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Li R, Rodriguez-Furlan C, Wang J, van de Ven W, Gao T, Raikhel NV, Hicks GR. Different Endomembrane Trafficking Pathways Establish Apical and Basal Polarities. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:90-108. [PMID: 28011692 PMCID: PMC5304347 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The endomembrane system is an interconnected network required to establish signal transduction, cell polarity, and cell shape in response to developmental or environmental stimuli. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, there are numerous markers to visualize polarly localized plasma membrane proteins utilizing endomembrane trafficking. Previous studies have shown that the large ARF-GEF GNOM plays a key role in the establishment of basal (rootward) polarity, whereas the apically (shootward) polarized membrane proteins undergo sorting via different routes. However, the mechanism that maintains apical polarity is largely unknown. Here, we used a chemical genomic approach and identified the compound endosidin 16 (ES16), which perturbed apically localized plasma membrane proteins without affecting basal polarity. We demonstrated that ES16 is an inhibitor for recycling of apical, lateral, and nonpolar plasma membrane proteins as well as biosynthetic secretion, leaving the basal proteins as the only exceptions not subject to ES16 inhibition. Further evidence from pharmaceutical and genetic data revealed that ES16 effects are mediated through the regulation of small GTPase RabA proteins and that RabA GTPases work in concert with the BIG clade ARF-GEF to modulate the nonbasal trafficking. Our results reveal that ES16 defines a distinct pathway for endomembrane sorting routes and is essential for the establishment of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixi Li
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cecilia Rodriguez-Furlan
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Junqi Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wilhelmina van de Ven
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Natasha V Raikhel
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Glenn R Hicks
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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52
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Yu F, Lou L, Tian M, Li Q, Ding Y, Cao X, Wu Y, Belda-Palazon B, Rodriguez PL, Yang S, Xie Q. ESCRT-I Component VPS23A Affects ABA Signaling by Recognizing ABA Receptors for Endosomal Degradation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1570-1582. [PMID: 27856401 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent discovery of PYR/PYL/RCAR-type abscisic acid (ABA) receptors has become one of most significant advances in plant science in the past decade. In mammals, endosomal sorting acts as an important pathway to downregulate different types of receptors, but its role in plant hormone signaling is poorly understood. Here, we report that an ubiquitin E2-like protein, VPS23A, which is a key component of ESCRT-I, negatively regulates ABA signaling. VPS23A has epistatic relationship with PYR/PYL/RCAR-type ABA receptors and disruption of VPS23A enhanced the activity of key kinase OST1 in the ABA signaling pathway under ABA treatment. Moreover, VPS23A interacts with PYR1/PYLs and K63-linked diubiquitin, and PYL4 possesses K63-linked ubiquitinated modification in vivo. Further analysis revealed that VPS23A affects the subcellular localization of PYR1 and the stability of PYL4. Taken together, our results suggest that VPS23A affects PYR1/PYL4 via vacuole-mediated degradation, providing an advanced understanding of both the turnover of ABA receptors and ESCRTs in plant hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Qingliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yanglin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yaorong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Borja Belda-Palazon
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China.
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53
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Klíma P, Laňková M, Zažímalová E. Inhibitors of plant hormone transport. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1391-1404. [PMID: 26494150 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we present an overview of what is known about endogenous plant compounds that act as inhibitors of hormonal transport processes in plants, about their identity and mechanism of action. We have also summarized commonly and less commonly used compounds of non-plant origin and synthetic drugs that show at least partial 'specificity' to transport or transporters of particular phytohormones. Our main attention is focused on the inhibitors of auxin transport. The urgent need to understand precisely the molecular mechanism of action of these inhibitors is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Klíma
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Laňková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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54
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Street IH, Mathews DE, Yamburkenko MV, Sorooshzadeh A, John RT, Swarup R, Bennett MJ, Kieber JJ, Schaller GE. Cytokinin acts through the auxin influx carrier AUX1 to regulate cell elongation in the root. Development 2016; 143:3982-3993. [PMID: 27697901 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal interactions are crucial for plant development. In Arabidopsis, cytokinins inhibit root growth through effects on cell proliferation and cell elongation. Here, we define key mechanistic elements in a regulatory network by which cytokinin inhibits root cell elongation in concert with the hormones auxin and ethylene. The auxin importer AUX1 functions as a positive regulator of cytokinin responses in the root; mutation of AUX1 specifically affects the ability of cytokinin to inhibit cell elongation but not cell proliferation. AUX1 is required for cytokinin-dependent changes of auxin activity in the lateral root cap associated with the control of cell elongation. Cytokinin regulates root cell elongation through ethylene-dependent and -independent mechanisms, both hormonal signals converging on AUX1 as a regulatory hub. An autoregulatory circuit is identified involving the control of ARR10 and AUX1 expression by cytokinin and auxin, this circuit potentially functioning as an oscillator to integrate the effects of these two hormones. Taken together, our results uncover several regulatory circuits controlling interactions of cytokinin with auxin and ethylene, and support a model in which cytokinin regulates shootward auxin transport to control cell elongation and root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Street
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Dennis E Mathews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Maria V Yamburkenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Ali Sorooshzadeh
- Department of Agronomy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roshen T John
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - G Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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55
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Chan AC, Khan D, Girard IJ, Becker MG, Millar JL, Sytnik D, Belmonte MF. Tissue-specific laser microdissection of the Brassica napus funiculus improves gene discovery and spatial identification of biological processes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3561-71. [PMID: 27194740 PMCID: PMC4892738 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The three primary tissue systems of the funiculus each undergo unique developmental programs to support the growth and development of the filial seed. To understand the underlying transcriptional mechanisms that orchestrate development of the funiculus at the globular embryonic stage of seed development, we used laser microdissection coupled with RNA-sequencing to produce a high-resolution dataset of the mRNAs present in the epidermis, cortex, and vasculature of the Brassica napus (canola) funiculus. We identified 7761 additional genes in these tissues compared with the whole funiculus organ alone using this technology. Differential expression and enrichment analyses were used to identify several biological processes associated with each tissue system. Our data show that cell wall modification and lipid metabolism are prominent in the epidermis, cell growth and modification occur in the cortex, and vascular tissue proliferation and differentiation occur in the central vascular strand. We provide further evidence that each of the three tissue systems of the globular stage funiculus are involved in specific biological processes that all co-ordinate to support seed development. The identification of genes and gene regulators responsible for tissue-specific developmental processes of the canola funiculus now serves as a valuable resource for seed improvement research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainsley C Chan
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Deirdre Khan
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ian J Girard
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Michael G Becker
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jenna L Millar
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David Sytnik
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark F Belmonte
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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56
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Paez Valencia J, Goodman K, Otegui MS. Endocytosis and Endosomal Trafficking in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:309-35. [PMID: 27128466 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis and endosomal trafficking are essential processes in cells that control the dynamics and turnover of plasma membrane proteins, such as receptors, transporters, and cell wall biosynthetic enzymes. Plasma membrane proteins (cargo) are internalized by endocytosis through clathrin-dependent or clathrin-independent mechanism and delivered to early endosomes. From the endosomes, cargo proteins are recycled back to the plasma membrane via different pathways, which rely on small GTPases and the retromer complex. Proteins that are targeted for degradation through ubiquitination are sorted into endosomal vesicles by the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery for degradation in the vacuole. Endocytic and endosomal trafficking regulates many cellular, developmental, and physiological processes, including cellular polarization, hormone transport, metal ion homeostasis, cytokinesis, pathogen responses, and development. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that mediate the recognition and sorting of endocytic and endosomal cargos, the vesiculation processes that mediate their trafficking, and their connection to cellular and physiological responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Paez Valencia
- Department of Botany
- R.M. Bock Laboratories of Cell and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Kaija Goodman
- Department of Botany
- R.M. Bock Laboratories of Cell and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany
- R.M. Bock Laboratories of Cell and Molecular Biology, and
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; , ,
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57
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Zhu J, Bailly A, Zwiewka M, Sovero V, Di Donato M, Ge P, Oehri J, Aryal B, Hao P, Linnert M, Burgardt NI, Lücke C, Weiwad M, Michel M, Weiergräber OH, Pollmann S, Azzarello E, Mancuso S, Ferro N, Fukao Y, Hoffmann C, Wedlich-Söldner R, Friml J, Thomas C, Geisler M. TWISTED DWARF1 Mediates the Action of Auxin Transport Inhibitors on Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:930-48. [PMID: 27053424 PMCID: PMC4863381 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and architecture is regulated by the polar distribution of the hormone auxin. Polarity and flexibility of this process is provided by constant cycling of auxin transporter vesicles along actin filaments, coordinated by a positive auxin-actin feedback loop. Both polar auxin transport and vesicle cycling are inhibited by synthetic auxin transport inhibitors, such as 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), counteracting the effect of auxin; however, underlying targets and mechanisms are unclear. Using NMR, we map the NPA binding surface on the Arabidopsis thaliana ABCB chaperone TWISTED DWARF1 (TWD1). We identify ACTIN7 as a relevant, although likely indirect, TWD1 interactor, and show TWD1-dependent regulation of actin filament organization and dynamics and that TWD1 is required for NPA-mediated actin cytoskeleton remodeling. The TWD1-ACTIN7 axis controls plasma membrane presence of efflux transporters, and as a consequence act7 and twd1 share developmental and physiological phenotypes indicative of defects in auxin transport. These can be phenocopied by NPA treatment or by chemical actin (de)stabilization. We provide evidence that TWD1 determines downstream locations of auxin efflux transporters by adjusting actin filament debundling and dynamizing processes and mediating NPA action on the latter. This function appears to be evolutionary conserved since TWD1 expression in budding yeast alters actin polarization and cell polarity and provides NPA sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aurelien Bailly
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Valpuri Sovero
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pei Ge
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Oehri
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bibek Aryal
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pengchao Hao
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Linnert
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Noelia Inés Burgardt
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IQUIFIB), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christian Lücke
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Matthias Weiwad
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany Department of Enzymology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, D-06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Max Michel
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-6: Structural Biochemistry, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Oliver H Weiergräber
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-6: Structural Biochemistry, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Noel Ferro
- University of Bonn, Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Plant Global Educational Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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58
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Laňková M, Humpolíčková J, Vosolsobě S, Cit Z, Lacek J, Čovan M, Čovanová M, Hof M, Petrášek J. Determination of Dynamics of Plant Plasma Membrane Proteins with Fluorescence Recovery and Raster Image Correlation Spectroscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:290-9. [PMID: 27041337 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A number of fluorescence microscopy techniques are described to study dynamics of fluorescently labeled proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and whole organelles. However, for studies of plant plasma membrane (PM) proteins, the number of these techniques is still limited because of the high complexity of processes that determine the dynamics of PM proteins and the existence of cell wall. Here, we report on the usage of raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS) for studies of integral PM proteins in suspension-cultured tobacco cells and show its potential in comparison with the more widely used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching method. For RICS, a set of microscopy images is obtained by single-photon confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Fluorescence fluctuations are subsequently correlated between individual pixels and the information on protein mobility are extracted using a model that considers processes generating the fluctuations such as diffusion and chemical binding reactions. As we show here using an example of two integral PM transporters of the plant hormone auxin, RICS uncovered their distinct short-distance lateral mobility within the PM that is dependent on cytoskeleton and sterol composition of the PM. RICS, which is routinely accessible on modern CLSM instruments, thus represents a valuable approach for studies of dynamics of PM proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Laňková
- 1Institute of Experimental Botany,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,Rozvojová 263,165 02 Prague 6,Czech Republic
| | - Jana Humpolíčková
- 2J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,Dolejškova 2155/3,182 23 Prague 8,Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- 3Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science,Charles University,Viničná 5,128 44 Prague 2,Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Cit
- 1Institute of Experimental Botany,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,Rozvojová 263,165 02 Prague 6,Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lacek
- 1Institute of Experimental Botany,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,Rozvojová 263,165 02 Prague 6,Czech Republic
| | - Martin Čovan
- 1Institute of Experimental Botany,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,Rozvojová 263,165 02 Prague 6,Czech Republic
| | - Milada Čovanová
- 1Institute of Experimental Botany,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,Rozvojová 263,165 02 Prague 6,Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hof
- 2J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,Dolejškova 2155/3,182 23 Prague 8,Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- 1Institute of Experimental Botany,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,Rozvojová 263,165 02 Prague 6,Czech Republic
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59
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Chai C, Wang Y, Valliyodan B, Nguyen HT. Comprehensive Analysis of the Soybean (Glycine max) GmLAX Auxin Transporter Gene Family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:282. [PMID: 27014306 PMCID: PMC4783406 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays a critical role in regulation of plant growth and development as well as plant responses to abiotic stresses. This is mainly achieved through its uneven distribution in plant via a polar auxin transport process. Auxin transporters are major players in polar auxin transport. The AUXIN RESISTENT 1/LIKE AUX1 (AUX/LAX) auxin influx carriers belong to the amino acid permease family of proton-driven transporters and function in the uptake of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). In this study, genome-wide comprehensive analysis of the soybean AUX/LAX (GmLAX) gene family, including phylogenic relationships, chromosome localization, and gene structure, was carried out. A total of 15 GmLAX genes, including seven duplicated gene pairs, were identified in the soybean genome. They were distributed on 10 chromosomes. Despite their higher percentage identities at the protein level, GmLAXs exhibited versatile tissue-specific expression patterns, indicating coordinated functioning during plant growth and development. Most GmLAXs were responsive to drought and dehydration stresses and auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) stimuli, in a tissue- and/or time point- sensitive mode. Several GmLAX members were involved in responding to salt stress. Sequence analysis revealed that promoters of GmLAXs contained different combinations of stress-related cis-regulatory elements. These studies suggest that the soybean GmLAXs were under control of a very complex regulatory network, responding to various internal and external signals. This study helps to identity candidate GmLAXs for further analysis of their roles in soybean development and adaption to adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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60
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Grigolon S, Sollich P, Martin OC. Modelling the emergence of polarity patterns for the intercellular transport of auxin in plants. J R Soc Interface 2016; 12. [PMID: 25977961 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone auxin is actively transported throughout plants via protein machineries including the dedicated transporter known as PIN. The associated transport is ordered with nearby cells driving auxin flux in similar directions. Here, we provide a model of both the auxin transport and of the dynamics of cellular polarization based on flux sensing. Our main findings are: (i) spontaneous intracellular PIN polarization arises if PIN recycling dynamics are sufficiently nonlinear, (ii) there is no need for an auxin concentration gradient and (iii) ordered multi-cellular patterns of PIN polarization are favoured by molecular noise.
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61
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Jiang K, Moe-Lange J, Hennet L, Feldman LJ. Salt Stress Affects the Redox Status of Arabidopsis Root Meristems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:81. [PMID: 26904053 PMCID: PMC4744855 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the redox status (profiles) for specific populations of cells that comprise the Arabidopsis root tip. For recently germinated, 3-5-day-old seedlings we show that the region of the root tip with the most reduced redox status includes the root cap initials, the quiescent center and the most distal portion of the proximal meristem, and coincides with (overlays) the region of the auxin maximum. As one moves basally, further into the proximal meristem, and depending on the growth conditions, the redox status becomes more oxidized, with a 5-10 mV difference in redox potential between the two borders delimiting the proximal meristem. At the point on the root axis at which cells of the proximal meristem cease division and enter the transition zone, the redox potential levels off, and remains more or less unchanged throughout the transition zone. As cells leave the transition zone and enter the zone of elongation the redox potentials become more oxidized. Treating roots with salt (50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl) results in marked changes in root meristem structure and development, and is preceded by changes in the redox profile, which flattens, and initially becomes more oxidized, with pronounced changes in the redox potentials of the root cap, the root cap initials and the quiescent center. Roots exposed to relatively mild levels of salt (<100 mM) are able to re-establish a normal, pre-salt treatment redox profile 3-6 days after exposure to salt. Coincident with the salt-associated changes in redox profiles are changes in the distribution of auxin transporters (AUX1, PIN1/2), which become more diffuse in their localization. We conclude that salt stress affects root meristem maintenance, in part, through changes in redox and auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keni Jiang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Lauriane Hennet
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lewis J. Feldman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
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Yu Q, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yan X, Wang C, Xu J, Pan J. Clathrin-Mediated Auxin Efflux and Maxima Regulate Hypocotyl Hook Formation and Light-Stimulated Hook Opening in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:101-112. [PMID: 26458873 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of auxin maxima by PIN-FORMED 3 (PIN3)- and AUXIN RESISTANT 1/LIKE AUX1 (LAX) 3 (AUX1/LAX3)-mediated auxin transport is essential for hook formation in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. Until now, however, the underlying regulatory mechanism has remained poorly understood. Here, we show that loss of function of clathrin light chain CLC2 and CLC3 genes enhanced auxin maxima and thereby hook curvature, alleviated the inhibitory effect of auxin overproduction on auxin maxima and hook curvature, and delayed blue light-stimulated auxin maxima reduction and hook opening. Moreover, pharmacological experiments revealed that auxin maxima formation and hook curvature in clc2 clc3 were sensitive to auxin efflux inhibitors 1-naphthylphthalamic acid and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid but not to the auxin influx inhibitor 1-naphthoxyacetic acid. Live-cell imaging analysis further uncovered that loss of CLC2 and CLC3 function impaired PIN3 endocytosis and promoted its lateralization in the cortical cells but did not affect AUX1 localization. Taken together, these results suggest that clathrin regulates auxin maxima and thereby hook formation through modulating PIN3 localization and auxin efflux, providing a novel mechanism that integrates developmental signals and environmental cues to regulate plant skotomorphogenesis and photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, NUS Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Xu Yan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, NUS Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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Hu Y, Na X, Li J, Yang L, You J, Liang X, Wang J, Peng L, Bi Y. Narciclasine, a potential allelochemical, affects subcellular trafficking of auxin transporter proteins and actin cytoskeleton dynamics in Arabidopsis roots. PLANTA 2015; 242:1349-1360. [PMID: 26232920 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study documented the action of a potential allelochemical, narciclasine, on auxin transport in Arabidopsis by mainly affecting subcellular trafficking of PIN and AUX1 proteins and through interfering actin cytoskeletal organization. Narciclasine (NCS), an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid isolated from Narcissus tazetta bulbs, has potential allelopathic activity and affects auxin transport. However, little is known about the cellular mechanism of this inhibitory effect of NCS on auxin transport. The present study characterizes the effects of NCS at the cellular level using transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring the promoters of PIN, in combination with PIN-GFP proteins or AUX1-YFP fusions. NCS treatment caused significant reduction in the abundance of PIN and AUX1 proteins at the plasma membrane (PM). Analysis of the subcellular distribution of PIN and AUX1 proteins in roots revealed that NCS induced the intracellular accumulation of auxin transporters, including PIN2, PIN3, PIN4, PIN7 and AUX1. However, other PM proteins, such as PIP2, BRI1, and low temperature inducible protein 6b (LTI6b), were insensitive to NCS treatment. NCS-induced PIN2 compartments were further defined using endocytic tracer FM 4-64 labeled early endosomes and suggested that this compound affects the endocytosis trafficking of PIN proteins. Furthermore, pharmacological analysis indicated that the brefeldin A (BFA)-insensitive pathway is employed in the cellular effects of NCS on PIN2 trafficking. Although NCS did not alter actin dynamics in vitro, it resulted in the depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton in vivo. This disruption of actin filaments by NCS subsequently influences the actin-based vesicle motility. Hence, the elucidation of the specific role of NCS is useful for further understanding the mechanisms of allelopathy at the phytohormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Na
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaolong Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijing Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia You
- School of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Bi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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ER network homeostasis is critical for plant endosome streaming and endocytosis. Cell Discov 2015; 1:15033. [PMID: 27462431 PMCID: PMC4860783 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells internalize cargo at the plasma membrane via endocytosis, a vital process that is accomplished through a complex network of endosomal organelles. In mammalian cells, the ER is in close association with endosomes and regulates their fission. Nonetheless, the physiological role of such interaction on endocytosis is yet unexplored. Here, we probed the existence of ER–endosome association in plant cells and assayed its physiological role in endocytosis. Through live-cell imaging and electron microscopy studies, we established that endosomes are extensively associated with the plant ER, supporting conservation of interaction between heterotypic organelles in evolutionarily distant kingdoms. Furthermore, by analyzing ER–endosome dynamics in genetic backgrounds with defects in ER structure and movement, we also established that the ER network integrity is necessary for homeostasis of the distribution and streaming of various endosome populations as well as for efficient endocytosis. These results support a novel model that endocytosis homeostasis depends on a spatiotemporal control of the endosome dynamics dictated by the ER membrane network.
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65
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Jelínková A, Müller K, Fílová-Pařezová M, Petrášek J. NtGNL1a ARF-GEF acts in endocytosis in tobacco cells. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:272. [PMID: 26541824 PMCID: PMC4635988 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Processes of anterograde and retrograde membrane trafficking play an important role in cellular homeostasis and dynamic rearrangements of the plasma membrane (PM) in all eukaryotes. These processes depend on the activity of adenosine ribosylation factors (ARFs), a family of GTP-binding proteins and their guanine exchange factors (GEFs). However, knowledge on the function and specificity of individual ARF-GEFs for individual steps of membrane trafficking pathways is still limited in plants. RESULTS In this work, treatments with various trafficking inhibitors showed that the endocytosis of FM 4-64 is largely dynamin-dependent and relies on proteins containing endocytic tyrosine-based internalization motif and intact cytoskeleton. Interestingly, brefeldin A (BFA), reported previously as an inhibitor of anterograde membrane trafficking in plants, appeared to be the most potent inhibitor of endocytosis in tobacco. In concert with this finding, we demonstrate that the point mutation in the Sec7 domain of the GNOM-LIKE protein1a (NtGNL1a) confers intracellular trafficking pathway-specific BFA resistance. The internalization of FM 4-64 and trafficking of PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) auxin efflux carrier in BY-2 tobacco cells were studied to reveal the function of the ARF-GEF NtGNL1a in these. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our observations uncovered the role of NtGNL1a in endocytosis, including endocytosis of PM proteins (as PIN1 auxin efflux carrier). Moreover these data emphasize the need of careful evaluation of mode of action of non-native inhibitors in various species. In addition, they demonstrate the potential of tobacco BY-2 cells for selective mapping of ARF-GEF-regulated endomembrane trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Jelínková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Müller
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Fílová-Pařezová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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66
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Zhao H, Ma T, Wang X, Deng Y, Ma H, Zhang R, Zhao J. OsAUX1 controls lateral root initiation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2208-22. [PMID: 25311360 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport, mediated by influx and efflux transporters, controls many aspects of plant growth and development. The auxin influx carriers in Arabidopsis have been shown to control lateral root development and gravitropism, but little is known about these proteins in rice. This paper reports on the functional characterization of OsAUX1. Three OsAUX1 T-DNA insertion mutants and RNAi knockdown transgenic plants reduced lateral root initiation compared with wild-type (WT) plants. OsAUX1 overexpression plants exhibited increased lateral root initiation and OsAUX1 was highly expressed in lateral roots and lateral root primordia. Similarly, the auxin reporter, DR5-GUS, was expressed at lower levels in osaux1 than in the WT plants, which indicated that the auxin levels in the mutant roots had decreased. Exogenous 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) treatment rescued the defective phenotype in osaux1-1 plants, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-D could not, which suggested that OsAUX1 was a putative auxin influx carrier. The transcript levels of several auxin signalling genes and cell cycle genes significantly declined in osaux1, hinting that the regulatory role of OsAUX1 may be mediated by auxin signalling and cell cycle genes. Overall, our results indicated that OsAUX1 was involved in polar auxin transport and functioned to control auxin-mediated lateral root initiation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yingtian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Haoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Cardona-López X, Cuyas L, Marín E, Rajulu C, Irigoyen ML, Gil E, Puga MI, Bligny R, Nussaume L, Geldner N, Paz-Ares J, Rubio V. ESCRT-III-Associated Protein ALIX Mediates High-Affinity Phosphate Transporter Trafficking to Maintain Phosphate Homeostasis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2560-81. [PMID: 26342016 PMCID: PMC4815105 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Prior to the release of their cargoes into the vacuolar lumen, sorting endosomes mature into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) through the action of ENDOSOMAL COMPLEX REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT (ESCRT) protein complexes. MVB-mediated sorting of high-affinity phosphate transporters (PHT1) to the vacuole limits their plasma membrane levels under phosphate-sufficient conditions, a process that allows plants to maintain phosphate homeostasis. Here, we describe ALIX, a cytosolic protein that associates with MVB by interacting with ESCRT-III subunit SNF7 and mediates PHT1;1 trafficking to the vacuole in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that the partial loss-of-function mutant alix-1 displays reduced vacuolar degradation of PHT1;1. ALIX derivatives containing the alix-1 mutation showed reduced interaction with SNF7, providing a simple molecular explanation for impaired cargo trafficking in alix-1 mutants. In fact, the alix-1 mutation also hampered vacuolar sorting of the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1. We also show that alix-1 displays altered vacuole morphogenesis, implying a new role for ALIX proteins in vacuolar biogenesis, likely acting as part of ESCRT-III complexes. In line with a presumed broad target spectrum, the alix-1 mutation is pleiotropic, leading to reduced plant growth and late flowering, with stronger alix mutations being lethal, indicating that ALIX participates in diverse processes in plants essential for their life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Cuyas
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) Darwin, 28049 Madrid, Spain Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Aix-Marseille II, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lès-Durance Cedex, France
| | - Elena Marín
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Aix-Marseille II, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lès-Durance Cedex, France
| | - Charukesi Rajulu
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) Darwin, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Erica Gil
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) Darwin, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Puga
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) Darwin, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard Bligny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Institut de Recherche en Technologie et Sciences pour le Vivant, CEA, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Aix-Marseille II, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lès-Durance Cedex, France
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Javier Paz-Ares
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) Darwin, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Rubio
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) Darwin, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Ng JLP, Perrine-Walker F, Wasson AP, Mathesius U. The Control of Auxin Transport in Parasitic and Symbiotic Root-Microbe Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:606-43. [PMID: 27135343 PMCID: PMC4844411 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most field-grown plants are surrounded by microbes, especially from the soil. Some of these, including bacteria, fungi and nematodes, specifically manipulate the growth and development of their plant hosts, primarily for the formation of structures housing the microbes in roots. These developmental processes require the correct localization of the phytohormone auxin, which is involved in the control of cell division, cell enlargement, organ development and defense, and is thus a likely target for microbes that infect and invade plants. Some microbes have the ability to directly synthesize auxin. Others produce specific signals that indirectly alter the accumulation of auxin in the plant by altering auxin transport. This review highlights root-microbe interactions in which auxin transport is known to be targeted by symbionts and parasites to manipulate the development of their host root system. We include case studies for parasitic root-nematode interactions, mycorrhizal symbioses as well as nitrogen fixing symbioses in actinorhizal and legume hosts. The mechanisms to achieve auxin transport control that have been studied in model organisms include the induction of plant flavonoids that indirectly alter auxin transport and the direct targeting of auxin transporters by nematode effectors. In most cases, detailed mechanisms of auxin transport control remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | | | | | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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69
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Zhu J, Geisler M. Keeping it all together: auxin-actin crosstalk in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4983-98. [PMID: 26085676 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport and the action of the actin cytoskeleton are tightly interconnected, which is documented by the finding that auxin transporters reach their final destination by active movement of secretory vesicles along F-actin tracks. Moreover, auxin transporter polarity and flexibility is thought to depend on transporter cycling that requires endocytosis and exocytosis of vesicles. In this context, we have reviewed the current literature on an involvement of the actin cytoskeleton in polar auxin transport and identify known similarities and differences in its structure, function and dynamics in comparison to non-plant organisms. By describing how auxin modulates actin expression and actin organization and how actin and its stability affects auxin-transporter endocytosis and recycling, we discuss the current knowledge on regulatory auxin-actin feedback loops. We focus on known effects of auxin and of auxin transport inhibitors on the stability and organization of actin and examine the functionality of auxin and/or auxin transport inhibitor-binding proteins with respect to their suitability to integrate auxin/auxin transport inhibitor action. Finally, we indicate current difficulties in the interpretation of organ, time and concentration-dependent auxin/auxin transport inhibitor treatments and formulate simple future experimental guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhu
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology-Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology-Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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70
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Doyle SM, Vain T, Robert S. Small molecules unravel complex interplay between auxin biology and endomembrane trafficking. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4971-82. [PMID: 25911743 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of controlled auxin gradients within plant tissues are essential for a multitude of developmental processes. Auxin gradient formation is co-ordinated via local biosynthesis and transport. Cell to cell auxin transport is facilitated and precisely regulated by complex endomembrane trafficking mechanisms that target auxin carrier proteins to their final destinations. In turn, auxin and cross-talk with other phytohormones regulate the endomembrane trafficking of auxin carriers. Dissecting such rapid and complicated processes is challenging for classical genetic experiments due to trafficking pathway diversity, gene functional redundancy, and lethality in loss-of-function mutants. Many of these difficulties can be bypassed via the use of small molecules to modify or disrupt the function or localization of proteins. Here, we will review examples of the knowledge acquired by the use of such chemical tools in this field, outlining the advantages afforded by chemical biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamsa M Doyle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Vain
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
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71
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Brewer PB, Dun EA, Gui R, Mason MG, Beveridge CA. Strigolactone Inhibition of Branching Independent of Polar Auxin Transport. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1820-9. [PMID: 26111543 PMCID: PMC4528729 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The outgrowth of axillary buds into branches is regulated systemically via plant hormones and the demand of growing shoot tips for sugars. The plant hormone auxin is thought to act via two mechanisms. One mechanism involves auxin regulation of systemic signals, cytokinins and strigolactones, which can move into axillary buds. The other involves suppression of auxin transport/canalization from axillary buds into the main stem and is enhanced by a low sink for auxin in the stem. In this theory, the relative ability of the buds and stem to transport auxin controls bud outgrowth. Here, we evaluate whether auxin transport is required or regulated during bud outgrowth in pea (Pisum sativum). The profound, systemic, and long-term effects of the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid had very little inhibitory effect on bud outgrowth in strigolactone-deficient mutants. Strigolactones can also inhibit bud outgrowth in N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid-treated shoots that have greatly diminished auxin transport. Moreover, strigolactones can inhibit bud outgrowth despite a much diminished auxin supply in in vitro or decapitated plants. These findings demonstrate that auxin sink strength in the stem is not important for bud outgrowth in pea. Consistent with alternative mechanisms of auxin regulation of systemic signals, enhanced auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) can suppress branching in yucca1D plants compared with wild-type plants, but has no effect on bud outgrowth in a strigolactone-deficient mutant background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Brewer
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Dun
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Renyi Gui
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Michael G Mason
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Christine A Beveridge
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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72
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Fan L, Li R, Pan J, Ding Z, Lin J. Endocytosis and its regulation in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:388-97. [PMID: 25914086 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis provides a major route of entry for membrane proteins, lipids, and extracellular molecules into the cell. Recent evidence indicates that multiple cellular processes require endocytosis, including nutrient uptake, signaling transduction, and plant-microbe interactions. Also, advanced microscopy, combined with biochemical and genetic approaches, has provided more insights into the molecular machinery and functions of endocytosis in plants. Here we review mechanisms of the clathrin-dependent and membrane microdomain-associated endocytic routes in plant cells. In addition, degradation of endocytosed proteins and endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-mediated vesicle formation at the endosome are discussed. Finally, we summarize the essential roles of various regulators during plant endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusheng Fan
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ruili Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianwei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Revalska M, Vassileva V, Zechirov G, Iantcheva A. Is the auxin influx carrierLAX3essential for plant growth and development in the model plantsMedicago truncatula, Lotus japonicusandArabidopsis thaliana? BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1031698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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74
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Fàbregas N, Formosa-Jordan P, Confraria A, Siligato R, Alonso JM, Swarup R, Bennett MJ, Mähönen AP, Caño-Delgado AI, Ibañes M. Auxin influx carriers control vascular patterning and xylem differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005183. [PMID: 25922946 PMCID: PMC4414528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is an essential hormone for plant growth and development. Auxin influx carriers AUX1/LAX transport auxin into the cell, while auxin efflux carriers PIN pump it out of the cell. It is well established that efflux carriers play an important role in the shoot vascular patterning, yet the contribution of influx carriers to the shoot vasculature remains unknown. Here, we combined theoretical and experimental approaches to decipher the role of auxin influx carriers in the patterning and differentiation of vascular tissues in the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem. Our theoretical analysis predicts that influx carriers facilitate periodic patterning and modulate the periodicity of auxin maxima. In agreement, we observed fewer and more spaced vascular bundles in quadruple mutants plants of the auxin influx carriers aux1lax1lax2lax3. Furthermore, we show AUX1/LAX carriers promote xylem differentiation in both the shoot and the root tissues. Influx carriers increase cytoplasmic auxin signaling, and thereby differentiation. In addition to this cytoplasmic role of auxin, our computational simulations propose a role for extracellular auxin as an inhibitor of xylem differentiation. Altogether, our study shows that auxin influx carriers AUX1/LAX regulate vascular patterning and differentiation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Formosa-Jordan
- Department of Structure and Constituents of Matter, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Confraria
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Riccardo Siligato
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jose M. Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ana I. Caño-Delgado
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ibañes
- Department of Structure and Constituents of Matter, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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75
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Li G, Zhu C, Gan L, Ng D, Xia K. GA(3) enhances root responsiveness to exogenous IAA by modulating auxin transport and signalling in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:483-94. [PMID: 25540118 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We used auxin-signalling mutants, auxin transport mutants, and auxin-related marker lines to show that exogenously applied GA enhances auxin-induced root inhibition by affecting auxin signalling and transport. Variation in root elongation is valuable when studying the interactions of phytohormones. Auxins influence the biosynthesis and signalling of gibberellins (GAs), but the influence of GAs on auxins in root elongation is poorly understood. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of GA3 on Arabidopsis root elongation in the presence of auxin. Root elongation was inhibited in roots treated with both IAA and GA3, compared to IAA alone, and the effect was dose dependent. Further experiments showed that GA3 could modulate auxin signalling based on root elongation in auxin-signalling mutants and the expression of auxin-responsive reporters. The GA3-enhanced inhibition of root elongation observed in the wild type was not found in the auxin-signalling mutants tir1-1 and axr1-3. GA3 increased DR5::GUS expression in the root meristem and elongation zones, and IAA2::GUS in the columella. The DR5rev::GFP signal was enhanced in columella cells of the root caps and in the elongation zone in GA3-treated seedling roots. A reduction was observed in the stele of PAC-treated roots. We also examined the effect of GA3 on auxin transport. The enhanced responsiveness caused by GA3 was not observed in the auxin influx mutant aux1-7 or the efflux mutant eir1-1. Additional molecular data demonstrated that GA3 could promote auxin transport via AUX1 and PIN proteins. However, GA3-induced PIN gene expression did not fully explain GA-enhanced PIN protein accumulation. These results suggest that GA3 is involved in auxin-mediated primary root elongation by modulating auxin signalling and transport, and thus enhances root responsiveness to exogenous IAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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76
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Kumar M, Pandya-Kumar N, Dam A, Haor H, Mayzlish-Gati E, Belausov E, Wininger S, Abu-Abied M, McErlean CSP, Bromhead LJ, Prandi C, Kapulnik Y, Koltai H. Arabidopsis response to low-phosphate conditions includes active changes in actin filaments and PIN2 polarization and is dependent on strigolactone signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1499-510. [PMID: 25609825 PMCID: PMC4339606 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones that regulate the plant response to phosphate (Pi) growth conditions. At least part of SL-signalling execution in roots involves MAX2-dependent effects on PIN2 polar localization in the plasma membrane (PM) and actin bundling and dynamics. We examined PIN2 expression, PIN2 PM localization, endosome trafficking, and actin bundling under low-Pi conditions: a MAX2-dependent reduction in PIN2 trafficking and polarization in the PM, reduced endosome trafficking, and increased actin-filament bundling were detected in root cells. The intracellular protein trafficking that is related to PIN proteins but unassociated with AUX1 PM localization was selectively inhibited. Exogenous supplementation of the synthetic SL GR24 to a SL-deficient mutant (max4) led to depletion of PIN2 from the PM under low-Pi conditions. Accordingly, roots of mutants in MAX2, MAX4, PIN2, TIR3, and ACTIN2 showed a reduced low-Pi response compared with the wild type, which could be restored by auxin (for all mutants) or GR24 (for all mutants except max2-1). Changes in PIN2 polarity, actin bundling, and vesicle trafficking may be involved in the response to low Pi in roots, dependent on SL/MAX2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Nirali Pandya-Kumar
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Anandamoy Dam
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Hila Haor
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Einav Mayzlish-Gati
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Smadar Wininger
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Mohamad Abu-Abied
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | | | - Liam J Bromhead
- School of Chemistry, the University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Turin University, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Yoram Kapulnik
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Hinanit Koltai
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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77
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Jia H, Hu Y, Fan T, Li J. Hydrogen sulfide modulates actin-dependent auxin transport via regulating ABPs results in changing of root development in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8251. [PMID: 25652660 PMCID: PMC4317700 DOI: 10.1038/srep08251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling has been considered a key regulator of plant developmental processes and defenses. In this study, we demonstrate that high levels of H2S inhibit auxin transport and lead to alterations in root system development. H2S inhibits auxin transport by altering the polar subcellular distribution of PIN proteins. The vesicle trafficking and distribution of the PIN proteins are an actin-dependent process. H2S changes the expression of several actin-binding proteins (ABPs) and decreases the occupancy percentage of F-actin bundles in the Arabidopsis roots. We observed the effects of H2S on F-actin in T-DNA insertion mutants of cpa, cpb and prf3, indicating that the effects of H2S on F-actin are partially removed in the mutant plants. Thus, these data imply that the ABPs act as downstream effectors of the H2S signal and thereby regulate the assembly and depolymerization of F-actin in root cells. Taken together, our data suggest that the existence of a tightly regulated intertwined signaling network between auxin, H2S and actin that controls root system development. In the proposed process, H2S plays an important role in modulating auxin transport by an actin-dependent method, which results in alterations in root development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nangang District, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Tingting Fan
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Jisheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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78
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An early secretory pathway mediated by GNOM-LIKE 1 and GNOM is essential for basal polarity establishment in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E806-15. [PMID: 25646449 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424856112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial regulation of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, or auxin) is essential for plant development. Auxin gradient establishment is mediated by polarly localized auxin transporters, including PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins. Their localization and abundance at the plasma membrane are tightly regulated by endomembrane machinery, especially the endocytic and recycling pathways mediated by the ADP ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide exchange factor (ARF-GEF) GNOM. We assessed the role of the early secretory pathway in establishing PIN1 polarity in Arabidopsis thaliana by pharmacological and genetic approaches. We identified the compound endosidin 8 (ES8), which selectively interferes with PIN1 basal polarity without altering the polarity of apical proteins. ES8 alters the auxin distribution pattern in the root and induces a strong developmental phenotype, including reduced root length. The ARF-GEF-defective mutants gnom-like 1 (gnl1-1) and gnom (van7) are significantly resistant to ES8. The compound does not affect recycling or vacuolar trafficking of PIN1 but leads to its intracellular accumulation, resulting in loss of PIN1 basal polarity at the plasma membrane. Our data confirm a role for GNOM in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi trafficking and reveal that a GNL1/GNOM-mediated early secretory pathway selectively regulates PIN1 basal polarity establishment in a manner essential for normal plant development.
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79
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Cole RA, McInally SA, Fowler JE. Developmentally distinct activities of the exocyst enable rapid cell elongation and determine meristem size during primary root growth in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:386. [PMID: 25551204 PMCID: PMC4302519 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exocytosis is integral to root growth: trafficking components of systems that control growth (e.g., PIN auxin transport proteins) to the plasma membrane, and secreting materials that expand the cell wall to the apoplast. Spatiotemporal regulation of exocytosis in eukaryotes often involves the exocyst, an octameric complex that tethers selected secretory vesicles to specific sites on the plasma membrane and facilitates their exocytosis. We evaluated Arabidopsis lines with mutations in four exocyst components (SEC5, SEC8, EXO70A1 and EXO84B) to explore exocyst function in primary root growth. RESULTS The mutants have root growth rates that are 82% to 11% of wild-type. Even in lines with the most severe defects, the organization of the quiescent center and tissue layers at the root tips appears similar to wild-type, although meristematic, transition, and elongation zones are shorter. Reduced cell production rates in the mutants are due to the shorter meristems, but not to lengthened cell cycles. Additionally, mutants demonstrate reduced anisotropic cell expansion in the elongation zone, but not the meristematic zone, resulting in shorter mature cells that are similar in shape to wild-type. As expected, hypersensitivity to brefeldin A links the mutant root growth defect to altered vesicular trafficking. Several experimental approaches (e.g., dose-response measurements, localization of signaling components) failed to identify aberrant auxin or brassinosteroid signaling as a primary driver for reduced root growth in exocyst mutants. CONCLUSIONS The exocyst participates in two spatially distinct developmental processes, apparently by mechanisms not directly linked to auxin or brassinosteroid signaling pathways, to help establish root meristem size, and to facilitate rapid cell expansion in the elongation zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A Cole
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
| | - Samantha A McInally
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
| | - John E Fowler
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
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80
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Arabidopsis ribosomal proteins control vacuole trafficking and developmental programs through the regulation of lipid metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:E89-98. [PMID: 25535344 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422656112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuole is the most prominent compartment in plant cells and is important for ion and protein storage. In our effort to search for key regulators in the plant vacuole sorting pathway, ribosomal large subunit 4 (rpl4d) was identified as a translational mutant defective in both vacuole trafficking and normal development. Polysome profiling of the rpl4d mutant showed reduction in polysome-bound mRNA compared with wild-type, but no significant change in the general mRNA distribution pattern. Ribsomal profiling data indicated that genes in the lipid metabolism pathways were translationally down-regulated in the rpl4d mutant. Live imaging studies by Nile red staining suggested that both polar and nonpolar lipid accumulation was reduced in meristem tissues of rpl4d mutants. Pharmacological evidence showed that sterol and sphingolipid biosynthetic inhibitors can phenocopy the defects of the rpl4d mutant, including an altered vacuole trafficking pattern. Genetic evidence from lipid biosynthetic mutants indicates that alteration in the metabolism of either sterol or sphingolipid biosynthesis resulted in vacuole trafficking defects, similar to the rpl4d mutant. Tissue-specific complementation with key enzymes from lipid biosynthesis pathways can partially rescue both vacuole trafficking and auxin-related developmental defects in the rpl4d mutant. These results indicate that lipid metabolism modulates auxin-mediated tissue differentiation and endomembrane trafficking pathways downstream of ribosomal protein function.
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81
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Lindquist E, Alezzawi M, Aronsson H. Bioinformatic indications that COPI- and clathrin-based transport systems are not present in chloroplasts: an Arabidopsis model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104423. [PMID: 25137124 PMCID: PMC4138088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coated vesicle transport occurs in the cytosol of yeast, mammals and plants. It consists of three different transport systems, the COPI, COPII and clathrin coated vesicles (CCV), all of which participate in the transfer of proteins and lipids between different cytosolic compartments. There are also indications that chloroplasts have a vesicle transport system. Several putative chloroplast-localized proteins, including CPSAR1 and CPRabA5e with similarities to cytosolic COPII transport-related proteins, were detected in previous experimental and bioinformatics studies. These indications raised the hypothesis that a COPI- and/or CCV-related system may be present in chloroplasts, in addition to a COPII-related system. To test this hypothesis we bioinformatically searched for chloroplast proteins that may have similar functions to known cytosolic COPI and CCV components in the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (subsp. japonica) (rice). We found 29 such proteins, based on domain similarity, in Arabidopsis, and 14 in rice. However, many components could not be identified and among the identified most have assigned roles that are not related to either COPI or CCV transport. We conclude that COPII is probably the only active vesicle system in chloroplasts, at least in the model plants. The evolutionary implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Lindquist
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Alezzawi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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82
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Rice actin-binding protein RMD is a key link in the auxin-actin regulatory loop that controls cell growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10377-82. [PMID: 24982173 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401680111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin plays a central role in plant growth and development. Auxin transport and signaling depend on actin organization. Despite its functional importance, the mechanistic link between actin filaments (F-actin) and auxin intracellular signaling remains unclear. Here, we report that the actin-organizing protein Rice Morphology Determinant (RMD), a type II formin from rice (Oryza sativa), provides a key link. Mutants lacking RMD display abnormal cell growth and altered configuration of F-actin array direction. The rmd mutants also exhibit an inhibition of auxin-mediated cell elongation, decreased polar auxin transport, altered auxin distribution gradients in root tips, and suppression of plasma membrane localization of auxin transporters O. sativa PIN-FORMED 1b (OsPIN1b) and OsPIN2 in root cells. We demonstrate that RMD is required for endocytosis, exocytosis, and auxin-mediated OsPIN2 recycling to the plasma membrane. Moreover, RMD expression is directly regulated by heterodimerized O. sativa auxin response factor 23 (OsARF23) and OsARF24, providing evidence that auxin modulates the orientation of F-actin arrays through RMD. In support of this regulatory loop, osarf23 and lines with reduced expression of both OsARF23 and OsARF24 display reduced RMD expression, disrupted F-actin organization and cell growth, less sensitivity to auxin response, and altered auxin distribution and OsPIN localization. Our findings establish RMD as a crucial component of the auxin-actin self-organizing regulatory loop from the nucleus to cytoplasm that controls rice cell growth and morphogenesis.
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83
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Pandya-Kumar N, Shema R, Kumar M, Mayzlish-Gati E, Levy D, Zemach H, Belausov E, Wininger S, Abu-Abied M, Kapulnik Y, Koltai H. Strigolactone analog GR24 triggers changes in PIN2 polarity, vesicle trafficking and actin filament architecture. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1184-1196. [PMID: 24571327 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones that regulate shoot and root development in a MAX2-dependent manner. The mechanism underlying SLs' effects on roots is unclear. We used root hair elongation to measure root response to SLs. We examined the effects of GR24 (a synthetic, biologically active SL analog) on localization of the auxin efflux transporter PIN2, endosomal trafficking, and F-actin architecture and dynamics in the plasma membrane (PM) of epidermal cells of the primary root elongation zone in wildtype (WT) Arabidopsis and the SL-insensitive mutant max2. We also recorded the response to GR24 of trafficking (tir3), actin (der1) and PIN2 (eir1) mutants. GR24 increased polar localization of PIN2 in the PM of epidermal cells and accumulation of PIN2-containing brefeldin A (BFA) bodies, increased ARA7-labeled endosomal trafficking, reduced F-actin bundling and enhanced actin dynamics, all in a MAX2-dependent manner. Most of the der1 and tir3 mutant lines also displayed reduced sensitivity to GR24 with respect to root hair elongation. We suggest that SLs increase PIN2 polar localization, PIN2 endocytosis, endosomal trafficking, actin debundling and actin dynamics in a MAX2-dependent fashion. This enhancement might underlie the WT root's response to SLs, and suggests noncell autonomous activity of SLs in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Pandya-Kumar
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Rony Shema
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Einav Mayzlish-Gati
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Danny Levy
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Smadar Wininger
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Mohamad Abu-Abied
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Yoram Kapulnik
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Hinanit Koltai
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
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84
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New insights on plant cell elongation: a role for acetylcholine. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4565-82. [PMID: 24642879 PMCID: PMC3975414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of auxin and acetylcholine on the expression of the tomato expansin gene LeEXPA2, a specific expansin gene expressed in elongating tomato hypocotyl segments. Since auxin interferes with clathrin-mediated endocytosis, in order to regulate cellular and developmental responses we produced protoplasts from tomato elongating hypocotyls and followed the endocytotic marker, FM4-64, internalization in response to treatments. Tomato protoplasts were observed during auxin and acetylcholine treatments after transient expression of chimerical markers of volume-control related compartments such as vacuoles. Here we describe the contribution of auxin and acetylcholine to LeEXPA2 expression regulation and we support the hypothesis that a possible subcellular target of acetylcholine signal is the vesicular transport, shedding some light on the characterization of this small molecule as local mediator in the plant physiological response.
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85
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Sharfman M, Bar M, Schuster S, Leibman M, Avni A. Sterol-dependent induction of plant defense responses by a microbe-associated molecular pattern from Trichoderma viride. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:819-27. [PMID: 24351686 PMCID: PMC3912108 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.230136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant-microbe interactions involve numerous regulatory systems essential for plant defense against pathogens. An ethylene-inducing xylanase (Eix) of Trichoderma viride is a potent elicitor of plant defense responses in specific cultivars of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We demonstrate that tomato cyclopropyl isomerase (SlCPI), an enzyme involved in sterol biosynthesis, interacts with the LeEix2 receptor. Moreover, we examined the role of SlCPI in signaling during the LeEix/Eix defense response. We found that SlCPI is an important factor in the regulation of the induction of defense responses such as the hypersensitive response, ethylene biosynthesis, and the induction of pathogenesis-related protein expression in the case of LeEix/Eix. Our results also suggest that changes in the sterol composition reduce LeEix internalization, thereby attenuating the induction of plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miya Sharfman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Silvia Schuster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Meirav Leibman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Adi Avni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
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86
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Stanislas T, Grebe M, Boutté Y. Sterol dynamics during endocytic trafficking in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1209:13-29. [PMID: 25117272 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1420-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sterols are lipids found in membranes of eukaryotic cells. Functions of sterols have been demonstrated for various cellular processes including endocytic trafficking in animal, fungal, and plant cells. The ability to visualize sterols at the subcellular level is crucial to understand sterol distribution and function during endocytic trafficking. In plant cells, the polyene antibiotic filipin is the most extensively used tool for the specific detection of fluorescently labeled 3-β-hydroxysterols in situ. Filipin can to some extent be used to track sterol internalization in live cells, but this application is limited, due to the inhibitory effects filipin exerts on sterol-dependent endocytosis. Nevertheless, filipin-sterol labeling can be performed on aldehyde-fixed cells which allows for sterol detection in endocytic compartments. This approach can combine studies correlating sterol distribution with experimental manipulations of endocytic trafficking pathways. Here, we describe step-by-step protocols and troubleshooting for procedures on live and fixed cells to visualize sterols during endocytic trafficking. We also provide a detailed discussion of advantages and limitations of both methods. Moreover, we illustrate the use of the endocytic recycling inhibitor brefeldin A and a genetically modified version of one of its target molecules for studying endocytic sterol trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stanislas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, 90 187, Sweden
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87
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Abstract
Plant stature and development are governed by cell proliferation and directed cell growth. These parameters are determined largely by cell wall characteristics. Cellulose microfibrils, composed of hydrogen-bonded β-1,4 glucans, are key components for anisotropic growth in plants. Cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase complexes. In higher plants, these complexes are assembled into hexameric rosettes in intracellular compartments and secreted to the plasma membrane. Here, the complexes typically track along cortical microtubules, which may guide cellulose synthesis, until the complexes are inactivated and/or internalized. Determining the regulatory aspects that control the behavior of cellulose synthase complexes is vital to understanding directed cell and plant growth and to tailoring cell wall content for industrial products, including paper, textiles, and fuel. In this review, we summarize and discuss cellulose synthesis and regulatory aspects of the cellulose synthase complex, focusing on Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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88
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Abstract
Chemical genomics is a highly effective approach for understanding complex and dynamic biological processes in plants. A chemical activity can be investigated by a reverse genetics strategy, for which a huge abundance and diversity of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants are readily available for exploitation. Here we present an approach to characterize a chemical of interest, as well as examples of studies demonstrating an effective combination of chemical genomics with reverse genetics strategies, drawn from recent literature on phytohormone signalling and auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamsa M Doyle
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
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89
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Poeschl Y, Delker C, Trenner J, Ullrich KK, Quint M, Grosse I. Optimized probe masking for comparative transcriptomics of closely related species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78497. [PMID: 24260119 PMCID: PMC3832635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microarrays are commonly applied to study the transcriptome of specific species. However, many available microarrays are restricted to model organisms, and the design of custom microarrays for other species is often not feasible. Hence, transcriptomics approaches of non-model organisms as well as comparative transcriptomics studies among two or more species often make use of cost-intensive RNAseq studies or, alternatively, by hybridizing transcripts of a query species to a microarray of a closely related species. When analyzing these cross-species microarray expression data, differences in the transcriptome of the query species can cause problems, such as the following: (i) lower hybridization accuracy of probes due to mismatches or deletions, (ii) probes binding multiple transcripts of different genes, and (iii) probes binding transcripts of non-orthologous genes. So far, methods for (i) exist, but these neglect (ii) and (iii). Here, we propose an approach for comparative transcriptomics addressing problems (i) to (iii), which retains only transcript-specific probes binding transcripts of orthologous genes. We apply this approach to an Arabidopsis lyrata expression data set measured on a microarray designed for Arabidopsis thaliana, and compare it to two alternative approaches, a sequence-based approach and a genomic DNA hybridization-based approach. We investigate the number of retained probe sets, and we validate the resulting expression responses by qRT-PCR. We find that the proposed approach combines the benefit of sequence-based stringency and accuracy while allowing the expression analysis of much more genes than the alternative sequence-based approach. As an added benefit, the proposed approach requires probes to detect transcripts of orthologous genes only, which provides a superior base for biological interpretation of the measured expression responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Poeschl
- Martin Luther University Halle–Wittenberg, Institute of Computer Science, Halle (Saale), Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Carolin Delker
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jana Trenner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kristian Karsten Ullrich
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marcel Quint
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ivo Grosse
- Martin Luther University Halle–Wittenberg, Institute of Computer Science, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Center of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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90
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ECHIDNA-mediated post-Golgi trafficking of auxin carriers for differential cell elongation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16259-64. [PMID: 24043780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309057110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone indole-acetic acid (auxin) is essential for many aspects of plant development. Auxin-mediated growth regulation typically involves the establishment of an auxin concentration gradient mediated by polarly localized auxin transporters. The localization of auxin carriers and their amount at the plasma membrane are controlled by membrane trafficking processes such as secretion, endocytosis, and recycling. In contrast to endocytosis or recycling, how the secretory pathway mediates the localization of auxin carriers is not well understood. In this study we have used the differential cell elongation process during apical hook development to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the post-Golgi trafficking of auxin carriers in Arabidopsis. We show that differential cell elongation during apical hook development is defective in Arabidopsis mutant echidna (ech). ECH protein is required for the trans-Golgi network (TGN)-mediated trafficking of the auxin influx carrier AUX1 to the plasma membrane. In contrast, ech mutation only marginally perturbs the trafficking of the highly related auxin influx carrier LIKE-AUX1-3 or the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED-3, both also involved in hook development. Electron tomography reveals that the trafficking defects in ech mutant are associated with the perturbation of secretory vesicle genesis from the TGN. Our results identify differential mechanisms for the post-Golgi trafficking of de novo-synthesized auxin carriers to plasma membrane from the TGN and reveal how trafficking of auxin influx carriers mediates the control of differential cell elongation in apical hook development.
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91
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Kojo KH, Higaki T, Kutsuna N, Yoshida Y, Yasuhara H, Hasezawa S. Roles of cortical actin microfilament patterning in division plane orientation in plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1491-503. [PMID: 23825219 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In land plant cells, division planes are precisely predicted by the microtubule preprophase band and cortical actin microfilament pattern called the actin-depleted zone or actin microfilament twin peaks. However, the function of cortical actin microfilament patterning is not clear. In this study, we report that treatment with the inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzonic acid (TIBA) or jasplakinolide increased the amount of thick actin microfilaments in tobacco BY-2 cells at interphase. However, during the division of BY-2 cells, these inhibitors did not induce visible alteration of actin microfilament thickness but altered cortical actin microfilament patterning without significant disorganization of the microtubule preprophase band. TIBA treatment induced a single intensity peak of actin microfilament distribution around the cell center, whereas jasplakinolide caused the appearance of triple peaks relative to the distribution of actin microfilament around the cell center, in approximately one-third of the cells at metaphase. Dual observations of microtubules and actin microfilaments revealed that abnormal cortical actin microfilament patterning with single or triple peaks is correlated with oblique mitotic spindles in BY-2 cells. In addition, oblique cell plates were frequently observed in BY-2 cells and Arabidopsis thaliana root cells treated with TIBA or jasplakinolide. These results provide evidence for the critical roles of cortical actin microfilament patterning in spindle and cell plate orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei H Kojo
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562 Japan
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92
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Durst S, Nick P, Maisch J. Nicotiana tabacum actin-depolymerizing factor 2 is involved in actin-driven, auxin-dependent patterning. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1057-66. [PMID: 23545293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polar transport of auxin has been identified as a central element of pattern formation. To address the underlying cellular mechanisms, we use the tobacco cell line (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2; BY-2) as model. We showed previously that cell divisions within a cell file are synchronized by polar auxin flow, linked to the organization of actin filaments (AF) which, in turn, is modified via actin-binding proteins (ABPs). From a preparatory study for disturbed division synchrony in cell lines overexpressing different ABPs, we identified the actin depolymerizing factor 2 (ADF2). A cell line overexpressing GFP-NtADF2 was specifically affected in division synchrony. The cell division pattern could be rescued by addition of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) or by phalloidin. These observations allow to draw first conclusions on the pathway linking auxin signalling via actin reorganization to synchronized cell division placing the regulation of cortical actin turnover by ADF2 into the focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Durst
- Botanical Institute, Molecular Cell Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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93
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Moschou PN, Smertenko AP, Minina EA, Fukada K, Savenkov EI, Robert S, Hussey PJ, Bozhkov PV. The caspase-related protease separase (extra spindle poles) regulates cell polarity and cytokinesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:2171-86. [PMID: 23898031 PMCID: PMC3723619 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking plays an important role in cell division, establishment of cell polarity, and translation of environmental cues to developmental responses. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating vesicle trafficking remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the evolutionarily conserved caspase-related protease separase (extra spindle poles [ESP]) is required for the establishment of cell polarity and cytokinesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. At the cellular level, separase colocalizes with microtubules and RabA2a (for RAS genes from rat brainA2a) GTPase-positive structures. Separase facilitates polar targeting of the auxin efflux carrier PIN-formed2 (PIN2) to the rootward side of the root cortex cells. Plants with the radially swollen4 (rsw4) allele with compromised separase activity, in addition to mitotic failure, display isotropic cell growth, perturbation of auxin gradient formation, slower gravitropic response in roots, and cytokinetic failure. Measurements of the dynamics of vesicle markers on the cell plate revealed an overall reduction of the delivery rates of KNOLLE and RabA2a GTPase in separase-deficient roots. Furthermore, dissociation of the clathrin light chain, a protein that plays major role in the formation of coated vesicles, was slower in rsw4 than in the control. Our results demonstrate that separase is a key regulator of vesicle trafficking, which is indispensable for cytokinesis and the establishment of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis N Moschou
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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94
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Li J, Jia H. cGMP modulates Arabidopsis lateral root formation through regulation of polar auxin transport. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 66:105-17. [PMID: 23500713 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin participates in lateral root formation and primary root growth in plants. The auxin gradient formation is mainly regulated by the direction of polar auxin transport (PAT). PAT requires PIN family proteins, which are auxin transport facilitators and contribute to the establishment and maintenance of auxin gradients and mediate multiple developmental processes. Here, we report the effect of the 3', 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), an important second messenger, on postembryonic developmental of Arabidopsis lateral root. We find that enhanced cGMP level through the application of the membrane permeable cGMP analog 8-Br-cGMP, promotes the initiation of lateral root primordia and formation of lateral root. 6-Anilino-5,8-quinolinedione (Ly83583, the guanylate cyclase inhibitor) negatively regulates the process. cGMP also mediates acropetal auxin transport and basipetal auxin transport in the root. We further find that 8-Br-cGMP and Ly83583 change the expression of auxin transport genes and alter the polar localization and expression of PIN1 and PIN2 proteins. Moreover, Ly83583 affects actin organization and localization. Taken together, we propose that cGMP affects auxin transport and auxin gradient through modulation PINs proteins localization and expression. cGMP regulates postembryonic formation of Arabidopsis lateral root through the crosstalk with PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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95
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Remy E, Cabrito TR, Baster P, Batista RA, Teixeira MC, Friml J, Sá-Correia I, Duque P. A major facilitator superfamily transporter plays a dual role in polar auxin transport and drought stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:901-26. [PMID: 23524662 PMCID: PMC3634696 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many key aspects of plant development are regulated by the polarized transport of the phytohormone auxin. Cellular auxin efflux, the rate-limiting step in this process, has been shown to rely on the coordinated action of PIN-formed (PIN) and B-type ATP binding cassette (ABCB) carriers. Here, we report that polar auxin transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana root also requires the action of a Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporter, Zinc-Induced Facilitator-Like 1 (ZIFL1). Sequencing, promoter-reporter, and fluorescent protein fusion experiments indicate that the full-length ZIFL1.1 protein and a truncated splice isoform, ZIFL1.3, localize to the tonoplast of root cells and the plasma membrane of leaf stomatal guard cells, respectively. Using reverse genetics, we show that the ZIFL1.1 transporter regulates various root auxin-related processes, while the ZIFL1.3 isoform mediates drought tolerance by regulating stomatal closure. Auxin transport and immunolocalization assays demonstrate that ZIFL1.1 indirectly modulates cellular auxin efflux during shootward auxin transport at the root tip, likely by regulating plasma membrane PIN2 abundance. Finally, heterologous expression in yeast revealed that ZIFL1.1 and ZIFL1.3 share H(+)-coupled K(+) transport activity. Thus, by determining the subcellular and tissue distribution of two isoforms, alternative splicing dictates a dual function for the ZIFL1 transporter. We propose that this MFS carrier regulates stomatal movements and polar auxin transport by modulating potassium and proton fluxes in Arabidopsis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Remy
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tânia R. Cabrito
- Institute for Biotechnology and BioEngineering, Center for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pawel Baster
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Miguel C. Teixeira
- Institute for Biotechnology and BioEngineering, Center for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jiri Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Institute for Biotechnology and BioEngineering, Center for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Duque
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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96
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Yu J, Wen CK. Arabidopsis aux1rcr1 mutation alters AUXIN RESISTANT1 targeting and prevents expression of the auxin reporter DR5:GUS in the root apex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:921-33. [PMID: 23293348 PMCID: PMC3580809 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Multilevel interactions of the plant hormones ethylene and auxin coordinately and synergistically regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. This study isolated the AUXIN RESISTANT1 (AUX1) allele aux1(rcr1) (RCR1 for REVERSING CTR1-10 ROOT1) that suppressed the root growth inhibition conferred by the constitutive ethylene-response constitutive triple response1-10 (ctr1-10) allele. The aux1(rcr1) mutation resulted from an L126F substitution at loop 2 of the plasma membrane-associated auxin influx carrier protein AUX1. aux1(rcr1) and the T-DNA insertion mutant aux1-T were both defective in auxin transport and many aspects of the auxin response. Unexpectedly, expression of the auxin-response reporter DR5:GUS in the root apex was substantially prevented by the aux1(rcr1) but not the aux1-T mutation, even in the presence of the wild-type AUX1 allele. Following treatment with the synthetic auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), DR5:GUS expression in aux1(rcr1) and aux1-T occurred mainly in the root apex and mature zone. NAA-induced DR5:GUS expression in the root apex was markedly prevented by ethylene in genotypes with aux1(rcr1) but not in aux1-T genotypes and the wild type. The effect of aux1(rcr1) on DR5:GUS expression seemed to be associated with AUX1-expressing domains. Green fluorescence protein-fused aux1(rcr1) was localized in the cytoplasm and probably not to the plasma membrane, indicating important roles of the Lys(126) residue at loop 2 in AUX1 targeting. The possible effects of aux1(rcr1) on DR5:GUS expression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chi-Kuang Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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97
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Krost C, Petersen R, Lokan S, Brauksiepe B, Braun P, Schmidt ER. Evaluation of the hormonal state of columnar apple trees (Malus x domestica) based on high throughput gene expression studies. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:211-20. [PMID: 23306528 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The columnar phenotype of apple trees (Malus x domestica) is characterized by a compact growth habit with fruit spurs instead of lateral branches. These properties provide significant economic advantages by enabling high density plantings. The columnar growth results from the presence of a dominant allele of the gene Columnar (Co) located on chromosome 10 which can appear in a heterozygous (Co/co) or homozygous (Co/Co) state. Although two deep sequencing approaches could shed some light on the transcriptome of columnar shoot apical meristems (SAMs), the molecular mechanisms of columnar growth are not yet elaborated. Since the influence of phytohormones is believed to have a pivotal role in the establishment of the phenotype, we performed RNA-Seq experiments to study genes associated with hormone homeostasis and clearly affected by the presence of Co. Our results provide a molecular explanation for earlier findings on the hormonal state of columnar apple trees. Additionally, they allow hypotheses on how the columnar phenotype might develop. Furthermore, we show a statistically approved enrichment of differentially regulated genes on chromosome 10 in the course of validating RNA-Seq results using additional gene expression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Krost
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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98
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Cheng X, Ruyter-Spira C, Bouwmeester H. The interaction between strigolactones and other plant hormones in the regulation of plant development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:199. [PMID: 23785379 PMCID: PMC3683633 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones are small molecules derived from various metabolic pathways and are important regulators of plant development. The most recently discovered phytohormone class comprises the carotenoid-derived strigolactones (SLs). For a long time these compounds were only known to be secreted into the rhizosphere where they act as signaling compounds, but now we know they are also active as endogenous plant hormones and they have been in the spotlight ever since. The initial discovery that SLs are involved in the inhibition of axillary bud outgrowth, initiated a multitude of other studies showing that SLs also play a role in defining root architecture, secondary growth, hypocotyl elongation, and seed germination, mostly in interaction with other hormones. Their coordinated action enables the plant to respond in an appropriate manner to environmental factors such as temperature, shading, day length, and nutrient availability. Here, we will review the current knowledge on the crosstalk between SLs and other plant hormones-such as auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), and gibberellins (GA)-during different physiological processes. We will furthermore take a bird's eye view of how this hormonal crosstalk enables plants to respond to their ever changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harro Bouwmeester
- *Correspondence: Harro Bouwmeester, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands e-mail:
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99
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100
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Prasad K, Dhonukshe P. Polar Auxin Transport: Cell Polarity to Patterning. POLAR AUXIN TRANSPORT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35299-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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