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Hatchel T, Ingram KM, Huang Y, Espelage DL. Homophobic bullying victimization trajectories: The roles of perpetration, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality. Aggress Behav 2020; 46:370-379. [PMID: 32510701 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of research on developmental trajectories of bias-based aggression. We examined homophobic bullying victimization trajectories among high school students (N = 3,064; M age = 13.67; Girls = 50.2%) and how these developmental pathways vary as a function of factors like homophobic bullying perpetration, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality. Using data from a 3-wave longitudinal investigation over a 2-year period, we utilized latent growth mixture modeling to explore the aforementioned trajectories. Findings suggested that there were three distinct classes characterized by high initial rates and declines over time, low initial rates, and increases over time, and low, stable, rate across time. Furthermore, results indicated that homophobic bullying perpetration, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality all predicted class membership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Hatchel
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida
| | - Katherine M. Ingram
- Department of Applied Developmental Science, School of EducationUniversity of North CarolinaChapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Yuanhong Huang
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida
| | - Dorothy L. Espelage
- Department of Applied Developmental Science, School of EducationUniversity of North CarolinaChapel Hill North Carolina
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McInroy LB, Beaujolais B, Leung VWY, Craig SL, Eaton AD, Austin A. Comparing asexual and non-asexual sexual minority adolescents and young adults: stressors, suicidality and mental and behavioural health risk outcomes. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2020.1806103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B. McInroy
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Vivian W. Y. Leung
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shelley L. Craig
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Eaton
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ashley Austin
- Ellen Whiteside McDonnell School of Social Work, Barry University, Miami, FL, USA
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Hequembourg AL, Livingston JA, Wang W. Prospective associations among relationship abuse, sexual harassment and bullying in a community sample of sexual minority and exclusively heterosexual youth. J Adolesc 2020; 83:52-61. [PMID: 32736276 PMCID: PMC7484239 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual minority youth (SMY) are at significantly greater risk for experiencing adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) than exclusively heterosexual youth, yet little is known about the factors that elevate their risks for such abuse. Peer victimization (i.e., bullying, sexual harassment) has been associated with ARA among heterosexual youth. SMY experience higher rates of peer victimization than heterosexual youth, suggesting that it may be a risk factor for ARA among these youth. Using longitudinal data from a community sample of adolescents recruited from the northeastern US, we examined whether sexual identity was associated prospectively with ARA, and whether that relationship would be indirect, and mediated via bullying and sexual harassment at a 12-month follow-up. We expected to find higher rates of peer victimization and ARA among SMY than heterosexual youth, and we expected that sexual harassment and bullying would predict subsequent relationship abuse. METHODS Adolescents (N = 800; 58% female; 81% European-American; 19% SMY) between 13 and 15 years (M = 14.45, SD = 0.85) completed a web survey at baseline, 6-months and 12-months. RESULTS Consistent with prior studies, SMY reported higher rates of bullying, sexual harassment, and relationship abuse than heterosexual youth. SMY who reported sexual harassment at baseline were more likely to report relationship abuse over time. Contrary to our expectations, however, bully victimization did not predict subsequent relationship abuse. CONCLUSIONS Sexual harassment can be particularly harmful for SMY because it targets gender and sexual identity at a formative developmental period and puts youth at risk for relationship abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Hequembourg
- School of Nursing, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Wende Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Livingston
- School of Nursing, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Wende Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Weijun Wang
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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Perales F, Campbell A. Health Disparities Between Sexual Minority and Different-Sex-Attracted Adolescents: Quantifying the Intervening Role of Social Support and School Belonging. LGBT Health 2020; 7:146-154. [PMID: 32155106 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2019.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: An emerging literature documents that sexual minority youth experience significantly and substantially worse health than their heterosexual peers, but few studies have examined the intervening mechanisms linking adolescents' sexual orientation to their health outcomes. This study hypothesized that social support from parents and friends and school belonging would act as important mediators of this relationship and is among the first to test this proposition empirically. Methods: The analyses used rich data from an Australian national probability sample of 14-15-year olds (Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, n = 3204) and regression models to estimate the associations between sexual attraction and four high-quality indicators of adolescent health/well-being capturing health-related quality of life, socio-emotional functioning, depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction. Mediation tests were subsequently performed to quantify the extent to which three scales capturing social support from parents and friends and school belonging mediated the relationships identified. Results: Sexual minority status, social support from parents and friends, and school belonging were significantly related to all health/well-being outcomes. Sexual minority adolescents reported significantly lower levels of support and belonging. Collectively, the support and belonging variables were responsible for 49%-70% of the associations between sexual minority status and the health/well-being outcomes, with school belonging being the most important mediator. Conclusion: These findings have important implications for health equity policy and practice. They suggest that interventions designed to improve the health/well-being of sexual minority adolescents should be directed at eliciting enhanced social support from families and peers and fostering integration at school. School-based interventions may be particularly fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Perales
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alice Campbell
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Tam MJ, Brown CS. Early Adolescents’ Responses to Witnessing Gender-Based Harassment Differ by their Perceived School Belonging and Gender Typicality. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kaufman TML, Baams L, Veenstra R. Disparities in Persistent Victimization and Associated Internalizing Symptoms for Heterosexual Versus Sexual Minority Youth. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30 Suppl 2:516-531. [PMID: 30927389 PMCID: PMC7064905 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents were at higher risk for persistent victimization of bullying compared to heterosexual adolescents, and how victimization trajectories were associated with internalizing symptom development across LGB and heterosexual adolescents. Data came from a five-wave study (Mage T1 = 11.1 to Mage T5 = 22.3; n = 151 LGB; n = 1,275 heterosexual) and informants were adolescents and their parents. Adolescents were classified in three victimization trajectories: persistent (5.6%), decreasing (28.1%) or low (66.3%) victimization. LGB adolescents reported more persistent victimization, relative to no (OR = 6.79, 95% CI [3.52, 13.13]) or decreasing victimization (OR = 3.09, 95% CI [1.53, 6.24]), compared to heterosexual peers. Further, persistent victimization was more strongly associated with anxiety among LGB than among heterosexual adolescents.
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Burns PA, Williams MS, Mena LA, Bruce MA, Bender M, Burton ET, Beech BM. Leveraging Community Engagement: The Role of Community-Based Organizations in Reducing New HIV Infections Among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 7:193-201. [PMID: 31942692 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that a singular focus on biomedical treatments is insufficient to address the HIV prevention and health-care needs of Black men who have sex with men (Black MSM). Ending the HIV epidemic requires a multifactorial approach accounting for the social, cultural, economic, and environmental factors that drive transmission of HIV and other STDs. The two case studies presented were implemented by community-based organizations that have extensive experience with the target population and previous experience implementing HIV prevention-related programs and projects in the Jackson, Mississippi, metropolitan area. Culturally appropriate HIV prevention interventions that explicitly acknowledge the social determinants of health, particularly stigma and discrimination, both racial and sexual, are critical to reducing the number of new infections. These culturally appropriate and locally derived HIV prevention interventions provide a model for HIV health-care providers, public health officials, and community leaders to address the unique needs of Black MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Burns
- Department of Population Health Science, John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Michelle S Williams
- Department of Population Health Science, John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Leandro A Mena
- Department of Population Health Science, John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Marino A Bruce
- Center for Research on Men's Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melverta Bender
- Department of Population Health Science, John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - E Thomaseo Burton
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bettina M Beech
- Department of Population Health Science, John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, USA
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Eisenberg ME, Puhl R, Watson RJ. Family Weight Teasing, LGBTQ Attitudes, and Well-being Among LGBTQ Adolescents. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2020; 43:17-25. [PMID: 31764303 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study explored weight-based victimization by family members, accepting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) attitudes, and family connectedness, and how these experiences are associated with health, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms among LGBTQ adolescents. Data came from the LGBTQ National Teen Survey (N = 9261, mean age = 15.6 years). The 3 key variables were significantly associated with poorer self-rated health, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms. For example, weight-based victimization was associated with approximately 2 more points on the depressive symptoms scale (β = 1.81, P < .001), adjusting for covariates. Findings highlight the negative impact of weight-based victimization among LGBTQ youth, even in the context of other types of family support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla E Eisenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Dr Eisenberg); Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs (Drs Puhl and Watson); and Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford (Dr Puhl)
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Orue I, Calvete E. Homophobic Bullying in Schools: The Role of Homophobic Attitudes and Exposure to Homophobic Aggression. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.17105/spr-2017-0063.v47-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bradshaw CP, Waasdorp TE, O'Brennan LM, Gulemetova M. Teachers' and Education Support Professionals' Perspectives on Bullying and Prevention: Findings From a National Education Association Study. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02796015.2013.12087474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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61
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Prati G. A Social Cognitive Learning Theory of Homophobic Aggression Among Adolescents. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02796015.2012.12087497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Watson RJ, Rose HA, Doull M, Adjei J, Saewyc E. Worsening Perceptions of Family Connectedness and Parent Support for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2019; 28:3121-3131. [PMID: 31649475 PMCID: PMC6812531 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-019-01489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents often report compromised relations with their families. Given the recent changes in societal attitudes toward LGB individuals, in respect to rights for marriage and other legal statuses, we explore whether or not there has been a change in how LGB and heterosexual adolescents perceive their family relations over time. METHODS Using the British Columbia Adolescent Health Survey from British Columbia, Canada (N = 99,373; M age = 14.8), we investigated the trends and disparities in family connectedness and mother/father support in four data sets from 1998 to 2013. RESULTS We found that while levels of perceived family connectedness and parent support have increased for heterosexual adolescents since 1998, the same increases were not found for LGB adolescents. Among LGB participants, levels of perceived connectedness/support generally decreased in each survey waves, especially among females. Alarmingly, significant disparities in these perceptions remained for LGB youth over time. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have implications for supportive interventions focused on LGB adolescents and their families and in particular, the role of father support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Watson
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, U-1058, Storrs, CT 06269
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63
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Feinstein BA, McConnell E, Dyar C, Mustanski B, Newcomb ME. The influence of stress on depression and substance use problems among young male same-sex couples: Relationship functioning as an underlying mechanism. Clin Psychol Sci 2019; 7:928-940. [PMID: 31579559 DOI: 10.1177/2167702619842561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stress experienced by either partner in a couple can have a negative impact on each partner's health, but most dyadic research on stress and health focuses on different-sex couples. We examined relationship functioning as a mechanism underlying the longitudinal actor and partner effects of stress on depression and substance use problems among 109 young male same-sex couples. There were significant indirect actor effects of internalized stigma and microaggressions on depression and alcohol use problems through negative relationship interactions. Participants who reported higher levels of internalized stigma and microaggressions reported more negative relationship interactions, which in turn was associated with reporting greater depression and alcohol use problems. In contrast, none of the indirect partner effects were significant. Findings implicate negative relationship interactions as a mechanism linking minority stress to health, but raise questions about the influence of partner stress on individual health among young male same-sex couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Feinstein
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University
| | | | - Christina Dyar
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University.,Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University.,Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
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Janssen A, Busa S, Wernick J. The Complexities of Treatment Planning for Transgender Youth with Co-Occurring Severe Mental Illness: A Literature Review and Case Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:2003-2009. [PMID: 30607715 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gender variance and dysphoria are present across all classes, ethnicities, and experiences, including among those with severe and chronic mental illness. In these, our most vulnerable populations, adequate assessment and treatment of gender dysphoria often is overlooked despite evidence that appropriate treatment of gender dysphoria leads to improvement in psychological functioning (Smith, van Goozen, Kuiper, & Cohen-Kettenis, 2005). The World Professional Association for Transgender Health recommend in their Standards of Care that somatic and surgical treatments for gender dysphoria should be made available to those with medical or mental illness with the caveat that "[the illness] must be reasonably well-controlled (2011)." In this article, we will utilize case-based material to elucidate the challenges of treating gender dysphoria in the context of complex mental illness such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and sexual trauma, and the pitfalls of defining "well-controlled" for the sake of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Janssen
- Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, One Park Ave., 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Samantha Busa
- Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, One Park Ave., 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jeremy Wernick
- Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, One Park Ave., 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Cimpian JR, Timmer JD, Birkett MA, Marro RL, Turner BC, Phillips GL. Bias From Potentially Mischievous Responders on Large-Scale Estimates of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Questioning (LGBQ)-Heterosexual Youth Health Disparities. Am J Public Health 2019; 108:S258-S265. [PMID: 30383423 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine how sensitive estimates of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or questioning (LGBQ)-heterosexual youth health disparities are to the presence of potentially mischievous responders. METHODS We used US data from the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, pooled across jurisdictions that included a question about sexual identity for a total sample of 148 960 students. We used boosted regressions (a machine-learning technique) to identify unusual patterns of responses to 7 screener items presumably unrelated to LGBQ identification, which generated an index of suspected mischievousness. We estimated LGBQ-heterosexual youth disparities on 20 health outcomes; then we removed 1% of suspected mischievous responders at a time and re-estimated disparities to assess the robustness of original estimates. RESULTS Accounting for suspected mischievousness reduced estimates of the average LGBQ-heterosexual youth health disparity by up to 46% for boys and 23% for girls; however, screening did not affect all outcomes equally. Drug- and alcohol-related disparities were most affected, particularly among boys, but bullying and suicidal ideation were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Including screener items in public health data sets and performing rigorous sensitivity analyses can support the validity of youth health estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Cimpian
- Joseph R. Cimpian is with the Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University, New York, NY. Jennifer D. Timmer is with the Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign. Michelle A. Birkett, Rachel L. Marro, Blair C. Turner, and Gregory L. Phillips II are with the Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Jennifer D Timmer
- Joseph R. Cimpian is with the Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University, New York, NY. Jennifer D. Timmer is with the Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign. Michelle A. Birkett, Rachel L. Marro, Blair C. Turner, and Gregory L. Phillips II are with the Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Michelle A Birkett
- Joseph R. Cimpian is with the Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University, New York, NY. Jennifer D. Timmer is with the Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign. Michelle A. Birkett, Rachel L. Marro, Blair C. Turner, and Gregory L. Phillips II are with the Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Rachel L Marro
- Joseph R. Cimpian is with the Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University, New York, NY. Jennifer D. Timmer is with the Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign. Michelle A. Birkett, Rachel L. Marro, Blair C. Turner, and Gregory L. Phillips II are with the Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Blair C Turner
- Joseph R. Cimpian is with the Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University, New York, NY. Jennifer D. Timmer is with the Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign. Michelle A. Birkett, Rachel L. Marro, Blair C. Turner, and Gregory L. Phillips II are with the Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Gregory L Phillips
- Joseph R. Cimpian is with the Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University, New York, NY. Jennifer D. Timmer is with the Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign. Michelle A. Birkett, Rachel L. Marro, Blair C. Turner, and Gregory L. Phillips II are with the Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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McDermott E, Gabb J, Eastham R, Hanbury A. Family trouble: Heteronormativity, emotion work and queer youth mental health. Health (London) 2019; 25:177-195. [PMID: 31339365 PMCID: PMC7890685 DOI: 10.1177/1363459319860572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conflict with the family about sexual orientation and gender diversity is a key risk factor associated with poor mental health in youth populations. Findings presented here derive from a UK study that employed an interdisciplinary critical mental health approach that de-pathologised emotional distress and conceptualised families as social and affective units that are created through everyday practices. Our aim was to explore how family relationships foster, maintain or harm the mental health and well-being of LGBTQ+ youth. Data were generated through exploratory visual, creative and digital qualitative methods in two phases. Phase 1 involved digital/paper emotion maps and interviews with LGBTQ+ youth aged 16 to 25 (n = 12) and family member/mentor interviews (n = 7). Phase 2 employed diary methods and follow-up interviews (n = 9). The data analytic strategy involved three stages: individual case analysis, cross-sectional thematic analysis and meta-interpretation. We found that family relationships impacted queer youth mental health in complex ways that were related to the establishment of their autonomous queer selves, the desire to remain belonging to their family and the need to maintain a secure environment. The emotion work involved in navigating identity, belonging and security was made difficult because of family heteronormativity, youth autonomy and family expectations, and had a stark impact on queer youth mental health and well-being. Improving the mental health of LGBTQ+ youth requires a much deeper understanding of the emotionality of family relationships and the difficulties negotiating these as a young person.
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Teacher Relationships and Adolescents Experiencing Identity-Based Victimization: What Matters for Whom Among Stigmatized Adolescents. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-019-09327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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68
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Perales F, Campbell A, O'Flaherty M. Sexual Orientation and Adolescent Time Use: How Sexual Minority Youth Spend Their Time. Child Dev 2019; 91:983-1000. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tam MJ, Jewell JA, Brown CS. Gender-based harassment in early adolescence: Group and individual predictors of perpetration. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
AIM To describe the encounters with sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth in healthcare based on the existing research. BACKGROUND The development of sexual orientation and gender identity can create challenges in an SGM youth's life, and they may need support from health professionals. Heteronormativity has been recognised as a barrier to the identification of diversity in sexuality and gender, and no previous literature review has studied heteronormativity thoroughly. METHODS An integrative review following Whittemore and Knafl was conducted. A literature search was systematically undertaken in six databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Eric, and Academic Search Premier). Finally, 18 research articles were included. Data were analysed deductively with the theoretical framework from Stevi Jackson's (2006) article to understand the role of heteronormativity in the healthcare of SGM youth. FINDINGS The encounters with SGM youth consisted of two simultaneous themes. Heteronormative care included three elements: (1) the effect of heteronormativity on health professionals' competence to work with SGM youth, (2) false assumptions about SGM youth, and (3) the influence of heteronormativity on encounters with SGM youth. Diversity-affirming care included two elements: (4) the considerateness of health professionals towards SGM youth and (5) inclusive care of SGM youth. CONCLUSION This review summarised how SGM youth were encountered in healthcare and how heteronormativity was affecting their healthcare. Furthermore, this review identified elements that supported diversity-affirming care. With diversity-affirming care, SGM youth may access the information and support they need from healthcare. Further research is needed about how diversity-affirming care can be applied to the healthcare of SGM youth and how elements of heteronormative care are occurring globally in the healthcare of SGM youth. The perceptions of transgender and other gender minority youth were under-represented in the studies and research needs to focus more on how they are encountered in healthcare.
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Price-Feeney M, Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ. Health Indicators of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Other Sexual Minority (LGB+) Youth Living in Rural Communities. J Pediatr 2019; 205:236-243. [PMID: 30442412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the intersectionality of being lesbian, gay, bisexual, and other sexual minority youth (LGB+) and living in a rural community may portend worse concurrent health indicators than identifying as heterosexual and/or living in a nonrural community. STUDY DESIGN Data were collected online between 2010 and 2011 from 5100 13- to-18-year-old youth across the US. Youth were randomly recruited from within the Harris Panel Online and through targeted outreach efforts to LGBT+ youth by a youth-focused nonprofit. The survey questionnaire was self-administered and included measures used in the present study and other measures related to the goal of the Teen Health and Technology study. RESULTS Living in a rural community was not associated with additional challenges beyond those posed by LGB+ status. Instead, most noted differences in indicators of psychosocial challenge were between LGB+ and heterosexual youth, regardless of rural vs nonrural community living status. For example, sexual minority youth, both male and female, were more likely to have used substances, have depressive symptomatology, have low self-esteem, and report being bullied in the past year compared with both rural and nonrural heterosexual youth. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that LGB+ youth living in rural areas are equally likely to face psychosocial challenges as LGB+ youth living in nonrural areas. Pediatricians and other healthcare providers who work with youth should be mindful of creating LGB+ inclusive environments that can promote self-disclosure by youth who may benefit from additional health services or clinical support for psychosocial challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kimberly J Mitchell
- Crimes against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH
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Parent MC, Arriaga AS, Gobble T, Wille L. Stress and substance use among sexual and gender minority individuals across the lifespan. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100146. [PMID: 30937352 PMCID: PMC6430403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals face marked disparities in substance use. The present narrative review explores research on substance use in SGM communities using a minority stress theory lens. We define the SGM population and minority stress, and explore stresses and substance use disparities in adolescence, adulthood, and older age. Though research on this topic is beginning to highlight the relationship between stress and substance use for SGM individuals, more work is needed on older SGM populations and in translating research findings to effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike C. Parent
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Educational Psychology, Sanchez 262H, Austin, TX, 78749, USA
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Li G, Wu AD, Marshall SK, Watson RJ, Adjei JK, Park M, Saewyc EM. Investigating site-level longitudinal effects of population health interventions: Gay-Straight Alliances and school safety. SSM Popul Health 2019; 7:100350. [PMID: 30723767 PMCID: PMC6351427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited research on evaluating nonrandomized population health interventions. We aimed to introduce a new approach for assessing site-level longitudinal effects of population health interventions (SLEPHI) by innovatively applying multiple group multilevel (MG-ML) modeling to repeated cycles of cross-sectional data collected from different individuals of the same sites at different times, a design commonly employed in public health research. For illustration, we used this SLEPHI method to examine the influence of Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) on school-level perceived safety among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) and heterosexual (HET) adolescents. Individual-level data of perceived school safety came from 1625 LGB students (67.4% female; mean age, 15.7 years) and 37,597 HET students (50.2% female; mean age, 15.4 years) attending Grades 7–12 in 135 schools, which participated in 3 British Columbia Adolescent Health Surveys (BCAHS: 2003, 2008, 2013) in Canada. School-level data of GSA length since established were collected by telephone in 2008 and 2014. Nested MG-ML models suggested that after accounting for secular trend, cohort effects, measurement error, measurement equivalence, and student age, GSA length linearly related to increased school-level perceived safety among LGB students (b = 1.57, SE = 0.21, p < .001, β = 0.32) and also among HET students (β = 0.34 in 2003 & 2013, β = 0.32 in 2008) although statistical differences between years for HET youth were likely due to the large sample size. By conducting MG-ML analysis on repeated cross-sectional surveys, this SLEPHI method accounted for many confounding factors and followed schools for a longer period than most longitudinal designs can follow individuals. Therefore, we drew a stronger conclusion than previous observational research about GSAs and LGB students’ well-being. The SLEPHI method can be widely applied to other repeated cycles of cross-sectional data in public health research. We created a new method to evaluate nonrandomized population health interventions. The SLEPHI method can draw causal inferences from repeated cross-sectional data. GSA length is linked to increased school-level safety among LGB and heterosexual students over time.
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Key Words
- Adolescents
- Canada
- DiD, difference-in-differences
- GSA, Gay-Straight Alliances
- Gay-Straight Alliances
- ITS, interrupted time series
- LGB, lesbian, gay, and bisexual
- LRV, latent response variable
- Lesbian/gay/bisexual
- MG-ML
- MG-ML, multiple group multilevel
- RCT, randomized controlled trial
- SLEPHI
- SLEPHI, site-level longitudinal effects of population health interventions
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu Li
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T201 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5.,Social Health Lab, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Amery D Wu
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T201 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5.,Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, University of British Columbia, 2125 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Sheila K Marshall
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T201 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5.,School of Social Work, University of British Columbia, 2080 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2
| | - Ryan J Watson
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T201 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5.,Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Rd U1058 Storrs, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jones K Adjei
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T201 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5.,School of Arts and Sciences, Red Deer College, 100 College Boulevard, P.O. Box 5005, Red Deer, AB, Canada T4N 5H5
| | - Minjeong Park
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T201 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5
| | - Elizabeth M Saewyc
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T201 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5
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Baiocco R, Pistella J, Salvati M, Ioverno S, Lucidi F. Sports as a risk environment: Homophobia and bullying in a sample of gay and heterosexual men. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2018.1489325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Baiocco
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Pistella
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvati
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ioverno
- Population Research Center, Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Fabio Lucidi
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Gower AL, Rider GN, McMorris BJ, Eisenberg ME. Bullying Victimization among LGBTQ Youth: Current and Future Directions. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2018; 10:246-254. [PMID: 31057341 PMCID: PMC6497454 DOI: 10.1007/s11930-018-0169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper examines recent research on bullying victimization among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth to identify critical issues and advocate for future research priorities. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have begun to document the importance of bullying in general, and bias-based bullying (rooted in stigma) in particular, on the health and wellbeing of this vulnerable subgroup of adolescents, as well as drivers of disparities. Current research demonstrates the role of multiple identities for and important differences among LGBTQ youth and has begun to identify protective factors for youth who are the targets of bullying. SUMMARY Researchers, clinicians, and those working with and on behalf of LGBTQ youth must measure and acknowledge the multiple reasons for which LGBTQ youth are the targets of bullying. Intervention and prevention efforts should focus on improving the supportiveness of the climates within which LGBTQ youth live.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Gower
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - G. Nic Rider
- Program in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School. 1300 S. 2nd St., Suite 180, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Barbara J. McMorris
- Center for Adolescent Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Minnesota. 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marla E. Eisenberg
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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Vigna AJ, Poehlmann-Tynan J, Koenig BW. Does self-compassion covary with minority stress? Examining group differences at the intersection of marginalized identities. SELF AND IDENTITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2018.1457566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abra J. Vigna
- Population Health Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julie Poehlmann-Tynan
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI, USA
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Moran TE, Chen CYC, Tryon GS. Bully victimization, depression, and the role of protective factors among college LGBTQ students. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 46:871-884. [PMID: 30565737 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.21978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study surveyed 347 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning college students from across the United States concerning their bully victimization, depressive symptoms, and sources of support. Participants responded to an online survey that asked them about their victimization experiences during the 3 months prior to the survey. The results indicate that four types of bully victimization (verbal, relational, cyber, and physical) occur during the college years, and that victimization relates positively to depressive symptomatology in sexual minority college students. The 4 forms of bullying did not relate to depression in the same manner for each of the 5 sexual minority subgroups. Peer support, but not family and campus support, provided a buffer against depression for lesbian, gay, and bisexual students. This study involved a sample exclusively comprising sexual minority college students, and the findings show the need for colleges to address bully victimization and its effects in this population.
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Steyn GM, Singh GD. Managing bullying in South African secondary schools: a case study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1108/ijem-09-2017-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The high prevalence of bullying in South African schools in recent times is a cause for serious concern. Bullying is traumatic and has a painful, corrosive and damaging impact on children, families and society. Hence, curbing the problem before it spirals out of control in secondary schools requires immediate urgent attention from all stakeholders of the school. The purpose of this paper is to report on part of the investigation done for a doctoral thesis (Singh, 2016), which looked at the factors contributing to bullying perpetration in secondary schools and on the basis of the findings, recommend a model that may be used to curb bullying in secondary schools. A qualitative research design was used to investigate the problem through an interview process with participants from secondary schools, as well as a circuit manager from the Uthungulu district of KwaZulu-Natal. The findings confirmed that the problem of bullying emanated at the level of the family, the school and the community. The paper concludes with the provision of a model to manage and curb bullying in these secondary schools.
Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative research approach, in particular a case study design, was selected to give a clear understanding of participants’ views and experiences (Johnson and Christensen, 2011; Mason, 2013). The design involved a social constructivist paradigm, which was primarily concerned with meaning and understanding people’s “lived experiences” and “inner-worlds” in the context of the conditions and circumstances of their lives, which in this particular instance was bullying in secondary schools, occurring within a social context, which was the school (Johnson and Christensen, 2011). Purposeful sampling was used to identify five secondary schools in the Uthungulu district of KwaZulu-Natal where the problem of bullying was most prevalent principals at circuit and district-level meetings complained about the high incidence of bullying perpetration in their schools.
Findings
This paper highlights the findings in respect of the factors contributing to bullying perpetration in schools and presents a management model to curb bullying in secondary schools in KwaZulu-Natal. Factors contributing to bullying: the findings from the empirical investigation avowed that the three key factors contributing significantly to bullying behaviour are located at the level of the family, the school and the community. First, influence at family level: “60–70 per cent of our learners come from broken homes”. An overwhelming majority of participants in all five secondary schools attributed the escalation of bullying in schools directly to the influence at the family level. Broken homes, poor upbringing, the absence of positive role models and the influence of media violence on learners have had a negative impact on the culture of discipline, teaching and learning in the classroom and the general ethos of schools. Second, influence at school level: “the foremost problem here is peer pressure”. An overwhelming number of participants identified several factors at the school level that contributed to bullying in secondary schools. Learner 3 (School A) highlighted the problem of peer pressure and the need to belong to a group as a critical factor in advancing bullying in schools. Third, influence at community level: “they come from that violent environment”. Participants explained that the absence of after-school programmes and a lack of facilities, particularly in rural communities, misdirected youngsters into engaging in other destructive vices such as forming gangs and indulging in drugs and alcohol, to keep themselves occupied.
Originality/value
Various studies have been conducted in South Africa to understand the phenomenon of bullying and violence in South African schools. While the current body of research highlights the problem of bullying in schools and provides some guidelines on what measures may be adopted to address the problem, the suggested methods are not effective enough, resulting in the problem continuing unabated. This study therefore suggests a model to manage and curb bullying in secondary schools in South Africa.
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Rose ID, Sheremenko G, Rasberry CN, Lesesne CA, Adkins SNH. Sex Differences in School Safety and Bullying Experiences Among Sexual Minority Youth. J Sch Nurs 2018; 34:301-309. [PMID: 29540111 PMCID: PMC7948116 DOI: 10.1177/1059840518762536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schools play an integral role in creating safe, supportive environments for students, especially for sexual minority youth (SMY). Using 2016 questionnaire data from seven high schools in a Florida school district, we obtained a sample of 1,364 SMY. Logistic regressions controlling for sex (as applicable), age, grade, race/ethnicity, and school explored differences between SMY and nonsexual minority youth (non-SMY). Sex differences related to school environment perceptions and experiences related to safety, bullying, and hearing homophobic remarks were also explored. SMY were more likely than non-SMY to report several negative school environment perceptions and experiences. Where differences existed within SMY, male SMY were more likely than female SMY to have missed school in the past 30 days (odds ratio [ OR] = 1.66, p = .03), report avoiding spaces at school due to safety concerns ( OR = 1.38, p = .02), and report hearing homophobic remarks from teachers ( OR = 2.00, p = .01). Implications for school nursing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine N. Rasberry
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Susan N. Hocevar Adkins
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health, Atlanta, GA
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Abebe KZ, Jones KA, Culyba AJ, Feliz NB, Anderson H, Torres I, Zelazny S, Bamwine P, Boateng A, Cirba B, Detchon A, Devine D, Feinstein Z, Macak J, Massof M, Miller-Walfish S, Morrow SE, Mulbah P, Mulwa Z, Paglisotti T, Ripper L, Ports KA, Matjasko JL, Garg A, Kato-Wallace J, Pulerwitz J, Miller E. Engendering healthy masculinities to prevent sexual violence: Rationale for and design of the Manhood 2.0 trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 71:18-32. [PMID: 29802967 PMCID: PMC6643273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Violence against women and girls is an important global health concern. Numerous health organizations highlight engaging men and boys in preventing violence against women as a potentially impactful public health prevention strategy. Adapted from an international setting for use in the US, "Manhood 2.0" is a "gender transformative" program that involves challenging harmful gender and sexuality norms that foster violence against women while promoting bystander intervention (i.e., giving boys skills to interrupt abusive behaviors they witness among peers) to reduce the perpetration of sexual violence (SV) and adolescent relationship abuse (ARA). Manhood 2.0 is being rigorously evaluated in a community-based cluster-randomized trial in 21 lower resource Pittsburgh neighborhoods with 866 adolescent males ages 13-19. The comparison intervention is a job readiness training program which focuses on the skills needed to prepare youth for entering the workforce, including goal setting, accountability, resume building, and interview preparation. This study will provide urgently needed information about the effectiveness of a gender transformative program, which combines healthy sexuality education, gender norms change, and bystander skills to interrupt peers' disrespectful and harmful behaviors to reduce SV/ARA perpetration among adolescent males. In this manuscript, we outline the rationale for and evaluation design of Manhood 2.0. Clinical Trials #: NCT02427061.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleab Z Abebe
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Meyran Ave., Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Kelley A Jones
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alison J Culyba
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nayck B Feliz
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Heather Anderson
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Irving Torres
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah Zelazny
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Patricia Bamwine
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Adwoa Boateng
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Benjamin Cirba
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Autumn Detchon
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Danielle Devine
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zoe Feinstein
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Justin Macak
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael Massof
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Summer Miller-Walfish
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Morrow
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul Mulbah
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zabi Mulwa
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Taylor Paglisotti
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lisa Ripper
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Katie A Ports
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Jennifer L Matjasko
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Aapta Garg
- Promundo-US, 1367 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite #310, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Jane Kato-Wallace
- Promundo-US, 1367 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite #310, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Julie Pulerwitz
- Population Council, 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 280, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Bodnar K, Tornello SL. Does Sex Education Help Everyone?: Sex Education Exposure and Timing as Predictors of Sexual Health Among Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Young Women. JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSULTATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10474412.2018.1482219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, Shanklin SL, Flint KH, Queen B, Lowry R, Chyen D, Whittle L, Thornton J, Lim C, Bradford D, Yamakawa Y, Leon M, Brener N, Ethier KA. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2017. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT. SURVEILLANCE SUMMARIES (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 2002) 2018; 67:1-114. [PMID: 29902162 PMCID: PMC6002027 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6708a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1194] [Impact Index Per Article: 199.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Health-risk behaviors contribute to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among youth and adults in the United States. In addition, significant health disparities exist among demographic subgroups of youth defined by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade in school and between sexual minority and nonsexual minority youth. Population-based data on the most important health-related behaviors at the national, state, and local levels can be used to help monitor the effectiveness of public health interventions designed to protect and promote the health of youth at the national, state, and local levels. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED September 2016-December 2017. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health-related behaviors among youth and young adults: 1) behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence; 2) tobacco use; 3) alcohol and other drug use; 4) sexual behaviors related to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; 5) unhealthy dietary behaviors; and 6) physical inactivity. In addition, YRBSS monitors the prevalence of other health-related behaviors, obesity, and asthma. YRBSS includes a national school-based Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) conducted by CDC and state and large urban school district school-based YRBSs conducted by state and local education and health agencies. Starting with the 2015 YRBSS cycle, a question to ascertain sexual identity and a question to ascertain sex of sexual contacts were added to the national YRBS questionnaire and to the standard YRBS questionnaire used by the states and large urban school districts as a starting point for their questionnaires. This report summarizes results from the 2017 national YRBS for 121 health-related behaviors and for obesity, overweight, and asthma by demographic subgroups defined by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade in school and by sexual minority status; updates the numbers of sexual minority students nationwide; and describes overall trends in health-related behaviors during 1991-2017. This reports also summarizes results from 39 state and 21 large urban school district surveys with weighted data for the 2017 YRBSS cycle by sex and sexual minority status (where available). RESULTS Results from the 2017 national YRBS indicated that many high school students are engaged in health-risk behaviors associated with the leading causes of death among persons aged 10-24 years in the United States. During the 30 days before the survey, 39.2% of high school students nationwide (among the 62.8% who drove a car or other vehicle during the 30 days before the survey) had texted or e-mailed while driving, 29.8% reported current alcohol use, and 19.8% reported current marijuana use. In addition, 14.0% of students had taken prescription pain medicine without a doctor's prescription or differently than how a doctor told them to use it one or more times during their life. During the 12 months before the survey, 19.0% had been bullied on school property and 7.4% had attempted suicide. Many high school students are engaged in sexual risk behaviors that relate to unintended pregnancies and STIs, including HIV infection. Nationwide, 39.5% of students had ever had sexual intercourse and 9.7% had had sexual intercourse with four or more persons during their life. Among currently sexually active students, 53.8% reported that either they or their partner had used a condom during their last sexual intercourse. Results from the 2017 national YRBS also indicated many high school students are engaged in behaviors associated with chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. Nationwide, 8.8% of high school students had smoked cigarettes and 13.2% had used an electronic vapor product on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey. Forty-three percent played video or computer games or used a computer for 3 or more hours per day on an average school day for something that was not school work and 15.4% had not been physically active for a total of at least 60 minutes on at least 1 day during the 7 days before the survey. Further, 14.8% had obesity and 15.6% were overweight. The prevalence of most health-related behaviors varies by sex, race/ethnicity, and, particularly, sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts. Specifically, the prevalence of many health-risk behaviors is significantly higher among sexual minority students compared with nonsexual minority students. Nonetheless, analysis of long-term temporal trends indicates that the overall prevalence of most health-risk behaviors has moved in the desired direction. INTERPRETATION Most high school students cope with the transition from childhood through adolescence to adulthood successfully and become healthy and productive adults. However, this report documents that some subgroups of students defined by sex, race/ethnicity, grade in school, and especially sexual minority status have a higher prevalence of many health-risk behaviors that might place them at risk for unnecessary or premature mortality, morbidity, and social problems (e.g., academic failure, poverty, and crime). PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION YRBSS data are used widely to compare the prevalence of health-related behaviors among subpopulations of students; assess trends in health-related behaviors over time; monitor progress toward achieving 21 national health objectives; provide comparable state and large urban school district data; and take public health actions to decrease health-risk behaviors and improve health outcomes among youth. Using this and other reports based on scientifically sound data is important for raising awareness about the prevalence of health-related behaviors among students in grades 9-12, especially sexual minority students, among decision makers, the public, and a wide variety of agencies and organizations that work with youth. These agencies and organizations, including schools and youth-friendly health care providers, can help facilitate access to critically important education, health care, and high-impact, evidence-based interventions.
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Gallagher ML, Miller AB. Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior in Children and Adolescents: An Ecological Model of Resilience. ADOLESCENT RESEARCH REVIEW 2018; 3:123-154. [PMID: 29904718 PMCID: PMC5995470 DOI: 10.1007/s40894-017-0066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Sterzing PR, Gibbs JJ, Gartner RE, Goldbach JT. Bullying Victimization Trajectories for Sexual Minority Adolescents: Stable Victims, Desisters, and Late-Onset Victims. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2018; 28:368-378. [PMID: 28801945 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sexual minority adolescents are bullied more frequently than heterosexual peers. Research is lacking on their rates of general and sexual orientation bullying victimization. The present study identified (1) the rate, onset, and desistance of general and sexual orientation bullying victimization, (2) the rate of bullying victimization trajectories, and (3) risk and protective factors across trajectories. A life history calendar method and thematic analysis were employed with a sexual minority adolescent sample (N = 52, 14-20 y/o). General bullying began at age 5 and declined after age 12, with sexual orientation bullying increasing throughout adolescence. Late-onset victim (34.6%) was the most common trajectory, followed by stable victim (28.9%), desister (23.1%), and nonvictim (13.5%). Differences in risk and protective factors were found across trajectories.
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Camodeca M, Baiocco R, Posa O. Homophobic bullying and victimization among adolescents: The role of prejudice, moral disengagement, and sexual orientation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2018.1466699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Camodeca
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberto Baiocco
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ortensia Posa
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Coulter RWS, Jun HJ, Calzo JP, Truong NL, Mair C, Markovic N, Charlton BM, Silvestre AJ, Stall R, Corliss HL. Sexual-orientation differences in alcohol use trajectories and disorders in emerging adulthood: results from a longitudinal cohort study in the United States. Addiction 2018; 113:10.1111/add.14251. [PMID: 29679419 PMCID: PMC6667315 DOI: 10.1111/add.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We estimated sexual-orientation differences in alcohol use trajectories during emerging adulthood, and tested whether alcohol use trajectories mediated sexual-orientation differences in alcohol use disorders (AUDs). DESIGN Longitudinal self-reported survey data from the Growing Up Today Study. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS A total of 12 493 participants aged 18-25 during the 2003, 2005, 2007 or 2010 surveys. MEASUREMENTS Stratified by gender, longitudinal latent class analyses estimated alcohol use trajectories (using past-year frequency, quantity and binge drinking from 2003 to 2010). Multinomial logistic regression tested differences in trajectory class memberships by sexual orientation [comparing completely heterosexual (CH) participants with sexual-minority subgroups: mainly heterosexual (MH), bisexual (BI) and gay/lesbian (GL) participants]. Modified Poisson regression and mediation analyses tested whether trajectories explained sexual-orientation differences in AUDs (past-year DSM-IV abuse/dependence in 2010). FINDINGS Six alcohol use trajectory classes emerged for women and five for men: these included heavy (23.5/36.9% of women/men), moderate (31.8/26.4% of women/men), escalation to moderately heavy (9.7/12.0% of women/men), light (17.0% for women only), legal (drinking onset at age 21; 11.1/15.7% of women/men) and non-drinkers (7.0/9.1% of women/men). Compared with CH women, MH and BI women had higher odds of being heavy, moderate, escalation to moderately heavy and light drinkers versus non-drinkers (odds ratios = 2.02-3.42; P-values < 0.01-0.04). Compared with CH men, MH men had higher odds of being heavy, moderate and legal drinkers versus non-drinkers (odds ratios = 2.24-3.34; P-values < 0.01-0.01). MH men and women, BI women and GLs had higher risk of AUDs in 2010 than their same-gender CH counterparts (risk ratios = 1.34-2.17; P-values < 0.01). Alcohol use trajectories mediated sexual-orientation differences in AUDs for MH and GL women (proportion of effect mediated = 30.8-31.1%; P-values < 0.01-0.02), but not for men. CONCLUSIONS In the United States, throughout emerging adulthood, several sexual-minority subgroups appear to have higher odds of belonging to heavier alcohol use trajectories than completely heterosexuals. These differences partially explained the higher risk of alcohol use disorders among mainly heterosexual and gay/lesbian women but not among sexual-minority men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. S. Coulter
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hee-Jin Jun
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jerel P. Calzo
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nhan L. Truong
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christina Mair
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nina Markovic
- Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Dental Public Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brittany M. Charlton
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony J. Silvestre
- Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ron Stall
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Heather L. Corliss
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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87
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Sterzing PR, Gartner RE, McGeough BL. Conducting Anonymous, Incentivized, Online Surveys With Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents: Lessons Learned From a National Polyvictimization Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:740-761. [PMID: 29295005 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517744845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sexual and gender minority adolescents represent an understudied and hard-to-reach population who experience higher rates of mental and behavioral health problems in comparison to their cisgender, heterosexual peers. Online surveys and the proliferation of Internet-connected devices among adolescents offer an exciting opportunity for researchers to begin addressing research gaps and past methodological limitations with these hard-to-reach populations. The purpose of this article is to provide guidance to researchers who are designing and implementing anonymous, incentivized, online surveys by examining the following critical domains-(a) recruitment and engagement: means of leveraging social media and videos to recruit and engage a more nationally representative sample; (b) safety and protection: strategies for administering informed consent and protecting participant anonymity and well-being; and (c) data integrity: mechanisms to detect dishonest and repeat responders. To facilitate discussion of these aims, concrete examples are used from SpeakOut-a 3-year, national study funded by the National Institute of Justice that utilized an anonymous, incentivized, online survey with a large sample of sexual and gender minority adolescents ( N = 1,177) to identify the prevalence, incidence, and correlates of polyvictimization. The article concludes with lessons learned from this national study and recommendations for technological innovations and future research that will strengthen the utility of anonymous, incentivized, online surveys to study sexual and gender minority adolescents and other hard-to-reach populations.
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88
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Bejakovich T, Flett R. “Are you sure?”: Relations between sexual identity, certainty, disclosure, and psychological well-being. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2018.1427647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross Flett
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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89
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Watson RJ, Peter T, McKay T, Edkins T, Saewyc E. Evidence of changing patterns in mental health and depressive symptoms for sexual minority adolescents. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2018.1427646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Watson
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tracey Peter
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Timothy McKay
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tamara Edkins
- Faculty of Law, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Saewyc
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Lowry R, Johns MM, Robin LE, Kann LK. Social Stress and Substance Use Disparities by Sexual Orientation Among High School Students. Am J Prev Med 2017; 53:547-558. [PMID: 28826950 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual minority youth often experience increased social stress due to prejudice, discrimination, harassment, and victimization. Increased stress may help explain the disproportionate use of substances like tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use by sexual minority youth. This study examined the effect of social stress on substance use disparities by sexual orientation among U.S. high school students. METHODS In 2016, data from the national 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, conducted among a nationally representative sample of 15,624 U.S. high school students, were analyzed to examine the effect of school-related (threatened/injured at school, bullied at school, bullied electronically, felt unsafe at school) and non-school-related (forced sexual intercourse, early sexual debut) social stress on substance use disparities by sexual orientation, by comparing unadjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and adjusted (for social stressors, age, sex, and race/ethnicity) prevalence ratios (APRs). RESULTS Unadjusted PRs reflected significantly (p<0.05 or 95% CI did not include 1.0) greater substance use among students who identified as lesbian/gay or bisexual than students who identified as heterosexual. APRs for injection drug use decreased substantially among lesbian/gay (PR=12.02 vs APR=2.14) and bisexual (PR=2.62 vs APR=1.18) students; the APR for bisexual students became nonsignificant. In addition, APRs among both lesbian/gay and bisexual students decreased substantially and were no longer statistically significant for cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin use. CONCLUSIONS School-based substance use prevention programs might appropriately include strategies to reduce social stress, including policies and practices designed to provide a safe school environment and improved access to social and mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lowry
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Michelle M Johns
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Leah E Robin
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laura K Kann
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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91
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Garrido-Hernansaiz H, Martín-Fernández M, Castaño-Torrijos A, Cuevas I. Development and Validation of the ADAS Scale and Prediction of Attitudes Toward Affective-Sexual Diversity Among Spanish Secondary Students. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2017; 65:1032-1050. [PMID: 28841112 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2017.1364951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Violence against non-heterosexual adolescents in educational contexts remains a worrying reality, but no adequate attitudes toward affective-sexual diversity (AtASD) measure exists for Spanish adolescent students. We developed a 27-item scale including cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects, which was completed by 696 secondary school students from the Madrid area. Factor analyses suggested a unidimensional model, Cronbach's alpha indicated excellent scale scores reliability, and item calibration under the item response theory framework showed that the scale is especially informative for homophobic attitudes. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that variables traditionally related to AtASD (gender, age, religion, nationality, perceived parental/peer attitudes, direct contact with LGB people) also were so in our sample. Moreover, interest in sexuality topics and perceived center's efforts to provide AtASD education were related to better AtASD. Our scale was reliable and valid, and it may also prove useful in efforts to detect those students with homophobic attitudes and to guide interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Cuevas
- d Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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92
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Phillips G, Turner B, Salamanca P, Birkett M, Hatzenbuehler ML, Newcomb ME, Marro R, Mustanski B. Victimization as a mediator of alcohol use disparities between sexual minority subgroups and sexual majority youth using the 2015 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 178:355-362. [PMID: 28692946 PMCID: PMC5555415 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use among underage youth is a significant public health concern. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, alcohol is the "drug of choice" among adolescents, meaning more youth use and abuse alcohol than any other substance. Prevalence of alcohol use is disproportionately higher among sexual minority youth (SMY) than among their heterosexual peers. We examined sexual identity and sexual behavior disparities in alcohol use, and the mediational role of bullying in a sample of high school students. METHODS Data from the 2015 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey were used to assess the association between sexual minority status (identity and behavior) and alcohol use with weighted logistic regression. Due to well-documented differences between males and females, we stratified models by gender. Physical and cyberbullying were examined as mediators of the relationship between sexual minority status and alcohol use. RESULTS We detected associations between certain subgroups of sexual minority youth and alcohol use across all four drinking variables (ever drank alcohol, age at first drink, current alcohol use, and binge drinking). Most of these associations were found among bisexual-identified youth and students with both male and female sexual partners; these individuals had up to twice the odds of engaging in alcohol use behaviors when compared with sexual majority students. Associations were strongest among females. Bullying mediated sexual minority status and alcohol use only among bisexual females. CONCLUSIONS As disparities in alcohol use differ by gender, sexual identity, and sexual behavior, interventions should be targeted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Phillips
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Ave., 14th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Blair Turner
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Ave., 14th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Paul Salamanca
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Ave., 14th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Michelle Birkett
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Ave., 14th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mark L Hatzenbuehler
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St., New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Ave., 14th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Rachel Marro
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Ave., 14th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Ave., 14th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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93
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Lucassen MF, Stasiak K, Samra R, Frampton CM, Merry SN. Sexual minority youth and depressive symptoms or depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017; 51:774-787. [PMID: 28565925 DOI: 10.1177/0004867417713664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has suggested that sexual minority young people are more likely to have depressive symptoms or depressive disorder, but to date most studies in the field have relied on convenience-based samples. This study overcomes this limitation by systematically reviewing the literature from population-based studies and conducting a meta-analysis to identify whether depressive disorder and depressive symptoms are elevated in sexual minority youth. METHOD A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted and informed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement to determine if rates of depressive symptoms or depressive disorder differ for sexual minority youth, relative to heterosexual adolescents. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE and ERIC databases were searched. Studies reporting depressive symptom data or the prevalence of depressive disorder in population-based samples of adolescents, which included sexual minority youth and heterosexual young people, were included in the review. A meta-analysis was conducted to examine differences between groups. RESULTS Twenty-three articles met the inclusion criteria. The proportion of sexual minority youth in the studies ranged from 2.3% to 12%. Sexual minority youth reported higher rates of depressive symptoms and depressive disorder (odds ratio = 2.94, p < 0.001 and standardized mean difference, d = 0.39, p < 0.001) in comparison to heterosexual young people. Female sexual minority youth were more likely to report depressive symptoms when compared to male sexual minority youth (standardized mean difference, d = 0.34, p < 0.001). Limitations included variations in how sexuality was operationalized and how depressive symptoms or depressive disorder was measured. CONCLUSIONS There is robust evidence that rates of depressive disorder and depressive symptoms are elevated in sexual minority youth in comparison to heterosexual young people. Despite the elevated risk of depressive symptoms or depressive disorder for sexual minority youth, the treatment for this group of young people has received little attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Fg Lucassen
- 1 School of Health, Wellbeing and Social Care, Faculty of Wellbeing, Education, and Language Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,2 Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karolina Stasiak
- 2 Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rajvinder Samra
- 1 School of Health, Wellbeing and Social Care, Faculty of Wellbeing, Education, and Language Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Sally N Merry
- 2 Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Barzilay S, Brunstein Klomek A, Apter A, Carli V, Wasserman C, Hadlaczky G, Hoven CW, Sarchiapone M, Balazs J, Kereszteny A, Brunner R, Kaess M, Bobes J, Saiz P, Cosman D, Haring C, Banzer R, Corcoran P, Kahn JP, Postuvan V, Podlogar T, Sisask M, Varnik A, Wasserman D. Bullying Victimization and Suicide Ideation and Behavior Among Adolescents in Europe: A 10-Country Study. J Adolesc Health 2017; 61:179-186. [PMID: 28391968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine risk and protective factors moderating the associations between three types of bullying victimization (physical, verbal, and relational bullying) with suicide ideation/attempts in a large representative sample of European adolescents. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data on 11,110 students (mean age = 14.9, standard deviation = .89) recruited from 168 schools in 10 European Union countries involved in the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe study. A self-report questionnaire was used to measure victimization types, depression, anxiety, parental and peer support, and suicide ideation and attempts. For each outcome, we applied hierarchical nonlinear models controlling for sociodemographics. RESULTS Prevalence of victimization was 9.4% physical, 36.1% verbal, and 33.0% relational. Boys were more likely to be physically and verbally victimized, whereas girls were more prone to relational victimization. Physical victimization was associated with suicide ideation, and relational victimization was associated with suicide attempts. Other associations between victimization and suicidality (ideation/attempts) were identified through analysis of interactions with additional risk and protective factors. Specifically, verbal victimization was associated with suicide ideation among adolescents with depression who perceived low parental support. Similarly, low peer support increased the associations between verbal victimization and suicide ideation. Verbal victimization was associated with suicide attempts among adolescents with anxiety who perceived low parental support. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the development of prevention strategies for adolescent victims of bullying who may be at elevated risk for suicide ideation/behavior, by taking into account gender, the type of bullying, symptomatology, and availability of interpersonal support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Barzilay
- Feinberg Child Study Centre, Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Brunstein Klomek
- Feinberg Child Study Centre, Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel.
| | - Alan Apter
- Feinberg Child Study Centre, Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vladimir Carli
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Wasserman
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Gergö Hadlaczky
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina W Hoven
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Marco Sarchiapone
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy; National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty, Rome, Italy
| | - Judit Balazs
- Vadaskert Child Psychiatry Hospital, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Psychology Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes Kereszteny
- Institute of Psychology Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Romuald Brunner
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julio Bobes
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar Saiz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Doina Cosman
- Clinical Psychology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Christian Haring
- Research Division for Mental Health, University for Medical Information Technology (UMIT), Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | | | | | - Jean-Pierre Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) de Nancy, Universite de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Vita Postuvan
- Slovene Center for Suicide Research, UP IAM, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Tina Podlogar
- Slovene Center for Suicide Research, UP IAM, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Merike Sisask
- Estonian-Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute (ERSI), Tallinn, Estonia; School of Governance, Law and Society, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Airi Varnik
- Estonian-Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute (ERSI), Tallinn, Estonia; School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Danuta Wasserman
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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95
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Tuters S, Portelli J. Ontario school principals and diversity: are they prepared to lead for equity? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/ijem-10-2016-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Ontario is the most ethnically diverse province in Canada. School educators cannot disregard the reality of diversity in all its senses. The question that directs the focus of this paper is: to what extent are leaders in Ontario formally prepared to lead schools that support the students of today? The paper aims to discuss this issue.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper results from a document analysis of publicly available documents to investigate the current context in Ontario, Canada regarding the educational and social situation of new immigrants, immigration, refugees, and ethno-culturally diverse students. It includes an exploration of the training and information available for principals and vice principals in Ontario to support them in leading schools which serve increasingly diverse student bodies. This paper is also informed by interviews with 59 educational leaders from Ontario and the USA. Interviews centred around their experiences engaging in practices to support their diverse student populations.
Findings
Results of the data analysis regarding the supports and training available to assist educational leaders in supporting the learning needs of diverse student populations demonstrate a serious lack of support. Very few actual resources exist for leaders, and most of those that do exist are connected to agencies outside of the education system, such as Settlement services.
Research limitations/implications
Recent research investigating the relationship between identities and educational experience and teaching points to the importance of in-depth and targeted approaches to teacher preparation, and leadership preparation to help provide teachers and leaders with the knowledge, dispositions, and skills required to support all students in their academic and social development (Cochran Smith et al., 2009). This study confirms such findings. Given the current situation in Ontario and much of North America, there is a great need for leadership preparation programming, and school-level resources that provide educational leaders with the knowledge and skills to support all students in their academic and social development, but also in helping educational leaders to understand and address the systemic nature and forms of discrimination which their students face daily.
Practical implications
With very few school boards requiring leaders to have a Masters’ degree in Education, and none having stipulations regarding course content. This leaves educational leaders unprepared to deal with the reality of their situations, leading to the perpetuation of inequities in Ontario schools.
Originality/value
Although sparse, previous research into the state of support and preparation for administrators and educators with regard to diverse student populations in Ontario revealed that little to no preparation or support exists (see e.g. Price, 2002). This study helps to fill that gap in existing research.
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96
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De Pedro KT, Esqueda MC, Gilreath TD. School Protective Factors and Substance Use Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents in California Public Schools. LGBT Health 2017; 4:210-216. [PMID: 28498005 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2016.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The majority of studies examining substance use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth have focused on a wide array of risk factors (e.g., victimization). Few studies have explored the protective role of schools. This study aims to fill this gap in the literature and inform programs aimed at reducing substance use among LGB youth. More specifically, this study explores the extent to which school connectedness and support from teachers and other adults at school are associated with substance use among LGB youth in school and within the past 30 days. METHODS A secondary analysis of the 2013-2015 California Healthy Kids Survey (CHKS) was conducted to examine associations between school protective factors (i.e., school connectedness and adult support) and substance use among LGB youth, above and beyond a key risk factor, school victimization. The study outcomes were past 30-day and in-school use of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, inhalants, prescription pain medication, and other illegal drugs. RESULTS Overall, school connectedness and school adult support were associated with lower odds of substance use. For example, higher levels of school connectedness were associated with 22% decreased odds of past 30-day inhalant use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.72-0.86), and 25% decreased odds of past 30-day prescription pain medication use (AOR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.69-0.82). Higher levels of adult support in school were also associated with 17% decreased odds of marijuana use on school property in the past 30 days (AOR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.77-0.91). CONCLUSION The results indicate a need for substance use prevention programs that integrate school connectedness and adult support in school.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tamika D Gilreath
- 3 Department of Health and Kinesiology, Transdisciplinary Center for Health Equity Research, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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97
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Dessel AB, Kulick A, Wernick LJ, Sullivan D. The importance of teacher support: Differential impacts by gender and sexuality. J Adolesc 2017; 56:136-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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98
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Mental health in non-heterosexuals: Minority stress theory and related explanation frameworks review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mhp.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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99
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Hall W. The Effectiveness of Policy Interventions for School Bullying: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR SOCIAL WORK AND RESEARCH 2017; 8:45-69. [PMID: 28344750 PMCID: PMC5363950 DOI: 10.1086/690565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bullying threatens the mental and educational well-being of students. Although anti-bullying policies are prevalent, little is known about their effectiveness. This systematic review evaluates the methodological characteristics and summarizes substantive findings of studies examining the effectiveness of school bullying policies. METHOD Searches of 11 bibliographic databases yielded 489 studies completed since January 1, 1995. Following duplicate removal and double-independent screening based on a priori inclusion criteria, 21 studies were included for review. RESULTS Substantially more educators perceive anti-bullying policies to be effective rather than ineffective. Whereas several studies show that the presence or quality of policies is associated with lower rates of bullying among students, other studies found no such associations between policy presence or quality and reductions in bullying. Consistent across studies, this review found that schools with anti-bullying policies that enumerated protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity were associated with better protection of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) students. Specifically, LGBTQ students in schools with such policies reported less harassment and more frequent and effective intervention by school personnel. Findings are mixed regarding the relationship between having an anti-bullying policy and educators' responsiveness to general bullying. CONCLUSIONS Anti-bullying policies might be effective at reducing bullying if their content is based on evidence and sound theory and if they are implemented with a high level of fidelity. More research is needed to improve on limitations among extant studies.
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100
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Llorent VJ, Ortega-Ruiz R, Zych I. Bullying and Cyberbullying in Minorities: Are They More Vulnerable than the Majority Group? Front Psychol 2016; 7:1507. [PMID: 27803677 PMCID: PMC5067466 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion in education of all the children is necessary for the success, equality and peace among individuals and societies. In this context, special attention needs to be paid to the minorities. These groups might encounter additional difficulties which make them more vulnerable to be involved in bullying and cyberbullying. The current study was conducted with the objective of describing the involvement in bullying and cyberbullying of students from the majority group and also from sexual and ethnic-cultural minorities. The second objective was to explore if the implication is predicted by the interaction with gender, grade and the size of the population where the schools are located. It is an ex post facto transversal descriptive study with a survey on a representative sample of adolescents enrolled in the Compulsory Secondary Education in the south of Spain (Andalusia). The survey was answered by 2139 adolescents (50.9% girls) in 22 schools. These participants were selected through the random multistage cluster sampling with the confidence level of 95% and a sampling error of 2.1%. The results show that the minority groups, especially sexual minorities, are more involved in bullying and cyberbullying. Regression analyses show that being in the majority or a minority group predicts a small but significant percentage of variance of being involved in bullying and cyberbullying. Results are discussed taking into account the social vulnerability of being a part of a minority group and the need of designing educational programs which would prevent this vulnerability thorough the inclusion in education. There is a need for an educational policy that focuses on convivencia and ciberconvivencia which would promote the social and educational development of all the students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Izabela Zych
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
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