Biologics, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Charles Chen
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan
- Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chia-En Lien
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-EL); (VB)
| | - Yi-Jiun Lin
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Yun Lin
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Ali Fattom
- BlueWillow Biologics, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Vira Bitko
- BlueWillow Biologics, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (C-EL); (VB)
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Impact of Hypertension on COVID-19 Burden in Kidney Transplant Recipients: An Observational Cohort Study. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112409. [PMID: 36366507 PMCID: PMC9698847 DOI: 10.3390/v14112409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 severity is determined by cardiometabolic risk factors, which can be further aggravated by chronic immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). We aimed to verify the main risk factors related to hypertension (HTN) that contribute to COVID-19 progression and mortality in that population. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 300 KTRs from March 2020 to August 2020 in a single center. We compared the main outcomes between HTN (n = 225) and non-HTN (n = 75), including admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), development of acute kidney injury (AKI), need for invasive mechanical ventilation or oxygen, and mortality. RESULTS Of the patients in the study, 57.3% were male, 61.3% were white, the mean age was 52.5 years, and 75% had HTN. Pre-existing HTN was independently associated with higher rates of mortality (32.9%, OR = 1.96, p = 0.036), transfer to the ICU (50.7%, OR = 1.94, p = 0.017), and AKI with hemodialysis (HD) requirement (40.4%, OR = 2.15, p = 0.011). In the hypertensive group, age, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, smoking, glycemic control before admission, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, lymphocytes, and D-dimer were significantly associated with COVID-19 progression and mortality. Both lower basal and previous estimated glomerular filtration rates posed KTRs with HTN at greater risk for HD requirement. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the early identification of factors that predict COVID-19 progression and mortality in KTRs affected by COVID-19 contributes to therapeutic decisions, patient flow management, and allocation of resources.
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Johnson BJ, Salonen B, O'Byrne TJ, Choby G, Ganesh R, Stokken JK, O'Brien EK. Patient factors associated with COVID-19 loss of taste or smell patient factors in smell/taste loss COVID-19. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:1688-1694. [PMID: 36544937 PMCID: PMC9764767 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Dysfunction in smell or taste is well recognized phenomenon in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to quantify the incidence and associated co-morbidities of reported olfactory or gustatory dysfunction in patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Methods From March 23, 2020 through July 31, 2020, 192,683 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 at Mayo Clinic. These patients with a positive test were contacted via telephone by physicians at Mayo Clinic and information gathered on patient demographics, comorbidities, symptoms and clinical risk stratification based on these factors. Results Two thousand two hundred and fifty patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (1.2%). Six hundred and sixty-seven (29.6%) of these patients reported loss of smell or taste. Factors found to be correlated with reporting loss of smell or taste on multivariate analysis were: younger age, female sex, or symptoms of chest pain or tightness, cough, or headache and lower clinical risk category. Coronary artery disease (CAD) was associated with not reporting loss of taste or smell. Conclusion Of 2250 patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at Mayo Clinic, 667 reported loss of taste and smell. Patients who reported loss of smell or taste were younger, female and more likely to report cough, chest pain, headache, or history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but overall had fewer high-risk comorbidities. Those who were older, male, and a reported history of CAD were less likely to report chemosensory dysfunction. Our data are the largest single institution data reporting COVID-19 associated loss of smell or taste, and the first to associate COPD and CAD as factors that affect rates of reported chemosensory dysfunction. Level of evidence IIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Jake Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Bradley Salonen
- Mayo Clinic Department of General Internal MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Thomas Jamie O'Byrne
- Mayo Clinic Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Garret Choby
- Mayo Clinic Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ravindra Ganesh
- Mayo Clinic Department of General Internal MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Janalee K. Stokken
- Mayo Clinic Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Erin K. O'Brien
- Mayo Clinic Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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Pandrea I, Brooks K, Desai RP, Tare M, Brenchley JM, Apetrei C. I’ve looked at gut from both sides now: Gastrointestinal tract involvement in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV/SIV infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899559. [PMID: 36032119 PMCID: PMC9411647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lumen of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains an incredibly diverse and extensive collection of microorganisms that can directly stimulate the immune system. There are significant data to demonstrate that the spatial localization of the microbiome can impact viral disease pathogenesis. Here we discuss recent studies that have investigated causes and consequences of GI tract pathologies in HIV, SIV, and SARS-CoV-2 infections with HIV and SIV initiating GI pathology from the basal side and SARS-CoV-2 from the luminal side. Both these infections result in alterations of the intestinal barrier, leading to microbial translocation, persistent inflammation, and T-cell immune activation. GI tract damage is one of the major contributors to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and to the incomplete immune restoration in HIV-infected subjects, even in those with robust viral control with antiretroviral therapy. While the causes of GI tract pathologies differ between these virus families, therapeutic interventions to reduce microbial translocation-induced inflammation and improve the integrity of the GI tract may improve the prognoses of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kelsie Brooks
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rahul P. Desai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Minali Tare
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Cristian Apetrei,
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Soler E, de Mendoza A, Cuello VI, Silva-Vetri MG, Núñez ZH, Ortega RG, Rizvi SA, Sanchez-Gonzalez M, Ferrer G. Intranasal Xylitol for the Treatment of COVID-19 in the Outpatient Setting: A Pilot Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e27182. [PMID: 36039203 PMCID: PMC9395150 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Allawi N, Abdullah B. Immunohistochemical expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in superficial and deep maxillofacial tissues: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e737. [PMID: 35873392 PMCID: PMC9297373 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The involvement of maxillofacial tissues in SARS-CoV-2 infections ranges from mild dysgeusia to life-threatening tissue necrosis, as seen in SARS-CoV-2-associated mucormycosis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which functions as a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 was reported in the epithelial surfaces of the oral and nasal cavities; however, a complete understanding of the expression patterns in deep oral and maxillofacial tissues is still lacking. Methods The immunohistochemical expression of ACE2 was analyzed in 95 specimens from maxillofacial tissues and 10 specimens of pulmonary alveolar tissue using a semiquantitative immunohistochemical scoring procedure, taking into account all superficial and deep maxillofacial tissue cells. We also explored the associations of age, gender, and anatomical site with expression scores. Results ACE2 was detected in keratinized epithelia (57.34%), non-keratinized epithelia (46.51%), nasal respiratory epithelial cells (73.35%), pulmonary alveolar cells (82.54%), fibroblasts (63.69%), vascular endothelial cells (58.43%), mucous acinar cells (59.88%), serous acinar cells (79.49%), salivary duct cells (86.26%) skeletal muscle fibers (71.01%), neuron support cells (94.25%), and bone marrow cells (72.65%). Age and gender did not affect the expression levels significantly in epithelial cells (p = 0.76, and p = 0.7 respectively); however, identical cells expressed different protein levels depending on the site from which the specimens were obtained. For example, dorsal tongue epithelia expressed significantly lower ACE2 scores than alveolar epithelia (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between ACE2 expression in fibroblasts and epithelial cells (r = 0.378, p = 0.001), and between vascular endothelial and epithelial cells (r = 0.395, p = 0.001). Conclusion ACE2 is expressed by epithelial cells and subepithelial tissues including fibroblasts, vascular endothelia, skeletal muscles, peripheral nerves, and bone marrow. No correlation was detected between ACE2 expression and patient age or sex while the epithelial expression scores were correlated with stromal scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Allawi
- Department of Oral DiagnosisCollege of Dentistry/University of BaghdadBaghdadIraq
| | - Bashar Abdullah
- Department of Oral DiagnosisCollege of Dentistry/University of BaghdadBaghdadIraq
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Virus Infection and Systemic Inflammation: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 and Beyond. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142198. [PMID: 35883640 PMCID: PMC9316821 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections with newly emerging zoonotic viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, often lead to the perturbation of the human innate and adaptive immune responses causing severe disease with high mortality. The responsible mechanisms are commonly virus-specific and often include either over-activated or delayed local interferon responses, which facilitate efficient viral replication in the primary target organ, systemic viral spread, and rapid onset of organ-specific and harmful inflammatory responses. Despite the distinct replication strategies, human infections with SARS-CoV-2 and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses demonstrate remarkable similarities and differences regarding the mechanisms of immune induction, disease dynamics, as well as the long-term sequelae, which will be discussed in this review. In addition, we will highlight some important lessons about the effectiveness of antiviral and immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies that this pandemic has taught us.
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Batista Simões JL, Sobierai LD, Pereira SM, Rodrigues Dos Santos MV, Bagatini MD. Therapeutic potential of P2X7 purinergic receptor modulation in the main organs affected by the COVID-19 cytokine storm. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1798-1814. [PMID: 35838210 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220713115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Defined by the World Health Organization as a global public health pandemic, coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has a global impact and the death of thousands of people. The "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" virus (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent of this disease, which uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor 2 (ACE2) to infect the body, so any organ that expresses the gene ACE2 is a possible target for the new coronavirus. In addition, in severe cases of COVID-19, a cytokine storm occurs, which triggers widespread systemic inflammation due to the uncontrolled release of proinflammatory cytokines. In this perspective, the modulation of purinergic receptors are highlighted in the literature as a possible therapy, considering its application in other viral infections and systemic inflammation. Therefore, the objective of this review is to gather information on the modulation of the P2X7 receptor in the main organs directly affected by the virus and by the cytokine storm: heart, brain, lung, liver and kidneys. Thus, demonstrating possible therapies for reducing inflammation, as well as reducing the level of morbidity and mortality of COVID-19.
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Bronchial epithelia from adults and children: SARS-CoV-2 spread via syncytia formation and type III interferon infectivity restriction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202370119. [PMID: 35749382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202370119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections initiate in the bronchi of the upper respiratory tract and are able to disseminate to the lower respiratory tract, where infections can cause an acute respiratory distress syndrome with a high degree of mortality in elderly patients. We used reconstituted primary bronchial epithelia from adult and child donors to follow the SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics. We show that, in epithelia from adult donors, infections initiate in multiciliated cells and spread within 24 to 48 h throughout the whole epithelia. Syncytia formed of ciliated and basal cells appeared at the apical side of the epithelia within 3 to 4 d and were released into the apical lumen, where they contributed to the transmittable virus dose. A small number of reconstituted epithelia were intrinsically more resistant to virus infection, limiting virus spread to different degrees. This phenotype was more frequent in epithelia derived from children versus adults and correlated with an accelerated release of type III interferon. Treatment of permissive adult epithelia with exogenous type III interferon restricted infection, while type III interferon gene knockout promoted infection. Furthermore, a transcript analysis revealed that the inflammatory response was specifically attenuated in children. Taken together, our findings suggest that apical syncytia formation is an underappreciated source of virus propagation for tissue or environmental dissemination, whereas a robust type III interferon response such as commonly seen in young donors restricted SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the combination of interferon restriction and attenuated inflammatory response in children might explain the epidemiological observation of age-related susceptibility to COVID-19.
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64
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Lin YJ, Lin MY, Chuang YS, Liu LTC, Kuo TY, Chen C, Ganesan S, Fattom A, Bitko V, Lien CE. Protection of hamsters challenged with SARS-CoV-2 after two doses of MVC-COV1901 vaccine followed by a single intranasal booster with nanoemulsion adjuvanted S-2P vaccine. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11369. [PMID: 35790783 PMCID: PMC9255510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular vaccines have greatly reduced hospitalization and death due to severe COVID-19. However, most countries are experiencing a resurgence of infection driven predominantly by the Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. In response, booster dosing of COVID-19 vaccines has been implemented in many countries to address waning immunity and reduced protection against the variants. However, intramuscular boosting fails to elicit mucosal immunity and therefore does not solve the problem of persistent viral carriage and transmission, even in patients protected from severe disease. In this study, two doses of stabilized prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike (S-2P)-based intramuscular vaccine adjuvanted with Alum/CpG1018, MVC-COV1901, were used as a primary vaccination series, followed by an intranasal booster vaccination with nanoemulsion (NE01)-adjuvanted S-2P vaccine in a hamster model to demonstrate immunogenicity and protection from viral challenge. Here we report that this vaccination regimen resulted not only in the induction of robust immunity and protection against weight loss and lung pathology following challenge with SARS-CoV-2, but also led to increased viral clearance from both upper and lower respiratory tracts. Our findings showed that intramuscular MVC-COV1901 vaccine followed by a booster with intranasal NE01-adjuvanted vaccine promotes protective immunity against both viral infection and disease, suggesting that this immunization protocol may offer a solution in addressing a significant, unmet medical need for both the COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jiun Lin
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Yun Lin
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Shan Chuang
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Tsun-Yung Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Charles Chen
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | | | - Ali Fattom
- BlueWillow Biologics, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.,LLC, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Vira Bitko
- BlueWillow Biologics, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| | - Chia-En Lien
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Lean FZX, Núñez A, Spiro S, Priestnall SL, Vreman S, Bailey D, James J, Wrigglesworth E, Suarez-Bonnet A, Conceicao C, Thakur N, Byrne AMP, Ackroyd S, Delahay RJ, van der Poel WHM, Brown IH, Fooks AR, Brookes SM. Differential susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 in animals: Evidence of ACE2 host receptor distribution in companion animals, livestock and wildlife by immunohistochemical characterisation. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2275-2286. [PMID: 34245662 PMCID: PMC8447087 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a host cell membrane protein (receptor) that mediates the binding of coronavirus, most notably SARS coronaviruses in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection is mainly confined to humans, there have been numerous incidents of spillback (reverse zoonoses) to domestic and captive animals. An absence of information on the spatial distribution of ACE2 in animal tissues limits our understanding of host species susceptibility. Here, we describe the distribution of ACE2 using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on histological sections derived from carnivores, ungulates, primates and chiroptera. Comparison of mink (Neovison vison) and ferret (Mustela putorius furo) respiratory tracts showed substantial differences, demonstrating that ACE2 is present in the lower respiratory tract of mink but not ferrets. The presence of ACE2 in the respiratory tract in some species was much more restricted as indicated by limited immunolabelling in the nasal turbinate, trachea and lungs of cats (Felis catus) and only the nasal turbinate in the golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). In the lungs of other species, ACE2 could be detected on the bronchiolar epithelium of the sheep (Ovis aries), cattle (Bos taurus), European badger (Meles meles), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), tiger and lion (Panthera spp.). In addition, ACE2 was present in the nasal mucosa epithelium of the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) but not in pig (Sus scrofa domestica), cattle or sheep. In the intestine, ACE2 immunolabelling was seen on the microvillus of enterocytes (surface of intestine) across various taxa. These results provide anatomical evidence of ACE2 expression in a number of species which will enable further understanding of host susceptibility and tissue tropism of ACE2 receptor-mediated viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z X Lean
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Simon Spiro
- Wildlife Health Services, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | - Sandra Vreman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, APHA, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Alejandro Suarez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | | | | | | | - Stuart Ackroyd
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, APHA, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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Mahmud N, Anik MI, Hossain MK, Khan MI, Uddin S, Ashrafuzzaman M, Rahaman MM. Advances in Nanomaterial-Based Platforms to Combat COVID-19: Diagnostics, Preventions, Therapeutics, and Vaccine Developments. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2431-2460. [PMID: 35583460 PMCID: PMC9128020 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2, a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that emerged less than two years ago but has caused nearly 6.1 million deaths to date. Recently developed variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been shown to be more potent and expanded at a faster rate. Until now, there is no specific and effective treatment for SARS-CoV-2 in terms of reliable and sustainable recovery. Precaution, prevention, and vaccinations are the only ways to keep the pandemic situation under control. Medical and scientific professionals are now focusing on the repurposing of previous technology and trying to develop more fruitful methodologies to detect the presence of viruses, treat the patients, precautionary items, and vaccine developments. Nanomedicine or nanobased platforms can play a crucial role in these fronts. Researchers are working on many effective approaches by nanosized particles to combat SARS-CoV-2. The role of a nanobased platform to combat SARS-CoV-2 is extremely diverse (i.e., mark to personal protective suit, rapid diagnostic tool to targeted treatment, and vaccine developments). Although there are many theoretical possibilities of a nanobased platform to combat SARS-CoV-2, until now there is an inadequate number of research targeting SARS-CoV-2 to explore such scenarios. This unique mini-review aims to compile and elaborate on the recent advances of nanobased approaches from prevention, diagnostics, treatment to vaccine developments against SARS-CoV-2, and associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Mahmud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka 1216,
Bangladesh
| | - Muzahidul I. Anik
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881,
United States
| | - M. Khalid Hossain
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering
Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580,
Japan
- Atomic Energy Research Establishment,
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1349,
Bangladesh
| | - Md Ishak Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United
States
| | - Shihab Uddin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Md. Ashrafuzzaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka 1216,
Bangladesh
| | - Md Mushfiqur Rahaman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU
Langone Health, New York, New York 10016, United
States
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67
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Jiang S, Chan CN, Rovira-Clavé X, Chen H, Bai Y, Zhu B, McCaffrey E, Greenwald NF, Liu C, Barlow GL, Weirather JL, Oliveria JP, Nakayama T, Lee IT, Matter MS, Carlisle AE, Philips D, Vazquez G, Mukherjee N, Busman-Sahay K, Nekorchuk M, Terry M, Younger S, Bosse M, Demeter J, Rodig SJ, Tzankov A, Goltsev Y, McIlwain DR, Angelo M, Estes JD, Nolan GP. Combined protein and nucleic acid imaging reveals virus-dependent B cell and macrophage immunosuppression of tissue microenvironments. Immunity 2022; 55:1118-1134.e8. [PMID: 35447093 PMCID: PMC9220319 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of HIV tissue persistence necessitates the ability to visualize tissue microenvironments where infected cells reside; however, technological barriers limit our ability to dissect the cellular components of these HIV reservoirs. Here, we developed protein and nucleic acid in situ imaging (PANINI) to simultaneously quantify DNA, RNA, and protein levels within these tissue compartments. By coupling PANINI with multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI), we measured over 30 parameters simultaneously across archival lymphoid tissues from healthy or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected nonhuman primates. PANINI enabled the spatial dissection of cellular phenotypes, functional markers, and viral events resulting from infection. SIV infection induced IL-10 expression in lymphoid B cells, which correlated with local macrophage M2 polarization. This highlights a potential viral mechanism for conditioning an immunosuppressive tissue environment for virion production. The spatial multimodal framework here can be extended to decipher tissue responses in other infectious diseases and tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizun Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Chi Ngai Chan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | - Han Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yunhao Bai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erin McCaffrey
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Candace Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Graham L Barlow
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason L Weirather
- Center of Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Paul Oliveria
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tsuguhisa Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ivan T Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthias S Matter
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne E Carlisle
- Center of Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darci Philips
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gustavo Vazquez
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Margaret Terry
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Skyler Younger
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Marc Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Janos Demeter
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott J Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yury Goltsev
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael Angelo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA; Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Li C, Marton I, Harari D, Shemesh M, Kalchenko V, Pardo M, Schreiber G, Rudich Y. Gelatin Stabilizes Nebulized Proteins in Pulmonary Drug Delivery against COVID-19. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2553-2563. [PMID: 35608934 PMCID: PMC9159517 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Delivering medication to the lungs via nebulization of pharmaceuticals is a noninvasive and efficient therapy route, particularly for respiratory diseases. The recent worldwide severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic urges the development of such therapies as an effective alternative to vaccines. The main difficulties in using inhalation therapy are the development of effective medicine and methods to stabilize the biological molecules and transfer them to the lungs efficiently following nebulization. We have developed a high-affinity angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor-binding domain (RBD-62) that can be used as a medication to inhibit infection with SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. In this study, we established a nebulization protocol for drug delivery by inhalation using two commercial vibrating mesh (VM) nebulizers (Aerogen Solo and PARI eFlow) that generate similar mist size distribution in a size range that allows efficient deposition in the small respiratory airway. In a series of experiments, we show the high activity of RBD-62, interferon-α2 (IFN-α2), and other proteins following nebulization. The addition of gelatin significantly stabilizes the proteins and enhances the fractions of active proteins after nebulization, minimizing the medication dosage. Furthermore, hamster inhalation experiments verified the feasibility of the protocol in pulmonary drug delivery. In short, the gelatin-modified RBD-62 formulation in coordination with VM nebulizer can be used as a therapy to cure SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ira Marton
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Department
of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Daniel Harari
- Department
of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Maya Shemesh
- Department
of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Vyacheslav Kalchenko
- Department
of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Pardo
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department
of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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69
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Narayanan SN, Shivappa P, Padiyath S, Bhaskar A, Li YW, Merghani TH. The Prevalence and Pathophysiology of Chemical Sense Disorder Caused by the Novel Coronavirus. Front Public Health 2022; 10:839182. [PMID: 35734755 PMCID: PMC9207763 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.839182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viral infections are a ceaseless challenge and remain a global public health concern. The world has not yet come back to normal from the devastating effects of the highly contagious and pathogenic novel coronavirus, or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Olfactory and taste dysfunction is common in patients infected by the novel coronavirus. In light of the emergence of different coronavirus variants, it is important to update the prevalence and pathophysiology of these side effects. In this review, articles published on the prevalence of olfactory and taste dysfunction from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and their possible pathophysiologic mechanisms have been reviewed and reported. The modulatory role of different SARS-CoV-2 variants on the chemical senses is then described. The clinical relevance of chemical sense disorder and its long-term morbidity and management is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareesh Naduvil Narayanan
- Department of Physiology, Ras Al Khaimah College of Medical Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Sareesh Naduvil Narayanan ; orcid.org/0000-0002-2980-2352
| | - Pooja Shivappa
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah College of Medical Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sreeshma Padiyath
- Independent Microbiology Researcher, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anand Bhaskar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yan Wa Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Tarig Hakim Merghani
- Department of Physiology, Ras Al Khaimah College of Medical Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
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Chonira V, Kwon YD, Gorman J, Case JB, Ku Z, Simeon R, Casner RG, Harris DR, Olia AS, Stephens T, Shapiro L, Boyd H, Tsybovsky Y, Krammer F, Diamond MS, Kwong PD, An Z, Chen Z. Potent and pan-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by DARPins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.05.30.493765. [PMID: 35677079 PMCID: PMC9176645 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.30.493765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the engineering and selection of two synthetic proteins - FSR16m and FSR22 - for possible treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. FSR16m and FSR22 are trimeric proteins composed of DARPin SR16m or SR22 fused with a T4 foldon and exhibit broad spectrum neutralization of SARS-Cov-2 strains. The IC 50 values of FSR16m against authentic B.1.351, B.1.617.2 and BA.1.1 variants are 3.4 ng/mL, 2.2 ng/mL and 7.4 ng/mL, respectively, comparable to currently used therapeutic antibodies. Despite the use of the spike protein from a now historical wild-type virus for design, FSR16m and FSR22 both exhibit increased neutralization against newly-emerged variants of concern (39- to 296-fold) in pseudovirus assays. Cryo-EM structures revealed that these DARPins recognize a region of the receptor binding domain (RBD, residues 455-456, 486-489) overlapping a critical portion of the ACE2-binding surface. K18-hACE2 transgenic mice inoculated with a B.1.617.2 variant and receiving intranasally-administered FSR16m were protected as judged by less weight loss and 10-100-fold reductions in viral burden in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The strong and broad neutralization potency make FSR16m and FSR22 promising candidates for prevention and treatment of infection by current and potential future strains of SARS-CoV-2.
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71
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SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dysregulates Cilia and Basal Cell Homeostasis in the Respiratory Epithelium of Hamsters. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095124. [PMID: 35563514 PMCID: PMC9102945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to many other respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 targets the ciliated cells of the respiratory epithelium and compromises mucociliary clearance, thereby facilitating spread to the lungs and paving the way for secondary infections. A detailed understanding of mechanism involved in ciliary loss and subsequent regeneration is crucial to assess the possible long-term consequences of COVID-19. The aim of this study was to characterize the sequence of histological and ultrastructural changes observed in the ciliated epithelium during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the golden Syrian hamster model. We show that acute infection induces a severe, transient loss of cilia, which is, at least in part, caused by cilia internalization. Internalized cilia colocalize with membrane invaginations, facilitating virus entry into the cell. Infection also results in a progressive decline in cells expressing the regulator of ciliogenesis FOXJ1, which persists beyond virus clearance and the termination of inflammatory changes. Ciliary loss triggers the mobilization of p73+ and CK14+ basal cells, which ceases after regeneration of the cilia. Although ciliation is restored after two weeks despite the lack of FOXJ1, an increased frequency of cilia with ultrastructural alterations indicative of secondary ciliary dyskinesia is observed. In summary, the work provides new insights into SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and expands our understanding of virally induced damage to defense mechanisms in the conducting airways.
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Lalioti V, González-Sanz S, Lois-Bermejo I, González-Jiménez P, Viedma-Poyatos Á, Merino A, Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Cell surface detection of vimentin, ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins reveals selective colocalization at primary cilia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7063. [PMID: 35487944 PMCID: PMC9052736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein mediates docking of the virus onto cells prior to viral invasion. Several cellular receptors facilitate SARS-CoV-2 Spike docking at the cell surface, of which ACE2 plays a key role in many cell types. The intermediate filament protein vimentin has been reported to be present at the surface of certain cells and act as a co-receptor for several viruses; furthermore, its potential involvement in interactions with Spike proteins has been proposed. Nevertheless, the potential colocalization of vimentin with Spike and its receptors on the cell surface has not been explored. Here we have assessed the binding of Spike protein constructs to several cell types. Incubation of cells with tagged Spike S or Spike S1 subunit led to discrete dotted patterns at the cell surface, which consistently colocalized with endogenous ACE2, but sparsely with a lipid raft marker. Vimentin immunoreactivity mostly appeared as spots or patches unevenly distributed at the surface of diverse cell types. Of note, vimentin could also be detected in extracellular particles and in the cytoplasm underlying areas of compromised plasma membrane. Interestingly, although overall colocalization of vimentin-positive spots with ACE2 or Spike was moderate, a selective enrichment of the three proteins was detected at elongated structures, positive for acetylated tubulin and ARL13B. These structures, consistent with primary cilia, concentrated Spike binding at the top of the cells. Our results suggest that a vimentin-Spike interaction could occur at selective locations of the cell surface, including ciliated structures, which can act as platforms for SARS-CoV-2 docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lalioti
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González-Sanz
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Lois-Bermejo
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Jiménez
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Viedma-Poyatos
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Merino
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Chen M, Pekosz A, Villano JS, Shen W, Zhou R, Kulaga H, Li Z, Beck SE, Witwer KW, Mankowski JL, Ramanathan M, Rowan NR, Lane AP. Evolution of nasal and olfactory infection characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.04.12.487379. [PMID: 35441175 PMCID: PMC9016639 DOI: 10.1101/2022.04.12.487379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection of the upper airway and the subsequent immune response are early, critical factors in COVID-19 pathogenesis. By studying infection of human biopsies in vitro and in a hamster model in vivo, we demonstrated a transition in tropism from olfactory to respiratory epithelium as the virus evolved. Analyzing each variants revealed that SARS-CoV-2 WA1 or Delta infects a proportion of olfactory neurons in addition to the primary target sustentacular cells. The Delta variant possesses broader cellular invasion capacity into the submucosa, while Omicron displays longer retention in the sinonasal epithelium. The olfactory neuronal infection by WA1 and the subsequent olfactory bulb transport via axon is more pronounced in younger hosts. In addition, the observed viral clearance delay and phagocytic dysfunction in aged olfactory mucosa is accompanied by a decline of phagocytosis related genes. Furthermore, robust basal stem cell activation contributes to neuroepithelial regeneration and restores ACE2 expression post-infection. Together, our study characterized the nasal tropism of SARS-CoV-2 strains, immune clearance, and regeneration post infection. The shifting characteristics of viral infection at the airway portal provides insight into the variability of COVID-19 clinical features and may suggest differing strategies for early local intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jason S. Villano
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ruifeng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Heather Kulaga
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zhexuan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sarah E. Beck
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph L. Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Murugappan Ramanathan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nicholas R. Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew P. Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Kicker E, Tittel G, Schaller T, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Zatloukal K, Bauer R. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity of polyphenols in a special green tea extract preparation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153970. [PMID: 35144138 PMCID: PMC8801126 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic will continue to threaten our health care systems in the next years. In addition to vaccination there is a need for effective tools for prevention and treatment. Products from natural sources, like standardized plant extracts offer a wide range of antiviral effects and possible applications. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate, whether a sorbitol/lecithin-based throat spray containing concentrated green tea extract (sGTE) interacts with SARS-CoV-2 viral particles and additionally is capable to block the virus replication. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The antiviral effect was studied in a VeroE6 cell culture model, including concentration/effect correlations and the biological mechanism of virus blockade, using the Wuhan type of SARS CoV-2 as well as its beta- and delta-mutations. In addition, the qualitative and quantitative tannin profile present on the oral mucosa after spray application has been investigated by LC-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD analyses of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) and related catechin derivatives. RESULTS The findings of this study demonstrate, that sGTE has strong neutralizing activity on SARS-CoV-2 resulting in an up to 6,3E+04-fold reduction of infectivity independent from the strain. The type of interaction of sGTE with surface proteins seems to be direct and non-specific concerning the viral surface protein structures and resembles the general non-specific activity of polyphenols. By HPLC-DAD analysis, eight catechins were identified in sGTE, with EGCG and (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate as the most abundant ones. The total content of catechin derivatives, calculated as catechin, was 76 g/100 g. LC-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD analyses of throat swabs after application of a sGTE spray have shown that the concentrations of green tea tannins in the pharyngeal mucosa are higher than the effective dose found in the in vitro studies with SARS-CoV-2, even 1 h after the last application. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that sGTE has strong neutralizing activity on SARS-CoV-2 independent from the strain (Wuhan strain, beta- or delta-variants). sGTE might be relevant for reduction of corresponding viral infections when periodically applied to mouth and throat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kicker
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerolf Tittel
- Phytovisions GmbH & Co. KG, Karwendelstrasse 29, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Tanja Schaller
- Dronania pharmaceuticals GmbH, Karl- Benz- Strasse 3, 86825 Bad Woerishofen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Pferschy-Wenzig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Juratli J, Joshi J, Füssel S, Hummel T. Gendered differences in relative ACE2 expression in the nasal epithelium. Rhinology 2022; 60:471-473. [DOI: 10.4193/rhin21.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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76
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Fraser M, Agdamag ACC, Maharaj VR, Mutschler M, Charpentier V, Chowdhury M, Alexy T. COVID-19-Associated Myocarditis: An Evolving Concern in Cardiology and Beyond. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040520. [PMID: 35453718 PMCID: PMC9025425 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) affects many organs in the body, including the heart. One complication of particular concern is inflammation of the heart muscle, called myocarditis. This paper presents updated research data on COVID-19-associated myocarditis. Specifically, we review the incidence, potential mechanisms, blood and imaging tests that can be used to detect the disease. We emphasize that, in contrast with early reports, recent data suggest that myocarditis in the setting of COVID-19 is relatively uncommon, yet infected individuals are at a substantially increased risk for poor outcomes. It is important to continue research in this area. Abstract The direct and indirect adverse effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the cardiovascular system, including myocarditis, are of paramount importance. These not only affect the disease course but also determine clinical outcomes and recovery. In this review, the authors aimed at providing an update on the incidence of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)-associated myocarditis. Our knowledge and experience relevant to this area continues to evolve rapidly since the beginning of the pandemic. It is crucial for the scientific and medical community to stay abreast of current information. Contrasting early reports, recent data suggest that the overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2-associated myocarditis is relatively low, yet infected individuals are at a substantially increased risk. Therefore, understanding the pathophysiology and diagnostic evaluation, including the use of serum biomarkers and imaging modalities, remain important. This review aims to summarize the most recent data in these areas as they relate to COVID-19-associated myocarditis. Given its increasing relevance, a brief update is included on the proposed mechanisms of myocarditis in COVID-19 vaccine recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Fraser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.F.); (A.C.C.A.); (V.R.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Arianne Clare C. Agdamag
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.F.); (A.C.C.A.); (V.R.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Valmiki R. Maharaj
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.F.); (A.C.C.A.); (V.R.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Melinda Mutschler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.F.); (A.C.C.A.); (V.R.M.); (M.M.)
| | | | | | - Tamas Alexy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.F.); (A.C.C.A.); (V.R.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-625-9100
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Pinto AL, Rai RK, Brown JC, Griffin P, Edgar JR, Shah A, Singanayagam A, Hogg C, Barclay WS, Futter CE, Burgoyne T. Ultrastructural insight into SARS-CoV-2 entry and budding in human airway epithelium. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1609. [PMID: 35338134 PMCID: PMC8956608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrastructural studies of SARS-CoV-2 infected cells are crucial to better understand the mechanisms of viral entry and budding within host cells. Here, we examined human airway epithelium infected with three different isolates of SARS-CoV-2 including the B.1.1.7 variant by transmission electron microscopy and tomography. For all isolates, the virus infected ciliated but not goblet epithelial cells. Key SARS-CoV-2 entry molecules, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, were found to be localised to the plasma membrane including microvilli but excluded from cilia. Consistently, extracellular virions were seen associated with microvilli and the apical plasma membrane but rarely with ciliary membranes. Profiles indicative of viral fusion where tomography showed that the viral membrane was continuous with the apical plasma membrane and the nucleocapsids diluted, compared with unfused virus, demonstrate that the plasma membrane is one site of entry where direct fusion releasing the nucleoprotein-encapsidated genome occurs. Intact intracellular virions were found within ciliated cells in compartments with a single membrane bearing S glycoprotein. Tomography showed concentration of nucleocapsids round the periphery of profiles strongly suggestive of viral budding into these compartments and this may explain how virions gain their S glycoprotein containing envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia L Pinto
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Ranjit K Rai
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Jonathan C Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul Griffin
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - James R Edgar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Anand Shah
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- MRC Centre of Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Aran Singanayagam
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2DD, UK
| | - Claire Hogg
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- Academic Health Sciences Centre, Imperial College, London, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Clare E Futter
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK.
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Peng Y, Wang ZN, Chen SY, Xu AR, Fang ZF, Sun J, Zhou ZQ, Hou XT, Cen LJ, Ma JJ, Zhao JC, Guan WJ, Wang DY, Zhong NS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in peripheral lung club cells modulates the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L712-L721. [PMID: 35318858 PMCID: PMC9054324 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00305.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has confirmed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a risk factor for development of severe pathological changes in the peripheral lungs of patients with COVID-19. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Because bronchiolar club cells are crucial for maintaining small airway homeostasis, we sought to explore whether the altered susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection of the club cells might have contributed to the severe COVID-19 pneumonia in COPD patients. Our investigation on the quantity and distribution patterns of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in airway epithelium via immunofluorescence staining revealed that the mean fluorescence intensity of the ACE2-positive epithelial cells was significantly higher in club cells than those in other epithelial cells (including ciliated cells, basal cells, goblet cells, neuroendocrine cells, and alveolar type 2 cells). Compared with nonsmokers, the median percentage of club cells in bronchiolar epithelium and ACE2-positive club cells was significantly higher in COPD patients. In vitro, SARS-CoV-2 infection (at a multiplicity of infection of 1.0) of primary small airway epithelial cells, cultured on air-liquid interface, confirmed a higher percentage of infected ACE2-positive club cells in COPD patients than in nonsmokers. Our findings have indicated the role of club cells in modulating the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-related severe pneumonia and the poor clinical outcomes, which may help physicians to formulate a novel therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 patients with coexisting COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhao-Ni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ai-Ru Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhang-Fu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zi-Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Hou
- Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai-Jian Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Cun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Jie Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Institute for Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Foshan Second People's Hospital, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nan-Shan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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79
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Silva MG, Falcoff NL, Corradi GR, Alfie J, Seguel RF, Tabaj GC, Iglesias LI, Nuñez M, Guman GR, Gironacci MM. Renin-angiotensin system blockade on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and TMPRSS2 in human type II pneumocytes. Life Sci 2022; 293:120324. [PMID: 35032553 PMCID: PMC8754457 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Viral cellular entry requires ACE2 and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin (Ang) receptor blockers (ARBs) influence ACE2 in animals, though evidence in human lungs is lacking. We investigated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in type II pneumocytes, the key cells that maintain lung homeostasis, in lung parenchymal of ACEI/ARB-treated subjects compared to untreated control subjects. MAIN METHODS Ang II and Ang-(1-7) levels and ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein expression were measured by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry, respectively. KEY FINDINGS We found that the ratio Ang-(1-7)/Ang II, a surrogate marker of ACE2 activity, as well as the amount of ACE2-expressing type II pneumocytes were not different between ACEI/ARB-treated and untreated subjects. ACE2 protein content correlated positively with smoking habit and age. The percentage of TMPRSS2-expressing type II pneumocytes was higher in males than females and in subjects under 60 years of age but it was not different between ACEI/ARB-treated and untreated subjects. However, there was a positive association of TMPRSS2 protein content with age and smoking in ACEI/ARB-treated subjects, with high TMPRSS2 protein levels most evident in ACEI/ARB-treated older adults and smokers. SIGNIFICANCE ACEI/ARB treatment influences human lung TMPRSS2 but not ACE2 protein content and this effect is dependent on age and smoking habit. This finding may help explain the increased susceptibility to COVID-19 seen in smokers and older patients with treated cardiovascular-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro G. Silva
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora L. Falcoff
- Servicio Unificado de Patología Hospital Prov de Tórax “Dr. A. Cetrángolo” y Municipal de Vicente López “Prof. B. Houssay”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo R. Corradi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Alfie
- Servicio de Hipertensión Arterial, Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rolando F. Seguel
- Servicio de Neumonología Hospital Prov de Tórax “Dr. A. Cetrángolo”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela C. Tabaj
- Servicio de Neumonología Hospital Prov de Tórax “Dr. A. Cetrángolo”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura I. Iglesias
- Servicio Unificado de Patología Hospital Prov de Tórax “Dr. A. Cetrángolo” y Municipal de Vicente López “Prof. B. Houssay”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Myriam Nuñez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Matemáticas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela R. Guman
- Servicio Unificado de Patología Hospital Prov de Tórax “Dr. A. Cetrángolo” y Municipal de Vicente López “Prof. B. Houssay”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela M. Gironacci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Corresponding author
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80
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Ekanger CT, Zhou F, Bohan D, Lotsberg ML, Ramnefjell M, Hoareau L, Røsland GV, Lu N, Aanerud M, Gärtner F, Salminen PR, Bentsen M, Halvorsen T, Ræder H, Akslen LA, Langeland N, Cox R, Maury W, Stuhr LEB, Lorens JB, Engelsen AST. Human Organotypic Airway and Lung Organoid Cells of Bronchiolar and Alveolar Differentiation Are Permissive to Infection by Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 Respiratory Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:841447. [PMID: 35360113 PMCID: PMC8964279 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.841447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the initiation of unprecedented research efforts to understand the pathogenesis mediated by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). More knowledge is needed regarding the cell type-specific cytopathology and its impact on cellular tropism. Furthermore, the impact of novel SARS-CoV-2 mutations on cellular tropism, alternative routes of entry, the impact of co-infections, and virus replication kinetics along the respiratory tract remains to be explored in improved models. Most applied virology models are not well suited to address the remaining questions, as they do not recapitulate the histoarchitecture and cellular composition of human respiratory tissues. The overall aim of this work was to establish from single biopsy specimens, a human adult stem cell-derived organoid model representing the upper respiratory airways and lungs and explore the applicability of this model to study respiratory virus infection. First, we characterized the organoid model with respect to growth pattern and histoarchitecture, cellular composition, and functional characteristics. Next, in situ expression of viral entry receptors, including influenza virus-relevant sialic acids and SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2, were confirmed in organoids of bronchiolar and alveolar differentiation. We further showed successful infection by pseudotype influenza A H7N1 and H5N1 virus, and the ability of the model to support viral replication of influenza A H7N1 virus. Finally, successful infection and replication of a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 were confirmed in the organoids by TCID50 assay and immunostaining to detect intracellular SARS-CoV-2 specific nucleocapsid and dsRNA. The prominent syncytia formation in organoid tissues following SARS-CoV-2 infection mimics the findings from infected human tissues in situ. We conclude that the human organotypic model described here may be particularly useful for virology studies to evaluate regional differences in the host response to infection. The model contains the various cell types along the respiratory tract, expresses respiratory virus entry factors, and supports successful infection and replication of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. Thus, the model may serve as a relevant and reliable tool in virology and aid in pandemic preparedness, and efficient evaluation of antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Tvedt Ekanger
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fan Zhou
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dana Bohan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Maria Lie Lotsberg
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Ramnefjell
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Laurence Hoareau
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gro Vatne Røsland
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ning Lu
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marianne Aanerud
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fabian Gärtner
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pirjo Riitta Salminen
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mariann Bentsen
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Halvorsen
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Ræder
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars A. Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca Cox
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | | | - James B. Lorens
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway
| | - Agnete S. T. Engelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Agnete S. T. Engelsen,
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81
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Chen Q, Langenbach S, Li M, Xia YC, Gao X, Gartner MJ, Pharo EA, Williams SM, Todd S, Clarke N, Ranganathan S, Baker ML, Subbarao K, Stewart AG. ACE2 Expression in Organotypic Human Airway Epithelial Cultures and Airway Biopsies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:813087. [PMID: 35359837 PMCID: PMC8963460 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.813087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an acute respiratory disease with systemic complications. Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19, including repurposing (partially) developed drugs are urgently needed, regardless of the increasingly successful vaccination outcomes. We characterized two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional models (3D) to establish a physiologically relevant airway epithelial model with potential for investigating SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Human airway basal epithelial cells maintained in submerged 2D culture were used at low passage to retain the capacity to differentiate into ciliated, club, and goblet cells in both air-liquid interface culture (ALI) and airway organoid cultures, which were then analyzed for cell phenotype makers. Airway biopsies from non-asthmatic and asthmatic donors enabled comparative evaluation of the level and distribution of immunoreactive angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 and transmembrane serine proteinase 2 (TMPRSS2) mRNA were expressed in ALI and airway organoids at levels similar to those of native (i.e., non-cultured) human bronchial epithelial cells, whereas furin expression was more faithfully represented in ALI. ACE2 was mainly localized to ciliated and basal epithelial cells in human airway biopsies, ALI, and airway organoids. Cystic fibrosis appeared to have no influence on ACE2 gene expression. Neither asthma nor smoking status had consistent marked influence on the expression or distribution of ACE2 in airway biopsies. SARS-CoV-2 infection of ALI cultures did not increase the levels of selected cytokines. Organotypic, and particularly ALI airway cultures are useful and practical tools for investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and evaluating the clinical potential of therapeutics for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Personalized Therapeutics Technologies, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shenna Langenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Personalized Therapeutics Technologies, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Meina Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Personalized Therapeutics Technologies, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yuxiu C. Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Xumei Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Personalized Therapeutics Technologies, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Gartner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Pharo
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Sinéad M. Williams
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Shawn Todd
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadeene Clarke
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alastair G. Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Personalized Therapeutics Technologies, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alastair G. Stewart,
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82
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Jang KK, Kaczmarek ME, Dallari S, Chen YH, Tada T, Axelrad J, Landau NR, Stapleford KA, Cadwell K. Variable susceptibility of intestinal organoid-derived monolayers to SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001592. [PMID: 35358182 PMCID: PMC9004766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal effects associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are highly variable for reasons that are not understood. In this study, we used intestinal organoid-derived cultures differentiated from primary human specimens as a model to examine interindividual variability. Infection of intestinal organoids derived from different donors with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in orders of magnitude differences in virus replication in small intestinal and colonic organoid-derived monolayers. Susceptibility to infection correlated with angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression level and was independent of donor demographic or clinical features. ACE2 transcript levels in cell culture matched the amount of ACE2 in primary tissue, indicating that this feature of the intestinal epithelium is retained in the organoids. Longitudinal transcriptomics of organoid-derived monolayers identified a delayed yet robust interferon signature, the magnitude of which corresponded to the degree of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, virus with the Omicron variant spike (S) protein infected the organoids with the highest infectivity, suggesting increased tropism of the virus for intestinal tissue. These results suggest that heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 replication in intestinal tissues results from differences in ACE2 levels, which may underlie variable patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ku Jang
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria E. Kaczmarek
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Simone Dallari
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ying-Han Chen
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Takuya Tada
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jordan Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel R. Landau
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Stapleford
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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83
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Ritter JM, Wilson TM, Gary JM, Seixas JN, Martines RB, Bhatnagar J, Bollweg BC, Lee E, Estetter L, Silva-Flannery L, Bullock HA, Towner JS, Cossaboom CM, Wendling NM, Amman BR, Harvey RR, Taylor D, Rettler H, Barton Behravesh C, Zaki SR. Histopathology and localization of SARS-CoV-2 and its host cell entry receptor ACE2 in tissues from naturally infected US-farmed mink ( Neovison vison). Vet Pathol 2022; 59:681-695. [PMID: 35229669 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221079665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes respiratory disease in mink similar to human COVID-19. We characterized the pathological findings in 72 mink from US farms with SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, localized SARS-CoV-2 and its host cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in mink respiratory tissues, and evaluated the utility of various test methods and specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection in necropsy tissues. Of SARS-CoV-2-positive animals found dead, 74% had bronchiolitis and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Of euthanized SARS-CoV-2-positive animals, 72% had only mild interstitial pneumonia or minimal nonspecific lung changes (congestion, edema, macrophages); similar findings were seen in SARS-CoV-2-negative animals. Suppurative rhinitis, lymphocytic perivascular inflammation in the lungs, and lymphocytic infiltrates in other tissues were common in both SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative animals. In formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) upper respiratory tract (URT) specimens, conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (cRT-PCR) was more sensitive than in situ hybridization (ISH) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) for detection of SARS-CoV-2. FFPE lung specimens yielded less detection of virus than FFPE URT specimens by all test methods. By IHC and ISH, virus localized extensively to epithelial cells in the nasal turbinates, and prominently within intact epithelium; olfactory mucosa was mostly spared. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 was extensively detected by IHC within turbinate epithelium, with decreased detection in lower respiratory tract epithelium and alveolar macrophages. This study expands on the knowledge of the pathology and pathogenesis of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in mink and supports their further investigation as a potential animal model of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Ritter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tais M Wilson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Joy M Gary
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.,StageBio, Frederick, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Lee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian R Amman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Dean Taylor
- Utah Department of Agriculture and Food, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | - Sherif R Zaki
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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84
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Gweon B, Jang TK, Thuy PX, Moon EY. Primary Cilium by Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid Regulates the Regenerative Migration of Beas-2B Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:170-178. [PMID: 35221299 PMCID: PMC8902458 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is equipped with the ability to resist respiratory disease development and airway damage, including the migration of airway epithelial cells and the activation of TLR3, which recognizes double-stranded (ds) RNA. Primary cilia on airway epithelial cells are involved in the cell cycle and cell differentiation and repair. In this study, we used Beas-2B human bronchial epithelial cells to investigate the effects of the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)] on airway cell migration and primary cilia (PC) formation. PC formation increased in cells incubated under serum deprivation. Migration was faster in Beas-2B cells pretreated with Poly(I:C) than in control cells, as judged by a wound healing assay, single-cell path tracking, and a Transwell migration assay. No changes in cell migration were observed when the cells were incubated in conditioned medium from Poly(I:C)-treated cells. PC formation was enhanced by Poly(I:C) treatment, but was reduced when the cells were exposed to the ciliogenesis inhibitor ciliobrevin A (CilioA). The inhibition of Beas-2B cell migration by CilioA was also assessed and a slight decrease in ciliogenesis was detected in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP)-treated Beas-2B cells overexpressing ACE2 compared to control cells. Cell migration was decreased by SP but restored by Poly(I:C) treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrate that impaired migration by SP-treated cells can be attenuated by Poly(I:C) treatment, thus increasing airway cell migration through the regulation of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomi Gweon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyu Jang
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Xuan Thuy
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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85
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Kirtipal N, Kumar S, Dubey SK, Dwivedi VD, Gireesh Babu K, Malý P, Bharadwaj S. Understanding on the possible routes for SARS CoV-2 invasion via ACE2 in the host linked with multiple organs damage. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 99:105254. [PMID: 35217145 PMCID: PMC8863418 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), accountable for causing the coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19), is already declared as a pandemic disease globally. Like previously reported SARS-CoV strain, the novel SARS-CoV-2 also initiates the viral pathogenesis via docking viral spike-protein with the membranal angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - a receptor on variety of cells in the human body. Therefore, COVID-19 is broadly characterized as a disease that targets multiple organs, particularly causing acute complications via organ-specific pathogenesis accompanied by destruction of ACE2+ cells, including alveolus, cardiac microvasculature, endothelium, and glomerulus. Under such circumstances, the high expression of ACE2 in predisposing individuals associated with anomalous production of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may promote enhanced viral load in COVID-19, which comparatively triggers excessive apoptosis. Furthermore, multi-organ injuries were found linked to altered ACE2 expression and inequality between the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/mitochondrial Ang system (MAS) and renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) in COVID-19 patients. However, the exact pathogenesis of multi-organ damage in COVID-19 is still obscure, but several perspectives have been postulated, involving altered ACE2 expression linked with direct/indirect damages by the virus-induced immune responses, such as cytokinin storm. Thus, insights into the invasion of a virus with respect to ACE2 expression site can be helpful to simulate or understand the possible complications in the targeted organ during viral infection. Hence, this review summarizes the multiple organs invasion by SARS CoV-2 linked with ACE2 expression and their consequences, which can be helpful in the management of the COVID-19 pathogenesis under life-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kirtipal
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Centre for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India
| | | | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India.
| | - K Gireesh Babu
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Limda, Vadodara, India.
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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86
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Schmidt H, Gutjahr L, Sauter A, Zech F, Nchioua R, Stenger S, Frick M, Kirchhoff F, Dietl P, Wittekindt OH. Serially passaged, conditionally reprogrammed nasal epithelial cells as a model to study epithelial functions and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C591-C604. [PMID: 35196166 PMCID: PMC8977148 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00363.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary airway epithelial cells (pAECs) cultivated at air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions are widely used as surrogates for human in vivo epithelia. To extend the proliferative capacity and to enable serially passaging of pAECs, conditional reprogramming (cr) has been employed in recent years. However, ALI epithelia derived from cr cells often display functional changes with increasing passages. This highlights the need for thorough validation of the ALI cultures for the respective application. In our study, we evaluated the use of serially passaged cr nasal epithelial cells (crNECs) as a model to study SARS-CoV-2 infection and effects on ion and water transport. NECs were obtained from healthy individuals and cultivated as ALI epithelia derived from passages 1, 2, 3, and 5. We compared epithelial differentiation, ion and water transport, and infection with SARS-CoV-2 between passages. Our results show that epithelia maintained major differentiation characteristics and physiological ion and water transport properties through all passages. However, the frequency of ciliated cells, short circuit currents reflecting epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activity and expression of aquaporin 3 and 5 decreased gradually over passages. crNECs also expressed SARS-CoV-2 receptors angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serin2 protease 2 (TMPRSS2) across all passages and allowed SARS-CoV-2 replication in all passages. In summary, we provide evidence that passaged crNECs provide an appropriate model to study SARS-CoV-2 infection and also epithelial transport function when considering some limitations that we defined herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Schmidt
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Cente, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lara Gutjahr
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Zech
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rayhane Nchioua
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Dietl
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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87
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Gallo G, Calvez V, Savoia C. Hypertension and COVID-19: Current Evidence and Perspectives. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2022; 29:115-123. [PMID: 35184271 PMCID: PMC8858218 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-022-00506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represents a real challenge for health-care systems worldwide. Male sex, older age and the coexistence of chronic comorbidities have been described as the most relevant conditions associated with a worse prognosis. Early reports suggested that hypertension might represent a risk factor for susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, a more severe course of COVID-19 and increased COVID-19-related deaths. Nevertheless, the independent role of hypertension remains under debate, since hypertension is often associated with the older age and other cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in the general population, which may also contribute to the SARS-Cov-2 infection and COVID-19. Moreover, the role of antihypertensive drugs, primarily angiotensin-converting inhibitors (ACEIs) and ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers) in COVID-19 development and outcome appears controversial. Indeed, preclinical studies using these classes of drugs have suggested a potential upregulation of angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2) which is the key binding receptor promoting cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 in the organism. Renin–angiotensin system (RAS) blockers may potentially upregulate ACE2, hence, it has been initially hypothesized that these agents might contribute to a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and progressive course of COVID-19. However, several clinical reports do not support a detrimental role of RAS blockers in COVID-19, and an intense debate about the withdrawal or maintenance of chronic therapy with ACEi/ARB has been developed. In this review we will discuss the available evidence on the role of hypertension and antihypertensive drugs on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Gallo
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentin Calvez
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Savoia
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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88
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Rahmani W, Chung H, Sinha S, Bui-Marinos MP, Arora R, Jaffer A, Corcoran JA, Biernaskie J, Chun J. Attenuation of SARS-CoV-2 infection by losartan in human kidney organoids. iScience 2022; 25:103818. [PMID: 35106453 PMCID: PMC8795780 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury (COVID-AKI) is a common complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized patients. The susceptibility of human kidneys to direct SARS-CoV-2 infection and modulation of the renin-angiotensin II signaling (RAS) pathway by viral infection remain poorly characterized. Using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids, SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV tropism, defined by the paired expression of a host receptor (ACE2, NRP1 or DPP4) and protease (TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4, FURIN, CTSB or CTSL), was identified primarily among proximal tubule cells. Losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker being tested in patients with COVID-19, inhibited angiotensin II-mediated internalization of ACE2, upregulated interferon-stimulated genes (IFITM1 and BST2) known to restrict viral entry, and attenuated the infection of proximal tubule cells by SARS-CoV-2. Our work highlights the susceptibility of proximal tubule cells to SARS-CoV-2 and reveals a putative protective role for RAS inhibitors during SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 kidney organoid tropism is primarily among proximal tubule cells Losartan attenuates angiotensin II-mediated ACE2 internalization Losartan upregulates viral restrictive genes IFITM1 and BST2 SARS-CoV-2 infection is enhanced by angiotensin II and attenuated by losartan
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Rahmani
- Department of Medicine, Health Research Innovation Centre 4A12, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hyunjae Chung
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 402, 3300 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Maxwell P Bui-Marinos
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department and Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rohit Arora
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 402, 3300 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Arzina Jaffer
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 402, 3300 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Corcoran
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department and Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 402, 3300 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Justin Chun
- Department of Medicine, Health Research Innovation Centre 4A12, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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89
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Guarnieri T. Hypothesis: Emerging Roles for Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Orchestrating CoV-2-Related Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040648. [PMID: 35203299 PMCID: PMC8869960 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogenic agent of Coronavirus-Induced Disease-2019 (COVID-19), a multi-organ syndrome which primarily targets the respiratory system. In this review, considering the large amount of data pointing out the role of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in the inflammatory response and in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity, we describe some mechanisms that strongly suggest its involvement in the management of COVID-19′s inflammatory framework. It regulates both the expression of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and its stabilizing partner, the Broad neutral Amino acid Transporter 1 (B0AT1). It induces Indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO-1), the enzyme which, starting from Tryptophan (Trp), produces Kynurenine (Kyn, Beta-Anthraniloyl-L-Alanine). The accumulation of Kyn and the depletion of Trp arrest T cell growth and induce apoptosis, setting up an immune-tolerant condition, whereas AhR and interferon type I (IFN-I) build a mutual inhibitory loop that also involves NF-kB and limits the innate response. AhR/Kyn binding boosts the production of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus reinforcing the inflammatory state and counteracting the IDO-dependent immune tolerance in the later stage of COVID-19. Taken together, these data depict a framework where sufficient clues suggest the possible participation of AhR in the management of COVID-19 inflammation, thus indicating an additional therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Guarnieri
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Interuniversity Consortium “Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi” (INBB–Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute), 00136 Rome, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research in Life Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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90
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Zafar MI, Yu J, Li H. Implications of RNA Viruses in the Male Reproductive Tract: An Outlook on SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:783963. [PMID: 35003013 PMCID: PMC8739959 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.783963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viral infections continuously pose a threat to human wellbeing. Several RNA viruses have managed to establish access to the male reproductive tract and persist in human semen. The sexual transmission of the virus is of critical public concern. The epidemiological inferences are essential to understand its complexity, particularly the probability of viral transmission from asymptomatic patients or those in the incubation period or from the patient who was previously infected and now fully recovered. From the clinical perspective, negative impacts in the male reproductive tract associated with RNA virus infection have been described, including orchitis, epididymitis, impaired spermatogenesis, and a decrease in sperm quality, which can affect male fertility at different time intervals. The disruption of anatomical barriers due to inflammatory responses might enable the viral invasion into the testis, and the immune privilege status of testes might facilitate a sustained persistence of the virus in the semen. In this review, the current knowledge about other RNA viruses that affect male reproductive health provides the framework to discuss the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The molecular mechanisms, sexual transmission, and viral impacts for mumps, HIV, Zika, and Ebola viruses are explored. We discuss the currently available information on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 and its sequelae in the male reproductive tract, particularly regarding presence in semen, its impact on sexual organs, and sperm quality. To date, no sexual transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been reported, whereas the identification of viral particles in semen remains conflicting. In the purview of the earlier conducted analyses, it is essential to investigate further the long-term health impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ishraq Zafar
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangyu Yu
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, Central Theater Command General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Honggang Li
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, China
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91
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Kawasumi T, Takeno S, Ishino T, Ueda T, Hamamoto T, Takemoto K, Horibe Y, Takashi O. Co-Expression and Localization of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) and the Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2) in Paranasal Ciliated Epithelium of Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2022; 36:313-322. [DOI: 10.1177/19458924211059639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) as a primary receptor for invasion. Cell entry by the virus requires the co-expression of these molecules in the host cells. Objective We investigated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression and localization in paranasal epithelium of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) patients (n = 38), non-ECRS (n = 31), and healthy controls (n = 25). CRS inflammatory patterns are characterized by the type of cytokines; we investigated whether inflammatory endotypes are associated with cell-entry molecules, as this could be linked to susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods The ACE2, TMPRSS2, and other inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. The localizations of ACE2- and TMPRSS2-positive cells were examined with immunofluorescent double-staining using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Results The non-ECRS patients showed significantly increased ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA expressions compared to the ECRS patients. The CRS patients’ ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA levels were positively correlated with IFN-γ ( r = 0.3227 and r = 0.3264, respectively) and TNF-α ( r = 0.4008, r = 0.3962, respectively). ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were negatively correlated with tissue eosinophils ( r = −0.3308, r = −0.3112, respectively), but not with IL-13. ACE2 mRNA levels were positively correlated with TMPRSS2 ( r = 0.7478). ACE2 and TMPRSS2 immunoreactivities were localized mainly in the epithelial ciliated cells, as confirmed by co-staining with TMPRSS2 and acetylated α-tubulin, a cilia organelle marker. Using LSCM imaging, we observed higher expressions of these molecules in the non-ECRS patients versus the ECRS patients. Conclusion ECRS patients with type 2 inflammation showed decreased ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expressions in their sinus mucosa. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 regulation seems to be positively related to IFN-γ and TNF-α production in CRS patients; ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were co-expressed in the ciliated epithelium of their paranasal mucosa, implicating the paranasal epithelium as a portal for initial infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kawasumi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sachio Takeno
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishino
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ueda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takao Hamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kota Takemoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Horibe
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Oda Takashi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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92
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Abstract
The unprecedented public health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been met with an equally unprecedented scientific response. Much of this response has focused, appropriately, on the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, and in particular the binding of the spike (S) protein to its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and subsequent membrane fusion. This Review provides the structural and cellular foundations for understanding the multistep SARS-CoV-2 entry process, including S protein synthesis, S protein structure, conformational transitions necessary for association of the S protein with ACE2, engagement of the receptor-binding domain of the S protein with ACE2, proteolytic activation of the S protein, endocytosis and membrane fusion. We define the roles of furin-like proteases, transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsin L in these processes, and delineate the features of ACE2 orthologues in reservoir animal species and S protein adaptations that facilitate efficient human transmission. We also examine the utility of vaccines, antibodies and other potential therapeutics targeting SARS-CoV-2 entry mechanisms. Finally, we present key outstanding questions associated with this critical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody B Jackson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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93
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Hosamirudsari H, Kheyri Z, Alizadeh M, Akbarpour S, Niya MK, Aliasgharpour F, Meidan M, Hassanzadeh S, Dowran R, Jafarpour A. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone axis inhibition improves outcome of diabetic patients with chronic hypertension and COVID-19: An Iranian perspective. Adv Biomed Res 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_177_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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94
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Law JN, Akers K, Tasnina N, Santina CMD, Deutsch S, Kshirsagar M, Klein-Seetharaman J, Crovella M, Rajagopalan P, Kasif S, Murali TM. Interpretable network propagation with application to expanding the repertoire of human proteins that interact with SARS-CoV-2. Gigascience 2021; 10:giab082. [PMID: 34966926 PMCID: PMC8716363 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Network propagation has been widely used for nearly 20 years to predict gene functions and phenotypes. Despite the popularity of this approach, little attention has been paid to the question of provenance tracing in this context, e.g., determining how much any experimental observation in the input contributes to the score of every prediction. RESULTS We design a network propagation framework with 2 novel components and apply it to predict human proteins that directly or indirectly interact with SARS-CoV-2 proteins. First, we trace the provenance of each prediction to its experimentally validated sources, which in our case are human proteins experimentally determined to interact with viral proteins. Second, we design a technique that helps to reduce the manual adjustment of parameters by users. We find that for every top-ranking prediction, the highest contribution to its score arises from a direct neighbor in a human protein-protein interaction network. We further analyze these results to develop functional insights on SARS-CoV-2 that expand on known biology such as the connection between endoplasmic reticulum stress, HSPA5, and anti-clotting agents. CONCLUSIONS We examine how our provenance-tracing method can be generalized to a broad class of network-based algorithms. We provide a useful resource for the SARS-CoV-2 community that implicates many previously undocumented proteins with putative functional relationships to viral infection. This resource includes potential drugs that can be opportunistically repositioned to target these proteins. We also discuss how our overall framework can be extended to other, newly emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Law
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kyle Akers
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Nure Tasnina
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Shay Deutsch
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Crovella
- Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Simon Kasif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - T M Murali
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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95
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Investigation of the role of the autophagic protein LC3B in the regulation of human airway epithelium cell differentiation in COPD using a biomimetic model. Mater Today Bio 2021; 13:100182. [PMID: 34917923 PMCID: PMC8668979 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most lethal chronic disease worldwide; however, the establishment of reliable in vitro models for exploring the biological mechanisms of COPD remains challenging. Here, we determined the differences in the expression and characteristics of the autophagic protein LC3B in normal and COPD human small airway epithelial cells and found that the nucleus of COPD cells obviously accumulated LC3B. We next established 3D human small airway tissues with distinct disease characteristics by regulating the biological microenvironment, extracellular matrix, and air-liquid interface culture methods. Using this biomimetic model, we found that LC3B affects the differentiation of COPD cells into basal, secretory, mucous, and ciliated cells. Moreover, although chloroquine and ivermectin effectively inhibited the expression of LC3B in the nucleus, chloroquine specifically maintained the performance of LC3B in cytoplasm, thereby contributing to the differentiation of ciliated cells and subsequent improvement in the beating functions of the cilia, whereas ivermectin only facilitated differentiation of goblet cells. We demonstrated that the autophagic mechanism of LC3B in the nucleus is one factor regulating the ciliary differentiation and function of COPD cells. Our innovative model can be used to further analyze the physiological mechanisms in the in vitro airway environment.
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96
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Differential Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein 1 on Human Bronchial and Alveolar Lung Mucosa Models: Implications for Pathogenicity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122537. [PMID: 34960806 PMCID: PMC8708014 DOI: 10.3390/v13122537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mediates attachment of the virus to the host cell receptor and fusion between the virus and the cell membrane. The S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein (S1 protein) contains the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor binding domain. The SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern contain mutations in the S1 subunit. The spike protein is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies generated following infection, and constitutes the viral component of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. Methods: Therefore, in this work we assessed the effect of exposure (24 h) to 10 nM SARS-CoV-2 recombinant S1 protein on physiologically relevant human bronchial (bro) and alveolar (alv) lung mucosa models cultured at air–liquid interface (ALI) (n = 6 per exposure condition). Corresponding sham exposed samples served as a control. The bro-ALI model was developed using primary bronchial epithelial cells and the alv-ALI model using representative type II pneumocytes (NCI-H441). Results: Exposure to S1 protein induced the surface expression of ACE2, toll like receptor (TLR) 2, and TLR4 in both bro-ALI and alv-ALI models. Transcript expression analysis identified 117 (bro-ALI) and 97 (alv-ALI) differentially regulated genes (p ≤ 0.01). Pathway analysis revealed enrichment of canonical pathways such as interferon (IFN) signaling, influenza, coronavirus, and anti-viral response in the bro-ALI. Secreted levels of interleukin (IL) 4 and IL12 were significantly (p < 0.05) increased, whereas IL6 decreased in the bro-ALI. In the case of alv-ALI, enriched terms involving p53, APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) tight junction, integrin kinase, and IL1 signaling were identified. These terms are associated with lung fibrosis. Further, significantly (p < 0.05) increased levels of secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ, IL1ꞵ, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL13, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were detected in alv-ALI, whereas IL12 was decreased. Altered levels of these cytokines are also associated with lung fibrotic response. Conclusions: In conclusion, we observed a typical anti-viral response in the bronchial model and a pro-fibrotic response in the alveolar model. The bro-ALI and alv-ALI models may serve as an easy and robust platform for assessing the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern at different lung regions.
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Varma R, Poon J, Liao Z, Aitchison JS, Waddell TK, Karoubi G, McGuigan AP. Planar organization of airway epithelial cell morphology using hydrogel grooves during ciliogenesis fails to induce ciliary alignment. Biomater Sci 2021; 10:396-409. [PMID: 34897300 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01327k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Topographical cues are known to influence cell organization both in native tissues and in vitro. In the trachea, the matrix beneath the epithelial lining is composed of collagen fibres that run along the long axis of the airway. Previous studies have shown that grooved topography can induce morphological and cytoskeletal alignment in epithelial cell lines. In the present work we assessed the impact of substrate topography on the organization of primary human tracheal epithelial cells (HTECs) and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived airway progenitors and the resulting alignment of cilia after maturation of the airway cells under Air-Liquid-Interface (ALI) culture. Grooves with optimized dimensions were imprinted into collagen vitrigel membranes (CVM) to produce gel inserts for ALI culture. Grooved CVM substrates induced cell alignment in HTECs and hiPSC airway progenitors in submerged culture. Further, both cell types were able to terminally differentiate into a multi-ciliated epithelium on both flat and groove CVM substrates. When exposed to ALI conditions, HTECs lost alignment after 14 days. Meanwhile, hiPSC-derived airway progenitors maintained their alignment throughout 31 days of ALI culture. Interestingly, neither initial alignment on the grooves, nor maintained alignment on the grooves induced alignment of cilia basal bodies, an indication of the direction of ciliary beating direction in the airway cells. Planar organization of airway cells during or prior to ciliogenesis therefore does not appear to be a feasible strategy to control cilia organization and subsequent airway epithelial function and additional cues are likely necessary to produce cilia alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Varma
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (BME), University of Toronto, 164 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada. .,Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 101 College St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A3, Canada.
| | - James Poon
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (BME), University of Toronto, 164 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada. .,Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 101 College St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A3, Canada.
| | - Zhongfa Liao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Rd, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - J Stewart Aitchison
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Rd, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Thomas K Waddell
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (BME), University of Toronto, 164 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada. .,Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 101 College St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A3, Canada.
| | - Golnaz Karoubi
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 101 College St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A3, Canada. .,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alison P McGuigan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (BME), University of Toronto, 164 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada. .,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
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Tang AT, Buchholz DW, Szigety KM, Imbhiaka B, Gao S, Frankfurter M, Wang M, Yang J, Hewins P, Mericko-Ishizuka P, Adrian Leu N, Sterling S, Monreal IA, Sahler J, August A, Zhu X, Jurado KA, Xu M, Morrisey EE, Millar SE, Aguilar HC, Kahn ML. SARS-CoV-2 infection of olfactory epithelial cells and neurons drives acute lung injury and lethal COVID-19 in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.04.471245. [PMID: 34909769 PMCID: PMC8669836 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.04.471245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Lethal COVID-19 is associated with respiratory failure that is thought to be caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to pulmonary infection. To date, the cellular pathogenesis has been inferred from studies describing the expression of ACE2, a transmembrane protein required for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and detection of viral RNA or protein in infected humans, model animals, and cultured cells. To functionally test the cellular mechanisms of COVID-19, we generated hACE2 fl animals in which human ACE2 (hACE2) is expressed from the mouse Ace2 locus in a manner that permits cell-specific, Cre-mediated loss of function. hACE2 fl animals developed lethal weight loss and hypoxemia within 7 days of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 that was associated with pulmonary infiltrates, intravascular thrombosis and patchy viral infection of lung epithelial cells. Deletion of hACE2 in lung epithelial cells prevented viral infection of the lung, but not weight loss, hypoxemia or death. Inhalation of SARS-CoV-2 by hACE2 fl animals resulted in early infection of sustentacular cells with subsequent infection of neurons in the neighboring olfactory bulb and cerebral cortexâ€" events that did not require lung epithelial cell infection. Pharmacologic ablation of the olfactory epithelium or Foxg1 Cre mediated deletion of hACE2 in olfactory epithelial cells and neurons prevented lethality and neuronal infection following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conversely, transgenic expression of hACE2 specifically in olfactory epithelial cells and neurons in Foxg1 Cre ; LSL- hACE2 mice was sufficient to confer neuronal infection associated with respiratory failure and death. These studies establish mouse loss and gain of function genetic models with which to genetically dissect viral-host interactions and demonstrate that lethal disease due to respiratory failure may arise from extrapulmonary infection of the olfactory epithelium and brain. Future therapeutic efforts focused on preventing olfactory epithelial infection may be an effective means of protecting against severe COVID-19.
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99
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Xi J, Lei LR, Zouzas W, April Si X. Nasally inhaled therapeutics and vaccination for COVID-19: Developments and challenges. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:569-586. [PMID: 34977869 PMCID: PMC8706742 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nose is the initial site of viral infection, replication, and transmission in the human body. Nasally inhaled vaccines may act as a promising alternative for COVID-19 management in addition to intramuscular vaccination. In this review, the latest developments of nasal sprays either as repurposed or antiviral formulations were presented. Nasal vaccines based on traditional medicines, such as grapefruit seed extract, algae-isolated carrageenan, and Yogurt-fermenting Lactobacillus, are promising and under active investigations. Inherent challenges that hinder effective intranasal delivery were discussed in detail, which included nasal device issues and human nose physiological complexities. We examined factors related to nasal spray administration, including the nasal angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) locations as the delivery target, nasal devices, medication translocation after application, delivery methods, safety issues, and other nasal delivery options. The effects of human factors on nasal spray efficacy, such as nasal physiology, disease-induced physiological modifications, intersubject variability, and mucociliary clearance, were also examined. Finally, the potential impact of nasal vaccines on COVID-19 management in the developing world was discussed. It is concluded that effective delivery of nasal sprays to ACE2-rich regions is urgently needed, especially in the context that new variants may become unresponsive to current vaccines and more refractory to existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Xi
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MassachusettsLowellMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lameng Ray Lei
- Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, IncRancho CucamongaCaliforniaUSA
| | - William Zouzas
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MassachusettsLowellMassachusettsUSA
| | - Xiuhua April Si
- Department of AerospaceIndustrial and Mechanical EngineeringCalifornia Baptist UniversityRiversideCaliforniaUSA
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100
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Li R, Qin C. Expression pattern and function of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2021; 3:312-318. [PMID: 34466800 PMCID: PMC8393493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak at the end of 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has been spreading around the world for more than one year. Scientists have been intensely conducting research on this newly emerged coronavirus and the disease caused by it. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as a receptor mediating the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2, has become a hot spot for researchers. Here, we summarized the recent progresses on the function, expression and distribution characteristics of ACE2 in human body and among populations. We further discussed the interaction mechanism of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 S protein, focusing on key residues that effect interaction and binding ability of SARS-CoV-2 variants. This will facilitate researchers to better understand SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission route, adaptation mechanism, and designing treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- Corresponding author: State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
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