51
|
Tacke F. Targeting hepatic macrophages to treat liver diseases. J Hepatol 2017; 66:1300-1312. [PMID: 28267621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our view on liver macrophages in the context of health and disease has been reformed by the recognition of a remarkable heterogeneity of phagocytes in the liver. Liver macrophages consist of ontogenically distinct populations termed Kupffer cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. Kupffer cells are self-renewing, resident and principally non-migratory phagocytes, serving as sentinels for liver homeostasis. Liver injury triggers Kupffer cell activation, leading to inflammatory cytokine and chemokine release. This fosters the infiltration of monocytes into the liver, which give rise to large numbers of inflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages. Liver macrophages are very plastic and adapt their phenotype according to signals derived from the hepatic microenvironment (e.g. danger signals, fatty acids, phagocytosis of cellular debris), which explains their manifold and even opposing functions during disease. These central functions include the perpetuation of inflammation and hepatocyte injury, activation of hepatic stellate cells with subsequent fibrogenesis, and support of tumor development by angiogenesis and T cell suppression. If liver injury ceases, specific molecular signals trigger hepatic macrophages to switch their phenotype towards reparative phagocytes that promote tissue repair and regression of fibrosis. Novel strategies to treat liver disease aim at targeting macrophages. These interventions modulate Kupffer cell activation (e.g. via gut-liver axis or inflammasome formation), monocyte recruitment (e.g. via inhibiting chemokine pathways like CCR2 or CCL2) or macrophage polarization and differentiation (e.g. by nanoparticles). Evidence from mouse models and early clinical studies in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis support the notion that pathogenic macrophage subsets can be successfully translated into novel treatment options for patients with liver disease. LAY SUMMARY Macrophages (Greek for "big eaters") are a frequent non-parenchymal cell type of the liver that ensures homeostasis, antimicrobial defense and proper metabolism. However, liver macrophages consist of different subtypes regarding their ontogeny (developmental origin), differentiation and function. Understanding this heterogeneity and the critical regulation of inflammation, fibrosis and cancer by macrophage subsets opens promising new options for treating liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Woolbright BL, Jaeschke H. Role of the inflammasome in acetaminophen-induced liver injury and acute liver failure. J Hepatol 2017; 66:836-848. [PMID: 27913221 PMCID: PMC5362341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced acute liver failure carries a high morbidity and mortality rate. Acetaminophen overdose is the number one cause of acute liver failure and remains a major problem in Western medicine. Administration of N-acetyl cysteine is an effective antidote when given before the initial rise in toxicity; however, many patients present to the hospital after this stage occurs. As such, treatments which can alleviate late-stage acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure are imperative. While the initial mechanisms of toxicity are well described, a debate has recently occurred in the literature over whether there is a second phase of injury, mediated by inflammatory processes. Critical to this potential inflammatory process is the activation of caspase-1 and interleukin-1β by a molecular complex known as the inflammasome. Several different stimuli for the formation of multiple different inflammasome complexes have been identified. Formation of the NACHT, leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and pyrin (PYD) domains-containing protein 3 (Nalp3) inflammasome in particular, has directly been attributed to late-stage acetaminophen toxicity. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms of acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice and man with a particular focus on the role of inflammation and the inflammasome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Chang W, Song L, Chang X, Ji M, Wang H, Qin X, Niu W. Early activated hepatic stellate cell-derived paracrine molecules modulate acute liver injury and regeneration. J Transl Med 2017; 97:318-328. [PMID: 27991908 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of paracrine action from early activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) on resident liver epithelium cells are not clear. Here, we investigated whether a systemic infusion of early activated HSC-derived paracrine factors (HSC-CM) would evoke an enhanced liver protective response in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) in mice and explored the possible underlying mechanisms. The survival rate, liver injury, and liver regeneration were analyzed in mice with or without HSC-CM treatment in vivo. A systemic infusion of HSC-CM provided a significant survival benefit in APAP-induced ALI. HSC-CM therapy resulted in a reduction of hepatocellular death and increased numbers of both proliferating hepatocytes and adult hepatic progenitor cells (AHPCs) with up-regulation of liver regeneration relevant genes. The HSC-CM treatment reduced leukocyte infiltration and down-regulated systemic inflammation with decreases in IFN-γ, IL-1ra, IL-1β, TNF-α, and increases in IL-10. The direct anti-death and pro-regeneration effects of HSC-CM on AHPCs were demonstrated using in vitro assays. Treatment with HSC-CM promoted AHPCs proliferation and resulted in increased pAkt expression in vitro, and this effect was abolished by the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002. These data provide evidence that early activated HSC-CM therapy offered trophic support to the acutely injured liver by inhibiting liver cell death and stimulating regeneration, potentially creating a new method for the treatment of ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenju Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Institute of General Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lujun Song
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Institute of General Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujuan Chang
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Treatment and Research Center for Liver Cancer Department, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Institute of General Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Institute of General Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Institute of General Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixin Niu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Institute of General Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver has a number of functions in innate immunity. These functions predispose the liver to innate immune-mediated liver injury when inflammation goes unchecked. Significant progress has been made in the last 25 years on sterile inflammatory liver injury in a number of models; however, a great deal of controversy and many questions about the nature of sterile inflammation still exist. AIM The goal of this article is to review sterile inflammatory liver injury using both a basic approach to what constitutes the inflammatory injury, and through examination of current models of liver injury and inflammation. This information will be tied to human patient conditions when appropriate. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS Inflammation is one of the most critical factors for managing in-patient liver disease in a number of scenarios. More information is needed for both scientists and clinicians to develop rational treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Woolbright BL, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. CELLULAR INJURY IN LIVER DISEASES 2017:55-76. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53774-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
|
56
|
Trifluoperazine inhibits acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and hepatic reactive nitrogen formation in mice and in freshly isolated hepatocytes. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:134-142. [PMID: 28503408 PMCID: PMC5426116 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased reactive nitrogen and oxygen species formation leads to APAP hepatoxicity. TFP is known to block nNOS both in vivo as well as in vitro. The nNOS inhibitor TFP blocks toxicity and the increased RNS/ROS formation. Toxicity occurs with increased 3- nitro tyrosine both in vivo as well as in vitro. NNOS inhibition by TFP leads to decreasing 3-nitro tyrosine in vivo as well as in vitro.
The hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen (APAP) occurs by initial metabolism to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine which depletes GSH and forms APAP-protein adducts. Subsequently, the reactive nitrogen species peroxynitrite is formed from nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide leading to 3-nitrotyrosine in proteins. Toxicity occurs with inhibited mitochondrial function. We previously reported that in hepatocytes the nNOS (NOS1) inhibitor NANT inhibited APAP toxicity, reactive nitrogen and oxygen species formation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this work we examined the effect of trifluoperazine (TFP), a calmodulin antagonist that inhibits calcium induced nNOS activation, on APAP hepatotoxicity and reactive nitrogen formation in murine hepatocytes and in vivo. In freshly isolated hepatocytes TFP inhibited APAP induced toxicity, reactive nitrogen formation (NO, GSNO, and 3-nitrotyrosine in protein), reactive oxygen formation (superoxide), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased ATP production, decreased oxygen consumption rate, and increased NADH accumulation. TFP did not alter APAP induced GSH depletion in the hepatocytes or the formation of APAP protein adducts which indicated that reactive metabolite formation was not inhibited. Since we previously reported that TFP inhibits the hepatotoxicity of APAP in mice without altering hepatic APAP-protein adduct formation, we examined the APAP treated mouse livers for evidence of reactive nitrogen formation. 3-Nitrotyrosine in hepatic proteins and GSNO were significantly increased in APAP treated mouse livers and decreased in the livers of mice treated with APAP plus TFP. These data are consistent with a hypothesis that APAP hepatotoxicity occurs with altered calcium metabolism, activation of nNOS leading to increased reactive nitrogen formation, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
|
57
|
Bandeira ACB, da Silva RC, Rossoni JV, Figueiredo VP, Talvani A, Cangussú SD, Bezerra FS, Costa DC. Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:1057-1065. [PMID: 28031152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is an antipyretic and analgesic drug that, in high doses, leads to severe liver injury and potentially death. Oxidative stress is an important event in APAP overdose. Researchers are looking for natural antioxidants with the potential to mitigate the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species in different models. Lycopene has been widely studied for its antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of lycopene pretreatment in APAP-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 male mice were divided into the following groups: control (C); sunflower oil (CO); acetaminophen 500mg/kg (APAP); acetaminophen 500mg/kg+lycopene 10mg/kg (APAP+L10), and acetaminophen 500mg/kg+lycopene 100mg/kg (APAP+L100). Mice were pretreated with lycopene for 14 consecutive days prior to APAP overdose. Analyses of blood serum and livers were performed. Lycopene was able to improve redox imbalance, decrease thiobarbituric acid reactive species level, and increase CAT and GSH levels. In addition, it decreased the IL-1β expression and the activity of MMP-2. This study revealed that preventive lycopene consumption in C57BL/6 mice can attenuate the effects of APAP-induced liver injury. Furthermore, by improving the redox state, and thus indicating its potential antioxidant effect, lycopene was also shown to have an influence on inflammatory events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carla Balthar Bandeira
- Program in Biological Sciences of the Research Center for Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35.400-000, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Joamyr Victor Rossoni
- Program in Biological Sciences of the Research Center for Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35.400-000, Brazil
| | - Vivian Paulino Figueiredo
- Program in Biological Sciences of the Research Center for Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35.400-000, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Program in Biological Sciences of the Research Center for Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35.400-000, Brazil
| | - Silvia Dantas Cangussú
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Program in Biological Sciences of the Research Center for Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35.400-000, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniela Caldeira Costa
- Program in Biological Sciences of the Research Center for Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35.400-000, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Irwin RD, Boorman GA, Cunningham ML, Heinloth AN, Malarkey DE, Paules RS. Application of Toxicogenomics to Toxicology: Basic Concepts in the Analysis of Microarray Data. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 32 Suppl 1:72-83. [PMID: 15209406 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490424752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toxicology and the practice of pathology are rapidly evolving in the postgenomic era. Observable treatment related changes have been the hallmark of toxicology studies. Toxicogenomics is a powerful new tool that may show gene and protein changes earlier and at treatment levels below the limits of detection of traditional measures of toxicity. It may also aid in the understanding of toxic mechanisms. It is important to remember that it is only a tool and will provide meaningful results only when properly applied. As is often the case with new experimental tools, the initial utilization is driven more by the technology than application to problem solving. Toxicogenomics is interdisciplinary in nature including at a minimum, pathology, toxicology, and genomics. Most studies will require the input from the disciplines of toxicology, pathology, molecular biology, bioinformatics, biochemistry, and others depending on the types of questions being asked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Irwin
- Environmental Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Teles M, Fierro-Castro C, Na-Phatthalung P, Tvarijonaviciute A, Trindade T, Soares AMVM, Tort L, Oliveira M. Assessment of gold nanoparticle effects in a marine teleost (Sparus aurata) using molecular and biochemical biomarkers. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:125-135. [PMID: 27267391 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are increasingly employed in a variety of applications and are likely to be increasing in the environment, posing a potential emerging environmental threat. Information on possible hazardous effects of engineered nanoparticles is urgently required to ensure human and environmental safety and promote the safe use of novel nanotechnologies. Nevertheless, there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge on AuNP effects in marine species. The present study aimed to assess AuNP effects in a marine teleost, Sparus aurata, by combining endpoints at different biological levels (molecular and biochemical). For that purpose, fish were exposed via water for 96h to 4, 80 and 1600μgL(-1) of AuNP (∼40nm) coated with citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Results revealed a significant impact of AuNP-PVP in the hepatic expression of antioxidant, immune and apoptosis related genes. Total oxidative status was increased in plasma after exposure to the lowest concentration of AuNP-PVP, although without altering the total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, AuNP did not induce significant damage in the liver since the activity of neither hepatic indicator (aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) increased. Overall, the present study demonstrated that AuNP, even with a biocompatible coating is able to alter oxidative status and expression of relevant target genes in marine fish. Another important finding is that effects are mainly induced by the lowest and intermediate concentrations of the PVP coated AuNP revealing the importance of different coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Fierro-Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Na-Phatthalung
- Department of Microbiology and Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - A Tvarijonaviciute
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Trindade
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - L Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Oliveira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Abstract
Animal experiments cannot predict the probability of idiosyncratic drug toxicity; consequently, an important goal of the pharmaceutical industry is to develop a new methodology for preventing this form of drug reaction. Although the mechanism remains unclear, immune reactions are likely involved in the toxic processes underlying idiosyncratic drug toxicity: the drug is first activated into a chemically reactive metabolite that binds covalently to proteins and then acts as an immunogen. Therefore, screening tests to detect chemically reactive metabolites are conducted early during drug development and typically involve trapping with glutathione. More quantitative methods are then used in a later stage of drug development and frequently employ (14)Cor (3)H-labeled compounds. It has recently been demonstrated that a zone classification system can be used to separate risky drugs from likely safe drugs: by plotting the amount of each protein-bound reactive metabolite in vitro against the dose levels in vivo, the risk associated with each drug candidate can be assessed. A mechanism for idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatotoxicity was proposed by analogy to virus-induced hepatitis, in which cytotoxic T lymphocytes play an important role. This mechanism suggests that polymorphism in human leukocyte antigens is involved in idiosyncrasy, and a strong correlation with a specific genotype of human leukocyte antigens has been found in many cases of idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Therefore, gene biomarkers hold promise for reducing the clinical risk and prolonging the life cycle of otherwise useful drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ikeda
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Yokohama College of Pharmacy
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Xie F, Chai J, Zhang Z, Hu Q, Ma T. MicroRNA 26a prolongs skin allograft survival and promotes regulatory T cell expansion in mice. Transpl Int 2016; 28:1143-51. [PMID: 25865461 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA 26a (Mir-26a) has been reported to play functions in cellular differentiation, cell growth, cell apoptosis, and metastasis. However, the role of Mir-26a in transplant rejection has never been investigated. Full-thickness skin grafts 1-2 cm in diameter were obtained from the tail-skin CBA/J donor mice and transplanted onto the back of wild-type C57Bl/6 recipient mice. Vectors encoding pre-Mir-26a (LV-26a) and an empty lentiviral vector (LV-Con) delivered approximately 2 × 10(7) transforming units of recombinant lentivirus were injected to mice once through the tail vein. Mir-26a overexpression results in prolonged skin allograft survival (MST = 9.5 days in LV-Con mice; MST = 22 days in LV-26a mice. P < 0.01) and promoted regulatory T cells (Tregs) expansion. The prolonged skin allograft survival induced by LV-26a was abrogated by depletion of Tregs with anti-CD25 antibodies. Mir-26a significantly promoted IL-10 expression and suppressed the expression of IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-γ. Furthermore, IL-6 overexpression led to complete suppression of the Mir-26a-induced upregulation of Foxp3. The prolonged allograft survival induced by LV-Mir-26a was also completely abrogated by IL-6 overexpression. In conclusion, Mir-26a prolongs skin allograft survival and promotes Tregs expansion in part through inhibition of IL-6 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xie
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiake Chai
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengwen Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Quan Hu
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tengxiao Ma
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Ding Y, Li Q, Xu Y, Chen Y, Deng Y, Zhi F, Qian K. Attenuating Oxidative Stress by Paeonol Protected against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154375. [PMID: 27144271 PMCID: PMC4856301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most frequent cause of drug-induced acute liver failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether paeonol protected against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Mice treated with paeonol (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) received 400 mg/kg acetaminophen intraperitoneally (i.p.) and hepatotoxicity was assessed. Pre-treatment with paeonol for 6 and 24 h ameliorated APAP-induced hepatic necrosis and significantly reduced the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels in a dose-dependent manner. Post-treatment with 100 mg/kg paeonol ameliorated APAP-induced hepatic necrosis and reduced AST and ALT levels in the serum after APAP administration for 24 h. Western blot revealed that paeonol inhibited APAP-induced phosphorylated JNK protein expression but not p38 and Erk1/2. Moreover, paeonol showed anti-oxidant activities with reducing hepatic MDA contents and increasing hepatic SOD, GSH-PX and GSH levels. Paeonol dose-dependently prevented against H2O2 or APAP-induced LDH releasing and ROS production in primary mouse hepatocytes. In addition, the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory genes such as TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β and IL-6 in the liver were dose-dependently reduced by paeonol pre-treatment. Pre-treatment with paeonol significantly inhibited IKKα/β, IκBα and p65 phosphorylation which contributed to ameliorating APAP-induced hepatic inflammation. Collectively, the present study demonstrates paeonol has a protective ability against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and might be an effective candidate compound against drug-induced acute liver failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Department of Geriatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Modern Medical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuning Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Geriatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhi
- Modern Medical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FZ); (KQ)
| | - Ke Qian
- Department of Geriatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FZ); (KQ)
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Mühl H. STAT3, a Key Parameter of Cytokine-Driven Tissue Protection during Sterile Inflammation - the Case of Experimental Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)-Induced Liver Damage. Front Immunol 2016; 7:163. [PMID: 27199988 PMCID: PMC4852172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, or paracetamol) overdosing is a prevalent cause of acute liver injury. While clinical disease is initiated by overt parenchymal hepatocyte necrosis in response to the analgetic, course of intoxication is substantially influenced by associated activation of innate immunity. This process is supposed to be set in motion by release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from dying hepatocytes and is accompanied by an inflammatory cytokine response. Murine models of APAP-induced liver injury emphasize the complex role that DAMPs and cytokines play in promoting either hepatic pathogenesis or resolution and recovery from intoxication. Whereas the function of key inflammatory cytokines is controversially discussed, a subclass of specific cytokines capable of efficiently activating the hepatocyte signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 pathway stands out as being consistently protective in murine models of APAP intoxication. Those include foremost interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, IL-13, and IL-22. Above all, activation of STAT3 under the influence of these cytokines has the capability to drive hepatocyte compensatory proliferation, a key principle of the regenerating liver. Herein, the role of these specific cytokines during experimental APAP-induced liver injury is highlighted and discussed in a broader perspective. In hard-to-treat or at-risk patients, standard therapy may fail and APAP intoxication can proceed toward a fatal condition. Focused administration of recombinant STAT3-activating cytokines may evolve as novel therapeutic approach under those ill-fated conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Mühl
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Ju C, Tacke F. Hepatic macrophages in homeostasis and liver diseases: from pathogenesis to novel therapeutic strategies. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:316-27. [PMID: 26908374 PMCID: PMC4856798 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages represent a major cell type of innate immunity and have emerged as a critical player and therapeutic target in many chronic inflammatory diseases. Hepatic macrophages consist of Kupffer cells, which are originated from the fetal yolk-sack, and infiltrated bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages. Hepatic macrophages play a central role in maintaining homeostasis of the liver and in the pathogenesis of liver injury, making them an attractive therapeutic target for liver diseases. However, the various populations of hepatic macrophages display different phenotypes and exert distinct functions. Thus, more research is required to better understand these cells to guide the development of macrophage-based therapeutic interventions. This review article will summarize the current knowledge on the origins and composition of hepatic macrophages, their functions in maintaining hepatic homeostasis, and their involvement in both promoting and resolving liver inflammation, injury, and fibrosis. Finally, the current strategies being developed to target hepatic macrophages for the treatment of liver diseases will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Ju
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Integrated Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Protective Activity of Total Polyphenols from Genista quadriflora Munby and Teucrium polium geyrii Maire in Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Nutrients 2016; 8:193. [PMID: 27043622 PMCID: PMC4848662 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major cause of drug-induced hepatic diseases and several studies have demonstrated that diet supplementation with plants rich in antioxidant compounds provides a variety of health benefits in these circumstances. Genista quadriflora Munby (Gq) and Teucrium polium geyrii Maire (Tp) are known to possess antioxidant and numerous biological properties and these endemic plants are often used for dietary or medicinal applications. Herein, we evaluated the beneficial effect of rich-polyphenol fractions of Gq and Tp to prevent Acetaminophen-induced liver injury and investigated the mechanisms involved in this protective action. Rats were orally administered polyphenolic extracts from Gq or Tp (300 mg/kg) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC: 200 mg/kg) once daily for ten days prior to the single oral administration of Acetaminophen (APAP: 1 g/kg). The results show that preventive administration of polyphenolic extracts from Gq or Tp exerts a hepatoprotective influence during APAP treatment by improving transaminases leakage and liver histology and stimulating antioxidant defenses. Besides, suppression of liver CYP2E1, GSTpi and TNF-α mRNA levels, with enhancement of mitochondrial bioenergetics may contribute to the observed hepatoprotection induced by Gq and Tp extracts. The effect of Tp extract is significantly higher (1.5–2 fold) than that of Gq extract and NAC regarding the enhancement of mitochondrial functionality. Overall, this study brings the first evidence that pretreatment with these natural extracts display in vivo protective activity against APAP hepatotoxicity through improving mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidant status, phase I and II enzymes expression and inflammatory processes probably by virtue of their high total polyphenols content.
Collapse
|
66
|
Characterization of chemical-induced sterile inflammation in vitro: application of the model compound ketoconazole in a human hepatic co-culture system. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:799-810. [PMID: 26965496 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Liver injury as a result of a sterile inflammation is closely linked to the activation of immune cells, including macrophages, by damaged hepatocytes. This interaction between immune cells and hepatocytes is as yet not considered in any of the in vitro test systems applied during the generation of new drugs. Here, we established and characterized a novel in vitro co-culture model with two human cell lines, HepG2 and differentiated THP-1. Ketoconazole, an antifungal drug known for its hepatotoxicity, was used as a model compound in the testing of the co-culture. Single cultures of HepG2 and THP-1 cells were studied as controls. Different metabolism patterns of ketoconazole were observed for the single and co-culture incubations as well as for the different cell types. The main metabolite N-deacetyl ketoconazole was found in cell pellets, but not in supernatants of cell cultures. Global proteome analysis showed that the NRF2-mediated stress response and the CXCL8 (IL-8) pathway were induced by ketoconazole treatment under co-culture conditions. The upregulation and ketoconazole-induced secretion of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including CXCL8, TNF-α and CCL3, was observed in the co-culture system only, but not in single cell cultures. Taking together, we provide evidence that the co-culture model applied might be suitable to serve as tool for the prediction of chemical-induced sterile inflammation in liver tissue in vivo.
Collapse
|
67
|
Merlin S, Bhargava KK, Ranaldo G, Zanolini D, Palestro CJ, Santambrogio L, Prat M, Follenzi A, Gupta S. Kupffer Cell Transplantation in Mice for Elucidating Monocyte/Macrophage Biology and for Potential in Cell or Gene Therapy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:539-51. [PMID: 26773351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells (KC) play major roles in immunity and tissue injury or repair. Because recapitulation of KC biology and function within liver will allow superior insights into their functional repertoire, we studied the efficacy of the cell transplantation approach for this purpose. Mouse KC were isolated from donor livers, characterized, and transplanted into syngeneic recipients. To promote cell engraftment through impairments in native KC, recipients were preconditioned with gadolinium chloride. The targeting, fate, and functionality of transplanted cells were evaluated. The findings indicated that transplanted KC engrafted and survived in recipient livers throughout the study period of 3 months. Transplanted KC expressed macrophage functions, including phagocytosis and cytokine expression, with or without genetic modifications using lentiviral vectors. This permitted studies of whether transplanted KC could affect outcomes in the context of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity or hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transplanted KC exerted beneficial effects in these injury settings. The benefits resulted from cytoprotective factors including vascular endothelial growth factor. In conclusion, transplanted adult KC were successfully targeted and engrafted in the liver with retention of innate immune and tissue repair functions over the long term. This will provide excellent opportunities to address critical aspects in the biogenesis, fate, and function of KC within their native liver microenvironment and to develop the cell and gene therapy potential of KC transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Merlin
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Kuldeep K Bhargava
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Gabriella Ranaldo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Diego Zanolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Christopher J Palestro
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Maria Prat
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Antonia Follenzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy; Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Medicine, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Cancer Research Center, Diabetes Center, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, and Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Changes in IL-2 and IL-10 during Chronic Administration of Isoniazid, Nevirapine, and Paracetamol in Rats. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2016; 2016:3094783. [PMID: 27990159 PMCID: PMC5136381 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3094783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to illustrate the initial subclinical drug-induced liver injury and the associated adaptive immune response by monitoring for the changes in plasma IL-2, IL-10, and some cytochrome P450 activity during chronic administration of nevirapine (NVP), isoniazid (INH), and paracetamol (PAR) in rats without clinical hepatotoxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups (saline (S), NVP, INH, and PAR) of 25 animals each. The drugs were administered daily for 42 days at therapeutic doses (NVP 200 mg/kg, PAR 500 mg/kg, and INH 20 mg/kg) to the respective groups by oral gavage and five rats per group were sacrificed weekly. All the three drugs induced a subclinical liver injury in the first 2-3 weeks followed by healing, indicating adaption. The liver injury was pathologically similar and was associated with immune stimulation and increased cytochrome P450 activity. NVP- and PAR-induced liver injury lasted up to 14 days while that for INH lasted for 28 days. NVP-induced liver injury was associated with increased IL-2, CD4 count, and CYP3A2 activity, followed by increased IL-10 during the healing phase. In conclusion, the initial drug-induced subclinical liver injury, its spontaneous healing, and the associated adaptive immune response have been demonstrated.
Collapse
|
69
|
Bhushan B, Edwards G, Desai A, Michalopoulos GK, Apte U. Liver-Specific Deletion of Integrin-Linked Kinase in Mice Attenuates Hepatotoxicity and Improves Liver Regeneration After Acetaminophen Overdose. Gene Expr 2016; 17:35-45. [PMID: 27125733 PMCID: PMC5341619 DOI: 10.3727/105221616x691578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the major cause of acute liver failure in the US. Prompt liver regeneration is critical for recovery after APAP hepatotoxicity, but mechanisms remain elusive. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mediated signaling via integrin-linked kinase (ILK) regulates liver regeneration after surgical resection. However, the role of ECM signaling via ILK in APAP toxicity and compensatory regeneration is unknown, which was investigated in this study using liver-specific ILK knockout (KO) mice. ILK KO and wild-type (WT) mice were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP, and injury and regeneration were studied at 6 and 24 h after APAP treatment. ILK KO mice developed lower liver injury after APAP overdose, which was associated with decreased JNK activation (a key mediator of APAP toxicity). Further, higher glutathione levels after APAP treatment and lower APAP protein adducts levels, along with lower levels of CYP2E1, suggest decreased metabolic activation of APAP in ILK KO mice. Interestingly, despite lower injury, ILK KO mice had rapid and higher liver regeneration after APAP overdose accompanied with increased β-catenin signaling. In conclusion, liver-specific deletion of ILK improved regeneration, attenuated toxicity after APAP overdose, and decreased metabolic activation of APAP. Our study also indicates that ILK-mediated ECM signaling plays a role in the regulation of CYP2E1 and may affect toxicity of several centrilobular hepatotoxicants including APAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Genea Edwards
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Aishwarya Desai
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - Udayan Apte
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Du K, McGill MR, Xie Y, Jaeschke H. Benzyl alcohol protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes but causes mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death at higher doses. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:253-61. [PMID: 26522885 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is a serious public health problem in western countries. Current treatment options for APAP poisoning are limited and novel therapeutic intervention strategies are needed. A recent publication suggested that benzyl alcohol (BA) protects against APAP hepatotoxicity and could serve as a promising antidote for APAP poisoning. To assess the protective mechanisms of BA, C56Bl/6J mice were treated with 400 mg/kg APAP and/or 270 mg/kg BA. APAP alone caused extensive liver injury at 6 h and 24 h post-APAP. This injury was attenuated by BA co-treatment. Assessment of protein adduct formation demonstrated that BA inhibits APAP metabolic activation. In support of this, in vitro experiments also showed that BA dose-dependently inhibits cytochrome P450 activities. Correlating with the hepatoprotection of BA, APAP-induced oxidant stress and mitochondrial dysfunction were reduced. Similar results were obtained in primary mouse hepatocytes. Interestingly, BA alone caused mitochondrial membrane potential loss and cell toxicity at high doses, and its protective effect could not be reproduced in primary human hepatocytes (PHH). We conclude that BA protects against APAP hepatotoxicity mainly by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes in mice. Considering its toxic effect and the loss of protection in PHH, BA is not a clinically useful treatment option for APAP overdose patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Yuchao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Härdle L, Bachmann M, Bollmann F, Pautz A, Schmid T, Eberhardt W, Kleinert H, Pfeilschifter J, Mühl H. Tristetraprolin regulation of interleukin-22 production. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15112. [PMID: 26486958 PMCID: PMC4613560 DOI: 10.1038/srep15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is a STAT3-activating cytokine displaying characteristic AU-rich elements (ARE) in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of its mRNA. This architecture suggests gene regulation by modulation of mRNA stability. Since related cytokines undergo post-transcriptional regulation by ARE-binding tristetraprolin (TTP), the role of this destabilizing protein in IL-22 production was investigated. Herein, we demonstrate that TTP-deficient mice display augmented serum IL-22. Likewise, IL-22 mRNA was enhanced in TTP-deficient splenocytes and isolated primary T cells. A pivotal role for TTP is underscored by an extended IL-22 mRNA half-life detectable in TTP-deficient T cells. Luciferase-reporter assays performed in human Jurkat T cells proved the destabilizing potential of the human IL-22-3'-UTR. Furthermore, overexpression of TTP in HEK293 cells substantially decreased luciferase activity directed by the IL-22-3'-UTR. Transcript destabilization by TTP was nullified upon cellular activation by TPA/A23187, an effect dependent on MEK1/2 activity. Accordingly, IL-22 mRNA half-life as determined in TPA/A23187-stimulated Jurkat T cells decreased under the influence of the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Altogether, data indicate that TTP directly controls IL-22 production, a process counteracted by MEK1/2. The TTP-dependent regulatory pathway described herein likely contributes to the role of IL-22 in inflammation and cancer and may evolve as novel target for pharmacological IL-22 modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Härdle
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Malte Bachmann
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franziska Bollmann
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Pautz
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eberhardt
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kleinert
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heiko Mühl
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Xie Y, Woolbright BL, Kos M, McGill MR, Dorko K, Kumer SC, Schmitt TM, Jaeschke H. Lack of Direct Cytotoxicity of Extracellular ATP against Hepatocytes: Role in the Mechanism of Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity. J Clin Transl Res 2015; 1:100-106. [PMID: 26722668 PMCID: PMC4694640 DOI: 10.18053/jctres.201502.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is a major cause of acute liver failure in many countries. Mechanistic studies in mice and humans have implicated formation of a reactive metabolite, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidant stress as critical events in the pathophysiology of APAP-induced liver cell death. It was recently suggested that ATP released from necrotic cells can directly cause cell death in mouse hepatocytes and in a hepatoma cell line (HepG2). AIM To assess if ATP can directly cause cell toxicity in hepatocytes and evaluate their relevance in the human system. METHODS Primary mouse hepatocytes, human HepG2 cells, the metabolically competent human HepaRG cell line and freshly isolated primary human hepatocytes were exposed to 10-100 μM ATP or ATγP in the presence or absence of 5-10 mM APAP for 9-24 h. RESULTS ATP or ATγP was unable to directly cause cell toxicity in all 4 types of hepatocytes. In addition, ATP did not enhance APAP-induced cell death observed in primary mouse or human hepatocytes, or in HepaRG cells as measured by LDH release and by propidium iodide staining in primary mouse hepatocytes. Furthermore, addition of ATP did not cause mitochondrial dysfunction or enhance APAP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in primary murine hepatocytes, although ATP did cause cell death in murine RAW macrophages. CONCLUSIONS It is unlikely that ATP released from necrotic cells can significantly affect cell death in human or mouse liver during APAP hepatotoxicity. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS Understanding the mechanisms of APAP-induced cell injury is critical for identifying novel therapeutic targets to prevent liver injury and acute liver failure in APAP overdose patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Milan Kos
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mitchell R. McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Kenneth Dorko
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sean C. Kumer
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Timothy M. Schmitt
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Baskaran UL, Sabina EP. The food supplement coenzyme Q10 and suppression of antitubercular drug-induced hepatic injury in rats: the role of antioxidant defence system, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Cell Biol Toxicol 2015; 31:211-9. [PMID: 26374116 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-015-9305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF), the most common anti-tubercular therapy, causes hepatotoxicity through a multi-step mechanism in certain individuals. The present study was an attempt to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of coenzyme Q10 against INH + RIF-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. METHODS Hepatotoxicity was induced by the oral administration of INH + RIF (50 mg/kg b.w. each/day) in normal saline water for 28 days. The hepatoprotective effect of coenzyme Q10 (10 mg/kg b.w./day) was compared with that of the standard drug silymarin (25 mg/kg b.w./day). Animals were sacrificed at the end of the study period, and blood and liver were collected for biochemical, immunological and histological analyses. RESULTS Evaluation of biochemical parameters showed that coenzyme Q10 treatment caused significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the elevated levels of serum liver function markers and restored normal levels of total protein, albumin and lipids in INH + RIF-treated rats. Also, it was observed that coenzyme Q10 was able to restore normal levels of enzymic antioxidants, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation in the INH + RIF-treated rats. Coenzyme Q10 was found to effectively reduce the extent of liver damage caused due to INH + RIF. In addition, the levels of IL-10 and IL-6 were significantly elevated in the INH + RIF-induced rats treated with CoQ10. CONCLUSION Our study indicates the protective role of coenzyme Q10 in attenuating the hepatotoxic effects of INH + RIF in a rat model and that it could be used as a food supplement during anti-tubercular therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan Prince Sabina
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Karthivashan G, Arulselvan P, Tan SW, Fakurazi S. The molecular mechanism underlying the hepatoprotective potential of Moringa oleifera leaves extract against acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in mice. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
|
75
|
Abdelaziz RR, Elkashef WF, Said E. Tranilast reduces serum IL-6 and IL-13 and protects against thioacetamide-induced acute liver injury and hepatic encephalopathy. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:259-267. [PMID: 26164743 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious neuropsychiatric disorder usually affecting either acute or chronic hepatic failure patients. Hepatic encephalopathy was replicated in a validated rat model to assess the potential protective efficacy of tranilast against experimentally induced hepatic encephalopathy. Thioacetamide injection significantly impaired hepatic synthetic, metabolic and excretory functions with significant increase in serum NO, IL-6 and IL-13 levels and negative shift in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. Most importantly, there was a significant increase in serum ammonia levels with significant astrocytes' swelling and vacuolization; hallmarks of hepatic encephalopathy. Tranilast administration (300 mg/kg, orally) for 15 days significantly improved hepatic functions, restored oxidant/antioxidant balance, reduced serum NO, IL-6 and IL-13 levels. Meanwhile, serum ammonia significantly declined with significant reduction in astrocytes' swelling and vacuolization. Several mechanisms can be implicated in the observed hepato- and neuroprotective potentials of tranilast, such as its anti-inflammatory potential, its antioxidant potential as well as its immunomodulatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rania R Abdelaziz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Wagdi F Elkashef
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Eman Said
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Ly6C- Monocytes Regulate Parasite-Induced Liver Inflammation by Inducing the Differentiation of Pathogenic Ly6C+ Monocytes into Macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004873. [PMID: 26020782 PMCID: PMC4447383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes consist of two well-defined subsets, the Ly6C+ and Ly6C– monocytes. Both CD11b+ myeloid cells populations have been proposed to infiltrate tissues during inflammation. While infiltration of Ly6C+ monocytes is an established pathogenic factor during hepatic inflammation, the role of Ly6C– monocytes remains elusive. Mice suffering experimental African trypanosome infection die from systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that is initiated by phagocytosis of parasites by liver myeloid cells and culminates in apoptosis/necrosis of liver myeloid and parenchymal cells that reduces host survival. C57BL/6 mice are considered as trypanotolerant to Trypanosoma congolense infection. We have reported that in these animals, IL-10, produced among others by myeloid cells, limits the liver damage caused by pathogenic TNF-producing Ly6C+ monocytes, ensuring prolonged survival. Here, the heterogeneity and dynamics of liver myeloid cells in T. congolense-infected C57/BL6 mice was further dissected. Moreover, the contribution of Ly6C– monocytes to trypanotolerance was investigated. By using FACS analysis and adoptive transfer experiments, we found that the accumulation of Ly6C– monocytes and macrophages in the liver of infected mice coincided with a drop in the pool of Ly6C+ monocytes. Pathogenic TNF mainly originated from Ly6C+ monocytes while Ly6C– monocytes and macrophages were major and equipotent sources of IL-10 within myeloid cells. Moreover, Nr4a1 (Nur77) transcription factor-dependent Ly6C– monocytes exhibited IL-10-dependent and cell contact-dependent regulatory properties contributing to trypanotolerance by suppressing the production of TNF by Ly6C+ monocytes and by promoting the differentiation of the latter cells into macrophages. Thus, Ly6C– monocytes can dampen liver damage caused by an extensive Ly6C+ monocyte-associated inflammatory immune response in T. congolense trypanotolerant animals. In a more general context, Ly6C– or Ly6C+ monocyte targeting may represent a therapeutic approach in liver pathogenicity induced by chronic infection. The liver is not only a central organ for efficient metabolism of nutrients and for toxin clearance, but also for immune surveillance, including elimination of intravascular infections. However, excess of nutrients like fat or of toxins like alcohol and certain medications, as well as infections can trigger overactive immune responses which destroy the liver. Such chronic inflammations are major worldwide human health problem with often lethal consequences. Thus, understanding the particular function of various liver immune cells could provide original concepts to alleviate damages in this vital organ. Here, we dissected the heterogeneity, dynamics and function of the myeloid/monocytic cell compartment in the liver of mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense parasite. We established that infiltration of Ly6C+ monocyte subset initiated liver injury in infected mice. More importantly, we revealed that another myeloid cell subset for which the role in liver injury remained elusive, the Ly6C- monocyte subset, exerted hepatoprotective function in infected mice by secreting the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and by inducing, through cell-contact, the differentiation of pathogenic Ly6C+ monocytes into macrophages expressing genes coding for anti-inflammatory molecules. Thus, augmenting Ly6C- monocyte accumulation or functionality may represent a useful intervention strategy complementing anti-infective medication in conditions of liver injury due to chronic infections.
Collapse
|
77
|
Cengiz M, Kutlu HM, Burukoglu DD, Ayhancı A. A comparative study on the therapeutic effects of Silymarin and Silymarin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles on D-GaIN/TNF-α-induced Liver Damage in Balb/c Mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 77:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
78
|
Chen R, Wang J, Zhang Y, Tang S, Zhan S. Key factors of susceptibility to anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:883-97. [PMID: 25693865 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ATDH) is one of the leading adverse drug reactions during the course of tuberculosis treatment and poses a considerable challenge to clinicians and researchers. Previous studies have revealed the important contribution of drug metabolism and transporter enzymes to the complexity of ATDH. The emerging roles of immune response and oxidative stress resulting from reactive metabolite in the development of ATDH have also gained attention recently. Both non-genetic and genetic factors can have a significant impact on the susceptibility to ATDH, consequently altering the risk of hepatotoxicity in susceptible individuals. Non-genetic risk factors associated with ATDH include host factors, environment factors and drug-related factors. Genetic factors contributing to the susceptibility of ATDH involve genetic variations in bioactivation/toxification pathways via the cytochrome P450 enzymes (phase I), detoxification reactions by N-acetyl transferase 2, glutathione S-transferase and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (phase II) and hepatic transport (phase III), together with immunological factors and antioxidant response. Better understanding of these factors may help to predict and prevent the occurrence of ATDH and develop more effective treatments. This review focuses on the mechanisms of ATDH and the key factors of susceptibility associated with drug metabolism, hepatic transport, immune response and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Scheiermann P, Bachmann M, Härdle L, Pleli T, Piiper A, Zwissler B, Pfeilschifter J, Mühl H. Application of IL-36 receptor antagonist weakens CCL20 expression and impairs recovery in the late phase of murine acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8521. [PMID: 25687687 PMCID: PMC4330543 DOI: 10.1038/srep08521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Overdosing of the analgesic acetaminophen (APAP, paracetamol) is a major cause of acute liver injury. Whereas toxicity is initiated by hepatocyte necrosis, course of disease is regulated by mechanisms of innate immunity having the potential to serve in complex manner pathogenic or pro-regenerative functions. Interleukin (IL)-36γ has been identified as novel IL-1-like cytokine produced by and targeting epithelial (-like) tissues. Herein, we investigated IL-36γ in acute liver disease focusing on murine APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Enhanced expression of hepatic IL-36γ and its prime downstream chemokine target CCL20 was detected upon liver injury. CCL20 expression coincided with the later regeneration phase of intoxication. Primary murine hepatocytes and human Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells indeed displayed enhanced IL-36γ expression when exposed to inflammatory cytokines. Administration of IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra) decreased hepatic CCL20 in APAP-treated mice. Unexpectedly, IL-36Ra likewise increased late phase hepatic injury as detected by augmented serum alanine aminotransferase activity and histological necrosis which suggests disturbed tissue recovery upon IL-36 blockage. Finally, we demonstrate induction of IL-36γ in inflamed livers of endotoxemic mice. Observations presented introduce IL-36γ as novel parameter in acute liver injury which may contribute to the decision between unleashed tissue damage and initiation of liver regeneration during late APAP toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Scheiermann
- 1] pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt [2] Clinic for Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich
| | - Malte Bachmann
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt
| | - Lorena Härdle
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt
| | - Thomas Pleli
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Albrecht Piiper
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Zwissler
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt
| | - Heiko Mühl
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Wang X, Sun R, Chen Y, Lian ZX, Wei H, Tian Z. Regulatory T cells ameliorate acetaminophen-induced immune-mediated liver injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:293-301. [PMID: 25687198 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of innate immune cells to acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury has been extensively investigated. However, the roles of T cell populations among adaptive immune cells in APAP-induced liver injury remain to be elucidated. Herein, we found that distinct CD4(+) T cell subsets but not CD8(+) T cells modulated APAP-induced liver injury in mice. After APAP challenge, more CD62L(low)CD44(hi)CD4(+) T cells appeared in the liver, accompanied by increased IFN-γ. The removal of CD4(+) T cells by either antibody depletion or genetic deficiency markedly compromised pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and ameliorated liver injury. Meanwhile, we also found that the frequency and absolute number of Treg cells also increased. Treg cell depletion increased hepatic CD62L(low)CD44(hi)CD4(+) T cells, augmented pro-inflammatory cytokines, and exacerbated liver injury, while adoptive transfer of Treg cells ameliorated APAP-induced liver injury. Furthermore, the recruitment of Treg cells into the liver through specific expression of CXCL10 in the liver could ameliorate APAP-induced liver injury. Our investigation suggests that Th1 and Treg subsets are involved in regulating APAP-induced liver injury. Thus, modulating the Th1/Treg balance may be an effective strategy to prevent and/or treat APAP-induced liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefu Wang
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Krenkel O, Mossanen JC, Tacke F. Immune mechanisms in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 3:331-43. [PMID: 25568858 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.11.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An overdose of acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP), also termed paracetamol, can cause severe liver damage, ultimately leading to acute liver failure (ALF) with the need of liver transplantation. APAP is rapidly taken up from the intestine and metabolized in hepatocytes. A small fraction of the metabolized APAP forms cytotoxic mitochondrial protein adducts, leading to hepatocyte necrosis. The course of disease is not only critically influenced by dose of APAP and the initial hepatocyte damage, but also by the inflammatory response following acetaminophen-induced liver injury (AILI). As revealed by mouse models of AILI and corresponding translational studies in ALF patients, necrotic hepatocytes release danger-associated-molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are recognized by resident hepatic macrophages, Kupffer cell (KC), and neutrophils, leading to the activation of these cells. Activated hepatic macrophages release various proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α or IL-1β, as well as chemokines (e.g., CCL2) thereby further enhancing inflammation and increasing the influx of immune cells, like bone-marrow derived monocytes and neutrophils. Monocytes are mainly recruited via their receptor CCR2 and aggravate inflammation. Infiltrating monocytes, however, can mature into monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMF), which are, in cooperation with neutrophils, also involved in the resolution of inflammation. Besides macrophages and neutrophils, distinct lymphocyte populations, especially γδ T cells, are also linked to the inflammatory response following an APAP overdose. Natural killer (NK), natural killer T (NKT) and T cells possibly further perpetuate inflammation in AILI. Understanding the complex interplay of immune cell subsets in experimental models and defining their functional involvement in disease progression is essential to identify novel therapeutic targets for human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Krenkel
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jana C Mossanen
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Karthivashan G, Arulselvan P, Fakurazi S. Pathways involved in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity with specific targets for inhibition/downregulation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07838e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Insights on molecular/immunological mechanisms involve in APAP hepatotoxicity and pave way for researchers/clinicians/pharma bodies to identify novel biomarkers, effective bioactive candidates and fruitful therapy against APAP hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Govindarajan Karthivashan
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics
- Institute of Bioscience
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Serdang
- Malaysia
| | - Palanisamy Arulselvan
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics
- Institute of Bioscience
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Serdang
- Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics
- Institute of Bioscience
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Serdang
- Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced liver injury is a rare but serious clinical problem. A number of drugs can cause severe liver injury and acute liver failure at therapeutic doses in a very limited number of patients (<1:10,000). This idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury, which is currently not predictable in preclinical safety studies, appears to depend on individual susceptibility and the inability to adapt to the cellular stress caused by a particular drug. In striking contrast to idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury, drugs with dose-dependent hepatotoxicity are mostly detected during preclinical studies and do not reach the market. One notable exception is acetaminophen (APAP, paracetamol), which is a safe drug at therapeutic doses but can cause severe liver injury and acute liver failure after intentional and unintentional overdoses. Key Messages: APAP overdose is responsible for more acute liver failure cases in the USA or UK than all other etiologies combined. Since APAP overdose in the mouse represents a model for the human pathophysiology, substantial progress has been made during the last decade in understanding the mechanisms of cell death, liver injury and recovery. More recently, emerging evidence based on mechanistic biomarker analysis in patients and studies of cell death in human hepatocytes suggests that most of the mechanisms discovered in mice also apply to patients. The rapid development of N-acetylcysteine as an antidote against APAP overdose was based on the early understanding of APAP toxicity in mice. However, despite the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in patients who present early after APAP overdose, there is a need to develop intervention strategies for late-presenting patients. CONCLUSIONS The challenges related to APAP toxicity are to better understand the mechanisms of cell death in order to limit liver injury and prevent acute liver failure, and also to develop biomarkers that better predict as early as possible who is at risk for developing acute liver failure with poor outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kans., USA
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Goto S, Deguchi J, Nishio N, Nomura N, Funabashi H. Hepatotoxicants induce cytokine imbalance in response to innate immune system. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:389-404. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Goto
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Jiro Deguchi
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Naoki Nishio
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Naruaki Nomura
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Hitoshi Funabashi
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Bee venom phospholipase A2 protects against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by modulating regulatory T cells and IL-10 in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114726. [PMID: 25478691 PMCID: PMC4257707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from bee venom against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity through CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells (Treg) in mice. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic, but an acute or cumulative overdose of acetaminophen can cause severe hepatic failure. Tregs have been reported to possess protective effects in various liver diseases and kidney toxicity. We previously found that bee venom strongly increased the Treg population in splenocytes and subsequently suppressed immune disorders. More recently, we found that the effective component of bee venom is PLA2. Thus, we hypothesized that PLA2 could protect against liver injury induced by acetaminophen. To evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of PLA2, C57BL/6 mice or interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10−/−) mice were injected with PLA2 once a day for five days and sacrificed 24 h (h) after acetaminophen injection. The blood sera were collected 0, 6, and 24 h after acetaminophen injection for the analysis of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). PLA2-injected mice showed reduced levels of serum AST, ALT, proinflammatory cytokines, and nitric oxide (NO) compared with the PBS-injected control mice. However, IL-10 was significantly increased in the PLA2-injected mice. These hepatic protective effects were abolished in Treg-depleted mice by antibody treatment and in IL-10−/− mice. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the protective effects of PLA2 against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity can be mediated by modulating the Treg and IL-10 production.
Collapse
|
86
|
Wang J, Chen R, Tang S, Lv X, Wu S, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Xia Y, Chen D, Zhan S. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 polymorphisms and antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in Chinese population. J Clin Pharm Ther 2014; 40:186-91. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Peking University Health Science Centre; Beijing China
| | - R. Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Peking University Health Science Centre; Beijing China
| | - S. Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - X. Lv
- Clinical Research Division; Peking University Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory for Mental Health; Ministry of Health; Beijing China
| | - S. Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Peking University Health Science Centre; Beijing China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Z. Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Peking University Health Science Centre; Beijing China
| | - Y. Xia
- Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing China
| | - D. Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Peking University Health Science Centre; Beijing China
| | - S. Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Peking University Health Science Centre; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Liu A, Tanaka N, Sun L, Guo B, Kim JH, Krausz KW, Fang Z, Jiang C, Yang J, Gonzalez FJ. Saikosaponin d protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting NF-κB and STAT3 signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 223:80-6. [PMID: 25265579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) can cause acute liver injury that is sometimes fatal, requiring efficient pharmacological intervention. The traditional Chinese herb Bupleurum falcatum has been widely used for the treatment of several liver diseases in eastern Asian countries, and saikosaponin d (SSd) is one of its major pharmacologically-active components. However, the efficacy of Bupleurum falcatum or SSd on APAP toxicity remains unclear. C57/BL6 mice were administered SSd intraperitoneally once daily for 5days, followed by APAP challenge. Biochemical and pathological analysis revealed that mice treated with SSd were protected against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. SSd markedly suppressed phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and reversed the APAP-induced increases in the target genes of NF-κB, such as pro-inflammatory cytokine Il6 and Ccl2, and those of STAT3, such as Socs3, Fga, Fgb and Fgg. SSd also enhanced the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il10 mRNA. Collectively, these results demonstrate that SSd protects mice from APAP-induced hepatotoxicity mainly through down-regulating NF-κB- and STAT3-mediated inflammatory signaling. This study unveils one of the possible mechanisms of hepatoprotection caused by Bupleurum falcatum and/or SSd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiming Liu
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lu Sun
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bin Guo
- Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Jung-Hwan Kim
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhongze Fang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julin Yang
- Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Du K, Williams CD, McGill MR, Jaeschke H. Lower susceptibility of female mice to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: Role of mitochondrial glutathione, oxidant stress and c-jun N-terminal kinase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 281:58-66. [PMID: 25218290 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes severe hepatotoxicity in animals and humans. However, the mechanisms underlying the gender differences in susceptibility to APAP overdose in mice have not been clarified. In our study, APAP (300mg/kg) caused severe liver injury in male mice but 69-77% lower injury in females. No gender difference in metabolic activation of APAP was found. Hepatic glutathione (GSH) was rapidly depleted in both genders, while GSH recovery in female mice was 2.6 fold higher in the mitochondria at 4h, and 2.5 and 3.3 fold higher in the total liver at 4h and 6h, respectively. This faster recovery of GSH, which correlated with greater induction of glutamate-cysteine ligase, attenuated mitochondrial oxidative stress in female mice, as suggested by a lower GSSG/GSH ratio at 6h (3.8% in males vs. 1.4% in females) and minimal centrilobular nitrotyrosine staining. While c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation was similar at 2 and 4h post-APAP, it was 3.1 fold lower at 6h in female mice. However, female mice were still protected by the JNK inhibitor SP600125. 17β-Estradiol pretreatment moderately decreased liver injury and oxidative stress in male mice without affecting GSH recovery. CONCLUSION The lower susceptibility of female mice is achieved by the improved detoxification of reactive oxygen due to accelerated recovery of mitochondrial GSH levels, which attenuates late JNK activation and liver injury. However, even the reduced injury in female mice was still dependent on JNK. While 17β-estradiol partially protects male mice, it does not affect hepatic GSH recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - C David Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Jaeschke H, Xie Y, McGill MR. Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury: from Animal Models to Humans. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2014; 2:153-61. [PMID: 26355817 PMCID: PMC4521247 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2014.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is an important clinical problem and a challenge for drug development. Whereas progress in understanding rare and unpredictable (idiosyncratic) drug hepatotoxicity is severely hampered by the lack of relevant animal models, enormous insight has been gained in the area of predictable hepatotoxins, in particular acetaminophen-induced liver injury, from a broad range of experimental models. Importantly, mechanisms of toxicity obtained with certain experimental systems, such as in vivo mouse models, primary mouse hepatocytes, and metabolically competent cell lines, are being confirmed in translational studies in patients and in primary human hepatocytes. Despite this progress, suboptimal models are still being used and experimental data can be confusing, leading to controversial conclusions. Therefore, this review attempts to discuss mechanisms of drug hepatotoxicity using the most studied drug acetaminophen as an example. We compare the various experimental models that are used to investigate mechanisms of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, discuss controversial topics in the mechanisms, and assess how these experimental findings can be translated to the clinic. The success with acetaminophen in demonstrating the clinical relevance of experimental findings could serve as an example for the study of other drug toxicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Correspondence to: Hartmut Jaeschke, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. Tel: +1-913-588-7969, Fax: +1-913-588-7501. E-mail:
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Rohilla R, Garg T, Goyal AK, Rath G. Herbal and polymeric approaches for liver-targeting drug delivery: novel strategies and their significance. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:1645-61. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.945018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
91
|
Xia J, Zhou XL, Zhao Y, Zhu YQ, Jiang S, Ni SZ. Roles of lipoxin A4 in preventing paracetamol-induced acute hepatic injury in a rabbit model. Inflammation 2014; 36:1431-9. [PMID: 23851615 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research is to investigate the potential role of lipoxin A4 in preventing paracetamol (PCM)-induced hepatic injury. One hundred male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into control group, PCM group, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) group, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) group, and LXA4 + NAC group. The rabbits were assigned to receive 300 mg/kg weight PCM in 0.9 % saline or equivalent volume of saline via gastric lavage. LXA4 (1.5 μg/kg) and equivalent volume of 2 % ethanol were separately given to the rabbits in LXA4-treated and PCM groups 24 h after PCM administration. Meanwhile, the rabbits in the NAC-treated groups received a loading dose of 140 mg/kg of N-acetylcysteine. The blood samples and liver tissue were collected for biochemical and histological evaluation 36 h after paracetamol administration. The administration of LXA4 24 h after paracetamol poisoning resulted in significant improvement in hepatic injury as represented by decrease of hepatocellular enzyme release and attenuation of hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis. In LXA4-treated groups, the expression of TNF-α was significantly lower than those in PCM and NAC groups (p < 0.05). In contrast, the level of IL-10 was significantly higher than PCM and NAC groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the expressions of NF-κB p65 in PCM and NAC groups were significantly increased compared with those of LXA4-treated groups and control group (respectively, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). LXA4-treated groups also showed significantly higher survival rates. Lipoxin A4 significantly mitigates paracetamol-induced hepatic injury, in which anti-inflammation effect may play an important role, leading to hepatic apoptosis and necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xia
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Effects of the total saponins from Rosa laevigata Michx fruit against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in mice via induction of autophagy and suppression of inflammation and apoptosis. Molecules 2014; 19:7189-206. [PMID: 24886943 PMCID: PMC6271669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19067189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the total saponins from Rosalaevigata Michx fruit (RLTS) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver damage in mice was evaluated in the present paper. The results showed that RLTS markedly improved the levels of liver SOD, CAT, GSH, GSH-Px, MDA, NO and iNOS, and the activities of serum ALT and AST caused by APAP. Further research confirmed that RLTS prevented fragmentation of DNA and mitochondrial ultrastructural alterations based on TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) assays. In addition, RLTS decreased the gene or protein expressions of cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1), pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, Bax, HMGB-1 and COX-2), pro-inflammatory transcription factors (NF-κB and AP-1), pro-apoptotic proteins (cytochrome C, p53, caspase-3, caspase-9, p-JNK, p-p38 and p-ERK), and increased the protein expressions of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Moreover, the gene expression of IL-10, and the proteins including LC3, Beclin-1 and Atg5 induced by APAP were even more augmented by the extract. These results demonstrate that RLTS has hepatoprotective effects through antioxidative action, induction of autophagy, and suppression of inflammation and apoptosis, and could be developed as a potential candidate to treat APAP-induced liver damage in the future.
Collapse
|
93
|
Tsutsui H, Nishiguchi S. Importance of Kupffer cells in the development of acute liver injuries in mice. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7711-30. [PMID: 24802875 PMCID: PMC4057701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells reside within the liver sinusoid and serve as gatekeepers. They produce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and other biologically important molecules upon the engagement of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors. Kupffer cell-ablated mice established by in vivo treatment with clodronate liposomes have revealed many important features of Kupffer cells. In this paper, we review the importance of Kupffer cells in murine acute liver injuries and focus on the following two models: lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury, which is induced by priming with Propionibacterium acnes and subsequent challenge with LPS, and hypercoagulability-mediated acute liver failure such as that in concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. Kupffer cells are required for LPS sensitization induced by P. acnes and are a major cellular source of interleukin-18, which induces acute liver injury following LPS challenge. Kupffer cells contribute to Con A-induced acute liver failure by initiating pathogenic, intrasinusoidal thrombosis in collaboration with sinusoidal endothelial cells. The mechanisms underlying these models may shed light on human liver injuries induced by various etiologies such as viral infection and/or abnormal metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tsutsui
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Nishiguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Stock P, Brückner S, Winkler S, Dollinger MM, Christ B. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived hepatocytes improve the mouse liver after acute acetaminophen intoxication by preventing progress of injury. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7004-28. [PMID: 24758938 PMCID: PMC4013675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15047004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow (hMSC) have the potential to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro and continue to maintain important hepatocyte functions in vivo after transplantation into host mouse livers. Here, hMSC were differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro (hMSC-HC) and transplanted into livers of immunodeficient Pfp/Rag2⁻/⁻ mice treated with a sublethal dose of acetaminophen (APAP) to induce acute liver injury. APAP induced a time- and dose-dependent damage of perivenous areas of the liver lobule. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased to similar levels irrespective of hMSC-HC transplantation. Yet, hMSC-HC resided in the damaged perivenous areas of the liver lobules short-term preventing apoptosis and thus progress of organ destruction. Disturbance of metabolic protein expression was lower in the livers receiving hMSC-HC. Seven weeks after APAP treatment, hepatic injury had completely recovered in groups both with and without hMSC-HC. Clusters of transplanted cells appeared predominantly in the periportal portion of the liver lobule and secreted human albumin featuring a prominent quality of differentiated hepatocytes. Thus, hMSC-HC attenuated the inflammatory response and supported liver regeneration after acute injury induced by acetaminophen. They hence may serve as a novel source of hepatocyte-like cells suitable for cell therapy of acute liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Stock
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sandra Brückner
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sandra Winkler
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Matthias M Dollinger
- Clinics for Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Bruno Christ
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Tanaka R, Ishima Y, Maeda H, Kodama A, Nagao S, Watanabe H, Chuang VTG, Otagiri M, Maruyama T. Albumin fusion prolongs the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of thioredoxin in mice with acetaminophen-induced hepatitis. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1228-38. [PMID: 24576052 DOI: 10.1021/mp400690v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Overdoses of acetaminophen (APAP) are a major cause of acute liver failure. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is the standard therapy for patients with such an overdose because oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of APAP-induced hepatitis. However, NAC is not sufficiently efficacious. We previously developed a recombinant human serum albumin (HSA)-thioredoxin 1 (Trx) fusion protein (HSA-Trx), designed to overcome the unfavorable pharmacokinetic and short pharmacological properties of Trx, an endogenous protein with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic impact of HSA-Trx in mice with APAP-induced hepatitis. The systemic administration of HSA-Trx significantly improved the survival rate of mice treated with a lethal dose of APAP compared with saline. HSA-Trx strongly attenuated plasma transaminases in APAP-induced hepatitis mice compared with HSA or Trx, components of the fusion protein. HSA-Trx also markedly caused a diminution in the histopathological features of hepatic injuries and the number of apoptosis-positive hepatic cells. In addition, an evaluation of oxidative stress markers and plasma cytokine and chemokine levels clearly showed that HSA-Trx significantly improved the breakdown of hepatic redox conditions and inflammation caused by the APAP treatment. HSA-Trx also significantly decreased oxidative and nitrosative/nitrative stress induced by SIN-1 in vitro. Finally, HSA-Trx, but not the NAC treatment at 4 h after APAP injection, significantly inhibited the elevation in plasma transaminase levels. In conclusion, the findings suggest that HSA-Trx has considerable potential for use as a novel therapeutic agent for APAP-induced hepatitis, due to its long-lasting antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ‡Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University , 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Shoda LKM, Woodhead JL, Siler SQ, Watkins PB, Howell BA. Linking physiology to toxicity using DILIsym®, a mechanistic mathematical model of drug-induced liver injury. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 35:33-49. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisl K. M. Shoda
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Woodhead
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Scott Q. Siler
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Paul B. Watkins
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Brett A. Howell
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Laifenfeld D, Qiu L, Swiss R, Park J, Macoritto M, Will Y, Younis HS, Lawton M. Utilization of causal reasoning of hepatic gene expression in rats to identify molecular pathways of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:234-48. [PMID: 24136188 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) represents a leading cause of acute liver failure. Although DILI can be discovered in preclinical animal toxicology studies and/or early clinical trials, some human DILI reactions, termed idiosyncratic DILI (IDILI), are less predictable, occur in a small number of individuals, and do not follow a clear dose-response relationship. The emergence of IDILI poses a critical health challenge for patients and a financial challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying IDILI is key to the development of models that can assess potential IDILI risk. This study used Reverse Causal Reasoning (RCR), a method to assess activation of molecular signaling pathways, on gene expression data from rats treated with IDILI or pharmacologic/chemical comparators (NON-DILI) at the maximum tolerated dose to identify mechanistic pathways underlying IDILI. Detailed molecular networks involved in mitochondrial injury, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were found in response to IDILI drugs but not negative controls (NON-DILI). In vitro assays assessing mitochondrial or ER function confirmed the effect of IDILI compounds on these systems. Together our work suggests that using gene expression data can aid in understanding mechanisms underlying IDILI and can guide in vitro screening for IDILI. Specifically, RCR should be considered for compounds that do not show evidence of DILI in preclinical animal studies positive for mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress assays, especially when the therapeutic index toward projected human maximum drug plasma concentration is low.
Collapse
|
98
|
Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1051] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Curative Effects of Thiacremonone against Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Hepatic Failure via Inhibition of Proinflammatory Cytokines Production and Infiltration of Cytotoxic Immune Cells and Kupffer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:974794. [PMID: 23935693 PMCID: PMC3725907 DOI: 10.1155/2013/974794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High doses of acetaminophen (APAP; N-acetyl-p-aminophenol) cause severe hepatotoxicity after metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 2E1. This study was undertaken to examine the preventive effects of thiacremonone, a compound extracted from garlic, on APAP-induced acute hepatic failure in male C57BL/6J. Mice received with 500 mg/kg APAP after a 7-day pretreatment with thiacremonone (10–50 mg/kg). Thiacremonone inhibited the APAP-induced serum ALT and AST levels in a dose-dependent manner, and markedly reduced the restricted area of necrosis and inflammation by administration of APAP. Thiacremonone also inhibited the APAP-induced depletion of intracellular GSH, induction of nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation as well as expression of P450 2E1. After APAP injection, the numbers of Kupffer cells, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic T cells were elevated, but the elevated cell numbers in the liver were reduced in thiacremonone pretreated mice. The expression levels of I-309, M-CSF, MIG, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IL-7, and IL-17 were increased by APAP treatment, which were inhibited in thiacremonone pretreated mice. These data indicate that thiacremonone could be a useful agent for the treatment of drug-induced hepatic failure and that the reduction of cytotoxic immune cells as well as proinflammatory cytokine production may be critical for the prevention of APAP-induced acute liver toxicity.
Collapse
|
100
|
Abdelmegeed MA, Jang S, Banerjee A, Hardwick JP, Song BJ. Robust protein nitration contributes to acetaminophen-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and acute liver injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:211-22. [PMID: 23454065 PMCID: PMC3680365 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP), a widely used analgesic/antipyretic agent, can cause liver injury through increased nitrative stress, leading to protein nitration. However, the identities of nitrated proteins and their roles in hepatotoxicity are poorly understood. Thus, we aimed at studying the mechanism of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by systematic identification and characterization of nitrated proteins in the absence or presence of an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The levels of nitrated proteins markedly increased at 2h in mice exposed to a single APAP dose (350mg/kg ip), which caused severe liver necrosis at 24h. Protein nitration and liver necrosis were minimal in mice exposed to nontoxic 3-hydroxyacetanilide or animals co-treated with APAP and NAC. Mass-spectral analysis of the affinity-purified nitrated proteins identified numerous mitochondrial and cytosolic proteins, including mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, Mn-superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, ATP synthase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, involved in antioxidant defense, energy supply, or fatty acid metabolism. Immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblot with anti-3-nitrotyrosine antibody confirmed that the aforementioned proteins were nitrated in APAP-exposed mice but not in NAC-cotreated mice. Consistently, NAC cotreatment significantly restored the suppressed activity of these enzymes. Thus, we demonstrate a new mechanism by which many nitrated proteins with concomitantly suppressed activity promotes APAP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Abdelmegeed
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sehwan Jang
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Atrayee Banerjee
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James P. Hardwick
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Northeastern Ohio University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|