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A Comparative Study of Body Lice and Bed Bugs Reveals Factors Potentially Involved in Differential Vector Competence for the Relapsing Fever Spirochete Borrelia recurrentis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0068321. [PMID: 35384689 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00683-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia recurrentis is the causative agent of louse-borne relapsing fever and the only Borrelia species transmitted by an insect rather than a tick vector. While bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) are not established vectors of any human pathogens, a recent study reported that they may be competent vectors of B. recurrentis. However, many aspects of infection and transmission remain unclear in this possible secondary vector. Here, we carried out several quantitative laboratory studies to gain a better understanding of the host suitability of bed bugs relative to the established body louse vector as well as the factors that may affect the ability of bed bugs to transmit the pathogen. We fed bed bugs B. recurrentis and estimated the level and duration of infection in the hemolymph using live imaging. We performed quantitative PCR (qPCR) to examine whole-body spirochete levels and the occurrence of vertical transmission to progeny. We also developed an assay to compare the amounts of force required to release infectious hemolymph from recently engorged bed bugs and body lice. Finally, we analyzed humoral antibacterial activity in the hemolymph, hemolymph pH, and hemocyte activity in both insect species. Our results confirm that within 24 h of ingestion, B. recurrentis can penetrate the midgut epithelium of bed bugs and enter the hemolymph, overcoming a major host barrier, as in body lice. Once in the hemolymph, spirochetes remain visible for at least 4 days. Moreover, we show that bed bugs are more physically susceptible to crushing than body lice, suggesting that crushing is a feasible route for the natural dissemination of B. recurrentis from the hemolymph of bed bugs, as for body lice. Nonetheless, our data also indicate that bed bugs are suboptimal hosts for B. recurrentis, as the bacterium does not appear to proliferate to high levels or stably colonize the hemolymph and exhibits pleomorphism in this environment. In particular, our data suggest that hemolymph pH and unique cellular immune responses, rather than humoral effectors, may be involved in limiting spirochete survival in bed bugs. Notably, we document the formation of extracellular DNA traps by bed bug hemocytes for the first time. For these reasons, while bed bugs may be capable of limited transmission given their ecology, vector competence is probably minimal relative to body lice. Additional mechanistic studies of human pathogen infection of bed bugs may provide much-needed insight into the biological factors that restrict their ability to act as vectors and may reveal novel mechanisms of immunity.
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Gao Y, Zhang JG, Liu ZZ, Ma K, Lin XQ, Zhang JB, Chen W, Yang YJ. Extracellular trap can be trained as a memory response. Virulence 2022; 13:471-482. [PMID: 35254202 PMCID: PMC8903778 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2046950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular trap (ET) appears as a double-edged sword for the host since it participates in host immune defense by entrapping pathogens, while excessive ET release also contributes to various diseases progression including atherosclerosis, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. A better understanding of ET formation and regulation will be beneficial for developing strategies for infection control and ET-associated disease treatment. There is some evidence indicating that prior infection can enhance extracellular killing. Neutrophils from cancer or sepsis are predisposed to generate ET. It is reasonable to suspect that ET may be trained to form as a memory response, just like cytokine memory response termed “trained immunity.” The mice were intraperitoneally injected with heat-killed Candida albicans (HK-C. albicans), 3 days later bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were isolated and challenged with Clostridium perfringens as a second stimulation. We found that HK-C. albicans priming enhanced ET formation upon Clostridium perfringens infection, accompanied by increased extracellular killing capacity. Mannan priming also enhanced ET formation. Since ETs memory was induced in chicken PBMC, ETs memory may be evolutionarily conserved. Moreover, mTOR was required for ETs memory response. Collectively, this study showed that ETs can be trained as a memory response and indicated that memory property of ETs should be considered during the understanding of recurrent infection and ET-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Tu Z, Zhong Y, Hu H, Shao D, Haag R, Schirner M, Lee J, Sullenger B, Leong KW. Design of therapeutic biomaterials to control inflammation. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:557-574. [PMID: 35251702 PMCID: PMC8884103 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the response to danger signals arising from damage to our body and in restoring homeostasis. Dysregulated inflammatory responses occur in many diseases, including cancer, sepsis and autoimmunity. The efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs, developed for the treatment of dysregulated inflammation, can be potentiated using biomaterials, by improving the bioavailability of drugs and by reducing side effects. In this Review, we first outline key elements and stages of the inflammatory environment and then discuss the design of biomaterials for different anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies. Biomaterials can be engineered to scavenge danger signals, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and cell-free DNA, in the early stages of inflammation. Materials can also be designed to prevent adhesive interactions of leukocytes and endothelial cells that initiate inflammatory responses. Furthermore, nanoscale platforms can deliver anti-inflammatory agents to inflammation sites. We conclude by discussing the challenges and opportunities for biomaterial innovations in addressing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxu Tu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiling Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Hanze Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Dan Shao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, China
- Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schirner
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jaewoo Lee
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | | | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
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54
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Pastor B, Abraham JD, Pisareva E, Sanchez C, Kudriavstev A, Tanos R, Mirandola A, Mihalovičová L, Pezzella V, Adenis A, Ychou M, Mazard T, Thierry AR. Association of neutrophil extracellular traps with the production of circulating DNA in patients with colorectal cancer. iScience 2022; 25:103826. [PMID: 35198886 PMCID: PMC8844218 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We postulate that a significant part of circulating DNA (cirDNA) originates in the degradation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In this study, we examined the plasma level of two markers of NETs (myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE)), as well as cirDNA levels in 219 patients with a metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), and in 114 healthy individuals (HI). We found that in patients with mCRC the content of these analytes was (i) highly correlated, and (ii) all statistically different (p < 0.0001) than in HI (N = 114). These three NETs markers may readily distinguish between patients with mCRC from HI, (0.88, 0.86, 0.84, and 0.95 AUC values for NE, MPO, cirDNA, and NE + MPO + cirDNA, respectively). Concomitant analysis of anti-phospholipid (anti-cardiolipin), NE, MPO, and cirDNA plasma concentrations in patients with mCRC might have value for thrombosis prevention, and suggested that NETosis may be a critical factor in the immunological response/phenomena linked to tumor progression. NETs markers correlate with cirDNA amounts in patients with mCRC not in healthy subjects Quantifying NETs markers and cirDNA could distinguish mCRC from healthy subjects Analysis of NETs markers, cirDNA, and aPL may have value for thrombosis prevention A strong fraction of cirDNA concentration could be derived from NETs in patients with mCRC
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Pastor
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Abraham
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Ekaterina Pisareva
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Cynthia Sanchez
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Andrei Kudriavstev
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Rita Tanos
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Alexia Mirandola
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Lucia Mihalovičová
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France.,Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, Bratislava 811 08, Slovakia
| | | | - Antoine Adenis
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Ychou
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Thibault Mazard
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Alain R Thierry
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), Montpellier, France
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55
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Poto R, Cristinziano L, Modestino L, de Paulis A, Marone G, Loffredo S, Galdiero MR, Varricchi G. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, Angiogenesis and Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020431. [PMID: 35203640 PMCID: PMC8962440 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils, the most abundant circulating leukocytes, are fundamental components of the host response against different pathogens. Until a few years ago, neutrophils received limited attention in cancer immunology. Recently, it was discovered that both circulating, and tumor-associated, neutrophils possess functional plasticity when exposed to various inflammatory stimuli and in the tumor microenvironment. Neutrophils and their mediators can exert several pro-tumor activities in cancer and promote metastasis through different mechanisms. Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in inflammation and tumor growth. Activated human neutrophils release several angiogenic factors [vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1), CXCL8, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9)] and form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs promote tumor growth and metastasis formation through several mechanisms: they can awake dormant cancer cells, capture circulating tumor cells, coat and shield cancer cells, thus preventing CD8+- and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity. ANGPTs released by endothelial and periendothelial mural cells induce platelet-activating factor (PAF) synthesis and neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells. NETs can directly exert several proangiogenic activities in human endothelial cells and NETs induced by ANGPTs and PAF increase several aspects of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. A better understanding of the pathophysiological functions of NETs in cancer and angiogenesis could be of importance in the early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.P.); (L.C.); (L.M.); (A.d.P.); (G.M.); (S.L.); (M.R.G.)
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Leonardo Cristinziano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.P.); (L.C.); (L.M.); (A.d.P.); (G.M.); (S.L.); (M.R.G.)
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Modestino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.P.); (L.C.); (L.M.); (A.d.P.); (G.M.); (S.L.); (M.R.G.)
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.P.); (L.C.); (L.M.); (A.d.P.); (G.M.); (S.L.); (M.R.G.)
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.P.); (L.C.); (L.M.); (A.d.P.); (G.M.); (S.L.); (M.R.G.)
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.P.); (L.C.); (L.M.); (A.d.P.); (G.M.); (S.L.); (M.R.G.)
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.P.); (L.C.); (L.M.); (A.d.P.); (G.M.); (S.L.); (M.R.G.)
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.P.); (L.C.); (L.M.); (A.d.P.); (G.M.); (S.L.); (M.R.G.)
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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56
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Krämer J, Kang R, Grimm LM, De Cola L, Picchetti P, Biedermann F. Molecular Probes, Chemosensors, and Nanosensors for Optical Detection of Biorelevant Molecules and Ions in Aqueous Media and Biofluids. Chem Rev 2022; 122:3459-3636. [PMID: 34995461 PMCID: PMC8832467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic molecular probes, chemosensors, and nanosensors used in combination with innovative assay protocols hold great potential for the development of robust, low-cost, and fast-responding sensors that are applicable in biofluids (urine, blood, and saliva). Particularly, the development of sensors for metabolites, neurotransmitters, drugs, and inorganic ions is highly desirable due to a lack of suitable biosensors. In addition, the monitoring and analysis of metabolic and signaling networks in cells and organisms by optical probes and chemosensors is becoming increasingly important in molecular biology and medicine. Thus, new perspectives for personalized diagnostics, theranostics, and biochemical/medical research will be unlocked when standing limitations of artificial binders and receptors are overcome. In this review, we survey synthetic sensing systems that have promising (future) application potential for the detection of small molecules, cations, and anions in aqueous media and biofluids. Special attention was given to sensing systems that provide a readily measurable optical signal through dynamic covalent chemistry, supramolecular host-guest interactions, or nanoparticles featuring plasmonic effects. This review shall also enable the reader to evaluate the current performance of molecular probes, chemosensors, and nanosensors in terms of sensitivity and selectivity with respect to practical requirement, and thereby inspiring new ideas for the development of further advanced systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Krämer
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Rui Kang
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Laura M. Grimm
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Luisa De Cola
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Dipartimento
DISFARM, University of Milano, via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Pierre Picchetti
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- P.P.: email,
| | - Frank Biedermann
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- F.B.: email,
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57
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Doolan R, Bouchery T. Hookworm infections: Reappraising the evidence for a role of Neutrophils in light of NETosis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12911. [PMID: 35124825 PMCID: PMC9285577 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In Hookworm infection, neutrophils have long had the image of the villain, being recruited to the site of larval migration because of damage but participating themselves in tissue injury. With recent developments in neutrophil biology, there is an increasing body of evidence for the role of neutrophils as effector cells in hookworm immunity. In particular, their ability to release extracellular traps, or neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), confer neutrophils a larvicidal activity. Here, we review recent evidence in this nascent field and discuss the avenue for future research on NETs/hookworm interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Doolan
- Hookworm Immunobiology Laboratory Department of Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57 4051 CH Basel Switzerland
| | - Tiffany Bouchery
- Hookworm Immunobiology Laboratory Department of Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57 4051 CH Basel Switzerland
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58
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Lee Y, Reilly B, Tan C, Wang P, Aziz M. Extracellular CIRP Induces Macrophage Extracellular Trap Formation Via Gasdermin D Activation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:780210. [PMID: 35003095 PMCID: PMC8732379 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) is a damage-associated molecular pattern promoting inflammation and tissue injury. During bacterial or viral infection, macrophages release DNA decorated with nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins known as macrophage extracellular traps (METs). Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a pore-forming protein that has been involved in extracellular trap formation in neutrophils. We hypothesized that eCIRP induces MET formation by activating GSDMD. Human monocytic cell line THP-1 cells were differentiated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and treated with recombinant murine (rm) CIRP. The MET formation was detected by three methods: time-lapse fluorescence microscopy (video imaging), colorimetry, and ELISA. Cleaved forms of GSDMD, and caspase-1 were detected by Western blotting. Treatment of THP-1 cells with rmCIRP increased MET formation as revealed by SYTOX Orange Staining assay in a time- and dose-dependent manner. METs formed by rmCIRP stimulation were further confirmed by extracellular DNA, citrullinated histone H3, and myeloperoxidase. Treatment of THP-1 cells with rmCIRP significantly increased the cleaved forms of caspase-1 and GSDMD compared to PBS-treated cells. Treatment of macrophages with caspase-1, and GSDMD inhibitors z-VAD-fmk, and disulfiram, separately, significantly decreased rmCIRP-induced MET formation. We also confirmed rmCIRP-induced MET formation using primary cells murine peritoneal macrophages. These data clearly show that eCIRP serves as a novel inducer of MET formation through the activation of GSDMD and caspase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchan Lee
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Bridgette Reilly
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Chuyi Tan
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
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59
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Wu X, Zeng H, Cai L, Chen G. Role of the Extracellular Traps in Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:783882. [PMID: 34868063 PMCID: PMC8635093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that several immune cells can release chromatin and granular proteins into extracellular space in response to the stimulation, forming extracellular traps (ETs). The cells involved in the extracellular trap formation are recognized including neutropils, macrophages, basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells. With the development of research related to central nervous system, the role of ETs has been valued in neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier, and other fields. Meanwhile, it has been found that microglial cells as the resident immune cells of the central nervous system can also release ETs, updating the original understanding. This review aims to clarify the role of the ETs in the central nervous system, especially in neuroinflammation and blood–brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingxin Cai
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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The Functions of β-Defensin in Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus): Antibiosis, Chemotaxis and Modulation of Phagocytosis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121247. [PMID: 34943162 PMCID: PMC8698591 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The study identified a new spliced isoform of anionic β-defensin from flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, fBD) and examined its antibiosis, chemotaxis and modulation of phagocytosis. It also analyzed the contributions of fBD to the antimicrobial activity of extracellular traps (ETs). The analyses found that an anionic β-defensin in fish possesses strong bacteriostatic ability in line with that of cationic defensins and also plays an important role in immune response. This study provides new insights into the biological function of anionic defensins, which can serve as one of the important effectors in extracellular traps and contribute to the immune response. Abstract Most defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides with broad-spectrum killing activity against bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses. However, it should be recognized that there are some non-cationic β-defensins in organisms, which need to be further studied. In this study, a new spliced isoform of anionic β-defensin from flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, fBD) was identified, and its antibiosis, chemotaxis and modulation of phagocytosis were examined. In addition, the contributions of fBD to the antimicrobial activity of extracellular traps (ETs) were also analyzed. The recombinant fBD (rfBD) could effectively inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, Micrococcus luteus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum). An indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that the fBD was co-localized in the extracellular traps released by the leukocytes. When the ETs were blocked with antibodies against rfBD, the proliferation of S. aureus and E. coli incubated with ETs tended to increase compared with that in the control group. In addition, the results obtained by flow cytometry showed that the rfBD could significantly chemoattract leukocytes and increase phagocytic activity in vitro. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the biological function of anionic defensins, which can serve as one of the important effectors in extracellular traps and as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity in teleosts.
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Heimroth RD, Casadei E, Benedicenti O, Amemiya CT, Muñoz P, Salinas I. The lungfish cocoon is a living tissue with antimicrobial functions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj0829. [PMID: 34788085 PMCID: PMC8597997 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrialization is an extreme physiological adaptation by which African lungfish survive dry seasons. For months and up to several years, lungfish live inside a dry mucus cocoon that protects them from desiccation. Light and electron microscopy reveal that the lungfish cocoon is a living tissue that traps bacteria. Transcriptomic analyses identify a global state of inflammation in the terrestrialized lungfish skin characterized by granulocyte recruitment. Recruited granulocytes transmigrate into the cocoon where they release extracellular traps. In vivo DNase I surface spraying during terrestrialization results in dysbiosis, septicemia, skin wounds, and hemorrhages. Thus, lungfish have evolved unique immunological adaptations to protect their bodies from infection for extended periods of time while living on land. Trapping bacteria outside their bodies may benefit estivating vertebrates that undergo metabolic torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Darby Heimroth
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Elisa Casadei
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ottavia Benedicenti
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Chris Tsuyoshi Amemiya
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Pilar Muñoz
- Department of Animal Health, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Fan Y, Fan C, Mao P, Rui C, Wang X, Hou W, Luan T, Dong Z, Li P, Feng S, Zeng X. Study on perinatal-related factors of maternity and newborn in parturients with intrapartum fever in part of Eastern China: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 36:e24050. [PMID: 34786765 PMCID: PMC8761421 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal intrapartum fever has a serious impact on mother and child. However, the corresponding study seems to be in short. Methods The role of inflammatory cells in patients who were diagnosed with intrapartum fever lived in part of Eastern China was evaluated. The obstetrics outcomes, complete blood cell count (CBC) and thereby converted neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio, monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and vaginal secretion were compared in different groups. Results Prepartum values of white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), and hemoglobin (Hb) were all a little higher in the febrile group than in the afebrile group, and postpartum WBC in the afebrile group was still higher while postpartum RBC and Hb were inferior to non‐fever maternity. Postpartum NLR and MLR were all higher in the fever group but not preferred overtly difference before delivery. Additionally, the comparison of WBC, RBC, Hb, platelets, neutrophils, and monocytes in prepartum and postpartum all showed significant differences. Conclusion The parturition could bring about the value change of CBC and intrapartum fever might aggravate or alleviate this change. Besides, the intrapartum fever might not be caused mainly by infection and the difference between bacteria and fungus could reflect in the CBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Fan
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chong Fan
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengyuan Mao
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Can Rui
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwen Hou
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Luan
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyong Dong
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Li
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanwu Feng
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Promotion of diabetic wound healing using novel Cu2O/Pt nanocubes through bacterial killing and enhanced angiogenesis in rats. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 134:112552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mangold A, Ondracek AS, Hofbauer TM, Artner T, Nechvile J, Panagiotides NG, Mirna M, Hammerer M, Fejzic D, Hoppe U, Wernly B, Lauten A, Alushi B, Franz M, Schulze PC, Wohlschläger-Krenn E, Lang IM, Lichtenauer M. Deoxyribonuclease is prognostic in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13595. [PMID: 34101826 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative aortic valve stenosis is an inflammatory process that resembles atherosclerosis. Neutrophils release their DNA upon activation and form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are present on degenerated aortic valves. NETs correlate with pressure gradients in severe aortic stenosis. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is an established treatment option for aortic valve stenosis. Bioprosthetic valve deterioration promoted by inflammatory, fibrotic and thrombotic processes limits outcome. Deoxyribonuclease is a natural counter mechanism to degrade DNA in circulation. In the present observational study, we investigated plasma levels of double-stranded DNA, deoxyribonuclease activity and outcome after TAVR. 345 consecutive patients undergoing TAVR and 100 healthy reference controls were studied. Double-stranded DNA was measured by fluorescence assays in plasma obtained at baseline and after TAVR. Deoxyribonuclease activity was measured at baseline using single radial enzyme diffusion assays. Follow-up was performed at 12 months, and mean aortic pressure gradient and survival were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models were calculated. Baseline double-stranded DNA in plasma was significantly higher compared to healthy controls, was increased at 3 and 7 days after TAVR, and declined thereafter. Baseline deoxyribonuclease activity was decreased compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, low deoxyribonuclease activity correlated with higher C-reactive protein and higher mean transaortic gradient after 12 months. Finally, deoxyribonuclease activity was a strong independent predictor of outcome 12 months after TAVR. Deoxyribonuclease activity is a potential biomarker for risk stratification after TAVR. Pathomechanisms of bioprosthetic valve deterioration involving extracellular DNA and deoxyribonuclease merit investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mangold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna S Ondracek
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas M Hofbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tyler Artner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Nechvile
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Noel G Panagiotides
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Matthias Hammerer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Lauten
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brunilda Alushi
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Franz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul C Schulze
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Irene M Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhu S, Yu Y, Ren Y, Xu L, Wang H, Ling X, Jin L, Hu Y, Zhang H, Miao C, Guo K. The emerging roles of neutrophil extracellular traps in wound healing. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:984. [PMID: 34686654 PMCID: PMC8536667 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Delayed wound healing causes problems for many patients both physically and psychologically, contributing to pain, economic burden, loss of function, and even amputation. Although many factors affect the wound healing process, abnormally prolonged or augmented inflammation in the wound site is a common cause of poor wound healing. Excessive neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation during this phase may amplify inflammation and hinder wound healing. However, the roles of NETs in wound healing are still unclear. Herein, we briefly introduce NET formation and discuss the possible NET-related mechanisms in wound healing. We conclude with a discussion of current studies, focusing on the roles of NETs in diabetic and normoglycemic wounds and the effectiveness of NET-targeting treatments in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuainan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liying Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Ling
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kefang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Mechanisms of Immunothrombosis by SARS-CoV-2. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111550. [PMID: 34827548 PMCID: PMC8615366 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 contains certain molecules that are related to the presence of immunothrombosis. Here, we review the pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns. We also study the imbalance of different molecules participating in immunothrombosis, such as tissue factor, factors of the contact system, histones, and the role of cells, such as endothelial cells, platelets, and neutrophil extracellular traps. Regarding the pathogenetic mechanism, we discuss clinical trials, case-control studies, comparative and translational studies, and observational studies of regulatory or inhibitory molecules, more specifically, extracellular DNA and RNA, histones, sensors for RNA and DNA, as well as heparin and heparinoids. Overall, it appears that a network of cells and molecules identified in this axis is simultaneously but differentially affecting patients at different stages of COVID-19, and this is characterized by endothelial damage, microthrombosis, and inflammation.
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Zha YF, Xie J, Ding P, Zhu CL, Li P, Zhao ZZ, Li YH, Wang JF. Senkyunolide I protect against lung injury via inhibiting formation of neutrophil extracellular trap in a murine model of cecal ligation and puncture. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107922. [PMID: 34224996 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Senkyunolide I (SEI), a component of a Chinese herb named Ligusticum Chuanxiong hort, which is included in the formulation of Xuebijing Injection, a medication used to treat sepsis in China. Our previous study showed that SEI was protective against sepsis-associated encephalopathy and the present study was performed to investigate the role of SEI in sepsis-induced lung injury in a murine model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS SEI (36 mg/kg in 200 μl) or vehicle was administered immediately after CLP surgery. The lung injury was assessed 24 h later by histopathological tests, protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), neutrophil recruitment in the lung tissue (myeloperoxidase fluorescence, MPO), pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative responses. Platelet activation was detected by CD42d/GP5 immunofluorescence and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) were determined by immunofluorescence assays and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of MPO-DNA. In vitro experiments were performed to detect the level of MPO-DNA complex released by SEI-treated neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or co-cultured with platelets from CLP mice. RESULTS SEI administration relieved the injury degree in CLP mice according to the histopathological tests (P < 0.05 compared with DMSO + CLP group). Protein level in the BALF and neutrophil infiltration were remarkably reduced by SEI after CLP surgery (P < 0.05 compared with DMSO + CLP group). TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were decreased in the plasma and lung tissues from CLP mice treated with SEI (P < 0.05 compared with DMSO + CLP group). The phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, p38 and p65 were all inhibited by SEI (P < 0.05 compared with DMSO + CLP group). Immunofluorescence of MPO showed that neutrophil number was significantly lower in SEI treated CLP mice than in vehicle treated CLP mice (P < 0.05). The CD42d/GP5 staining suggested that platelet activation was significantly reduced and the NET level in the lung tissue and plasma was greatly attenuated by SEI treatment (P < 0.05 compared with DMSO + CLP group). In vitro experiments showed that the MPO-DNA level stimulated by PMA was significantly reduced by SEI treatment (P < 0.05 compared with DMSO treatment). Co-culture neutrophils with platelets from CLP mice resulted in higher level of MPO-DNA complex, while SEI partly reversed such effects of platelet on NET formation. CONCLUSIONS SEI was protective against lung injury induced by CLP in mice. The NET formation was significantly reduced by SEI treatment, which might be involved in the mechanism of the protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Zha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201906, China
| | - Jian Xie
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peng Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Cheng-Long Zhu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peng Li
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhao
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yong-Hua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Jia-Feng Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Qiao Q, Liu X, Yang T, Cui K, Kong L, Yang C, Zhang Z. Nanomedicine for acute respiratory distress syndrome: The latest application, targeting strategy, and rational design. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3060-3091. [PMID: 33977080 PMCID: PMC8102084 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by the severe inflammation and destruction of the lung air-blood barrier, leading to irreversible and substantial respiratory function damage. Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been encountered with a high risk of ARDS, underscoring the urgency for exploiting effective therapy. However, proper medications for ARDS are still lacking due to poor pharmacokinetics, non-specific side effects, inability to surmount pulmonary barrier, and inadequate management of heterogeneity. The increased lung permeability in the pathological environment of ARDS may contribute to nanoparticle-mediated passive targeting delivery. Nanomedicine has demonstrated unique advantages in solving the dilemma of ARDS drug therapy, which can address the shortcomings and limitations of traditional anti-inflammatory or antioxidant drug treatment. Through passive, active, or physicochemical targeting, nanocarriers can interact with lung epithelium/endothelium and inflammatory cells to reverse abnormal changes and restore homeostasis of the pulmonary environment, thereby showing good therapeutic activity and reduced toxicity. This article reviews the latest applications of nanomedicine in pre-clinical ARDS therapy, highlights the strategies for targeted treatment of lung inflammation, presents the innovative drug delivery systems, and provides inspiration for strengthening the therapeutic effect of nanomedicine-based treatment.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- AEC II, alveolar type II epithelial cells
- AM, alveolar macrophages
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Acute lung injury
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Anti-inflammatory therapy
- BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CD, cyclodextrin
- CLP, cecal ligation and perforation
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- DOPE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- DOTAP, 1-diolefin-3-trimethylaminopropane
- DOX, doxorubicin
- DPPC, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
- Drug delivery
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ELVIS, extravasation through leaky vasculature and subsequent inflammatory cell-mediated sequestration
- EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- EVs, extracellular vesicles
- EphA2, ephrin type-A receptor 2
- Esbp, E-selectin-binding peptide
- FcgR, Fcγ receptor
- GNP, peptide-gold nanoparticle
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IL, interleukin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- MPMVECs, mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cells
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NE, neutrophil elastase
- NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- Nanomedicine
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PCB, poly(carboxybetaine)
- PDA, polydopamine
- PDE4, phosphodiesterase 4
- PECAM-1, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule
- PEG, poly(ethylene glycol)
- PEI, polyetherimide
- PEVs, platelet-derived extracellular vesicles
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PS-PEG, poly(styrene-b-ethylene glycol)
- Pathophysiologic feature
- RBC, red blood cells
- RBD, receptor-binding domains
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- S1PLyase, sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase
- SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SDC1, syndecan-1
- SORT, selective organ targeting
- SP, surfactant protein
- Se, selenium
- Siglec, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TPP, triphenylphosphonium cation
- Targeting strategy
- YSA, YSAYPDSVPMMS
- cRGD, cyclic arginine glycine-d-aspartic acid
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- rSPANb, anti-rat SP-A nanobody
- scFv, single chain variable fragments
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qiao
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Kexin Cui
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li Kong
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Conglian Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery System, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Torres-Ruiz J, Absalón-Aguilar A, Nuñez-Aguirre M, Pérez-Fragoso A, Carrillo-Vázquez DA, Maravillas-Montero JL, Mejía-Domínguez NR, Llorente L, Alcalá-Carmona B, Lira-Luna J, Núñez-Álvarez C, Juárez-Vega G, Meza-Sánchez D, Hernández-Gilsoul T, Tapia-Rodríguez M, Gómez-Martín D. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Contribute to COVID-19 Hyperinflammation and Humoral Autoimmunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102545. [PMID: 34685525 PMCID: PMC8533917 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is related to enhanced production of NETs, and autoimmune/autoinflammatory phenomena. We evaluated the proportion of low-density granulocytes (LDG) by flow cytometry, and their capacity to produce NETs was compared with that of conventional neutrophils. NETs and their protein cargo were quantified by confocal microscopy and ELISA. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and the degradation capacity of NETs were addressed in serum. MILLIPLEX assay was used to assess the cytokine levels in macrophages’ supernatant and serum. We found a higher proportion of LDG in severe and critical COVID-19 which correlated with severity and inflammatory markers. Severe/critical COVID-19 patients had higher plasmatic NE, LL-37 and HMGB1-DNA complexes, whilst ISG-15-DNA complexes were lower in severe patients. Sera from severe/critical COVID-19 patients had lower degradation capacity of NETs, which was reverted after adding hrDNase. Anti-NET antibodies were found in COVID-19, which correlated with ANA and ANCA positivity. NET stimuli enhanced the secretion of cytokines in macrophages. This study unveils the role of COVID-19 NETs as inducers of pro-inflammatory and autoimmune responses. The deficient degradation capacity of NETs may contribute to the accumulation of these structures and anti-NET antibodies are related to the presence of autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiram Torres-Ruiz
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.T.-R.); (A.A.-A.); (M.N.-A.); (A.P.-F.); (L.L.); (B.A.-C.); (J.L.-L.); (C.N.-Á.)
- Emergency Medicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Abdiel Absalón-Aguilar
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.T.-R.); (A.A.-A.); (M.N.-A.); (A.P.-F.); (L.L.); (B.A.-C.); (J.L.-L.); (C.N.-Á.)
| | - Miroslava Nuñez-Aguirre
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.T.-R.); (A.A.-A.); (M.N.-A.); (A.P.-F.); (L.L.); (B.A.-C.); (J.L.-L.); (C.N.-Á.)
| | - Alfredo Pérez-Fragoso
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.T.-R.); (A.A.-A.); (M.N.-A.); (A.P.-F.); (L.L.); (B.A.-C.); (J.L.-L.); (C.N.-Á.)
| | - Daniel Alberto Carrillo-Vázquez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - José Luis Maravillas-Montero
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigacion, Coordinacion de Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (J.L.M.-M.); (N.R.M.-D.); (G.J.-V.); (D.M.-S.)
| | - Nancy R. Mejía-Domínguez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigacion, Coordinacion de Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (J.L.M.-M.); (N.R.M.-D.); (G.J.-V.); (D.M.-S.)
| | - Luis Llorente
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.T.-R.); (A.A.-A.); (M.N.-A.); (A.P.-F.); (L.L.); (B.A.-C.); (J.L.-L.); (C.N.-Á.)
| | - Beatriz Alcalá-Carmona
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.T.-R.); (A.A.-A.); (M.N.-A.); (A.P.-F.); (L.L.); (B.A.-C.); (J.L.-L.); (C.N.-Á.)
| | - Jaquelin Lira-Luna
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.T.-R.); (A.A.-A.); (M.N.-A.); (A.P.-F.); (L.L.); (B.A.-C.); (J.L.-L.); (C.N.-Á.)
| | - Carlos Núñez-Álvarez
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.T.-R.); (A.A.-A.); (M.N.-A.); (A.P.-F.); (L.L.); (B.A.-C.); (J.L.-L.); (C.N.-Á.)
| | - Guillermo Juárez-Vega
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigacion, Coordinacion de Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (J.L.M.-M.); (N.R.M.-D.); (G.J.-V.); (D.M.-S.)
| | - David Meza-Sánchez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigacion, Coordinacion de Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (J.L.M.-M.); (N.R.M.-D.); (G.J.-V.); (D.M.-S.)
| | - Thierry Hernández-Gilsoul
- Emergency Medicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Miguel Tapia-Rodríguez
- Microscopy Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Diana Gómez-Martín
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.T.-R.); (A.A.-A.); (M.N.-A.); (A.P.-F.); (L.L.); (B.A.-C.); (J.L.-L.); (C.N.-Á.)
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigacion, Coordinacion de Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (J.L.M.-M.); (N.R.M.-D.); (G.J.-V.); (D.M.-S.)
- Correspondence:
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Agak GW, Mouton A, Teles RM, Weston T, Morselli M, Andrade PR, Pellegrini M, Modlin RL. Extracellular traps released by antimicrobial TH17 cells contribute to host defense. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:141594. [PMID: 33211671 DOI: 10.1172/jci141594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TH17 cell subpopulations have been defined that contribute to inflammation and homeostasis, yet the characteristics of TH17 cells that contribute to host defense against infection are not clear. To elucidate the antimicrobial machinery of the TH17 subset, we studied the response to Cutibacterium acnes, a skin commensal that is resistant to IL-26, the only known TH17-secreted protein with direct antimicrobial activity. We generated C. acnes-specific antimicrobial TH17 clones (AMTH17) with varying antimicrobial activity against C. acnes, which we correlated by RNA sequencing to the expression of transcripts encoding proteins that contribute to antimicrobial activity. Additionally, we validated that AMTH17-mediated killing of C. acnes and bacterial pathogens was dependent on the secretion of granulysin, granzyme B, perforin, and histone H2B. We found that AMTH17 cells can release fibrous structures composed of DNA decorated with histone H2B that entangle C. acnes that we call T cell extracellular traps (TETs). Within acne lesions, H2B and IL-17 colocalized in CD4+ T cells, in proximity to TETs in the extracellular space composed of DNA decorated with H2B. This study identifies a functionally distinct subpopulation of TH17 cells with an ability to form TETs containing secreted antimicrobial proteins that capture and kill bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Agak
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alice Mouton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rosane Mb Teles
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas Weston
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marco Morselli
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, and.,Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences - The Collaboratory, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Priscila R Andrade
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, and.,Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences - The Collaboratory, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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71
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Lim DH, Lee EJ, Lee HS, Kim DH, Lee JH, Jeong MR, Hong S, Lee CK, Yoo B, Youn J, Kim YG. Acetylated Diacylglycerol 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol in Autoimmune Arthritis and Interstitial Lung Disease in SKG Mice. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1095. [PMID: 34572282 PMCID: PMC8465505 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylated diacylglycerol 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG) is a lipid molecule from the antlers of sika deer that might reduce inflammation by effectively controlling neutrophil infiltration, endothelial permeability and inflammatory chemokine production. Therefore, we evaluated the modulatory effect of PLAG on arthritis and interstitial lung disease (ILD) in an autoimmune arthritis model. We injected curdlan into SKG mice and PLAG was orally administered every day from 3 weeks to 20 weeks after the curdlan injection. The arthritis score was measured every week after the curdlan injection. At 20 weeks post-injection, the lung specimens were evaluated with H&E, Masson's trichrome and multiplexed immunofluorescent staining. Serum cytokines were also analyzed using a Luminex multiple cytokine assay. PLAG administration decreased the arthritis score until 8 weeks after the curdlan injection. However, the effect was not sustained thereafter. A lung histology revealed severe inflammation and fibrosis in the curdlan-induced SKG mice, which was attenuated in the PLAG-treated mice. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining of the lung tissue showed a GM-CSF+ neutrophil accumulation and a decreased citrullinated histone 3 expression after PLAG treatment. PLAG also downregulated the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and upregulated the level of sIL-7Rα, an anti-fibrotic molecule. Our results indicate that PLAG might have a preventative effect on ILD development through the resolution of NETosis in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Ho Lim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44033, Korea;
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Hee-Seop Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Mi Ryeong Jeong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Seokchan Hong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Chang-Keun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bin Yoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Jeehee Youn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Yong-Gil Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
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72
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Yaykasli KO, Schauer C, Muñoz LE, Mahajan A, Knopf J, Schett G, Herrmann M. Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-Driven Occlusive Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:2208. [PMID: 34571857 PMCID: PMC8466545 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The enlightenment of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as a part of the innate immune system shed new insights into the pathologies of various diseases. The initial idea that NETs are a pivotal defense structure was gradually amended due to several deleterious effects in consecutive investigations. NETs formation is now considered a double-edged sword. The harmful effects are not limited to the induction of inflammation by NETs remnants but also include occlusions caused by aggregated NETs (aggNETs). The latter carries the risk of occluding tubular structures like vessels or ducts and appear to be associated with the pathologies of various diseases. In addition to life-threatening vascular clogging, other occlusions include painful stone formation in the biliary system, the kidneys, the prostate, and the appendix. AggNETs are also prone to occlude the ductal system of exocrine glands, as seen in ocular glands, salivary glands, and others. Last, but not least, they also clog the pancreatic ducts in a murine model of neutrophilia. In this regard, elucidating the mechanism of NETs-dependent occlusions is of crucial importance for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to address the putative mechanisms of NETs-associated occlusions in the pathogenesis of disease, as well as prospective treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kursat Oguz Yaykasli
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.O.Y.); (L.E.M.); (A.M.); (J.K.); (G.S.); (M.H.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.O.Y.); (L.E.M.); (A.M.); (J.K.); (G.S.); (M.H.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis E. Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.O.Y.); (L.E.M.); (A.M.); (J.K.); (G.S.); (M.H.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aparna Mahajan
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.O.Y.); (L.E.M.); (A.M.); (J.K.); (G.S.); (M.H.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.O.Y.); (L.E.M.); (A.M.); (J.K.); (G.S.); (M.H.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.O.Y.); (L.E.M.); (A.M.); (J.K.); (G.S.); (M.H.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.O.Y.); (L.E.M.); (A.M.); (J.K.); (G.S.); (M.H.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Lin YJ, Wei KC, Chen PY, Lim M, Hwang TL. Roles of Neutrophils in Glioma and Brain Metastases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701383. [PMID: 34484197 PMCID: PMC8411705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, which are the most abundant circulating leukocytes in humans, are the first line of defense against bacterial and fungal infections. Recent studies have reported the role and importance of neutrophils in cancers. Glioma and brain metastases are the most common malignant tumors of the brain. The tumor microenvironment (TME) in the brain is complex and unique owing to the brain-blood barrier or brain-tumor barrier, which may prevent drug penetration and decrease the efficacy of immunotherapy. However, there are limited studies on the correlation between brain cancer and neutrophils. This review discusses the origin and functions of neutrophils. Additionally, the current knowledge on the correlation between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and prognosis of glioma and brain metastases has been summarized. Furthermore, the implications of tumor-associated neutrophil (TAN) phenotypes and the functions of TANs have been discussed. Finally, the potential effects of various treatments on TANs and the ability of neutrophils to function as a nanocarrier of drugs to the brain TME have been summarized. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the complex interactions between neutrophils, other immune cells, and brain tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jui Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kuo-Chen Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Mitochondrial DNA in innate immune responses against infectious diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2823-2838. [PMID: 33155647 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can initiate an innate immune response when mislocalized in a compartment other than the mitochondrial matrix. mtDNA plays significant roles in regulating mitochondrial dynamics as well as mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR). The mislocalized extra-mtDNA can elicit innate immune response via cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes) pathway, inducing the expression of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Also, cytosolic damaged mtDNA is cleared up by various pathways which are responsible for participating in the activation of inflammatory responses. Four pathways of extra-mitochondrial mtDNA clearance are highlighted in this review - the inflammasome activation mechanism, neutrophil extracellular traps formation, recognition by Toll-like receptor 9 and transfer of mtDNA between cells packaged into extracellular vesicles. Anomalies in these pathways are associated with various diseases. We posit our review in the present pandemic situation and discuss how mtDNA elicits innate immune responses against different viruses and bacteria. This review gives a comprehensive picture of the role of extra-mitochondrial mtDNA in infectious diseases and speculates that research towards its understanding would help establish its therapeutic potential.
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A Review of the Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) from Cow, Sheep and Goat Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158046. [PMID: 34360812 PMCID: PMC8347029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides insight into the importance of understanding NETosis in cows, sheep, and goats in light of the importance to their health, welfare and use as animal models. Neutrophils are essential to innate immunity, pathogen infection, and inflammatory diseases. The relevance of NETosis as a conserved innate immune response mechanism and the translational implications for public health are presented. Increased understanding of NETosis in ruminants will contribute to the prediction of pathologies and design of strategic interventions targeting NETs. This will help to control pathogens such as coronaviruses and inflammatory diseases such as mastitis that impact all mammals, including humans. Definition of unique attributes of NETosis in ruminants, in comparison to what has been observed in humans, has significant translational implications for one health and global food security, and thus warrants further study.
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The Immune System Throws Its Traps: Cells and Their Extracellular Traps in Disease and Protection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081891. [PMID: 34440659 PMCID: PMC8391883 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first formal description of the microbicidal activity of extracellular traps (ETs) containing DNA occurred in neutrophils in 2004. Since then, ETs have been identified in different populations of cells involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Much of the knowledge has been obtained from in vitro or ex vivo studies; however, in vivo evaluations in experimental models and human biological materials have corroborated some of the results obtained. Two types of ETs have been described—suicidal and vital ETs, with or without the death of the producer cell. The studies showed that the same cell type may have more than one ETs formation mechanism and that different cells may have similar ETs formation mechanisms. ETs can act by controlling or promoting the mechanisms involved in the development and evolution of various infectious and non-infectious diseases, such as autoimmune, cardiovascular, thrombotic, and neoplastic diseases, among others. This review discusses the presence of ETs in neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and recent evidence of the presence of ETs in B lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, due to recently collected information, the effect of ETs on COVID-19 is also discussed.
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Cristinziano L, Modestino L, Antonelli A, Marone G, Simon HU, Varricchi G, Galdiero MR. Neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 79:91-104. [PMID: 34280576 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Beyond their well-known functions in the acute phases of the immune response, neutrophils play important roles in the various phases of tumor initiation and progression, through the release of their stored or newly synthesized mediators. In addition to reactive oxygen species, cytokines, chemokines, granule proteins and lipid mediators, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can also be released upon neutrophil activation. NET formation can be achieved through a cell-death process or in association with the release of mitochondrial DNA from viable neutrophils. NETs are described as extracellular fibers of DNA and decorating proteins responsible for trapping and killing extracellular pathogens, playing a protective role in the antimicrobial defense. There is increasing evidence, however, that NETs play multiple roles in the scenario of cancer-related inflammation. For instance, NETs directly or indirectly promote tumor growth and progression, fostering tumor spread at distant sites and shielding cancer cells thus preventing the effects of cytotoxic lymphocytes. NETs can also promote tumor angiogenesis and cancer-associated thrombosis. On the other hand, there is some evidence that NETs may play anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic roles. In this review, we focus on the main mechanisms underlying the emerging effects of NETs in cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cristinziano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Modestino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia; Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School Brandenburg, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
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Sahu S, Sharma K, Sharma M, Narang T, Dogra S, Minz RW, Chhabra S. Neutrophil NETworking in ENL: Potential as a Putative Biomarker: Future Insights. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:697804. [PMID: 34336901 PMCID: PMC8316588 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.697804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), also known as type 2 reaction (T2R) is an immune complex mediated (type III hypersensitivity) reactional state encountered in patients with borderline lepromatous and lepromatous leprosy (BL and LL) either before, during, or after the institution of anti-leprosy treatment (ALT). The consequences of ENL may be serious, leading to permanent nerve damage and deformities, constituting a major cause of leprosy-related morbidity. The incidence of ENL is increasing with the increasing number of multibacillary cases. Although the diagnosis of ENL is not difficult to make for physicians involved in the care of leprosy patients, its management continues to be a most challenging aspect of the leprosy eradication program: the chronic and recurrent painful skin lesions, neuritis, and organ involvement necessitates prolonged treatment with prednisolone, thalidomide, and anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs, which further adds to the existing morbidity. In addition, the use of immunosuppressants like methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclosporine, or biologics carries a risk of reactivation of persisters (Mycobacterium leprae), apart from their own end-organ toxicities. Most ENL therapeutic guidelines are primarily designed for acute episodes and there is scarcity of literature on management of patients with chronic and recurrent ENL. It is difficult to predict which patients will develop chronic or recurrent ENL and plan the treatment accordingly. We need simple point-of-care or ELISA-based tests from blood or skin biopsy samples, which can help us in identifying patients who are likely to require prolonged treatment and also inform us about the prognosis of reactions so that appropriate therapy may be started and continued for better ENL control in such patients. There is a significant unmet need for research for better understanding the immunopathogenesis of, and biomarkers for, ENL to improve clinical stratification and therapeutics. In this review we will discuss the potential of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear granulocytes) as putative diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers by virtue of their universal abundance in human blood, functional versatility, phenotypic heterogeneity, metabolic plasticity, differential hierarchical cytoplasmic granule mobilization, and their ability to form NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps). We will touch upon the various aspects of neutrophil biology relevant to ENL pathophysiology in a step-wise manner. We also hypothesize about an element of metabolic reprogramming of neutrophils by M. leprae that could be investigated and exploited for biomarker discovery. In the end, a potential role for neutrophil derived exosomes as a novel biomarker for ENL will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrity Sahu
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Maryada Sharma
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tarun Narang
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjana Walker Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Seema Chhabra
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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79
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Kuyl EV, Shu F, Sosa BR, Lopez JD, Qin D, Pannellini T, Ivashkiv LB, Greenblatt MB, Bostrom MPG, Yang X. Inhibition of PAD4 mediated neutrophil extracellular traps prevents fibrotic osseointegration failure in a tibial implant murine model : an animal study. Bone Joint J 2021; 103-B:135-144. [PMID: 34192911 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.103b7.bjj-2020-2483.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Aseptic loosening is a leading cause of uncemented arthroplasty failure, often accompanied by fibrotic tissue at the bone-implant interface. A biological target, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), was investigated as a crucial connection between the innate immune system's response to injury, fibrotic tissue development, and proper bone healing. Prevalence of NETs in peri-implant fibrotic tissue from aseptic loosening patients was assessed. A murine model of osseointegration failure was used to test the hypothesis that inhibition (through Pad4-/- mice that display defects in peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), an essential protein required for NETs) or resolution (via DNase 1 treatment, an enzyme that degrades the cytotoxic DNA matrix) of NETs can prevent osseointegration failure and formation of peri-implant fibrotic tissue. METHODS Patient peri-implant fibrotic tissue was analyzed for NETs biomarkers. To enhance osseointegration in loose implant conditions, an innate immune system pathway (NETs) was either inhibited (Pad4-/- mice) or resolved with a pharmacological agent (DNase 1) in a murine model of osseointegration failure. RESULTS NETs biomarkers were identified in peri-implant fibrotic tissue collected from aseptic loosening patients and at the bone-implant interface in a murine model of osseointegration failure. Inhibition (Pad4-/- ) or resolution (DNase 1) of NETs improved osseointegration and reduced fibrotic tissue despite loose implant conditions in mice. CONCLUSION This study identifies a biological target (NETs) for potential noninvasive treatments of aseptic loosening by discovering a novel connection between the innate immune system and post-injury bone remodelling caused by implant loosening. By inhibiting or resolving NETs in an osseointegration failure murine model, fibrotic tissue encapsulation around an implant is reduced and osseointegration is enhanced, despite loose implant conditions. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(7 Supple B):135-144.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile-Victor Kuyl
- Arthroplasty Research Laboratory, Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fei Shu
- Arthroplasty Research Laboratory, Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Branden R Sosa
- Arthroplasty Research Laboratory, Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan D Lopez
- Arthroplasty Research Laboratory, Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Di Qin
- Arthroplasty Research Laboratory, Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tania Pannellini
- Research Institute and Precision Medicine Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lionel B Ivashkiv
- Research Institute and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mathias P G Bostrom
- Arthroplasty Research Laboratory, Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xu Yang
- Arthroplasty Research Laboratory, Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
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80
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Wang R, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Chang L, Bai X, Kang L, Cao Y, Yang X, Yu H, Shi MJ, Hu Y, Fan W, Zhao BQ. Neutrophil extracellular traps promote tPA-induced brain hemorrhage via cGAS in mice with stroke. Blood 2021; 138:91-103. [PMID: 33881503 PMCID: PMC8288643 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in acute ischemic stroke continues to present a major clinical problem. Here, we report that infusion of tPA resulted in a significant increase in markers of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the ischemic cortex and plasma of mice subjected to photothrombotic middle cerebral artery occlusion. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), a critical enzyme for NET formation, is also significantly upregulated in the ischemic brains of tPA-treated mice. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption after ischemic challenge in an in vitro model of BBB was exacerbated after exposure to NETs. Importantly, disruption of NETs by DNase I or inhibition of NET production by PAD4 deficiency restored tPA-induced loss of BBB integrity and consequently decreased tPA-associated brain hemorrhage after ischemic stroke. Furthermore, either DNase I or PAD4 deficiency reversed tPA-mediated upregulation of the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). Administration of cGAMP after stroke abolished DNase I-mediated downregulation of the STING pathway and type 1 interferon production and blocked the antihemorrhagic effect of DNase I in tPA-treated mice. We also show that tPA-associated brain hemorrhage after ischemic stroke was significantly reduced in cGas-/- mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NETs significantly contribute to tPA-induced BBB breakdown in the ischemic brain and suggest that targeting NETs or cGAS may ameliorate thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke by reducing tPA-associated hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanbo Zhu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwang Liu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luping Chang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijing Kang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongliang Cao
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilin Yu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Juan Shi
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenying Fan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Qiao Zhao
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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81
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Crucial role of stimulator of interferon genes-dependent signaling in house dust mite extract-induced IgE production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13157. [PMID: 34162937 PMCID: PMC8222396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92561-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a DNA sensor that responds to pathogens and induces type I interferon production. Herein, the role of STING in house dust mite extract (HDM)-induced allergic asthma was investigated. C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and Sting−/− mice were intratracheally sensitized with HDM, and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), sera, lungs, and mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) were analyzed. The total and HDM-specific serum IgE levels were lower in Sting−/− mice than in WT mice. B cell and IgE-positive B cell proportion in BALF and MLNs, respectively, was significantly lower in Sting−/− mice than in WT mice. Additionally, cyclic GMP-AMP, a STING ligand, augmented total and HDM-specific serum IgE levels and B cell proportion in BALF when applied in combination with HDM. To elucidate the role of STING in IgE production, follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, which are involved in B cell maturation, were investigated. Tfh cell proportion in MLNs decreased in Sting−/− mice, and IL-4 and IL-13 production by HDM-restimulated MLN cells from HDM-sensitized mice was decreased in Sting−/− mice compared with WT mice. Thus, STING plays an important role in the maturation and class switching of IgE-producing B cells in allergic inflammation via Tfh cells.
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82
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New Insights on NETosis Induced by Entamoeba histolytica: Dependence on ROS from Amoebas and Extracellular MPO Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060974. [PMID: 34206992 PMCID: PMC8233886 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NETosis is a neutrophil process involving sequential steps from pathogen detection to the release of DNA harboring antimicrobial proteins, including the central generation of NADPH oxidase dependent or independent ROS. Previously, we reported that NETosis triggered by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites is independent of NADPH oxidase activity in neutrophils, but dependent on the viability of the parasites and no ROS source was identified. Here, we explored the possibility that E. histolytica trophozoites serve as the ROS source for NETosis. NET quantitation was performed using SYTOX® Green assay in the presence of selective inhibitors and scavengers. We observed that respiratory burst in neutrophils was inhibited by trophozoites in a dose dependent manner. Mitochondrial ROS was not also necessary, as the mitochondrial scavenger mitoTEMPO did not affect the process. Surprisingly, ROS-deficient amoebas obtained by pre-treatment with pyrocatechol were less likely to induce NETs. Additionally, we detected the presence of MPO on the cell surface of trophozoites after the interaction with neutrophils and found that luminol and isoluminol, intracellular and extracellular scavengers for MPO derived ROS reduced the amount of NET triggered by amoebas. These data suggest that ROS generated by trophozoites and processed by the extracellular MPO during the contact with neutrophils are required for E. histolytica induced NETosis.
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83
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de Groot LES, Sabogal Piñeros YS, Lutter R. Response. Chest 2021; 157:1681. [PMID: 32505313 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linsey E S de Groot
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology (Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Yanaika S Sabogal Piñeros
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology (Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Lutter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology (Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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84
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Delaveris C, Wilk AJ, Riley NM, Stark JC, Yang SS, Rogers AJ, Ranganath T, Nadeau KC, Blish CA, Bertozzi CR. Synthetic Siglec-9 Agonists Inhibit Neutrophil Activation Associated with COVID-19. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:650-657. [PMID: 34056095 PMCID: PMC8009098 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, are characterized by a hyperinflammatory immune response that leads to numerous complications. Production of proinflammatory neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been suggested to be a key factor in inducing a hyperinflammatory signaling cascade, allegedly causing both pulmonary tissue damage and peripheral inflammation. Accordingly, therapeutic blockage of neutrophil activation and NETosis, the cell death pathway accompanying NET formation, could limit respiratory damage and death from severe COVID-19. Here, we demonstrate that synthetic glycopolymers that activate signaling of the neutrophil checkpoint receptor Siglec-9 suppress NETosis induced by agonists of viral toll-like receptors (TLRs) and plasma from patients with severe COVID-19. Thus, Siglec-9 agonism is a promising therapeutic strategy to curb neutrophilic hyperinflammation in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corleone
S. Delaveris
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Aaron J. Wilk
- Stanford
Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford
Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nicholas M. Riley
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jessica C. Stark
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Samuel S. Yang
- Department
of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Angela J. Rogers
- Department
of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thanmayi Ranganath
- Department
of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Department
of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Sean
N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Catherine A. Blish
- Department
of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Chan
Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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85
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Fernández-Domínguez IJ, Manzo-Merino J, Taja-Chayeb L, Dueñas-González A, Pérez-Cárdenas E, Trejo-Becerril C. The role of extracellular DNA (exDNA) in cellular processes. Cancer Biol Ther 2021; 22:267-278. [PMID: 33858306 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2021.1890319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, extracellular DNA or circulating cell-free DNA is considered to be a molecule with clinical applications (diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring of treatment responses, or patient follow-up) in diverse pathologies, especially in cancer. Nevertheless, because of its molecular characteristics, it can have many other functions. This review focuses on the participation of extracellular DNA (exDNA) in fundamental processes such as cell signaling, coagulation, immunity, evolution through horizontal transfer of genetic information, and adaptive response to inflammatory processes. A deeper understanding of its role in each of these processes will allow development of better tools to monitor and control pathologies, as well as helping to generate new therapeutic options, beyond the applicability of DNA in liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucia Taja-Chayeb
- Division of Basic Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México City
| | - Alfonso Dueñas-González
- Division of Basic Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México City.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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86
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Zhou E, Wu Z, Zhu X, Li P, Wang J, Yang Z. Histamine triggers the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps via NADPH oxidase, ERK and p38 pathways. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 235:110234. [PMID: 33813288 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Histamine plays a central role in various allergic diseases, such as allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation is a novel effector mechanism of neutrophils to defend against various stimuli. In this present study, we aimed to investigate the role of histamine on bovine NET formation, and examined its preliminary molecular mechanisms. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and Lactate dehydrogenase assays showed that histamine had no significant influence on PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) viability. Confocal microscopy analyses identified NET structures by co-localizing the main components of NETs, and NET quantification revealed that histamine-triggered NETs were released in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 proteins were significantly elevated in histamine-challenged PMNs. By applying functional inhibitors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH oxidase), ERK and p38, histamine-triggered NETs were markedly reduced, indicating their importance in histamine-triggered NET formation. Our findings described histamine-triggered NET formation, and revealed its potential molecular mechanisms via NADPH oxidase, ERK and p38 pathways. This is the first study to depict histamine-triggered NET formation, which could provide a new insight into histamine-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ershun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhikai Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xingyi Zhu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Peixuan Li
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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87
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Domon H, Terao Y. The Role of Neutrophils and Neutrophil Elastase in Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:615959. [PMID: 33796475 PMCID: PMC8008068 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.615959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive diplococcus and a major human pathogen. This bacterium is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, and septicemia, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To date, studies on S. pneumoniae have mainly focused on the role of its virulence factors including toxins, cell surface proteins, and capsules. However, accumulating evidence indicates that in addition to these studies, knowledge of host factors and host-pathogen interactions is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of pneumococcal diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that neutrophil accumulation, which is generally considered to play a critical role in host defense during bacterial infections, can significantly contribute to lung injury and immune subversion, leading to pneumococcal invasion of the bloodstream. Here, we review bacterial and host factors, focusing on the role of neutrophils and their elastase, which contribute to the progression of pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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88
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McCarthy CG, Saha P, Golonka RM, Wenceslau CF, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M. Innate Immune Cells and Hypertension: Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1575-1589. [PMID: 33577121 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled immune system activation amplifies end-organ injury in hypertension. Nonetheless, the exact mechanisms initiating this exacerbated inflammatory response, thereby contributing to further increases in blood pressure (BP), are still being revealed. While participation of lymphoid-derived immune cells has been well described in the hypertension literature, the mechanisms by which myeloid-derived innate immune cells contribute to T cell activation, and subsequent BP elevation, remains an active area of investigation. In this article, we critically analyze the literature to understand how monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils, contribute to hypertension and hypertension-associated end-organ injury. The most abundant leukocytes, neutrophils, are indisputably increased in hypertension. However, it is unknown how (and why) they switch from critical first responders of the innate immune system, and homeostatic regulators of BP, to tissue-damaging, pro-hypertensive mediators. We propose that myeloperoxidase-derived pro-oxidants, neutrophil elastase, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and interactions with other innate and adaptive immune cells are novel mechanisms that could contribute to the inflammatory cascade in hypertension. We further posit that the gut microbiota serves as a set point for neutropoiesis and their function. Finally, given that hypertension appears to be a key risk factor for morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients, we put forth evidence that neutrophils and NETs cause cardiovascular injury post-coronavirus infection, and thus may be proposed as an intriguing therapeutic target for high-risk individuals. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1575-1589, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G McCarthy
- Program in Physiological Genomics, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Piu Saha
- Program in Physiological Genomics, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Rachel M Golonka
- Program in Physiological Genomics, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- Program in Physiological Genomics, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Program in Physiological Genomics, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Program in Physiological Genomics, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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89
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Li Y, Yuan R, Ren T, Yang B, Miao H, Liu L, Li Y, Cai C, Yang Y, Hu Y, Jiang C, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Role of Sciellin in gallbladder cancer proliferation and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:30. [PMID: 33414368 PMCID: PMC7791032 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apart from primary tumor development and metastasis, cancer-associated thrombosis is the second cause of cancer death in solid tumor malignancy. However, the mechanistic insight into the development of gallbladder cancer (GBC) and cancer-associated thrombosis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanistic role of Sciellin (SCEL) in GBC cell proliferation and the development of venous thromboembolism. The expression level of SCEL was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Roles of SCEL in gallbladder cancer cell were determined by molecular and cell biology methods. SCEL was markedly upregulated in GBC and associated with advanced TNM stages and a poor prognosis. Furthermore, SCEL interacted with EGFR and stabilized EGFR expression that activates downstream PI3K and Akt pathway, leading to cell proliferation. In addition, SCEL induces tumor cell IL-8 production that stimulates the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), accelerating thromboembolism. In xenografts, SCEL-expressing GBCs developed larger tumors and thrombosis compared with control cells. The present results indicate that SCEL promotes GBC cell proliferation and induces NET-associated thrombosis, thus serving as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ruiyan Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tai Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Baixiang Road, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Huijie Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Liguo Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chen Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yunping Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chengkai Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qindie Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhugong Road, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Yijian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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90
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Agrawal I, Sharma N, Saxena S, Arvind S, Chakraborty D, Chakraborty DB, Jha D, Ghatak S, Epari S, Gupta T, Jha S. Dopamine induces functional extracellular traps in microglia. iScience 2021; 24:101968. [PMID: 33458617 PMCID: PMC7797945 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) plays many roles in the brain, especially in movement, motivation, and reinforcement of behavior; however, its role in regulating innate immunity is not clear. Here, we show that DA can induce DNA-based extracellular traps in primary, adult, human microglia and BV2 microglia cell line. These DNA-based extracellular traps are formed independent of reactive oxygen species, actin polymerization, and cell death. These traps are functional and capture fluorescein (FITC)-tagged Escherichia coli even when reactive oxygen species production or actin polymerization is inhibited. We show that microglial extracellular traps are present in Glioblastoma multiforme. This is crucial because Glioblastoma multiforme cells are known to secrete DA. Our findings demonstrate that DA plays a significant role in sterile neuro-inflammation by inducing microglia extracellular traps. Dopamine induces ETs in BV2 microglia and primary adult human microglia Induced traps are independent of ROS, cell death, and actin polymerization Microglia ETs are functional and can trap E. coli Microglia ETs are also present in Glioblastoma multiforme
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Agrawal
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India.,Karolinska Institute and Scilifelab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shivanjali Saxena
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - S Arvind
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Debayani Chakraborty
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Debarati Bhunia Chakraborty
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Deepak Jha
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, 342005 Rajasthan, India
| | - Surajit Ghatak
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, 342005 Rajasthan, India
| | - Sridhar Epari
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, 400012 Maharashtra, India
| | - Tejpal Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushmita Jha
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
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91
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Teijeira A, Garasa S, Ochoa MC, Villalba M, Olivera I, Cirella A, Eguren-Santamaria I, Berraondo P, Schalper KA, de Andrea CE, Sanmamed MF, Melero I. IL8, Neutrophils, and NETs in a Collusion against Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:2383-2393. [PMID: 33376096 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important mechanisms by which cancer fosters its own development is the generation of an immune microenvironment that inhibits or impairs antitumor immune responses. A cancer permissive immune microenvironment is present in a large proportion of the patients with cancer who do not respond to immunotherapy approaches intended to trigger preexisting antitumor immune responses, for instance, immune checkpoint blockade. High circulating levels of IL8 in patients with cancer quite accurately predict those who will not benefit from checkpoint-based immunotherapy. IL8 has been reported to favor cancer progression and metastases via different mechanisms, including proangiogenesis and the maintenance of cancer stem cells, but its ability to attract and functionally modulate neutrophils and macrophages is arguably one of the most important factors. IL8 does not only recruit neutrophils to tumor lesions, but also triggers the extrusion of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). The relevance and mechanisms underlying the contribution of both neutrophils and NETs to cancer development and progression are starting to be uncovered and include both direct effects on cancer cells and changes in the tumor microenvironment, such as facilitating metastasis, awakening micrometastases from dormancy, and facilitating escape from cytotoxic immune cells. Blockade of IL8 or its receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) is being pursued in drug development, and clinical trials alone or in combination with anti-PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors are already ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Maria C Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Villalba
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren-Santamaria
- Departments of Oncology and Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carlos E de Andrea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanmamed
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Departments of Oncology and Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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92
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Slobodkina E, Boldyreva M, Karagyaur M, Eremichev R, Alexandrushkina N, Balabanyan V, Akopyan Z, Parfyonova Y, Tkachuk V, Makarevich P. Therapeutic Angiogenesis by a "Dynamic Duo": Simultaneous Expression of HGF and VEGF165 by Novel Bicistronic Plasmid Restores Blood Flow in Ischemic Skeletal Muscle. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1231. [PMID: 33353116 PMCID: PMC7766676 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis is a promising strategy for relief of ischemic conditions, and gene delivery was used to stimulate blood vessels' formation and growth. We have previously shown that intramuscular injection of a mixture containing plasmids encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)165 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) leads to restoration of blood flow in mouse ischemic limb, and efficacy of combined delivery was superior to each plasmid administered alone. In this work, we evaluated different approaches for co-expression of HGF and VEGF165 genes in a panel of candidate plasmid DNAs (pDNAs) with internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs), a bidirectional promoter or two independent promoters for each gene of interest. Studies in HEK293T culture showed that all plasmids provided synthesis of HGF and VEGF165 proteins and stimulated capillary formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), indicating the biological potency of expressed factors. Tests in skeletal muscle explants showed a dramatic difference and most plasmids failed to express HGF and VEGF165 in a significant quantity. However, a bicistronic plasmid with two independent promoters (cytomegalovirus (CMV) for HGF and chicken b-actin (CAG) for VEGF165) provided expression of both grow factors in skeletal muscle at an equimolar ratio. Efficacy tests of bicistronic plasmid were performed in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia. Intramuscular administration of plasmid induced significant restoration of perfusion compared to an empty vector and saline. These findings were supported by increased CD31+ capillary density in animals that received pHGF/VEGF. Overall, our study reports a first-in-class candidate gene therapy drug to deliver two pivotal angiogenic growth factors (HGF and VEGF165) with properties that provide basis for future development of treatment for an unmet medical need-peripheral artery disease and associated limb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Slobodkina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria Boldyreva
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Russian Ministry of Health, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), 109028 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Karagyaur
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Roman Eremichev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalia Alexandrushkina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vadim Balabanyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Zhanna Akopyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yelena Parfyonova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Russian Ministry of Health, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vsevolod Tkachuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Russian Ministry of Health, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pavel Makarevich
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
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93
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Hallmarks of Health. Cell 2020; 184:33-63. [PMID: 33340459 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Health is usually defined as the absence of pathology. Here, we endeavor to define health as a compendium of organizational and dynamic features that maintain physiology. The biological causes or hallmarks of health include features of spatial compartmentalization (integrity of barriers and containment of local perturbations), maintenance of homeostasis over time (recycling and turnover, integration of circuitries, and rhythmic oscillations), and an array of adequate responses to stress (homeostatic resilience, hormetic regulation, and repair and regeneration). Disruption of any of these interlocked features is broadly pathogenic, causing an acute or progressive derailment of the system coupled to the loss of numerous stigmata of health.
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94
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Neutrophils and Macrophages as Targets for Development of Nanotherapeutics in Inflammatory Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121222. [PMID: 33348630 PMCID: PMC7766591 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and macrophages are major components of innate systems, playing central roles in inflammation responses to infections and tissue injury. If they are out of control, inflammation responses can cause the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases, such as inflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases. Precisely regulating the functions of neutrophils and macrophages in vivo is a potential strategy to develop immunotherapies to treat inflammatory diseases. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled us to design nanoparticles capable of targeting neutrophils or macrophages in vivo. This review discusses the current status of how nanoparticles specifically target neutrophils or macrophages and how they manipulate leukocyte functions to inhibit their activation for inflammation resolution or to restore their defense ability for pathogen clearance. Finally, we present a novel concept of hijacking leukocytes to deliver nanotherapeutics across the blood vessel barrier. This review highlights the challenges and opportunities in developing nanotherapeutics to target leukocytes for improved treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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95
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Delaveris CS, Wilk AJ, Riley NM, Stark JC, Yang SS, Rogers AJ, Ranganath T, Nadeau KC, Blish CA, Bertozzi CR. Synthetic Siglec-9 Agonists Inhibit Neutrophil Activation Associated with COVID-19. CHEMRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR CHEMISTRY 2020:13378148. [PMID: 33469569 PMCID: PMC7814829 DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv.13378148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with SARS-Cov-2, are characterized by a hyperinflammatory immune response that leads to numerous complications. Production of proinflammatory neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been suggested to be a key factor in inducing a hyperinflammatory signaling cascade, allegedly causing both pulmonary tissue damage and peripheral inflammation. Accordingly, therapeutic blockage of neutrophil activation and NETosis, the cell death pathway accompanying NET formation, could limit respiratory damage and death from severe COVID-19. Here, we demonstrate that synthetic glycopolymers that activate the neutrophil checkpoint receptor Siglec-9 suppress NETosis induced by agonists of viral toll-like receptors (TLRs) and plasma from patients with severe COVID-19. Thus, Siglec-9 agonism is a promising therapeutic strategy to curb neutrophilic hyperinflammation in COVID-19. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Corleone S Delaveris
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford CA, 94305
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Aaron J Wilk
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nicholas M Riley
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford CA, 94305
| | - Jessica C Stark
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford CA, 94305
| | - Samuel S Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Angela J Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Kari C Nadeau
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford CA, 94305
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305
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96
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Vitkov L, Minnich B, Knopf J, Schauer C, Hannig M, Herrmann M. NETs Are Double-Edged Swords with the Potential to Aggravate or Resolve Periodontal Inflammation. Cells 2020; 9:E2614. [PMID: 33291407 PMCID: PMC7762037 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a general term for diseases characterised by inflammatory destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, gradual destruction of the marginal periodontal ligament and resorption of alveolar bone. Early-onset periodontitis is due to disturbed neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and clearance. Indeed, mutations that inactivate the cysteine proteases cathepsin C result in the massive periodontal damage seen in patients with deficient NET formation. In contrast, exaggerated NET formation due to polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) hyper-responsiveness drives the pathology of late-onset periodontitis by damaging and ulcerating the gingival epithelium and retarding epithelial healing. Despite the gingival regeneration, periodontitis progression ends with almost complete loss of the periodontal ligament and subsequent tooth loss. Thus, NETs help to maintain periodontal health, and their dysregulation, either insufficiency or surplus, causes heavy periodontal pathology and edentulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubomir Vitkov
- Department of Biosciences, Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.V.); (B.M.)
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Minnich
- Department of Biosciences, Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.V.); (B.M.)
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
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97
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Williams TL, Rada B, Tandon E, Gestal MC. "NETs and EETs, a Whole Web of Mess". Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1925. [PMID: 33291570 PMCID: PMC7761834 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and eosinophils are granulocytes that have very distinct functions. Neutrophils are first responders to external threats, and they use different mechanisms to control pathogens. Phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are some of the mechanisms that neutrophils utilize to fight pathogens. Although there is some controversy as to whether NETs are in fact beneficial or detrimental to the host, it mainly depends on the biological context. NETs can contribute to disease pathogenesis in certain types of diseases, while they are also undeniably critical components of the innate immune response. On the contrary, the role of eosinophils during host immune responses remains to be better elucidated. Eosinophils play an important role during helminthic infections and allergic responses. Eosinophils can function as effector cells in viral respiratory infections, gut bacterial infections, and as modulators of immune responses by driving the balance between Th1 and Th2 responses. In particular, eosinophils have biological activities that appear to be quite similar to those of neutrophils. Both possess bactericidal activity, can activate proinflammatory responses, can modulate adaptive immune responses, can form extracellular traps, and can be beneficial or detrimental to the host according to the underlying pathology. In this review we compare these two cell types with a focus on highlighting their numerous similarities related to extracellular traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler L. Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30302, USA;
| | - Eshaan Tandon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Monica C. Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
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Jia J, Wang M, Ma Y, Teng J, Shi H, Liu H, Sun Y, Su Y, Meng J, Chi H, Chen X, Cheng X, Ye J, Liu T, Wang Z, Wan L, Zhou Z, Wang F, Yang C, Hu Q. Circulating Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Signature for Identifying Organ Involvement and Response to Glucocorticoid in Adult-Onset Still's Disease: A Machine Learning Study. Front Immunol 2020; 11:563335. [PMID: 33240258 PMCID: PMC7680913 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.563335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) is an autoinflammatory disease with multisystem involvement. Early identification of patients with severe complications and those refractory to glucocorticoid is crucial to improve therapeutic strategy in AOSD. Exaggerated neutrophil activation and enhanced formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in patients with AOSD were found to be closely associated with etiopathogenesis. In this study, we aim to investigate, to our knowledge for the first time, the clinical value of circulating NETs by machine learning to distinguish AOSD patients with organ involvement and refractory to glucocorticoid. Plasma samples were used to measure cell-free DNA, NE-DNA, MPO-DNA, and citH3-DNA complexes from training and validation sets. The training set included 40 AOSD patients and 24 healthy controls (HCs), and the validation set included 26 AOSD patients and 16 HCs. Support vector machines (SVM) were used for modeling and validation of circulating NETs signature for the diagnosis of AOSD and identifying patients refractory to low-dose glucocorticoid treatment. The training set was used to build a model, and the validation set was used to test the predictive capacity of the model. A total of four circulating NETs showed similar trends in different individuals and could distinguish patients with AOSD from HCs by SVM (AUC value: 0.88). Circulating NETs in plasma were closely correlated with systemic score, laboratory tests, and cytokines. Moreover, circulating NETs had the potential to distinguish patients with liver and cardiopulmonary system involvement. Furthermore, the AUC value of combined NETs to identify patients who were refractory to low-dose glucocorticoid was 0.917. In conclusion, circulating NETs signature provide added clinical value in monitoring AOSD patients. It may provide evidence to predict who is prone to be refractory to low-dose glucocorticoid and help to make efficient therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Jia
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuning Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Teng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglei Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yutong Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfen Meng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Huihui Chi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobing Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junna Ye
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Wan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuochao Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengde Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongyi Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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99
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Liu K, Wang FS, Xu R. Neutrophils in liver diseases: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:38-44. [PMID: 33159158 PMCID: PMC7852892 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, it was assumed that peripheral neutrophils are a homogeneous population that displays antimicrobial functions. However, recent data have revealed that neutrophils are heterogeneous and are additionally involved in tissue damage and immune regulation. The phenotypic and functional plasticity of neutrophils has been identified in patients with cancer, inflammatory disorders, infections, and other diseases. Currently, neutrophils, with their autocrine, paracrine, and immune modulation functions, have been shown to be involved in liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. Accordingly, this review summarizes the role of neutrophils in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China.,Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China. .,Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
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100
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Shi C, Yang L, Braun A, Anders HJ. Extracellular DNA-A Danger Signal Triggering Immunothrombosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:568513. [PMID: 33117353 PMCID: PMC7575749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.568513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clotting and inflammation are effective danger response patterns positively selected by evolution to limit fatal bleeding and pathogen invasion upon traumatic injuries. As a trade-off, thrombotic, and thromboembolic events complicate severe forms of infectious and non-infectious states of acute and chronic inflammation, i.e., immunothrombosis. Factors linked to thrombosis and inflammation include mediators released by platelet granules, complement, and lipid mediators and certain integrins. Extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was a previously unrecognized cellular component in the blood, which elicits profound proinflammatory and prothrombotic effects. Pathogens trigger the release of extracellular DNA together with other pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Dying cells in the inflamed or infected tissue release extracellular DNA together with other danger associated molecular pattern (DAMPs). Neutrophils release DNA by forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) during infection, trauma or other forms of vascular injury. Fluorescence tissue imaging localized extracellular DNA to sites of injury and to intravascular thrombi. Functional studies using deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-deficient mouse strains or recombinant DNase show that extracellular DNA contributes to the process of immunothrombosis. Here, we review rodent models of immunothrombosis and the evolving evidence for extracellular DNA as a driver of immunothrombosis and discuss challenges and prospects for extracellular DNA as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxu Shi
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luying Yang
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- German Center for Lung Research, Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
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