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Zheng H, Jin R, Liu Z, Sun C, Shi Y, Grierson D, Zhu C, Li S, Ferguson I, Chen K. Role of the tomato fruit ripening regulator MADS-RIN in resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tomato MADS-RIN (RIN) transcription factor has been shown to be a master activator regulating fruit ripening. Recent studies have revealed that in addition to activating many other cell wall genes, it also represses expression of XTH5, XTH8, and MAN4a, which are positively related to excess flesh softening and cell wall degradation, which might indicate it has a potential role in pathogen resistance of ripening fruit. In this study, both wild-type (WT) and RIN-knockout (RIN-KO) mutant tomato fruit were infected with Botrytis cinerea to investigate the function of RIN in defense against pathogen infection during ripening. The results showed that RIN-KO fruit were much more sensitive to B. cinerea infection with larger lesion sizes. Transcriptome data and qRT-PCR assay indicate genes of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and chitinase (CHI) in RIN-KO fruit were reduced and their corresponding enzyme activities were decreased. Transcripts of genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), including PR1a, PRSTH2, and APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor (AP2/ERF) including ERF.A1, Pti5, Pti6, ERF.A4, were reduced in RIN-KO fruit compared to WT fruit. Moreover, in the absence of RIN the expression of genes encoding cell wall-modifying enzymes XTH5, XTH8, MAN4a has been reported to be elevated, which is potentially correlated with cell wall properties. When present, RIN represses transcription of XTH5 by activating ERF.F4, a class II (repressor class) ERF gene family member, and ERF.F5. These results support the conclusion that RIN enhances ripening-related resistance to gray mold infection by upregulating pathogen-resistance genes and defense enzyme activities as well as reducing accumulation of transcripts encoding some cell wall enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Donald Grierson
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough,UK
| | | | | | - Ian Ferguson
- Zhejiang University (Visiting Scientist), Hangzhou, China
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Noorifar N, Savoian MS, Ram A, Lukito Y, Hassing B, Weikert TW, Moerschbacher BM, Scott B. Chitin Deacetylases Are Required for Epichloë festucae Endophytic Cell Wall Remodeling During Establishment of a Mutualistic Symbiotic Interaction with Lolium perenne. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1181-1192. [PMID: 34058838 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-20-0347-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë festucae forms a mutualistic symbiotic association with Lolium perenne. This biotrophic fungus systemically colonizes the intercellular spaces of aerial tissues to form an endophytic hyphal network and also grows as an epiphyte. However, little is known about the cell wall-remodeling mechanisms required to avoid host defense and maintain intercalary growth within the host. Here, we use a suite of molecular probes to show that the E. festucae cell wall is remodeled by conversion of chitin to chitosan during infection of L. perenne seedlings, as the hyphae switch from free-living to endophytic growth. When hyphae transition from endophytic to epiphytic growth, the cell wall is remodeled from predominantly chitosan to chitin. This conversion from chitin to chitosan is catalyzed by chitin deacetylase. The genome of E. festucae encodes three putative chitin deacetylases, two of which (cdaA and cdaB) are expressed in planta. Deletion of either of these genes results in disruption of fungal intercalary growth in the intercellular spaces of plants infected with these mutants. These results establish that these two genes are required for maintenance of the mutualistic symbiotic interaction between E. festucae and L. perenne.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Noorifar
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Matthew S Savoian
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Arvina Ram
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yonathan Lukito
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Berit Hassing
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Tobias W Weikert
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Barry Scott
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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53
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Tian H, MacKenzie CI, Rodriguez‐Moreno L, van den Berg GCM, Chen H, Rudd JJ, Mesters JR, Thomma BPHJ. Three LysM effectors of Zymoseptoria tritici collectively disarm chitin-triggered plant immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:683-693. [PMID: 33797163 PMCID: PMC8126183 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a major structural component of fungal cell walls and acts as a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) that, on recognition by a plant host, triggers the activation of immune responses. To avoid the activation of these responses, the Septoria tritici blotch (STB) pathogen of wheat, Zymoseptoria tritici, secretes LysM effector proteins. Previously, the LysM effectors Mg1LysM and Mg3LysM were shown to protect fungal hyphae against host chitinases. Furthermore, Mg3LysM, but not Mg1LysM, was shown to suppress chitin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Whereas initially a third LysM effector gene was disregarded as a presumed pseudogene, we now provide functional data to show that this gene also encodes a LysM effector, named Mgx1LysM, that is functional during wheat colonization. While Mg3LysM confers a major contribution to Z. tritici virulence, Mgx1LysM and Mg1LysM contribute to Z. tritici virulence with smaller effects. All three LysM effectors display partial functional redundancy. We furthermore demonstrate that Mgx1LysM binds chitin, suppresses the chitin-induced ROS burst, and is able to protect fungal hyphae against chitinase hydrolysis. Finally, we demonstrate that Mgx1LysM is able to undergo chitin-induced polymerization. Collectively, our data show that Z. tritici utilizes three LysM effectors to disarm chitin-triggered wheat immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tian
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Institute for Plant SciencesCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Craig I. MacKenzie
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - Luis Rodriguez‐Moreno
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y FisiologíaUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | | | - Hongxin Chen
- Department of Bio‐Interactions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Jason J. Rudd
- Department of Bio‐Interactions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | | | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Institute for Plant SciencesCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)University of CologneCologneGermany
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54
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Mart Nez-Cruz JS, Romero D, Hierrezuelo JS, Thon M, de Vicente A, P Rez-Garc A A. Effectors with chitinase activity (EWCAs), a family of conserved, secreted fungal chitinases that suppress chitin-triggered immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1319-1340. [PMID: 33793825 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In plants, chitin-triggered immunity is one of the first lines of defense against fungi, but phytopathogenic fungi have developed different strategies to prevent the recognition of chitin. Obligate biotrophs such as powdery mildew fungi suppress the activation of host responses; however, little is known about how these fungi subvert the immunity elicited by chitin. During epiphytic growth, the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera xanthii expresses a family of candidate effector genes comprising nine members with an unknown function. In this work, we examine the role of these candidates in the infection of melon (Cucumis melo L.) plants, using gene expression analysis, RNAi silencing assays, protein modeling and protein-ligand predictions, enzymatic assays, and protein localization studies. Our results show that these proteins are chitinases that are released at pathogen penetration sites to break down immunogenic chitin oligomers, thus preventing the activation of chitin-triggered immunity. In addition, these effectors, designated effectors with chitinase activity (EWCAs), are widely distributed in pathogenic fungi. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which fungi suppress plant immunity and reinforce the idea that preventing the perception of chitin by the host is mandatory for survival and development of fungi in plant environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jes S Mart Nez-Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiolog�a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M�laga, M�laga 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterr�nea "La Mayora", Universidad de M�laga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas (IHSM‒UMA‒CSIC), M�laga 29071, Spain
| | - Diego Romero
- Departamento de Microbiolog�a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M�laga, M�laga 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterr�nea "La Mayora", Universidad de M�laga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas (IHSM‒UMA‒CSIC), M�laga 29071, Spain
| | - Jes S Hierrezuelo
- Departamento de Microbiolog�a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M�laga, M�laga 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterr�nea "La Mayora", Universidad de M�laga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas (IHSM‒UMA‒CSIC), M�laga 29071, Spain
| | - Michael Thon
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37185, Spain
| | - Antonio de Vicente
- Departamento de Microbiolog�a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M�laga, M�laga 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterr�nea "La Mayora", Universidad de M�laga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas (IHSM‒UMA‒CSIC), M�laga 29071, Spain
| | - Alejandro P Rez-Garc A
- Departamento de Microbiolog�a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M�laga, M�laga 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterr�nea "La Mayora", Universidad de M�laga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas (IHSM‒UMA‒CSIC), M�laga 29071, Spain
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55
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Babilonia K, Wang P, Liu Z, Jamieson P, Mormile B, Rodrigues O, Zhang L, Lin W, Danmaigona Clement C, Menezes de Moura S, Alves-Ferreira M, Finlayson SA, Loring Nichols R, Wheeler TA, Dever JK, Shan L, He P. A nonproteinaceous Fusarium cell wall extract triggers receptor-like protein-dependent immune responses in Arabidopsis and cotton. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:275-289. [PMID: 33314087 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by the ascomycete fungus Fusarium oxysporum is a devastating disease of many economically important crops. The mechanisms underlying plant responses to F. oxysporum infections remain largely unknown. We demonstrate here that a water-soluble, heat-resistant and nonproteinaceous F. oxysporum cell wall extract (FoCWE) component from multiple F. oxysporum isolates functions as a race-nonspecific elicitor, also termed pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). FoCWE triggers several demonstrated immune responses, including mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, ethylene production, and stomatal closure, in cotton and Arabidopsis. Pretreated FoCWE protects cotton seeds against infections by virulent F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), and Arabidopsis plants against the virulent bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae, suggesting the potential application of FoCWEs in crop protection. Host-mediated responses to FoCWE do not appear to require LYKs/CERK1, BAK1 or SOBIR1, which are commonly involved in PAMP perception and/or signalling. However, FoCWE responses and Fusarium resistance in cotton partially require two receptor-like proteins, GhRLP20 and GhRLP31. Transcriptome analysis suggests that FoCWE preferentially activates cell wall-mediated defence, and Fov has evolved virulence mechanisms to suppress FoCWE-induced defence. These findings suggest that FoCWE is a classical PAMP that is potentially recognised by a novel pattern-recognition receptor to regulate cotton resistance to Fusarium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Babilonia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Pierce Jamieson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Brendan Mormile
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Olivier Rodrigues
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Stéfanie Menezes de Moura
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, R.J. 21941, Brazil
| | - Marcio Alves-Ferreira
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, R.J. 21941, Brazil
| | - Scott A Finlayson
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Robert Loring Nichols
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Cotton Incorporated, 6399 Weston Parkway, Cary, NC, 27513, USA
| | - Terry A Wheeler
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 1102 East Drew St., Lubbock, TX, 79403, USA
| | - Jane K Dever
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 1102 East Drew St., Lubbock, TX, 79403, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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56
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Wang Y, Li D, Liu M, Xia C, Fan Q, Li X, Lan Z, Shi G, Dong W, Li Z, Cui Z. Preparation of Active Chitooligosaccharides with a Novel Chitosanase AqCoA and Their Application in Fungal Disease Protection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3351-3361. [PMID: 33688732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes that degrade fungal cell walls and the resulting oligosaccharides are promising weapons to combat plant fungal disease. In this study, we identified a novel endo-chitosanase, AqCoA, from Aquabacterium sp. A7-Y. The enzyme showed a specific activity of 18 U/mg toward 95% deacetylated chitosan at pH 5.0 and 40 °C. AqCoA also showed activity toward sodium carboxymethylcellulose, indicating substrate promiscuity. AqCoA hydrolyzed chitosan into chitooligosaccharides (CoA-COSs) with degrees of polymerization (DPs) of 3-5 but showed no activity toward CoA-COSs with DPs <6, indicating an endo-type activity. At 2.5 μg/mL, AqCoA inhibited appressorium formation of Magnaporthe oryzae; the produced CoA-COSs also inhibited the growth of M. oryzae and Fusarium oxysporum. Furthermore, CoA-COSs acted as immune elicitors in rice by inducing the reactive oxygen species burst and the expression of defense genes. These results demonstrated that AqCoA and its resulting CoA-COSs might be effective tools for protecting plants against pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ding Li
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Muxing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chengyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qiwen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zejun Lan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Guolong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211800 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
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57
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Chitosan and Chitin Deacetylase Activity Are Necessary for Development and Virulence of Ustilago maydis. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03419-20. [PMID: 33653886 PMCID: PMC8092297 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03419-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycete Ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize, causing substantial losses in world corn production. This nonobligate pathogen penetrates the plant cell wall with the help of appressoria and then establishes an extensive biotrophic interaction, where the hyphae are tightly encased by the plant plasma membrane. The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis harbors a chitin deacetylase (CDA) family of six active genes as well as one pseudogene which are differentially expressed during colonization. This includes one secreted soluble CDA (Cda4) and five putatively glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored CDAs, of which Cda7 belongs to a new class of fungal CDAs. Here, we provide a comprehensive functional study of the entire family. While budding cells of U. maydis showed a discrete pattern of chitosan staining, biotrophic hyphae appeared surrounded by a chitosan layer. We purified all six active CDAs and show their activity on different chitin substrates. Single as well as multiple cda mutants were generated and revealed a virulence defect for mutants lacking cda7. We implicated cda4 in production of the chitosan layer surrounding biotrophic hyphae and demonstrated that the loss of this layer does not reduce virulence. By combining different cda mutations, we detected redundancy as well as specific functions for certain CDAs. Specifically, certain combinations of mutations significantly affected virulence concomitantly with reduced adherence, appressorium formation, penetration, and activation of plant defenses. Attempts to inactivate all seven cda genes simultaneously were unsuccessful, and induced depletion of cda2 in a background lacking the other six cda genes illustrated an essential role of chitosan for cell wall integrity.
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58
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Ngaki MN, Sahoo DK, Wang B, Bhattacharyya MK. Overexpression of a plasma membrane protein generated broad-spectrum immunity in soybean. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:502-516. [PMID: 32954627 PMCID: PMC7957895 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants fight-off pathogens and pests by manifesting an array of defence responses using their innate immunity mechanisms. Here we report the identification of a novel soybean gene encoding a plasma membrane protein, transcription of which is suppressed following infection with the fungal pathogen, Fusarium virguliforme. Overexpression of the protein led to enhanced resistance against not only against F. virguliforme, but also against spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Koch), soybean aphids (Aphis glycines, Matsumura) and soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). We, therefore, name this protein as Glycine max disease resistance 1 (GmDR1; Glyma.10g094800). The homologues of GmDR1 have been detected only in legumes, cocoa, jute and cotton. The deduced GmDR1 protein contains 73 amino acids. GmDR1 is predicted to contain an ecto- and two transmembrane domains. Transient expression of the green fluorescent protein fused GmDR1 protein in soybean leaves showed that it is a plasma membrane protein. We investigated if chitin, a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), common to all pathogen and pests considered in this study, can significantly enhance defence pathways among the GmDR1-overexpressed transgenic soybean lines. Chitin induces marker genes of the salicylic- and jasmonic acid-mediated defence pathways, but suppresses the defence pathway regulated by ethylene. Chitin induced SA- and JA-regulated defence pathways may be one of the mechanisms involved in generating broad-spectrum resistance among the GmDR1-overexpressed transgenic soybean lines against two serious pathogens and two pests including spider mites, against which no known resistance genes have been identified in soybean and among the most other crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bing Wang
- Department of AgronomyIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
- Present address:
Department of EnergyJoint Genome InstituteWalnut CreekCAUSA
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59
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De Tender C, Vandecasteele B, Verstraeten B, Ommeslag S, De Meyer T, De Visscher J, Dawyndt P, Clement L, Kyndt T, Debode J. Chitin in Strawberry Cultivation: Foliar Growth and Defense Response Promotion, but Reduced Fruit Yield and Disease Resistance by Nutrient Imbalances. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:227-239. [PMID: 33135964 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-20-0223-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry cultivation is associated with high mineral fertilizer doses and extensive use of chemical plant protection products. Based on previous research, we expected that chitin application to peat substrate would increase the nutrient availability and activate the plant systemic defense response, resulting in higher strawberry yields and fewer disease symptoms. We set up two experiments in which the temporal variability and differences in initial nutrient concentrations of the growing media were taken into account. Chitin treatment resulted in the attraction of plant growth-promoting fungi toward the plant root, such as species from genera Mortierella and Umbelopsis. In addition, by the end of the experiments 87 mg of mineral nitrogen (N) per liter of substrate was mineralized, which can be related to the observed increase in plant shoot biomass. This, however, led to nutrient imbalances in plant shoots and fruit; N concentration in the leaves increased over 30%, exceeding the optimal range, while phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) deficiencies occurred, with concentrations lower than 50% of the optimal range. This may explain the decreased fruit yield and disease resistance of the fruit toward Botrytis cinerea. In contrast, chitin caused a clear defense priming effect in the strawberry leaves, with a strong induction of the jasmonic acid response, resulting in fewer foliar disease symptoms. Chitin causes positive effects on shoot growth and foliar disease resistance, but caution needs to be taken for nutrient imbalances leading to negative influences on root growth, fruit production, and disease susceptibility toward B. cinerea.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- C De Tender
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Vandecasteele
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Verstraeten
- Epigenetics & Defence Research Group, Department Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Ommeslag
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T De Meyer
- Department of Data Analysis & Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent From Nucleotides to Networks, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J De Visscher
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Epigenetics & Defence Research Group, Department Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Dawyndt
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Clement
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent From Nucleotides to Networks, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - T Kyndt
- Epigenetics & Defence Research Group, Department Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Debode
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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60
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Coleman AD, Maroschek J, Raasch L, Takken FLW, Ranf S, Hückelhoven R. The Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase MIK2 is a crucial component of early immune responses to a fungal-derived elicitor. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3453-3466. [PMID: 33253435 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium spp. cause severe economic damage in many crops, exemplified by Panama disease of banana or Fusarium head blight of wheat. Plants sense immunogenic patterns (termed elicitors) at the cell surface to initiate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Knowledge of fungal elicitors and corresponding plant immune-signaling is incomplete but could yield valuable sources of resistance. We characterized Arabidopsis thaliana PTI responses to a peptide elicitor fraction present in several Fusarium spp. and employed a forward-genetic screen using plants containing a cytosolic calcium reporter to isolate fusarium elicitor reduced elicitation (fere) mutants. We mapped the causal mutation in fere1 to the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase MDIS1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2) and confirmed a crucial role of MIK2 in fungal elicitor perception. MIK2-dependent elicitor responses depend on known signaling components and transfer of AtMIK2 is sufficient to confer elicitor sensitivity to Nicotiana benthamiana. Arabidopsis senses Fusarium elicitors by a novel receptor complex at the cell surface that feeds into common PTI pathways. These data increase mechanistic understanding of PTI to Fusarium and place MIK2 at a central position in Arabidopsis elicitor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Coleman
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Julian Maroschek
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Lars Raasch
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94215, Amsterdam, 1090 GE, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
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61
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Abstract
Plant-colonizing fungi secrete a cocktail of effector proteins during colonization. After secretion, some of these effectors are delivered into plant cells to directly dampen the plant immune system or redirect host processes benefitting fungal growth. Other effectors function in the apoplastic space either as released proteins modulating the activity of plant enzymes associated with plant defense or as proteins bound to the fungal cell wall. For such fungal cell wall-bound effectors, we know particularly little about their molecular function. In this review, we describe effectors that are associated with the fungal cell wall and discuss how they contribute to colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Tanaka
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, Marburg 35043, Germany
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62
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Andreolli M, Zapparoli G, Lampis S, Santi C, Angelini E, Bertazzon N. In Vivo Endophytic, Rhizospheric and Epiphytic Colonization of Vitis vinifera by the Plant-Growth Promoting and Antifungal Strain Pseudomonas protegens MP12. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020234. [PMID: 33498710 PMCID: PMC7910868 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
An evaluation was conducted of the colonization of Pseudomonas protegens MP12, a plant-growth promoting and antagonistic strain, inoculated in vine plants during a standard process of grapevine nursery propagation. Three in vivo inoculation protocols (endophytic, rhizospheric, and epiphytic) were implemented and monitored by means of both culture-dependent and independent techniques. Endophytic treatment resulted in the colonization of the bacterium inside the vine cuttings, which spread to young leaves during the forcing period. Microscopy analysis performed on transformed dsRed-tagged P. protegens MP12 cells confirmed the bacterium’s ability to penetrate the inner part of the roots. However, endophytic MP12 strain was no longer detected once the plant materials had been placed in the vine nursery field. The bacterium also displayed an ability to colonize the rhizosphere and, when the plants were uprooted at the end of the vegetative season, its persistence was confirmed. Epiphytic inoculation, performed by foliar spraying of cell suspension, was effective in controlling artificially-induced Botrytis cinerea infection in detached leaves. The success of rhizospheric and leaf colonization in vine plants suggests potential for the future exploitation of P. protegens MP12 as biofertilizer and biopesticide. Further investigation is required into the stability of the bacterium’s colonization of vine plants under real-world conditions in vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Andreolli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.); (S.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Giacomo Zapparoli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.); (S.L.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-8027047
| | - Silvia Lampis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.); (S.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Chiara Santi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.); (S.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Elisa Angelini
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, CREA, 31015 Conegliano, Italy; (E.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Nadia Bertazzon
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, CREA, 31015 Conegliano, Italy; (E.A.); (N.B.)
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63
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Wanke A, Malisic M, Wawra S, Zuccaro A. Unraveling the sugar code: the role of microbial extracellular glycans in plant-microbe interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:15-35. [PMID: 32929496 PMCID: PMC7816849 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To defend against microbial invaders but also to establish symbiotic programs, plants need to detect the presence of microbes through the perception of molecular signatures characteristic of a whole class of microbes. Among these molecular signatures, extracellular glycans represent a structurally complex and diverse group of biomolecules that has a pivotal role in the molecular dialog between plants and microbes. Secreted glycans and glycoconjugates such as symbiotic lipochitooligosaccharides or immunosuppressive cyclic β-glucans act as microbial messengers that prepare the ground for host colonization. On the other hand, microbial cell surface glycans are important indicators of microbial presence. They are conserved structures normally exposed and thus accessible for plant hydrolytic enzymes and cell surface receptor proteins. While the immunogenic potential of bacterial cell surface glycoconjugates such as lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycan has been intensively studied in the past years, perception of cell surface glycans from filamentous microbes such as fungi or oomycetes is still largely unexplored. To date, only few studies have focused on the role of fungal-derived cell surface glycans other than chitin, highlighting a knowledge gap that needs to be addressed. The objective of this review is to give an overview on the biological functions and perception of microbial extracellular glycans, primarily focusing on their recognition and their contribution to plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wanke
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Milena Malisic
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
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64
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Chen H, Raffaele S, Dong S. Silent control: microbial plant pathogens evade host immunity without coding sequence changes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6095737. [PMID: 33440001 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both animals and plants have evolved a robust immune system to surveil and defeat invading pathogenic microbes. Evasion of host immune surveillance is the key for pathogens to initiate successful infection. To evade the host immunity, plant pathogens evolved a variety of strategies such as masking themselves from host immune recognitions, blocking immune signaling transductions, reprogramming immune responses and adapting to immune microenvironmental changes. Gain of new virulence genes, sequence and structural variations enables plant pathogens to evade host immunity through changes in the genetic code. However, recent discoveries demonstrated that variations at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational and glycome level enable pathogens to cope with the host immune system without coding sequence changes. The biochemical modification of pathogen associated molecular patterns and silencing of effector genes emerged as potent ways for pathogens to hide from host recognition. Altered processing in mRNA activities provide pathogens with resilience to microenvironment changes. Importantly, these hiding variants are directly or indirectly modulated by catalytic enzymes or enzymatic complexes and cannot be revealed by classical genomics alone. Unveiling these novel host evasion mechanisms in plant pathogens enables us to better understand the nature of plant disease and pinpoints strategies for rational diseases management in global food protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, INRAE, CNRS, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville, CS52627, F31326 Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
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65
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Chen XL, Sun MC, Chong SL, Si JP, Wu LS. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Approaches Deepen Our Knowledge of Plant-Endophyte Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:700200. [PMID: 35154169 PMCID: PMC8828500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In natural systems, plant-symbiont-pathogen interactions play important roles in mitigating abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. Symbionts have their own special recognition ways, but they may share some similar characteristics with pathogens based on studies of model microbes and plants. Multi-omics technologies could be applied to study plant-microbe interactions, especially plant-endophyte interactions. Endophytes are naturally occurring microbes that inhabit plants, but do not cause apparent symptoms in them, and arise as an advantageous source of novel metabolites, agriculturally important promoters, and stress resisters in their host plants. Although biochemical, physiological, and molecular investigations have demonstrated that endophytes confer benefits to their hosts, especially in terms of promoting plant growth, increasing metabolic capabilities, and enhancing stress resistance, plant-endophyte interactions consist of complex mechanisms between the two symbionts. Further knowledge of these mechanisms may be gained by adopting a multi-omics approach. The involved interaction, which can range from colonization to protection against adverse conditions, has been investigated by transcriptomics and metabolomics. This review aims to provide effective means and ways of applying multi-omics studies to solve the current problems in the characterization of plant-microbe interactions, involving recognition and colonization. The obtained results should be useful for identifying the key determinants in such interactions and would also provide a timely theoretical and material basis for the study of interaction mechanisms and their applications.
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66
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Zhou Y, Jing M, Levy A, Wang H, Jiang S, Dou D. Molecular mechanism of nanochitin whisker elicits plant resistance against Phytophthora and the receptors in plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2660-2667. [PMID: 33096175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rod-like nanochitin (NC) whisker with cationic nature has a strong synergistic effect with fungicides on inhibition of tobacco root rot disease. This study we explored the activity of NC against Phytophthora and the mechanism for eliciting plant defense response and the receptors in planta. P. capsici isolates, model Nicotiana benthamiana plants and Arabidopsis thaliana were treated with 0.005% of NC suspension and 1 μM of flg22. Infection control efficacy against P. capsici isolates, biosynthetic enzyme activities and the PR genes expression were determined at different hours post treatment in plant. The infection control efficacy, ROS generation, and PTI maker gene expression were re-analyzed in A. thaliana Col-0, bak1 and cerk1 mutants. The results showed that NC did not exhibit inhibitory effect on vegetative growth of P. capsici, but enhanced the resistance against P. capsici by systemically enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and PR gene expression. P. capsici resistance, PTI maker gene promotion, and ROS production in A. thaliana induced by NC depended not only on chitin receptor CERK1, but also BAK1. NC and flg22 induced oomycete immunity through a mechanism of a cross-microbe protection via the BAK1-CERK1 pathway in plant, pointing to the complexity of the plant immunity system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Hezhong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Shijun Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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67
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Ghirardo A, Fochi V, Lange B, Witting M, Schnitzler JP, Perotto S, Balestrini R. Metabolomic adjustments in the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora during symbiosis with Serapias vomeracea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1939-1952. [PMID: 32668507 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
All orchids rely on mycorrhizal fungi for organic carbon, at least during early development. In fact, orchid seed germination leads to the formation of a protocorm, a heterotrophic postembryonic structure colonized by intracellular fungal coils, thought to be the site of nutrient transfer. The molecular mechanisms underlying mycorrhizal interactions and metabolic changes induced by this symbiosis in both partners remain mostly unknown. We studied plant-fungus interactions in the mycorrhizal association between the Mediterranean orchid Serapias vomeracea and the basidiomycete Tulasnella calospora using nontargeted metabolomics. Plant and fungal metabolomes obtained from symbiotic structures were compared with those obtained under asymbiotic conditions. Symbiosis induced substantial metabolomic alterations in both partners. In particular, structural and signaling lipid compounds increased markedly in the external fungal mycelium growing near the symbiotic protocorms, whereas chito-oligosaccharides were identified uniquely in symbiotic protocorms. This work represents the first description of metabolic changes occurring in orchid mycorrhiza. These results - combined with previous transcriptomic data - provide novel insights on the mechanisms underlying the orchid mycorrhizal association and open intriguing questions on the role of fungal lipids in this symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Valeria Fochi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Birgit Lange
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
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68
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A Novel Secreted Cysteine-Rich Anionic (Sca) Protein from the Citrus Postharvest Pathogen Penicillium digitatum Enhances Virulence and Modulates the Activity of the Antifungal Protein B (AfpB). J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040203. [PMID: 33023232 PMCID: PMC7711571 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal proteins (AFPs) from ascomycete fungi could help the development of antimycotics. However, little is known about their biological role or functional interactions with other fungal biomolecules. We previously reported that AfpB from the postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum cannot be detected in the parental fungus yet is abundantly produced biotechnologically. While aiming to detect AfpB, we identified a conserved and novel small Secreted Cysteine-rich Anionic (Sca) protein, encoded by the gene PDIG_23520 from P. digitatum CECT 20796. The sca gene is expressed during culture and early during citrus fruit infection. Both null mutant (Δsca) and Sca overproducer (Scaop) strains show no phenotypic differences from the wild type. Sca is not antimicrobial but potentiates P. digitatum growth when added in high amounts and enhances the in vitro antifungal activity of AfpB. The Scaop strain shows increased incidence of infection in citrus fruit, similar to the addition of purified Sca to the wild-type inoculum. Sca compensates and overcomes the protective effect of AfpB and the antifungal protein PeAfpA from the apple pathogen Penicillium expansum in fruit inoculations. Our study shows that Sca is a novel protein that enhances the growth and virulence of its parental fungus and modulates the activity of AFPs.
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69
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Dubey A, Malla MA, Kumar A, Dayanandan S, Khan ML. Plants endophytes: unveiling hidden agenda for bioprospecting toward sustainable agriculture. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1210-1231. [PMID: 32862700 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1808584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic microbes are present in nearly all of the plant species known to date but how they enter and flourish inside a host plant and display multiple benefits like plant growth promotion (PGP), biodegradation, and stress alleviation are still unexplored. Until now, the majority of the research has been conducted assuming that the host-endophyte interaction is analogous to the PGP microbes, although, studies related to the mechanisms of their infection, colonization as well as conferring important traits to the plants are limited. It would be fascinating to explore the role of these endophytic microbes in host gene expression, metabolism, and the modulation of phenotypic traits, under abiotic and biotic stress conditions. In this review, we critically focused on the following areas: (i) endophytic lifestyle and the mechanism of their entry into plant tissues, (ii) how endophytes modulate the immune system of plants and affect the genotypic and phenotypic expression of host plants under abiotic and biotic stress condition, and (iii) the role of omics and other integrated genomic approaches in unraveling complex host-endophyte signaling crosstalk. Furthermore, we discussed their role in phytoremediation of heavy metal stress and whole genomic analysis based on an understanding of different metabolic pathways these endophytes utilize to combat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Dubey
- Department of Botany, Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Muneer Ahmad Malla
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Botany, Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Selvadurai Dayanandan
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, India.,Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad Latif Khan
- Department of Botany, Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, India
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70
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Ye W, Munemasa S, Shinya T, Wu W, Ma T, Lu J, Kinoshita T, Kaku H, Shibuya N, Murata Y. Stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only chitin-induced stomatal closure but also chitosan-induced guard cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20932-20942. [PMID: 32778594 PMCID: PMC7456093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922319117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic fungi exploit stomata as invasion routes, causing destructive diseases of major cereal crops. Intensive interaction is expected to occur between guard cells and fungi. In the present study, we took advantage of well-conserved molecules derived from the fungal cell wall, chitin oligosaccharide (CTOS), and chitosan oligosaccharide (CSOS) to study how guard cells respond to fungal invasion. In Arabidopsis, CTOS induced stomatal closure through a signaling mediated by its receptor CERK1, Ca2+, and a major S-type anion channel, SLAC1. CSOS, which is converted from CTOS by chitin deacetylases from invading fungi, did not induce stomatal closure, suggesting that this conversion is a fungal strategy to evade stomatal closure. At higher concentrations, CSOS but not CTOS induced guard cell death in a manner dependent on Ca2+ but not CERK1. These results suggest that stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only CTOS-induced stomatal closure but also CSOS-induced guard cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Ye
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, 200240 Shanghai, China;
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, 700-8530 Okayama, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Chikusa, 464-8602 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, 700-8530 Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomonori Shinya
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046 Okayama, Japan
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Chikusa, 464-8602 Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, 464-8602 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, 700-8530 Okayama, Japan;
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71
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Bozsoki Z, Gysel K, Hansen SB, Lironi D, Krönauer C, Feng F, de Jong N, Vinther M, Kamble M, Thygesen MB, Engholm E, Kofoed C, Fort S, Sullivan JT, Ronson CW, Jensen KJ, Blaise M, Oldroyd G, Stougaard J, Andersen KR, Radutoiu S. Ligand-recognizing motifs in plant LysM
receptors are major determinants of
specificity. Science 2020; 369:663-670. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants evolved lysine motif (LysM)
receptors to recognize and parse microbial
elicitors and drive intracellular signaling to
limit or facilitate microbial colonization. We
investigated how chitin and nodulation (Nod)
factor receptors of Lotus
japonicus initiate differential
signaling of immunity or root nodule symbiosis.
Two motifs in the LysM1 domains of these receptors
determine specific recognition of ligands and
discriminate between their in planta functions.
These motifs define the ligand-binding site and
make up the most structurally divergent regions in
cognate Nod factor receptors. An adjacent motif
modulates the specificity for Nod factor
recognition and determines the selection of
compatible rhizobial symbionts in legumes. We also
identified how binding specificities in LysM
receptors can be altered to facilitate Nod factor
recognition and signaling from a chitin receptor,
advancing the prospects of engineering rhizobial
symbiosis into nonlegumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Bozsoki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kira Gysel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon B. Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Damiano Lironi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christina Krönauer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Feng Feng
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Noor de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maria Vinther
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Manoj Kamble
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B. Thygesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Engholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Kofoed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sébastien Fort
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - John T. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Clive W. Ronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mickaël Blaise
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Giles Oldroyd
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper R. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Sánchez-Vallet A, Tian H, Rodriguez-Moreno L, Valkenburg DJ, Saleem-Batcha R, Wawra S, Kombrink A, Verhage L, de Jonge R, van Esse HP, Zuccaro A, Croll D, Mesters JR, Thomma BPHJ. A secreted LysM effector protects fungal hyphae through chitin-dependent homodimer polymerization. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008652. [PMID: 32574207 PMCID: PMC7337405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants trigger immune responses upon recognition of fungal cell wall chitin, followed by the release of various antimicrobials, including chitinase enzymes that hydrolyze chitin. In turn, many fungal pathogens secrete LysM effectors that prevent chitin recognition by the host through scavenging of chitin oligomers. We previously showed that intrachain LysM dimerization of the Cladosporium fulvum effector Ecp6 confers an ultrahigh-affinity binding groove that competitively sequesters chitin oligomers from host immune receptors. Additionally, particular LysM effectors are found to protect fungal hyphae against chitinase hydrolysis during host colonization. However, the molecular basis for the protection of fungal cell walls against hydrolysis remained unclear. Here, we determined a crystal structure of the single LysM domain-containing effector Mg1LysM of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici and reveal that Mg1LysM is involved in the formation of two kinds of dimers; a chitin-dependent dimer as well as a chitin-independent homodimer. In this manner, Mg1LysM gains the capacity to form a supramolecular structure by chitin-induced oligomerization of chitin-independent Mg1LysM homodimers, a property that confers protection to fungal cell walls against host chitinases. Chitin plays a central role in plant-fungi interactions, since it is a major component of the fungal cell wall that is targeted by host hydrolytic enzymes to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens on the one hand, and release chitin fragments that are recognized by host immune receptors to activate further immune responses on the other hand. In turn, many fungal pathogens secrete chitin binding LysM effectors to which currently two functions have been assigned. Most LysM effectors that were functionally characterized to date function to prevent chitin recognition by host immune receptors through chitin sequestration. Additionally, some LysM effectors were shown to protect fungal hyphae against hydrolysis by host chitinases. The crystal structure of Mg1LysM from the Septoria blotch pathogen of wheat, Zymoseptoria tritici, revealed that chitin-induced dimerization of two Mg1LysM protomers through high affinity binding is required for hyphal protection against chitinases. Since Mg1LysM also forms ligand-independent homodimers, a supramolecular structure can be formed in which chitin-induced oligomerization of Mg1LysM ligand-independent homodimers form a contiguous Mg1LysM higher ordered structure that is anchored to the chitin in the fungal cell wall to prevent hydrolysis by host chitinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hui Tian
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Rodriguez-Moreno
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Valkenburg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raspudin Saleem-Batcha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Kombrink
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Verhage
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. Peter van Esse
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Croll
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen R. Mesters
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail: (JRM); (BPHJT)
| | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail: (JRM); (BPHJT)
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73
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Wanke A, Rovenich H, Schwanke F, Velte S, Becker S, Hehemann JH, Wawra S, Zuccaro A. Plant species-specific recognition of long and short β-1,3-linked glucans is mediated by different receptor systems. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:1142-1156. [PMID: 31925978 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants survey their environment for the presence of potentially harmful or beneficial microbes. During colonization, cell surface receptors perceive microbe-derived or modified-self ligands and initiate appropriate responses. The recognition of fungal chitin oligomers and the subsequent activation of plant immunity are well described. In contrast, the mechanisms underlying β-glucan recognition and signaling activation remain largely unexplored. Here, we systematically tested immune responses towards different β-glucan structures and show that responses vary between plant species. While leaves of the monocots Hordeum vulgare and Brachypodium distachyon can recognize longer (laminarin) and shorter (laminarihexaose) β-1,3-glucans with responses of varying intensity, duration and timing, leaves of the dicot Nicotiana benthamiana activate immunity in response to long β-1,3-glucans, whereas Arabidopsis thaliana and Capsella rubella perceive short β-1,3-glucans. Hydrolysis of the β-1,6 side-branches of laminarin demonstrated that not the glycosidic decoration but rather the degree of polymerization plays a pivotal role in the recognition of long-chain β-glucans. Moreover, in contrast to the recognition of short β-1,3-glucans in A. thaliana, perception of long β-1,3-glucans in N. benthamiana and rice is independent of CERK1, indicating that β-glucan recognition may be mediated by multiple β-glucan receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wanke
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Rovenich
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Schwanke
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Velte
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, MARUM, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, MARUM, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50679, Cologne, Germany
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74
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Varlamov VP, Il'ina AV, Shagdarova BT, Lunkov AP, Mysyakina IS. Chitin/Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Fundamental Problems and Practical Approaches. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:S154-S176. [PMID: 32087058 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920140084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we present the data on the natural occurrence of chitin and its partially or fully deacetylated derivative chitosan, as well as their properties, methods of modification, and potential applications of derivatives with bactericidal, fungicidal, and antioxidant activities. The structure and physicochemical characteristics of the polymers, their functions, and features of chitin microbial synthesis and degradation, including the processes occurring in nature, are described. New data on the hydrolytic microorganisms capable of chitin degradation under extreme conditions are presented. Special attention is focused on the effect of physicochemical characteristics of chitosan, including molecular weight, degree of deacetylation, polydispersity index, and number of amino group derivatives (quaternized, succinyl, etc.) on the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of modified polymers that can be of particular interest for biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture. Analysis of the available literature data confirms the importance of fundamental research to broaden our knowledge on the occurrence of chitin and chitosan in nature, their role in global biosphere cycles, and prospects of applied research aimed at using chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives in various aspects of human activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Varlamov
- Laboratory of Biopolymer Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia.
| | - A V Il'ina
- Laboratory of Biopolymer Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - B Ts Shagdarova
- Laboratory of Biopolymer Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - A P Lunkov
- Laboratory of Biopolymer Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - I S Mysyakina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia
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75
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Li Y, Liu X, Liu M, Wang Y, Zou Y, You Y, Yang L, Hu J, Zhang H, Zheng X, Wang P, Zhang Z. Magnaporthe oryzae Auxiliary Activity Protein MoAa91 Functions as Chitin-Binding Protein To Induce Appressorium Formation on Artificial Inductive Surfaces and Suppress Plant Immunity. mBio 2020; 11:e03304-19. [PMID: 32209696 PMCID: PMC7157532 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03304-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The appressoria that are generated by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in response to surface cues are important for successful colonization. Previous work showed that regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) and RGS-like proteins play critical roles in appressorium formation. However, the mechanisms by which these proteins orchestrate surface recognition for appressorium induction remain unclear. Here, we performed comparative transcriptomic studies of ΔMorgs mutant and wild-type strains and found that M. oryzae Aa91 (MoAa91), a homolog of the auxiliary activity family 9 protein (Aa9), was required for surface recognition of M. oryzae We found that MoAA91 was regulated by the MoMsn2 transcription factor and that its disruption resulted in defects in both appressorium formation on the artificial inductive surface and full virulence of the pathogen. We further showed that MoAa91 was secreted into the apoplast space and was capable of competing with the immune receptor chitin elicitor-binding protein precursor (CEBiP) for chitin binding, thereby suppressing chitin-induced plant immune responses. In summary, we have found that MoAa91 is a novel signaling molecule regulated by RGS and RGS-like proteins and that MoAa91 not only governs appressorium development and virulence but also functions as an effector to suppress host immunity.IMPORTANCE The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae generates infection structure appressoria in response to surface cues largely due to functions of signaling molecules, including G-proteins, regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, cAMP signaling, and TOR signaling pathways. M. oryzae encodes eight RGS and RGS-like proteins (MoRgs1 to MoRgs8), and MoRgs1, MoRgs3, MoRgs4, and MoRgs7 were found to be particularly important in appressorium development. To explore the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate appressorium development, we have performed a comparative in planta transcriptomic study and identified an auxiliary activity family 9 protein (Aa9) homolog that we named MoAa91. We showed that MoAa91 was secreted from appressoria and that the recombinant MoAa91 could compete with a chitin elicitor-binding protein precursor (CEBiP) for chitin binding, thereby suppressing chitin-induced plant immunity. By identifying MoAa91 as a novel signaling molecule functioning in appressorium development and an effector in suppressing host immunity, our studies revealed a novel mechanism by which RGS and RGS-like proteins regulate pathogen-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yibin Zou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimei You
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiexiong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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76
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Xu R, Liu X, Peng B, Liu P, Li Z, Dai Y, Xiao S. Genomic Features of Cladobotryum dendroides, Which Causes Cobweb Disease in Edible Mushrooms, and Identification of Genes Related to Pathogenicity and Mycoparasitism. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030232. [PMID: 32245129 PMCID: PMC7157644 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladobotryum dendroides, which causes cobweb disease in edible mushrooms, is one of the major fungal pathogens. Our previous studies focused on the genetic and morphological characterization of this fungus, as well as its pathogenicity and the identification of appropriate fungicides. However, little is known about the genome characters, pathogenic genes, and molecular pathogenic mechanisms of C. dendroides. Herein, we reported a high-quality de novo genomic sequence of C. dendroides and compared it with closely-related fungi. The assembled C. dendroides genome was 36.69 Mb, consisting of eight contigs, with an N50 of 4.76 Mb. This genome was similar in size to that of C. protrusum, and shared highly conserved syntenic blocks and a few inversions with C. protrusum. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that, within the Hypocreaceae, Cladobotryum was closer to Mycogone than to Trichoderma, which is consistent with phenotypic evidence. A significant number of the predicted expanded gene families were strongly associated with pathogenicity, virulence, and adaptation. Our findings will be instrumental for the understanding of fungi-fungi interactions, and for exploring efficient management strategies to control cobweb disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Internationally Cooperative Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushroom, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (R.X.); (B.P.)
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Internationally Cooperative Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushroom, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (R.X.); (B.P.)
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Bing Peng
- Internationally Cooperative Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushroom, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (R.X.); (B.P.)
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Peibin Liu
- Internationally Cooperative Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushroom, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (R.X.); (B.P.)
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;
| | - Yueting Dai
- Internationally Cooperative Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushroom, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (R.X.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (S.X.); Tel.: +86-431-8453-2989 (Y.D. & S.X.)
| | - Shijun Xiao
- Internationally Cooperative Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushroom, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (R.X.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (S.X.); Tel.: +86-431-8453-2989 (Y.D. & S.X.)
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77
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Huang PW, Yang Q, Zhu YL, Zhou J, Sun K, Mei YZ, Dai CC. The construction of CRISPR-Cas9 system for endophytic Phomopsis liquidambaris and its PmkkA-deficient mutant revealing the effect on rice. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 136:103301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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78
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Attia Z, Dalal A, Moshelion M. Vascular bundle sheath and mesophyll cells modulate leaf water balance in response to chitin. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:1368-1377. [PMID: 31680316 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants can detect pathogen invasion by sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). This sensing process leads to the induction of defense responses. Numerous MAMP mechanisms of action have been described in and outside the guard cells. Here, we describe the effects of chitin, a MAMP found in fungal cell walls and insects, on the cellular osmotic water permeability (Pf ) of the leaf vascular bundle-sheath (BS) and mesophyll cells (MCs), and its subsequent effect on leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ). BS is a parenchymatic tissue that tightly encases the vascular system. BS cells (BSCs) have been shown to influence Kleaf through changes in their Pf , for example, after sensing the abiotic stress response-regulating hormone abscisic acid. It was recently reported that, in Arabidopsis, the chitin receptors-like kinases, chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (CERK1) and LYSINE MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE 5 (LYK5) are highly expressed in the BS as well as the neighboring mesophyll. Therefore, we studied the possible impact of chitin on these cells. Our results revealed that BSCs and MCs exhibit a sharp decrease in Pf in response to chitin treatment. In addition, xylem-fed chitin decreased Kleaf and led to stomatal closure. However, Atlyk5 mutant showed none of these responses. Complementing AtLYK5 in the BSCs (using the SCARECROW promoter) resulted in the response to chitin that was similar to that observed in the wild-type. These results suggest that BS play a role in the perception of apoplastic chitin and in initiating chitin-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Attia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ahan Dalal
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Menachem Moshelion
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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79
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Stączek S, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Pleszczyńska M, Wiater A, Cytryńska M. Aspergillus niger α-1,3-glucan acts as a virulence factor by inhibiting the insect phenoloxidase system. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 171:107341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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80
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Liu C, Xing J, Cai X, Hendy A, He W, Yang J, Huang J, Peng YL, Ryder L, Chen XL. GPI7-mediated glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring regulates appressorial penetration and immune evasion during infection of Magnaporthe oryzae. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2581-2595. [PMID: 32064718 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring plays key roles in many biological processes by targeting proteins to the cell wall; however, its roles are largely unknown in plant pathogenic fungi. Here, we reveal the roles of the GPI anchoring in Magnaporthe oryzae during plant infection. The GPI-anchored proteins were found to highly accumulate in appressoria and invasive hyphae. Disruption of GPI7, a GPI anchor-pathway gene, led to a significant reduction in virulence. The Δgpi7 mutant showed significant defects in penetration and invasive growth. This mutant also displayed defects of the cell wall architecture, suggesting GPI7 is required for cell wall biogenesis. Removal of GPI-anchored proteins in the wild-type strain by hydrofluoric acid (HF) pyridine treatment exposed both the chitin and β-1,3-glucans to the host immune system. Exposure of the chitin and β-1,3-glucans was also observed in the Δgpi7 mutant, indicating GPI-anchored proteins are required for immune evasion. The GPI anchoring can regulate subcellular localization of the Gel proteins in the cell wall for appressorial penetration and abundance of which for invasive growth. Our results indicate the GPI anchoring facilitates the penetration of M. oryzae into host cells by affecting the cell wall integrity and the evasion of host immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Liu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Cai
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ahmed Hendy
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhui He
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junbing Huang
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lauren Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
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Zeng T, Rodriguez‐Moreno L, Mansurkhodzaev A, Wang P, van den Berg W, Gasciolli V, Cottaz S, Fort S, Thomma BPHJ, Bono J, Bisseling T, Limpens E. A lysin motif effector subverts chitin-triggered immunity to facilitate arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:448-460. [PMID: 31596956 PMCID: PMC6916333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi greatly improve mineral uptake by host plants in nutrient-depleted soil and can intracellularly colonize root cortex cells in the vast majority of higher plants. However, AM fungi possess common fungal cell wall components such as chitin that can be recognized by plant chitin receptors to trigger immune responses, raising the question as to how AM fungi effectively evade chitin-triggered immune responses during symbiosis. In this study, we characterize a secreted lysin motif (LysM) effector identified from the model AM fungal species Rhizophagus irregularis, called RiSLM. RiSLM is one of the highest expressed effector proteins in intraradical mycelium during the symbiosis. In vitro binding assays show that RiSLM binds chitin-oligosaccharides and can protect fungal cell walls from chitinases. Moreover, RiSLM efficiently interferes with chitin-triggered immune responses, such as defence gene induction and reactive oxygen species production in Medicago truncatula. Although RiSLM also binds to symbiotic (lipo)chitooligosaccharides it does not interfere significantly with symbiotic signalling in Medicago. Host-induced gene silencing of RiSLM greatly reduces fungal colonization levels. Taken together, our results reveal a key role for AM fungal LysM effectors to subvert chitin-triggered immunity in symbiosis, pointing to a common role for LysM effectors in both symbiotic and pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Luis Rodriguez‐Moreno
- Department of Plant SciencesLaboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Artem Mansurkhodzaev
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Willy van den Berg
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen University & Research6708 WEWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvain Cottaz
- CNRSCERMAVUniversity Grenoble AlpesUPR 530138041GrenobleFrance
| | - Sébastien Fort
- CNRSCERMAVUniversity Grenoble AlpesUPR 530138041GrenobleFrance
| | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Department of Plant SciencesLaboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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82
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Challacombe JF, Hesse CN, Bramer LM, McCue LA, Lipton M, Purvine S, Nicora C, Gallegos-Graves LV, Porras-Alfaro A, Kuske CR. Genomes and secretomes of Ascomycota fungi reveal diverse functions in plant biomass decomposition and pathogenesis. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:976. [PMID: 31830917 PMCID: PMC6909477 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dominant fungi in arid grasslands and shrublands are members of the Ascomycota phylum. Ascomycota fungi are important drivers in carbon and nitrogen cycling in arid ecosystems. These fungi play roles in soil stability, plant biomass decomposition, and endophytic interactions with plants. They may also form symbiotic associations with biocrust components or be latent saprotrophs or pathogens that live on plant tissues. However, their functional potential in arid soils, where organic matter, nutrients and water are very low or only periodically available, is poorly characterized. RESULTS Five Ascomycota fungi were isolated from different soil crust microhabitats and rhizosphere soils around the native bunchgrass Pleuraphis jamesii in an arid grassland near Moab, UT, USA. Putative genera were Coniochaeta, isolated from lichen biocrust, Embellisia from cyanobacteria biocrust, Chaetomium from below lichen biocrust, Phoma from a moss microhabitat, and Aspergillus from the soil. The fungi were grown in replicate cultures on different carbon sources (chitin, native bunchgrass or pine wood) relevant to plant biomass and soil carbon sources. Secretomes produced by the fungi on each substrate were characterized. Results demonstrate that these fungi likely interact with primary producers (biocrust or plants) by secreting a wide range of proteins that facilitate symbiotic associations. Each of the fungal isolates secreted enzymes that degrade plant biomass, small secreted effector proteins, and proteins involved in either beneficial plant interactions or virulence. Aspergillus and Phoma expressed more plant biomass degrading enzymes when grown in grass- and pine-containing cultures than in chitin. Coniochaeta and Embellisia expressed similar numbers of these enzymes under all conditions, while Chaetomium secreted more of these enzymes in grass-containing cultures. CONCLUSIONS This study of Ascomycota genomes and secretomes provides important insights about the lifestyles and the roles that Ascomycota fungi likely play in arid grassland, ecosystems. However, the exact nature of those interactions, whether any or all of the isolates are true endophytes, latent saprotrophs or opportunistic phytopathogens, will be the topic of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean F Challacombe
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
- Present address: Colorado State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, 301 University Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Cedar N Hesse
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
- Horticultural Crops Research, USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lisa M Bramer
- Applied Statistics & Computational Modeling, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Lee Ann McCue
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Mary Lipton
- Applied Statistics & Computational Modeling, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel Purvine
- Applied Statistics & Computational Modeling, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Carrie Nicora
- Applied Statistics & Computational Modeling, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Cheryl R Kuske
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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83
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Khademi M, Nazarian‐Firouzabadi F, Ismaili A, Shirzadian Khorramabad R. Targeting microbial pathogens by expression of new recombinant dermaseptin peptides in tobacco. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e837. [PMID: 30912302 PMCID: PMC6854847 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermaseptin B1 (DrsB1), an antimicrobial cationic 31 amino acid peptide, is produced by Phyllomedusa bicolor. In an attempt to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of DrsB1, the DrsB1 encoding 93 bp sequence was either fused to the N or C terminus of sequence encoding chitin-binding domain (CBD) of Avr4 gene from Cladosporium fulvum. Tobacco leaf disk explants were inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes harboring pGSA/CBD-DrsB1 and pGSA/DrsB1-CBD expression vectors to produce hairy roots (HRs). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to screen putative transgenic tobacco lines. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting analysis indicated that the expression of recombinant genes were significantly higher, and recombinant proteins were produced in transgenic HRs. The recombinant proteins were extracted from the tobacco HRs and used against Pectobacterium carotovorum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Xanthomonas campestris pathogenic bacteria and Alternaria alternata and Pythium sp. fungi. Two recombinant proteins had a statistically significant (p < 0.01) inhibitory effect on the growth and development of plant pathogens. The CBD-DrsB1 recombinant protein demonstrated a higher antibacterial effect, whereas the DrsB1-CBD recombinant protein demonstrated greater antifungal activity. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the structure of the fungal mycelia appeared segmented, adhered to each other, and crushed following the antimicrobial activity of the recombinant proteins. Due to the high antimicrobial activity of the recombinant proteins against plant pathogens, this strategy can be used to generate stable transgenic crop plants resistant to devastating plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Khademi
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of AgricultureLorestan UniversityKhorramabadIran
| | | | - Ahmad Ismaili
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of AgricultureLorestan UniversityKhorramabadIran
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84
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Gao F, Zhang BS, Zhao JH, Huang JF, Jia PS, Wang S, Zhang J, Zhou JM, Guo HS. Deacetylation of chitin oligomers increases virulence in soil-borne fungal pathogens. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:1167-1176. [PMID: 31636399 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Soil-borne fungal pathogens that cause crop disease are major threats to agriculture worldwide. Here, we identified a secretory polysaccharide deacetylase (PDA1) from the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae, the most notorious plant pathogen of the Verticillium genus, that facilitates virulence through direct deacetylation of chitin oligomers whose N-acetyl group contributes to host lysine motif (LysM)-containing receptor perception for ligand-triggered immunity. Polysaccharide deacetylases are widely present in fungi, bacteria, insects and marine invertebrates and have been reported to possess diverse functions in developmental processes rather than virulence. A phylogenetics analysis of more than 5,000 fungal proteins with conserved polysaccharide deacetylase domains showed that the V. dahliae PDA1-containing subtree includes a large number of proteins from the Verticillium genus as well as the Fusarium genus, another group of characterized soil-borne fungal pathogens, suggesting that soil-borne fungal pathogens have adopted chitin deacetylation as a major virulence strategy. We showed that a Fusarium PDA1 is required for virulence in cotton plants. This study reveals a substantial virulence function role of polysaccharide deacetylases in pathogenic fungi and demonstrates a subtle mechanism whereby deacetylation of chitin oligomers converts them to ligand-inactive chitosan, representing a common strategy of preventing chitin-triggered host immunity by soil-borne fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Bo-Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Feng Huang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory at Universities of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resource Utilization, Shihezi, China
| | - Pei-Song Jia
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory at Universities of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resource Utilization, Shihezi, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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85
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Venice F, Ghignone S, Salvioli di Fossalunga A, Amselem J, Novero M, Xianan X, Sędzielewska Toro K, Morin E, Lipzen A, Grigoriev IV, Henrissat B, Martin FM, Bonfante P. At the nexus of three kingdoms: the genome of the mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita provides insights into plant, endobacterial and fungal interactions. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:122-141. [PMID: 31621176 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As members of the plant microbiota, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomeromycotina) symbiotically colonize plant roots. AMF also possess their own microbiota, hosting some uncultivable endobacteria. Ongoing research has revealed the genetics underlying plant responses to colonization by AMF, but the fungal side of the relationship remains in the dark. Here, we sequenced the genome of Gigaspora margarita, a member of the Gigasporaceae in an early diverging group of the Glomeromycotina. In contrast to other AMF, G. margarita may host distinct endobacterial populations and possesses the largest fungal genome so far annotated (773.104 Mbp), with more than 64% transposable elements. Other unique traits of the G. margarita genome include the expansion of genes for inorganic phosphate metabolism, the presence of genes for production of secondary metabolites and a considerable number of potential horizontal gene transfer events. The sequencing of G. margarita genome reveals the importance of its immune system, shedding light on the evolutionary pathways that allowed early diverging fungi to interact with both plants and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Venice
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Ghignone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-CNR, Turin Unit, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Xie Xianan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm in Guangdong Province, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kinga Sędzielewska Toro
- Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Morin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems (ARBRE), UMR, 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - Anna Lipzen
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13288, France.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Marseille, F-13288, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francis M Martin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems (ARBRE), UMR, 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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86
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Gandía M, Garrigues S, Bolós B, Manzanares P, Marcos JF. The Myosin Motor Domain-Containing Chitin Synthases Are Involved in Cell Wall Integrity and Sensitivity to Antifungal Proteins in Penicillium digitatum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2400. [PMID: 31681248 PMCID: PMC6813208 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum is the main postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit and is responsible for important economic losses in spite of the massive use of fungicides. The fungal cell wall (CW) and its specific component chitin are potential targets for the development of new antifungal molecules. Among these are the antifungal peptides and proteins that specifically interact with fungal CW. Chitin is synthesized by a complex family of chitin synthases (Chs), classified into up to eight classes within three divisions. Previously, we obtained and characterized a mutant of P. digitatum in the class VII gene (ΔchsVII), which contains a short myosin motor-like domain (MMD). In this report, we extend our previous studies to the characterization of mutants in chsII and in the gene coding for the other MMD-Chs (chsV), and study the role of chitin synthases in the sensitivity of P. digitatum to the self-antifungal protein AfpB, and to AfpA obtained from P. expansum. The ΔchsII mutant showed no significant phenotypic and virulence differences with the wild type strain, except in the production and morphology of the conidia. In contrast, mutants in chsV showed a more dramatic phenotype than the previous ΔchsVII, with reduced growth and conidial production, increased chitin content, changes in mycelial morphology and a decrease in virulence to citrus fruit. Mutants in chsVII were specifically more tolerant than the wild type to nikkomycin Z, an antifungal inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis. Treatment of P. digitatum with its own antifungal protein AfpB resulted in an overall reduction in the expression of the chitin synthase genes. The mutants corresponding to MMD chitin synthases exhibited differential sensitivity to the antifungal proteins AfpA and AfpB, ΔchsVII being more susceptible than its parental strain and ΔchsV being slightly more tolerant despite its reduced growth in liquid broth. Taking these results together, we conclude that the MMD-containing chitin synthases affect cell wall integrity and sensitivity to antifungal proteins in P. digitatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Gandía
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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87
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Sarkar D, Rovenich H, Jeena G, Nizam S, Tissier A, Balcke GU, Mahdi LK, Bonkowski M, Langen G, Zuccaro A. The inconspicuous gatekeeper: endophytic Serendipita vermifera acts as extended plant protection barrier in the rhizosphere. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:886-901. [PMID: 31074884 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In nature, beneficial and pathogenic fungi often simultaneously colonise plants. Despite substantial efforts to understand the composition of natural plant-microbe communities, the mechanisms driving such multipartite interactions remain largely unknown. Here we address how the interaction between the beneficial root endophyte Serendipita vermifera and the pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana affects fungal behaviour and determines barley host responses using a gnotobiotic soil-based split-root system. Fungal confrontation in soil resulted in induction of B. sorokiniana genes involved in secondary metabolism and a significant repression of genes encoding putative effectors. In S. vermifera, genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes were strongly induced. This antagonistic response was not activated during the tripartite interaction in barley roots. Instead, we observed a specific induction of S. vermifera genes involved in detoxification and redox homeostasis. Pathogen infection but not endophyte colonisation resulted in substantial host transcriptional reprogramming and activation of defence. In the presence of S. vermifera, pathogen infection and disease symptoms were significantly reduced despite no marked alterations of the plant transcriptional response. The activation of stress response genes and concomitant repression of putative effector gene expression in B. sorokiniana during confrontation with the endophyte suggest a reduction of the pathogen's virulence potential before host plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debika Sarkar
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Rovenich
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ganga Jeena
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shadab Nizam
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerd U Balcke
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lisa K Mahdi
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregor Langen
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
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88
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Volk H, Marton K, Flajšman M, Radišek S, Tian H, Hein I, Podlipnik Č, Thomma BPHJ, Košmelj K, Javornik B, Berne S. Chitin-Binding Protein of Verticillium nonalfalfae Disguises Fungus from Plant Chitinases and Suppresses Chitin-Triggered Host Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1378-1390. [PMID: 31063047 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-19-0079-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During fungal infections, plant cells secrete chitinases, which digest chitin in the fungal cell walls. The recognition of released chitin oligomers via lysin motif (LysM)-containing immune host receptors results in the activation of defense signaling pathways. We report here that Verticillium nonalfalfae, a hemibiotrophic xylem-invading fungus, prevents these digestion and recognition processes by secreting a carbohydrate-binding motif 18 (CBM18)-chitin-binding protein, VnaChtBP, which is transcriptionally activated specifically during the parasitic life stages. VnaChtBP is encoded by the Vna8.213 gene, which is highly conserved within the species, suggesting high evolutionary stability and importance for the fungal lifestyle. In a pathogenicity assay, however, Vna8.213 knockout mutants exhibited wilting symptoms similar to the wild-type fungus, suggesting that Vna8.213 activity is functionally redundant during fungal infection of hop. In a binding assay, recombinant VnaChtBP bound chitin and chitin oligomers in vitro with submicromolar affinity and protected fungal hyphae from degradation by plant chitinases. Moreover, the chitin-triggered production of reactive oxygen species from hop suspension cells was abolished in the presence of VnaChtBP, indicating that VnaChtBP also acts as a suppressor of chitin-triggered immunity. Using a yeast-two-hybrid assay, circular dichroism, homology modeling, and molecular docking, we demonstrated that VnaChtBP forms dimers in the absence of ligands and that this interaction is stabilized by the binding of chitin hexamers with a similar preference in the two binding sites. Our data suggest that, in addition to chitin-binding LysM (CBM50) and Avr4 (CBM14) fungal effectors, structurally unrelated CBM18 effectors have convergently evolved to prevent hydrolysis of the fungal cell wall against plant chitinases and to interfere with chitin-triggered host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Volk
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Marton
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Flajšman
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Hui Tian
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Hein
- The James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, U.K
- The University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Plant Sciences at the JHI, Invergowrie
| | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarina Košmelj
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Berne
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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89
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Teixeira PJP, Colaianni NR, Fitzpatrick CR, Dangl JL. Beyond pathogens: microbiota interactions with the plant immune system. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 49:7-17. [PMID: 31563068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant immune receptors perceive microbial molecules and initiate an array of biochemical responses that are effective against most invaders. The role of the plant immune system in detecting and controlling pathogenic microorganism has been well described. In contrast, much less is known about plant immunity in the context of the wealth of commensals that inhabit plants. Recent research indicates that, just like pathogens, commensals in the plant microbiome can suppress or evade host immune responses. Moreover, the plant immune system has an active role in microbiome assembly and controls microbial homeostasis in response to environmental variation. We propose that the plant immune system shapes the microbiome, and that the microbiome expands plant immunity and acts as an additional layer of defense against pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo José Pl Teixeira
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nicholas R Colaianni
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Connor R Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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90
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Romero-Contreras YJ, Ramírez-Valdespino CA, Guzmán-Guzmán P, Macías-Segoviano JI, Villagómez-Castro JC, Olmedo-Monfil V. Tal6 From Trichoderma atroviride Is a LysM Effector Involved in Mycoparasitism and Plant Association. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2231. [PMID: 31608044 PMCID: PMC6773873 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
LysM effectors play a relevant role during the plant colonization by successful phytopathogenic fungi, since they enable them to avoid either the triggering of plant defense mechanisms or their attack effects. Tal6, a LysM protein from Trichoderma atroviride, is capable of binding to complex chitin. However, until now its biological function is not completely known, particularly its participation in plant–Trichoderma interactions. We obtained T. atroviride Tal6 null mutant and Tal6 overexpressing strains and determined the role played by this protein during Trichoderma-plant interaction and mycoparasitism. LysM effector Tal6 from T. atroviride protects the hyphae from chitinases by binding to chitin of the fungal cell wall, increases the fungus mycoparasitic capacity, and modulates the activation of the plant defense system. These results show that beneficial fungi also employ LysM effectors to improve their association with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordan J Romero-Contreras
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Claudia A Ramírez-Valdespino
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Paulina Guzmán-Guzmán
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | | | - Vianey Olmedo-Monfil
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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91
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Burgos-Canul YY, Canto-Canché B, Berezovski MV, Mironov G, Loyola-Vargas VM, Barba de Rosa AP, Tzec-Simá M, Brito-Argáez L, Carrillo-Pech M, Grijalva-Arango R, Muñoz-Pérez G, Islas-Flores I. The cell wall proteome from two strains of Pseudocercospora fijiensis with differences in virulence. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:105. [PMID: 31267317 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudocercospora fijiensis causes black Sigatoka disease, the most important threat to banana. The cell wall is crucial for fungal biological processes, including pathogenesis. Here, we performed cell wall proteomics analyses of two P. fijiensis strains, the highly virulent Oz2b, and the less virulent C1233 strains. Strains were starved from nitrogen to mimic the host environment. Interestingly, in vitro cultures of the C1233 strain grew faster than Oz2b in PDB medium, suggesting that C1233 survives outside the host better than the highly virulent Oz2b strain. Both strains were submitted to nitrogen starvation and the cell wall proteins were isolated and subjected to nano-HPLC-MS/MS. A total of 2686 proteins were obtained from which only 240 had a known function and thus, bioinformatics analyses were performed on this group. We found that 90 cell wall proteins were shared by both strains, 21 were unique for Oz2b and 39 for C1233. Shared proteins comprised 24 pathogenicity factors, including Avr4 and Ecp6, two effectors from P. fijiensis, while the unique proteins comprised 16 virulence factors in C1233 and 11 in Oz2b. The P. fijiensis cell wall proteome comprised canonical proteins, but thirty percent were atypical, a feature which in other phytopathogens has been interpreted as contamination. However, a comparison with the identities of atypical proteins in other reports suggests that the P. fijiensis proteins we detected were not contaminants. This is the first proteomics analysis of the P. fijiensis cell wall and our results expands the understanding of the fundamental biology of fungal phytopathogens and will help to decipher the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and virulence in P. fijiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamily Y Burgos-Canul
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Maxim V Berezovski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Gleb Mironov
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Víctor M Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ana Paulina Barba de Rosa
- IPICYT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Miguel Tzec-Simá
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ligia Brito-Argáez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Mildred Carrillo-Pech
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rosa Grijalva-Arango
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Muñoz-Pérez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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92
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Prasad Singh P, Srivastava D, Jaiswar A, Adholeya A. Effector proteins of Rhizophagus proliferus: conserved protein domains may play a role in host-specific interaction with different plant species. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:593-601. [PMID: 31250404 PMCID: PMC6863257 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi show high promiscuity in terms of host. Effector proteins expressed by AM fungi are found important in establishing interaction with host. However, the mechanistic underlying host-specific interactions of the fungi remain unknown. The present study aimed (i) to identify effectors encoded by Rhizophagus proliferus and (ii) to understand molecular specificity encoded in effectors for interaction with specific plant species. The effectors predicted from the whole genome sequence were annotated by homology search in NCBI non-redundant protein, Interproscan, and pathogen-host interaction (PHI) databases. In total, 416 small secreted peptides (SSPs) were predicted, which were effector peptides with presence of nuclear localization signal, small cysteine-rich, and repeat-containing proteins domains. Similar to the functionally validated SP7 effectors in Rhizophagus irregularis, two proteins (RP8598 and RP23081) were identified in R. proliferus. To understand whether interaction between SP7 and the plant target protein, ERF19, is specific in nature, we examined protein-peptide interaction using in silico molecular docking. Pairwise interaction of RP8598 and RP23081 with the ethylene-responsive factors (ERF19) coded by five different plant species (Lotus japonicus, Solanum lycopersicum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Medicago truncatula, Diospyros kaki) was investigated. Prediction of high-quality interaction of SP7 effector with ERF19 protein expressed only by specific plant species was observed in in silico molecular docking, which may reiterate the role of effectors in host specificity. The outcomes from our study indicated that sequence precision encoded in the effector peptides of AM fungi and immunomodulatory proteins of host may regulate host specificity in these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushplata Prasad Singh
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gwal Pahari, Gurgaon Faridabad Road, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001, India.
| | - Divya Srivastava
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gwal Pahari, Gurgaon Faridabad Road, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Akanksha Jaiswar
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gwal Pahari, Gurgaon Faridabad Road, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Alok Adholeya
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gwal Pahari, Gurgaon Faridabad Road, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001, India
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93
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van de Vossenberg BTLH, Warris S, Nguyen HDT, van Gent-Pelzer MPE, Joly DL, van de Geest HC, Bonants PJM, Smith DS, Lévesque CA, van der Lee TAJ. Comparative genomics of chytrid fungi reveal insights into the obligate biotrophic and pathogenic lifestyle of Synchytrium endobioticum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8672. [PMID: 31209237 PMCID: PMC6572847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchytrium endobioticum is an obligate biotrophic soilborne Chytridiomycota (chytrid) species that causes potato wart disease, and represents the most basal lineage among the fungal plant pathogens. We have chosen a functional genomics approach exploiting knowledge acquired from other fungal taxa and compared this to several saprobic and pathogenic chytrid species. Observations linked to obligate biotrophy, genome plasticity and pathogenicity are reported. Essential purine pathway genes were found uniquely absent in S. endobioticum, suggesting that it relies on scavenging guanine from its host for survival. The small gene-dense and intron-rich chytrid genomes were not protected for genome duplications by repeat-induced point mutation. Both pathogenic chytrids Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and S. endobioticum contained the largest amounts of repeats, and we identified S. endobioticum specific candidate effectors that are associated with repeat-rich regions. These candidate effectors share a highly conserved motif, and show isolate specific duplications. A reduced set of cell wall degrading enzymes, and LysM protein expansions were found in S. endobioticum, which may prevent triggering plant defense responses. Our study underlines the high diversity in chytrids compared to the well-studied Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, reflects characteristic biological differences between the phyla, and shows commonalities in genomic features among pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart T L H van de Vossenberg
- Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Plant Science Group, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Dutch National Plant Protection Organization, National Reference Centre, Geertjesweg 15, 6706EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sven Warris
- Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Plant Science Group, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hai D T Nguyen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marga P E van Gent-Pelzer
- Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Plant Science Group, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David L Joly
- Université de Moncton, 18 avenue Antonine-Maillet, Moncton, Canada
| | - Henri C van de Geest
- Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Plant Science Group, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Bonants
- Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Plant Science Group, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Donna S Smith
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - C André Lévesque
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Plant Science Group, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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94
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Sarowar S, Alam ST, Makandar R, Lee H, Trick HN, Dong Y, Shah J. Targeting the pattern-triggered immunity pathway to enhance resistance to Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:626-640. [PMID: 30597698 PMCID: PMC6637896 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease of the floral tissues of wheat and barley for which highly resistant varieties are not available. Thus, there is a need to identify genes/mechanisms that can be targeted for the control of this devastating disease. Fusarium graminearum is the primary causal agent of FHB in North America. In addition, it also causes Fusarium seedling blight. Fusarium graminearum can also cause disease in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The Arabidopsis-F. graminearum pathosystem has facilitated the identification of targets for the control of disease caused by this fungus. Here, we show that resistance against F. graminearum can be enhanced by flg22, a bacterial microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP). flg22-induced resistance in Arabidopsis requires its cognate pattern recognition receptor (PRR) FLS2, and is accompanied by the up-regulation of WRKY29. The expression of WRKY29, which is associated with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), is also induced in response to F. graminearum infection. Furthermore, WRKY29 is required for basal resistance as well as flg22-induced resistance to F. graminearum. Moreover, constitutive expression of WRKY29 in Arabidopsis enhances disease resistance. The PTI pathway is also activated in response to F. graminearum infection of wheat. Furthermore, flg22 application and ectopic expression of WRKY29 enhance FHB resistance in wheat. Thus, we conclude that the PTI pathway provides a target for the control of FHB in wheat. We further show that the ectopic expression of WRKY29 in wheat results in shorter stature and early heading time, traits that are important to wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujon Sarowar
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTX 76201USA
- Present address:
Botanical GeneticsBuffaloNYUSA
| | - Syeda T. Alam
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTX 76201USA
- BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTX 76201USA
| | - Ragiba Makandar
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTX 76201USA
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of HyderabadGachibowliHyderabad 500046India
| | - Hyeonju Lee
- Department of Plant PathologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA
| | - Harold N. Trick
- Department of Plant PathologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMN 55108USA
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTX 76201USA
- BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTX 76201USA
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95
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Johnson JM, Ludwig A, Furch ACU, Mithöfer A, Scholz S, Reichelt M, Oelmüller R. The Beneficial Root-Colonizing Fungus Mortierella hyalina Promotes the Aerial Growth of Arabidopsis and Activates Calcium-Dependent Responses That Restrict Alternaria brassicae-Induced Disease Development in Roots. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:351-363. [PMID: 30252617 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-18-0115-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Mortierella hyalina colonizes the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana and stimulates growth and biomass production of the aerial parts but not of roots. An exudate fraction from the fungus induces rapid and transient cytoplasmic Ca2+elevation in the roots. The Ca2+ response does not require the well-characterized (co)receptors BAK1, CERK1, and FLS2 for pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and the Ca2+ channels GLR-2.4, GLR-2.5, and GLR-3.3 or the vacuolar TWO PORE CHANNEL1, which might be involved in cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevation. We isolated an ethyl-methane-sulfonate-induced Arabidopsis mutant that is impaired in this Ca2+ response. The roots of the mutant are impaired in M. hyalina-mediated suppression of immune responses after Alternaria brassicae infection, i.e., jasmonate accumulation, generation of reactive oxygen species, as well as the activation of jasmonate-related defense genes. Furthermore, they are more colonized by M. hyalina than wild-type roots. We propose that the mutant gene product is involved in a Ca2+-dependent signaling pathway activated by M. hyalina to suppress immune responses in Arabidopsis roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Michal Johnson
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anatoli Ludwig
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- 2 Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- 3 Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
| | - Sandra Scholz
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- 4 Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
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96
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Nalam V, Louis J, Shah J. Plant defense against aphids, the pest extraordinaire. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:96-107. [PMID: 30709498 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are amongst the most damaging pests of plants that use their stylets to penetrate the plant tissue to consume large amounts of phloem sap and thus deprive the plant of photoassimilates. In addition, some aphids vector important viral diseases of plants. Plant defenses targeting aphids are broadly classified as antibiosis, which interferes with aphid growth, survival and fecundity, and antixenosis, which influences aphid behavior, including plant choice and feeding from the sieve elements. Here we review the multitude of steps in the infestation process where these defenses can be exerted and highlight the progress made on identifying molecular factors and mechanisms that contribute to host defense, including plant resistance genes and signaling components, as well as aphid-derived effectors that elicit or attenuate host defenses. Also discussed is the impact of aphid-vectored plant viruses on plant-aphid interaction and the concept of tolerance, which allows plant to withstand or recover from damage resulting from the infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Nalam
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 46805, USA.
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
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97
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Sjokvist E, Lemcke R, Kamble M, Turner F, Blaxter M, Havis NHD, Lyngkjær MF, Radutoiu S. Dissection of Ramularia Leaf Spot Disease by Integrated Analysis of Barley and Ramularia collo-cygni Transcriptome Responses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:176-193. [PMID: 30681911 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-18-0113-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ramularia leaf spot disease (RLS), caused by the ascomycete fungus Ramularia collo-cygni, has emerged as a major economic disease of barley. No substantial resistance has been identified, so far, among barley genotypes and, based on the epidemiology of the disease, a quantitative genetic determinacy of RLS has been suggested. The relative contributions of barley and R. collo-cygni genetics to disease infection and epidemiology are practically unknown. Here, we present an integrated genome-wide analysis of host and pathogen transcriptome landscapes identified in a sensitive barley cultivar following infection by an aggressive R. collo-cygni isolate. We compared transcriptional responses in the infected and noninfected leaf samples in order to identify which molecular events are associated with RLS symptom development. We found a large proportion of R. collo-cygni genes to be expressed in planta and that many were also closely associated with the infection stage. The transition from surface to apoplastic colonization was associated with downregulation of cell wall-degrading genes and upregulation of nutrient uptake and resistance to oxidative stresses. Interestingly, the production of secondary metabolites was dynamically regulated within the fungus, indicating that R. collo-cygni produces a diverse panel of toxic compounds according to the infection stage. A defense response against R. collo-cygni was identified in barley at the early, asymptomatic infection and colonization stages. We found activation of ethylene signaling, jasmonic acid signaling, and phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways to be highly induced, indicative of a classical response to necrotrophic pathogens. Disease development was found to be associated with gene expression patterns similar to those found at the onset of leaf senescence, when nutrients, possibly, are used by the infecting fungus. These analyses, combining both barley and R. collo-cygni transcript profiles, demonstrate the activation of complex transcriptional programs in both organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Sjokvist
- 1 Scotlands Rural College, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Scotland, U.K
- 2 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, U.K
| | - Rene Lemcke
- 3 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Manoj Kamble
- 4 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 10, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Frances Turner
- 5 Edinburgh Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh; Scotland, U.K
| | - Mark Blaxter
- 2 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, U.K
| | - Neil H D Havis
- 1 Scotlands Rural College, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Scotland, U.K
| | - Michael F Lyngkjær
- 3 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- 4 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 10, Aarhus, Denmark; and
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98
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Lopez-Moya F, Suarez-Fernandez M, Lopez-Llorca LV. Molecular Mechanisms of Chitosan Interactions with Fungi and Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E332. [PMID: 30650540 PMCID: PMC6359256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a versatile compound with multiple biotechnological applications. This polymer inhibits clinically important human fungal pathogens under the same carbon and nitrogen status as in blood. Chitosan permeabilises their high-fluidity plasma membrane and increases production of intracellular oxygen species (ROS). Conversely, chitosan is compatible with mammalian cell lines as well as with biocontrol fungi (BCF). BCF resistant to chitosan have low-fluidity membranes and high glucan/chitin ratios in their cell walls. Recent studies illustrate molecular and physiological basis of chitosan-root interactions. Chitosan induces auxin accumulation in Arabidopsis roots. This polymer causes overexpression of tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway. It also blocks auxin translocation in roots. Chitosan is a plant defense modulator. Endophytes and fungal pathogens evade plant immunity converting chitin into chitosan. LysM effectors shield chitin and protect fungal cell walls from plant chitinases. These enzymes together with fungal chitin deacetylases, chitosanases and effectors play determinant roles during fungal colonization of plants. This review describes chitosan mode of action (cell and gene targets) in fungi and plants. This knowledge will help to develop chitosan for agrobiotechnological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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99
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Shi Q, George J, Krystel J, Zhang S, Lapointe SL, Stelinski LL, Stover E. Hexaacetyl-chitohexaose, a chitin-derived oligosaccharide, transiently activates citrus defenses and alters the feeding behavior of Asian citrus psyllid. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:76. [PMID: 31231534 PMCID: PMC6555843 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants have a perception system triggered by pathogen and pest signals to initiate defense. These signals include evolutionarily conserved molecules from microbes and insects termed pathogen/herbivore-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/HAMPs). Here we showed that hexaacetyl-chitohexaose (HC), an oligosaccharide from chitin, a structural component in insect exoskeletons and fungi cell walls, upregulated defense-associated genes WRKY22, GST1, RAR1, EDS1, PAL1 and NPR2, and downregulated ICS1 at 1 h after HC treatment in Sun Chu Sha mandarin leaves. The effect was transient as defense gene transcriptional changes were not observed at 18 h after the treatment. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings were used to study the feeding behavior of Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) following the HC treatment. ACP is the hemipteran vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the pathogen associated with huanglongbing (HLB). Adult ACP displayed reduced intercellular probing, reduced xylem feeding count and duration, and increased non-probing activity on HC-treated citrus compared to controls. During an 18-h recording, percentage for total duration of xylem ingestion, phloem ingestion, intercellular probing were lower, and the percentage of non-probing behavior was higher in HC-treated leaves than in controls. In host-selection behavior studies, HC treatment did not alter the attractiveness of citrus leaves under light or dark conditions. In addition, ACP feeding on HC-treated leaves did not show differences in mortality for up to 10 day of exposure. In summary, we report that HC induced a transient defense in citrus and an inhibitory effect on ACP feeding but did not affect host selection or the insect fitness under the tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Shi
- US Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 USA
| | - Justin George
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA
| | - Joseph Krystel
- US Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 USA
| | - Shujian Zhang
- US Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 USA
| | | | - Lukasz L. Stelinski
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA
| | - Ed Stover
- US Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 USA
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Schmitz AM, Pawlowska TE, Harrison MJ. A short LysM protein with high molecular diversity from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis. MYCOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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