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Crossley MS, Burke KD, Schoville SD, Radeloff VC. Recent collapse of crop belts and declining diversity of US agriculture since 1840. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:151-164. [PMID: 33064906 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the last century, US agriculture greatly intensified and became industrialized, increasing in inputs and yields while decreasing in total cropland area. In the industrial sector, spatial agglomeration effects are typical, but such changes in the patterns of crop types and diversity would have major implications for the resilience of food systems to global change. Here, we investigate the extent to which agricultural industrialization in the United States was accompanied by agglomeration of crop types, not just overall cropland area, as well as declines in crop diversity. Based on county-level analyses of individual crop land cover area in the conterminous United States from 1840 to 2017, we found a strong and abrupt spatial concentration of most crop types in very recent years. For 13 of the 18 major crops, the widespread belts that characterized early 20th century US agriculture have collapsed, with spatial concentration increasing 15-fold after 2002. The number of counties producing each crop declined from 1940 to 2017 by up to 97%, and their total area declined by up to 98%, despite increasing total production. Concomitantly, the diversity of crop types within counties plummeted: in 1940, 88% of counties grew >10 crops, but only 2% did so in 2017, and combinations of crop types that once characterized entire agricultural regions are lost. Importantly, declining crop diversity with increasing cropland area is a recent phenomenon, suggesting that corresponding environmental effects in agriculturally dominated counties have fundamentally changed. For example, the spatial concentration of agriculture has important consequences for the spread of crop pests, agrochemical use, and climate change. Ultimately, the recent collapse of most agricultural belts and the loss of crop diversity suggest greater vulnerability of US food systems to environmental and economic change, but the spatial concentration of agriculture may also offer environmental benefits in areas that are no longer farmed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin D Burke
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Volker C Radeloff
- SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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53
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Brown J, Barton P, Cunningham SA. How bioregional history could shape the future of agriculture. ADV ECOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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54
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Kreitzman M, Toensmeier E, Chan KMA, Smukler S, Ramankutty N. Perennial Staple Crops: Yields, Distribution, and Nutrition in the Global Food System. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.588988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staple crops, which have large amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, and/or fats, provide the bulk of calories in people's diets. Perennial plants, which can be productive for many years without the need for replanting, can produce staple foods and environmental benefits, but their agronomic and nutritional properties haven't been considered synthetically in comparison to annual staples. Here we offer a framework to classify perennial staple crops according to their nutritional categories and cultivation status. We assemble literature to report on the yield potential of 51 perennial staple crops, only 15 of which are well-characterized in existing global datasets. We show the extent and distribution of perennial staple crop production in relation to annual crop types, calculate the carbon stocks they hold, and analyze their nutritional content for three macronutrients and nine micronutrients. We found that most perennial staple crops are regional crops (not globally traded) that grow in the subtropics to tropics. At least one perennial staple crop in each of the five nutritional categories has yields over 2.5 t/ha, in some cases considerably higher, competitive with and in many cases exceeding those of nutritionally comparable annual staples. Perennial staple crops only comprise ~4.5% of total cropland. They hold a modest ~11.4 GtC above and below ground, less than one third of the anthropogenic carbon-equivalent emissions for the year 2018, but more than the ~9 GtC held by the same amount of annual cropland. If linear growth in land under perennial staple production continues to 2040, and replaces only annual cropland, an additional ~0.95 GtC could be sequestered. Many perennial crops also had competitive macronutrient density and yield (per unit area) compared to annual staples; moreover, specific perennial staples are abundant in specific micronutrients, indicating that they can be a nutrient-dense part of diets, unlike the most ubiquitous annual staple crops (corn, wheat, rice) that do not appear in the top 85th percentile for any of the nine micronutrients analyzed. Transition of land and diets to perennial staple crops, if judiciously managed, can provide win-win solutions for both food production and ecosystems.
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55
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Verdade LM, Moral RA, Calaboni A, do Amaral MV, Martin PS, Amorim LS, Gheler-Costa C, Piña CI. Temporal dynamics of small mammals in Eucalyptus plantations in Southeast Brazil. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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56
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Crowther LI, Gilbert F. The effect of agri-environment schemes on bees on Shropshire farms. J Nat Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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57
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Vortkamp I, Barraquand F, Hilker FM. Ecological Allee effects modulate optimal strategies for conservation in agricultural landscapes. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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58
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Ecological intensification and diversification approaches to maintain biodiversity, ecosystem services and food production in a changing world. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:229-240. [PMID: 32886114 PMCID: PMC7487174 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
How do we redesign agricultural landscapes to maintain their productivity and profitability, while promoting rather than eradicating biodiversity, and regenerating rather than undermining the ecological processes that sustain food production and are vital for a liveable planet? Ecological intensification harnesses ecological processes to increase food production per area through management processes that often diversify croplands to support beneficial organisms supplying these services. By adding more diverse vegetation back into landscapes, the agricultural matrix can also become both more habitable and more permeable to biodiversity, aiding in conserving biodiversity over time. By reducing the need for costly inputs while maintaining productivity, ecological intensification methods can maintain or even enhance profitability. As shown with several examples, ecological intensification and diversification can assist in creating multifunctional landscapes that are more environmentally and economically sustainable. While single methods of ecological intensification can be incorporated into large-scale industrial farms and reduce negative impacts, complete redesign of such systems using multiple methods of ecological intensification and diversification can create truly regenerative systems with strong potential to promote food production and biodiversity. However, the broad adoption of these methods will require transformative socio-economic changes because many structural barriers continue to maintain the current agrichemical model of agriculture.
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Pereira LM, Davies KK, Belder E, Ferrier S, Karlsson‐Vinkhuyzen S, Kim H, Kuiper JJ, Okayasu S, Palomo MG, Pereira HM, Peterson G, Sathyapalan J, Schoolenberg M, Alkemade R, Carvalho Ribeiro S, Greenaway A, Hauck J, King N, Lazarova T, Ravera F, Chettri N, Cheung WWL, Hendriks RJJ, Kolomytsev G, Leadley P, Metzger J, Ninan KN, Pichs R, Popp A, Rondinini C, Rosa I, Vuuren D, Lundquist CJ. Developing multiscale and integrative nature–people scenarios using the Nature Futures Framework. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Pereira
- Centre for Complex Systems in Transition Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn K. Davies
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Eefje Belder
- Agrosystems Research Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | | | - HyeJin Kim
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Jan J. Kuiper
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sana Okayasu
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Den Haag The Netherlands
| | - Maria G. Palomo
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia‐CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Henrique M. Pereira
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
- CIBIO (Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources)–InBIO (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology) Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Garry Peterson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - Rob Alkemade
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Den Haag The Netherlands
- Environmental Systems Analyses Group Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas King
- Research Unit for Environmental Science & Management North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - Tanya Lazarova
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Den Haag The Netherlands
| | - Federica Ravera
- Chair in Agroecology and Food Systems – University of VictoriaCentral University of Catalunya Vic Spain
- Department of Geography University of Girona Girona Spain
| | - Nakul Chettri
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu Nepal
| | - William W. L. Cheung
- Institute for the Oceans and FIsheries The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Rob J. J. Hendriks
- Department of Strategy, Knowledge and Innovation Nature‐Inclusive Society GroupMinistry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality The Hague The Netherlands
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Grigoriy Kolomytsev
- Department of Animal Monitoring and Conservation I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Paul Leadley
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution Bâtiment 360Univ. Paris‐Sud, AgroParisTechCNRSUniversité Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Jean‐Paul Metzger
- Department of Ecology Institute of Biosciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Ramon Pichs
- Centre for World Economy Studies (CIEM) Havana Cuba
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz Association Potsdam Germany
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment programme Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Isabel Rosa
- School of Natural Sciences Bangor University Bangor UK
| | - Detlef Vuuren
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Den Haag The Netherlands
| | - Carolyn J. Lundquist
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Hamilton New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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60
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Wassmer T. Phenological Patterns and Seasonal Segregation of Coprophilous Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea and Hydrophilidae) on a Cattle Farm in SE-Michigan, United States Throughout the Year. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.563532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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61
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González E, Landis DA, Knapp M, Valladares G. Forest cover and proximity decrease herbivory and increase crop yield via enhanced natural enemies in soybean fields. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel González
- Department of Ecology Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic
- Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología VegetalUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCONICET Córdoba Argentina
| | - Douglas A. Landis
- Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Michal Knapp
- Department of Ecology Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Graciela Valladares
- Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología VegetalUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCONICET Córdoba Argentina
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Abstract
One of humanity’s most significant challenges in the process of attaining the established sustainability goals is balancing the growing human demand for food and the need to conserve biodiversity. This challenge requires appropriate land uses that are able to conserve biodiversity while ensuring ample food supply. This study compares bird species diversity and abundance in areas undergoing land sharing and land sparing in northeastern Bangladesh (West Bhanugach Reserved Forest). Birds serve as useful biologic indicators because of their presence within different trophic levels and their well-studied ecology. To survey birds, we selected a total of 66 sampling sites within land-sharing (33) and land-sparing (33) land-use areas. Between May and June 2017, we observed and recorded bird calls within a 50-m radius around each sampling site. We counted 541 individuals from 46 species of birds. The Shannon bird diversity was higher in the land-sparing sites (1.52) than in the land-sharing sites (1.23). We found approximately 30% more bird species (39 vs. 30) and 40% more individuals (318 vs. 223) in the land-sparing areas than land-sharing areas. Three bird species, Arachnothera longirostra, Micropternus brachyurus and Copsychus malabaricus, were significantly associated with the land-sparing sites. This study shows that land sharing negatively affects bird diversity, richness and abundance compared to land-sparing. The use of chemical fertilizers and the lack of food, such as insects, for birds can explain the lower diversity, richness and abundance of birds in the land-sharing areas. Although land sharing is an effective means of producing food, land sparing is the most effective land-use practice for preserving bird diversity in northeastern Bangladesh.
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63
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Espinosa R, Tago D, Treich N. Infectious Diseases and Meat Production. ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2020; 76:1019-1044. [PMID: 32836843 PMCID: PMC7399585 DOI: 10.1007/s10640-020-00484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Most infectious diseases in humans originate from animals. In this paper, we explore the role of animal farming and meat consumption in the emergence and amplification of infectious diseases. First, we discuss how meat production increases epidemic risks, either directly through increased contact with wild and farmed animals or indirectly through its impact on the environment (e.g., biodiversity loss, water use, climate change). Traditional food systems such as bushmeat and backyard farming increase the risks of disease transmission from wild animals, while intensive farming amplifies the impact of the disease due to the high density, genetic proximity, increased immunodeficiency, and live transport of farmed animals. Second, we describe the various direct and indirect costs of animal-based infectious diseases, and in particular, how these diseases can negatively impact the economy and the environment. Last, we discuss policies to reduce the social costs of infectious diseases. While existing regulatory frameworks such as the "One Health" approach focus on increasing farms' biosecurity and emergency preparedness, we emphasize the need to better align stakeholders' incentives and to reduce meat consumption. We discuss in particular the implementation of a "zoonotic" Pigouvian tax, and innovations such as insect-based food or cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian Tago
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
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64
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Velado‐Alonso E, Morales‐Castilla I, Rebollo S, Gómez‐Sal A. Relationships between the distribution of wildlife and livestock diversity. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Velado‐Alonso
- FORECO – Forest Ecology and Restoration Group Department of Life Sciences Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
- GloCEE – Global Change Ecology and Evolution Group Department of Life Sciences Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - Ignacio Morales‐Castilla
- GloCEE – Global Change Ecology and Evolution Group Department of Life Sciences Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason University Fairfax VA USA
| | - Salvador Rebollo
- FORECO – Forest Ecology and Restoration Group Department of Life Sciences Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio Gómez‐Sal
- FORECO – Forest Ecology and Restoration Group Department of Life Sciences Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
- GloCEE – Global Change Ecology and Evolution Group Department of Life Sciences Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
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65
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Riggs RA, Langston JD, Beauchamp E, Travers H, Ken S, Margules C. Examining Trajectories of Change for Prosperous Forest Landscapes in Cambodia. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 66:72-90. [PMID: 32333037 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-020-01290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forest landscapes are undergoing rapid transition. Rural development aspirations are rising, and land use change is contributing to deforestation, degradation, and biodiversity loss, which threaten the future of tropical forests. Conservation initiatives must deal with complex social, political, and ecological decisions involving trade-offs between the extent of protected areas and quality of conservation. In Cambodia, smallholders and industrial economic land concessions drive deforestation and forest degradation. Rural economic benefits have not kept pace with development aspirations and smallholders are gradually expanding agriculture into protected forests. We examine the drivers and effects of rural forest landscape transitions in Cambodia to identify trade-offs between conservation and development. Using historical trends analysis and information gathered through key informant interviews, we describe how local communities perceive social and ecological changes, and examine the implications of local development aspirations for conservation. We explore three scenarios for the future of conservation in Cambodia, each with different conservation and community development outcomes. We contend that conservation efforts should focus on strengthening governance to meet social and environmental requirements for sustainable forest landscapes. We suggest potential entry points for governance improvements, including working with local decision-makers and fostering collaboration between stakeholders. There is a need for realistic priority setting in contested tropical forest landscapes. Prosperous rural economies are a necessary but not sufficient condition for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Anne Riggs
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.
- Tanah Air Beta, Batu Karu, Tabanan, Bali, 82152, Indonesia.
| | - James Douglas Langston
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
- Tanah Air Beta, Batu Karu, Tabanan, Bali, 82152, Indonesia
- Faculty of Forestry, Forest Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Emilie Beauchamp
- International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, WC1X *NH, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Travers
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Sereyrotha Ken
- Wildlife Conservation Society Cambodia Program, #21, Street 21, Sangkat Tonle Bassac, PO Box 1620, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chris Margules
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
- Institute for Sustainable Earth and Resources, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Kota Depok, Java Barat, 16424, Indonesia
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66
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Martins IS, Navarro LM, Pereira HM, Rosa IM. Alternative pathways to a sustainable future lead to contrasting biodiversity responses. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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67
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Case BS, Pannell JL, Stanley MC, Norton DA, Brugman A, Funaki M, Mathieu C, Songling C, Suryaningrum F, Buckley HL. The roles of non‐production vegetation in agroecosystems: A research framework for filling process knowledge gaps in a social‐ecological context. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S. Case
- Te Kura Pūtaiao - School of Science Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L. Pannell
- Te Kura Pūtaiao - School of Science Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
| | - Margaret C. Stanley
- Te Kura Mātauranga Koiora - School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - David A. Norton
- Te Kura Ngahere - School of Forestry University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Anoek Brugman
- Te Kura Pūtaiao - School of Science Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
| | - Matt Funaki
- Te Kura Pūtaiao - School of Science Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
| | - Chloé Mathieu
- Te Kura Pūtaiao - School of Science Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
| | - Cao Songling
- Te Kura Pūtaiao - School of Science Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
- College of Life Science Neijiang Normal University Neijiang China
| | - Febyana Suryaningrum
- Te Kura Pūtaiao - School of Science Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
| | - Hannah L. Buckley
- Te Kura Pūtaiao - School of Science Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
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68
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Chase JM, Jeliazkov A, Ladouceur E, Viana DS. Biodiversity conservation through the lens of metacommunity ecology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1469:86-104. [PMID: 32406120 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metacommunity ecology combines local (e.g., environmental filtering and biotic interactions) and regional (e.g., dispersal and heterogeneity) processes to understand patterns of species abundance, occurrence, composition, and diversity across scales of space and time. As such, it has a great potential to generalize and synthesize our understanding of many ecological problems. Here, we give an overview of how a metacommunity perspective can provide useful insights for conservation biology, which aims to understand and mitigate the effects of anthropogenic drivers that decrease population sizes, increase extinction probabilities, and threaten biodiversity. We review four general metacommunity processes-environmental filtering, biotic interactions, dispersal, and ecological drift-and discuss how key anthropogenic drivers (e.g., habitat loss and fragmentation, and nonnative species) can alter these processes. We next describe how the patterns of interest in metacommunities (abundance, occupancy, and diversity) map onto issues at the heart of conservation biology, and describe cases where conservation biology benefits by taking a scale-explicit metacommunity perspective. We conclude with some ways forward for including metacommunity perspectives into ideas of ecosystem functioning and services, as well as approaches to habitat management, preservation, and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Computer Sciences, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Alienor Jeliazkov
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Computer Sciences, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Emma Ladouceur
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Computer Sciences, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.,Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Duarte S Viana
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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69
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Wassmer T. Attractiveness of Cattle Dung to Coprophilous Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea and Sphaeridiinae) and Their Segregation During the Initial Stages of the Heterotrophic Succession on a Pasture in Southeast Michigan. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5851655. [PMID: 32501502 PMCID: PMC7273520 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Only a few mostly older studies analyzed the heterotrophic succession of dung beetles in the Midwestern United States. Such studies are needed to track the impacts of the climate crisis on heterotrophic succession and the associated decomposition processes that are central to soil fertility and carbon sequestration. The current study closes this knowledge gap and provides an easy and efficient method to estimate the relative attractiveness of individual dung pads during heterotrophic succession. The dung beetle community of Carpenter Farm in Adrian, Southeast Michigan was sampled for an entire year, including the winter months, using 15 pitfall traps baited with fresh cow manure. Samples were collected after 48 h and again after 72 h exposure time from the bucket content while leaving the bait unhampered. Eighty-four percent of all beetles were caught in the early sample, but only 6 species were missing in the later sample. A cluster analysis based on Pianka's niche overlap identified a statistically higher mean overlap than expected by chance in a null model (model RA3) and divided the species community clearly into three clusters separating most relocators from most dwellers. Despite using a different method, my results confirmed the successional position of most previously described species and added data for several species with poor or unknown successional state. The successional segregation between dwellers and relocators discovered by the cluster analysis was paralleled by a significantly larger body size of relocators across taxonomic groups as compared to dwellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wassmer
- Biology Department, Siena Heights University, Adrian, MI
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70
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Jokimäki J, Suhonen J, Benedetti Y, Diaz M, Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki ML, Morelli F, Pérez-Contreras T, Rubio E, Sprau P, Tryjanowski P, Ibánez-Álamo JD. Land-sharing vs. land-sparing urban development modulate predator-prey interactions in Europe. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02049. [PMID: 31762100 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban areas are expanding globally as a consequence of human population increases, with overall negative effects on biodiversity. To prevent the further loss of biodiversity, it is urgent to understand the mechanisms behind this loss to develop evidence-based sustainable solutions to preserve biodiversity in urban landscapes. The two extreme urban development types along a continuum, land-sparing (large, continuous green areas and high-density housing) and land-sharing (small, fragmented green areas and low-density housing) have been the recent focus of debates regarding the pattern of urban development. However, in this context, there is no information on the mechanisms behind the observed biodiversity changes. One of the main mechanisms proposed to explain urban biodiversity loss is the alteration of predator-prey interactions. Using ground-nesting birds as a model system and data from nine European cities, we experimentally tested the effects of these two extreme urban development types on artificial ground nest survival and whether nest survival correlates with the local abundance of ground-nesting birds and their nest predators. Nest survival (n = 554) was lower in land-sharing than in land-sparing urban areas. Nest survival decreased with increasing numbers of local predators (cats and corvids) and with nest visibility. Correspondingly, relative abundance of ground-nesting birds was greater in land-sparing than in land-sharing urban areas, though overall bird species richness was unaffected by the pattern of urban development. We provide the first evidence that predator-prey interactions differ between the two extreme urban development types. Changing interactions may explain the higher proportion of ground-nesting birds in land-sparing areas, and suggest a limitation of the land-sharing model. Nest predator control and the provision of more green-covered urban habitats may also improve conservation of sensitive birds in cities. Our findings provide information on how to further expand our cities without severe loss of urban-sensitive species and give support for land-sparing over land-sharing urban development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Jokimäki
- Nature Inventory and EIA-services, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, P. O. Box 122, FI-96101, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Jukka Suhonen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Yanina Benedetti
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Spatial Planning, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Diaz
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (BGC-MNCN-CSIC), E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Federico Morelli
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Spatial Planning, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Enrique Rubio
- Behavioral and Physiological Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Sprau
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, PL-60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Juan Diego Ibánez-Álamo
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Behavioral and Physiological Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
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71
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Butsic V, Kuemmerle T, Pallud L, Helmstedt KJ, Macchi L, Potts MD. Aligning biodiversity conservation and agricultural production in heterogeneous landscapes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02057. [PMID: 31837241 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and agricultural production has become a fundamental question in sustainability science. Substantial research has focused on how species' populations respond to agricultural intensification, with the goal to understand whether conservation policies that spatially separate agriculture and conservation or, alternatively, integrate the two are more beneficial. Spatial heterogeneity in both species abundance and agricultural productivity have been largely left out of this discussion, although these patterns are ubiquitous from local to global scales due to varying land capacity. Here, we address the question of how to align agricultural production and biodiversity conservation in heterogeneous landscapes. Using model simulations of species abundance and agricultural yields, we show that trade-offs between agricultural production and species' abundance can be reduced by minimizing the cost (in terms of species abundance) of agricultural production. We find that when species' abundance and agricultural yields vary across landscapes, the optimal strategy to minimize trade-offs is rarely pure land sparing or land sharing. Instead, landscapes that combine elements of both strategies are optimal. Additionally, we show how the reference population of a species is defined has important influences on optimization results. Our findings suggest that in the real world, understanding the impact of heterogeneous land capacity on biodiversity and agricultural production is crucial to designing multi-use landscapes that jointly maximize conservation and agricultural benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Butsic
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations in Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leo Pallud
- ENSTA ParisTech, 828 Bd des Marechaux, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Kate J Helmstedt
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Leandro Macchi
- Geography Department, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, UNT - CONICET, Residencia Universitaria Horco Molle, Edificio las Cúpulas, 4107, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Matthew D Potts
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
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72
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Finch T, Green RE, Massimino D, Peach WJ, Balmford A. Optimising nature conservation outcomes for a given region‐wide level of food production. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Finch
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science RSPB The Lodge Sandy UK
| | - Rhys E. Green
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | - Will J. Peach
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science RSPB The Lodge Sandy UK
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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73
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Hendershot JN, Smith JR, Anderson CB, Letten AD, Frishkoff LO, Zook JR, Fukami T, Daily GC. Intensive farming drives long-term shifts in avian community composition. Nature 2020; 579:393-396. [PMID: 32188954 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural practices constitute both the greatest cause of biodiversity loss and the greatest opportunity for conservation1,2, given the shrinking scope of protected areas in many regions. Recent studies have documented the high levels of biodiversity-across many taxa and biomes-that agricultural landscapes can support over the short term1,3,4. However, little is known about the long-term effects of alternative agricultural practices on ecological communities4,5 Here we document changes in bird communities in intensive-agriculture, diversified-agriculture and natural-forest habitats in 4 regions of Costa Rica over a period of 18 years. Long-term directional shifts in bird communities were evident in intensive- and diversified-agricultural habitats, but were strongest in intensive-agricultural habitats, where the number of endemic and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List species fell over time. All major guilds, including those involved in pest control, pollination and seed dispersal, were affected. Bird communities in intensive-agricultural habitats proved more susceptible to changes in climate, with hotter and drier periods associated with greater changes in community composition in these settings. These findings demonstrate that diversified agriculture can help to alleviate the long-term loss of biodiversity outside natural protected areas1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nicholas Hendershot
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey R Smith
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher B Anderson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D Letten
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke O Frishkoff
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Jim R Zook
- Unión de Ornitólogos de Costa Rica, Naranjo de Alajuela, Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Tadashi Fukami
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gretchen C Daily
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,The Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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74
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Ibáñez-Álamo JD, Morelli F, Benedetti Y, Rubio E, Jokimäki J, Pérez-Contreras T, Sprau P, Suhonen J, Tryjanowski P, Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki ML, Møller AP, Díaz M. Biodiversity within the city: Effects of land sharing and land sparing urban development on avian diversity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135477. [PMID: 31771847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization, one of the most extreme human-induced environmental changes, is negatively affecting biodiversity worldwide, strongly suggesting that we should reconcile urban development with conservation. Urbanization can follow two extreme types of development within a continuum: land sharing (buildings mixed with dispersed green space) or land sparing (buildings interspersed with green patches that concentrate biodiversity-supporting vegetation). Recent local-scale studies indicate that biodiversity is typically favored by land sparing. We investigated which of these two types of urbanization is associated with a higher taxonomic (i.e. species richness), functional, and phylogenetic diversity of birds. To do so, we collected information on breeding and wintering bird assemblages in 45 land-sharing and 45 land-sparing areas in nine European cities, which provide the first attempt to explore this question using a large geographical scale and temporal replication. We found that land-sharing urban areas were significantly associated with a higher taxonomic and functional diversity of birds during winter, but not during the breeding season (with only a marginally significant effect for functional diversity). We found no association between the type of urban development and phylogenetic diversity. Our findings indicate that not all components of avian diversity are similarly affected by these two means of urban planning and highlight the importance of integrating the temporal perspective into this kind of studies. Our results also offer useful information to the current debate about the trade-off between biodiversity conservation and human well-being in the context of land sharing and sparing urban practices. In addition, we found that certain small-scale urban landscape characteristics (i.e. few impervious surfaces, high water or tree cover) and human practices (i.e. bird feeders or plants with berries) can help maintaining more diverse urban bird assemblages. We provide specific suggestions for both policymakers and citizens that hopefully will help to create more biodiversity-friendly cities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Morelli
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Spatial Planning, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Yanina Benedetti
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Spatial Planning, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Enrique Rubio
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jukka Jokimäki
- Nature Inventory and EIA-Services, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, P. O. Box 122, FI-96101 Rovaniemi, Finland
| | | | - Philipp Sprau
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jukka Suhonen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, PL-60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Anders Pape Møller
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (BGC-MNCN-CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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75
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Smith OM, Kennedy CM, Owen JP, Northfield TD, Latimer CE, Snyder WE. Highly diversified crop-livestock farming systems reshape wild bird communities. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02031. [PMID: 31674710 PMCID: PMC7078872 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification is a leading threat to bird conservation. Highly diversified farming systems that integrate livestock and crop production might promote a diversity of habitats useful to native birds foraging across otherwise-simplified landscapes. At the same time, these features might be attractive to nonnative birds linked to a broad range of disservices to both crop and livestock production. We evaluated the influence of crop-livestock integration on wild bird richness and density along a north-south transect spanning the U.S. West Coast. We surveyed birds on 52 farms that grew primarily mixed vegetables and fruits alone or integrated livestock into production. Crop-livestock systems harbored higher native bird density and richness relative to crop-only farms, a benefit more pronounced on farms embedded in nonnatural landscapes. Crop-livestock systems bolstered native insectivores linked to the suppression of agricultural pest insects but did not bolster native granivores that may be more likely to damage crops. Crop-livestock systems also significantly increased the density of nonnative birds, primarily European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) that may compete with native birds for resources. Models supported a small, positive correlation between nonnative density and overall native bird density as well as between nonnative density and native granivore density. Relative to crop-only farms, on average, crop-livestock systems exhibited 1.5 times higher patch richness, 2.4 times higher density of farm structures, 7.3 times smaller field sizes, 2.4 times greater integration of woody crops, and 5.3 times greater integration of pasture/hay habitat on farm. Wild birds may have responded to this habitat diversity and/or associated food resources. Individual farm factors had significantly lower predictive power than farming system alone (change in C statistic information criterion (ΔCIC) = 80.2), suggesting crop-livestock systems may impact wild birds through a suite of factors that change with system conversion. Collectively, our findings suggest that farms that integrate livestock and crop production can attract robust native bird communities, especially within landscapes devoted to intensified food production. However, additional work is needed to demonstrate persistent farm bird communities through time, ecophysiological benefits to birds foraging on these farms, and net effects of both native and nonnative wild birds in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M. Smith
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington99164USA
| | | | - Jeb P. Owen
- Department of EntomologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington99164 USA
| | - Tobin D. Northfield
- Department of EntomologyTree Fruit Research and Extension CenterWenatacheeWashington98802USA
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability ScienceJames Cook UniversityCairnsQueensland4878 Australia
| | | | - William E. Snyder
- Department of EntomologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington99164 USA
- Present address:
Department of EntomologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602USA
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76
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Raymond ABD. Aligning Competing Risks? Global Food Security as a Trade-Offs-Based Approach to Risk and Food Policy. SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0971721819889917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the 2008 food price crisis, many initiatives have emerged at the intersection between scientific, economic, humanitarian and political fields with a view to ‘feeding 9 billion human beings in 2050’ and to taking up the global food security challenge. Those initiatives have often been criticised for promoting a neo-productivist agenda. By studying the case of the UK Global Food Security programme, this article shows that ‘Global Food Security’ approaches not only re-legitimise production as such, but also looks to invent new ways of confronting production issues with health and/ or environmental issues, and thus of setting priorities. Potentially, this has major consequences for food policy and risk regulation. From this point of view, the UK GFS programme has become part of a movement which goes far beyond food security or agricultural issues as such. This movement includes balancing principles of protection with economic imperatives. Whilst other approaches (such as agroecology) look for integration between these different objectives, this approach is trying to achieve coexistence between objectives perceived to be contradictory. It assumes that sustainability can only be achieved at a global level, and that science must provide the right tools to constantly find the right trade-off between competing objectives. I conclude by discussing how this approach pertains to a re-structuring of capitalism towards an extractive economy, the related forms of regulation and the challenges of this approach for social critique.
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77
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Protecting environmental and socio-economic values of selectively logged tropical forests in the Anthropocene. ADV ECOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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78
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Menezes TGC, Melo FPL. Assembly patterns of tree seedling communities in a human-dominated Tropical landscape. AUSTRAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane G. C. Menezes
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada; Centro de Biociências; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; 50770-901 Recife Brazil
| | - Felipe P. L. Melo
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada; Centro de Biociências; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; 50770-901 Recife Brazil
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79
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Sánchez‐Clavijo LM, Bayly NJ, Quintana‐Ascencio PF. Habitat selection in transformed landscapes and the role of forest remnants and shade coffee in the conservation of resident birds. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:553-564. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina María Sánchez‐Clavijo
- Department of Biology University of Central Florida Orlando FL USA
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt Bogotá Colombia
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80
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Meli P, Rey-Benayas JM, Brancalion PH. Balancing land sharing and sparing approaches to promote forest and landscape restoration in agricultural landscapes: Land approaches for forest landscape restoration. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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81
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Feniuk C, Balmford A, Green RE. Land sparing to make space for species dependent on natural habitats and high nature value farmland. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191483. [PMID: 31455194 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical evidence from four continents indicates that human food demand may be best reconciled with biodiversity conservation through sparing natural habitats by boosting agricultural yields. This runs counter to the conservation paradigm of wildlife-friendly farming, which is influential in Europe, where many species are dependent on low-yielding high nature value farmland threatened by both intensification and abandonment. In the first multi-taxon population-level test of land-sparing theory in Europe, we quantified how population densities of 175 bird and sedge species varied with farm yield across 26 squares (each with an area of 1 km2) in eastern Poland. We discovered that, as in previous studies elsewhere, simple land sparing, with only natural habitats on spared land, markedly out-performed land sharing in its effect on region-wide projected population sizes. However, a novel 'three-compartment' land-sparing approach, in which about one-third of spared land is assigned to very low-yield agriculture and the remainder to natural habitats, resulted in least-reduced projected future populations for more species. Implementing the three-compartment model would require significant reorganization of current subsidy regimes, but would mean high-yield farming could release sufficient land for species dependent on both natural and high nature value farmland to persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Feniuk
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Rhys E Green
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy SG19 2DL, UK
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82
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Barros FM, Martello F, Peres CA, Pizo MA, Ribeiro MC. Matrix type and landscape attributes modulate avian taxonomic and functional spillover across habitat boundaries in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio M. Barros
- Dept of Ecology, São Paulo State Univ. (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Felipe Martello
- Dept of Environmental Sciences, São Carlos Federal Univ. (UFSCAR) São Carlos Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of East Anglia (UEA) Norwich UK
| | - Marco A. Pizo
- Dept of Zoology, São Paulo State Univ. (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
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83
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Karner K, Cord AF, Hagemann N, Hernandez-Mora N, Holzkämper A, Jeangros B, Lienhoop N, Nitsch H, Rivas D, Schmid E, Schulp CJE, Strauch M, van der Zanden EH, Volk M, Willaarts B, Zarrineh N, Schönhart M. Developing stakeholder-driven scenarios on land sharing and land sparing - Insights from five European case studies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 241:488-500. [PMID: 30979560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Empirical research on land sharing and land sparing has been criticized because preferences of local stakeholders, socio-economic aspects, a bundle of ecosystem services and the local context were only rarely integrated. Using storylines and scenarios is a common approach to include land use drivers and local contexts or to cope with the uncertainties of future developments. The objective of the presented research is to develop comparable participatory regional land use scenarios for the year 2030 reflecting land sharing, land sparing and more intermediate developments across five different European landscapes (Austria, Germany, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Spain). In order to ensure methodological consistency among the five case studies, a hierarchical multi-scale scenario approach was developed, which consisted of i) the selection of a common global storyline to frame a common sphere of uncertainty for all case studies, ii) the definition of three contrasting qualitative European storylines (representing developments for land sharing, land sparing and a balanced storyline), and iii) the development of three explorative case study-specific land use scenarios with regional stakeholders in workshops. Land use transition rules defined by stakeholders were used to generate three different spatially-explicit scenarios for each case study by means of high-resolution land use maps. All scenarios incorporated various aspects of land use and management to allow subsequent quantification of multiple ecosystem services and biodiversity indicators. The comparison of the final scenarios showed both common as well as diverging trends among the case studies. For instance, stakeholders identified further possibilities to intensify land management in all case studies in the land sparing scenario. In addition, in most case studies stakeholders agreed on the most preferred scenario, i.e. either land sharing or balanced, and the most likely one, i.e. balanced. However, they expressed some skepticism regarding the general plausibility of land sparing in a European context. It can be concluded that stakeholder perceptions and the local context can be integrated in land sharing and land sparing contexts subject to particular process design principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Karner
- Institute for Sustainable Economic Development, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Feistmantelstraße 4, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anna F Cord
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nina Hagemann
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Economics, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Annelie Holzkämper
- Agroscope, Climate and Agriculture Group, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Nele Lienhoop
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Economics, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Nitsch
- Institute for Rural Development Research (IfLS), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Kurfürstenstraße 49, 60486, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - David Rivas
- Research Center for the Management of Environmental and Agricultural Risks (CEIGRAM), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain; IMDEA - Agua (Instituto Madrileño De Estudios Avanzados - Agua), Parque Científico Tecnológico, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erwin Schmid
- Institute for Sustainable Economic Development, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Feistmantelstraße 4, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Catharina J E Schulp
- Environmental Geography Group, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Strauch
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emma H van der Zanden
- Environmental Geography Group, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Volk
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Willaarts
- Research Center for the Management of Environmental and Agricultural Risks (CEIGRAM), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Nina Zarrineh
- Agroscope, Climate and Agriculture Group, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schönhart
- Institute for Sustainable Economic Development, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Feistmantelstraße 4, 1180, Vienna, Austria
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84
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Are Ecological Modernization Narratives Useful for Understanding and Steering Social-Ecological Change in the Argentine Chaco? SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11133593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the past decades, the Ecological Modernization Theory, and associated ideas such as the Forest Transition Theory and Land Sparing Hypothesis, have dominated the academic and policy arenas regarding the solutions to current environmental crises. However, critiques were raised as these theories, originally conceived for developed countries, started to be applied in developing countries for explaining and prescribing social-ecological transitions. Here, we assess the validity of five key assumptions of Ecological Modernization narratives as applied to the Argentine Chaco, a global deforestation hotspot. We reviewed existing literature and conducted straightforward analysis to disentangle relationships among key variables. Although agriculture intensified, there is no evidence that this intensification inhibited agricultural expansion. Rural depopulation took place between 2001 and 2010; however, deforestation rates did not decrease, and the quality of life of migrants did not increase compared to those that stayed in rural areas. Our review suggests that the consequences of agriculture intensification on biodiversity and the provision of multiple ecosystem services exceeds the area used. Therefore, available evidence does not support the assumed causal relationships of Ecological Modernization, and even contradicts most assumptions. We propose a series of analytical shifts to better capture the complexity of social-ecological transitions in modern commodity frontiers.
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85
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Countryside Biogeography: the Controls of Species Distributions in Human-Dominated Landscapes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40823-019-00037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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86
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Oliveira ATM, Bernardo CSS, Melo FRD, Santos-Filho MD, Peres CA, Canale GR. Primate and ungulate responses to teak agroforestry in a southern Amazonian landscape. Mamm Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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87
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Grass I, Loos J, Baensch S, Batáry P, Librán‐Embid F, Ficiciyan A, Klaus F, Riechers M, Rosa J, Tiede J, Udy K, Westphal C, Wurz A, Tscharntke T. Land‐sharing/‐sparing connectivity landscapes for ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Grass
- University of Goettingen, Agroecology Göttingen Germany
| | - Jacqueline Loos
- University of Goettingen, Agroecology Göttingen Germany
- Leuphana University, Institute of Ecology Lueneburg Germany
| | - Svenja Baensch
- University of Goettingen, Agroecology Göttingen Germany
- University of Goettingen, Functional Agrobiodiversity Göttingen Germany
| | - Péter Batáry
- University of Goettingen, Agroecology Göttingen Germany
- MTA ÖK Landscape and Conservation Ecology Research Group Vácrátót Hungary
| | | | | | - Felix Klaus
- University of Goettingen, Agroecology Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Julia Rosa
- University of Goettingen, Agroecology Göttingen Germany
| | - Julia Tiede
- University of Muenster, Animal Ecology and Multitrophic Interactions, Institute of Landscape Ecology Münster Germany
| | - Kristy Udy
- University of Goettingen, Agroecology Göttingen Germany
| | - Catrin Westphal
- University of Goettingen, Agroecology Göttingen Germany
- University of Goettingen, Functional Agrobiodiversity Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL) University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Teja Tscharntke
- University of Goettingen, Agroecology Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL) University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
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88
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Ponisio LC, de Valpine P, M'Gonigle LK, Kremen C. Proximity of restored hedgerows interacts with local floral diversity and species' traits to shape long-term pollinator metacommunity dynamics. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1048-1060. [PMID: 30938483 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Disconnected habitat fragments are poor at supporting population and community persistence; restoration ecologists, therefore, advocate for the establishment of habitat networks across landscapes. Few empirical studies, however, have considered how networks of restored habitat patches affect metacommunity dynamics. Here, using a 10-year study on restored hedgerows and unrestored field margins within an intensive agricultural landscape, we integrate occupancy modelling with network theory to examine the interaction between local and landscape characteristics, habitat selection and dispersal in shaping pollinator metacommunity dynamics. We show that surrounding hedgerows and remnant habitat patches interact with the local floral diversity, bee diet breadth and bee body size to influence site occupancy, via colonisation and persistence dynamics. Florally diverse sites and generalist, small-bodied species are most important for maintaining metacommunity connectivity. By providing the first in-depth assessment of how a network of restored habitat influences long-term population dynamics, we confirm the conservation benefit of hedgerows for pollinator populations and demonstrate the importance of restoring and maintaining habitat networks within an inhospitable matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Ponisio
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 417 Entomology Bldg., Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Perry de Valpine
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Leithen K M'Gonigle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Claire Kremen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.,Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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89
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Identifying key factors, actors and relevant scales in landscape and conservation planning, management and decision making: Promoting effective citizen involvement. J Nat Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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90
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Tree diversity and its ecological importance value in organic and conventional cocoa agroforests in Ghana. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210557. [PMID: 30633763 PMCID: PMC6329512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa agroforestry systems have the potential to conserve biodiversity and provide environmental or ecological benefits at various nested scales ranging from the plot to ecoregion. While integrating organic practices into cocoa agroforestry may further enhance these potentials, empirical and robust data to support this claim is lacking, and mechanisms for biodiversity conservation and the provision of environmental and ecological benefits are poorly understood. A field study was conducted in the Eastern Region of Ghana to evaluate the potential of organic cocoa agroforests to conserve native floristic diversity in comparison with conventional cocoa agroforests. Shade tree species richness, Shannon, Simpson’s reciprocal and Margalef diversity indices were estimated from 84 organic and conventional cocoa agroforestry plots. Species importance value index, a measure of how dominant a species is in a given ecosystem, and conservation status were used to evaluate the conservation potential of shade trees on studied cocoa farms. Organic farms recorded higher mean shade tree species richness (5.10 ± 0.38) compared to conventional farms (3.48 ± 0.39). Similarly, mean Shannon diversity index, Simpson’s reciprocal diversity index and Margalef diversity index were significantly higher on organic farms compared to conventional farms. According to the importance value index, fruit and native shade tree species were the most important on both organic and conventional farms for all the cocoa age groups but more so on organic farms. Organic farms maintained 14 native tree species facing a conservation issue compared to 10 on conventional cocoa farms. The results suggest that diversified organic cocoa farms can serve as reservoirs of native tree species, including those currently facing conservation concerns thereby providing support and contributing to the conservation of tree species in the landscape.
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91
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Elsen PR, Ramesh K, Wilcove DS. Conserving Himalayan birds in highly seasonal forested and agricultural landscapes. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2018; 32:1313-1324. [PMID: 29855078 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Himalayas are a global biodiversity hotspot threatened by widespread agriculture and pasture expansion. To determine the impact of these threats on biodiversity and to formulate appropriate conservation strategies, we surveyed birds along elevational gradients in primary forest and in human-dominated lands spanning a gradient of habitat alteration, including forest-agriculture mosaics, mixed agriculture mosaics, and pasture. We surveyed birds during the breeding season and in winter to account for pronounced seasonal migrations. Bird abundance and richness in forest-agriculture and mixed agriculture mosaics were equal to or greater than in primary forest and greater than in pasture at local and landscape scales during both seasons. Pasture had greater abundance and richness of birds in winter than primary forest, but richness was greater in primary forest at the landscape scale during the breeding season. All 4 land-use types held unique species, suggesting that all must be retained in the landscape to conserve the entire avifauna. Our results suggest forest-agriculture and mixed agriculture mosaics are particularly important for sustaining Himalayan bird communities during winter and primary forests are vital for sustaining Himalayan bird communities during the breeding season. Further conversion of forest-agriculture and mixed agriculture mosaics to pasture would likely result in significant biodiversity losses that would disproportionately affect breeding species. To ensure comprehensive conservation, strategies in the western Himalayas must balance the protection of intact primary forest with the minimization of pasture expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Elsen
- Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A
| | | | - David S Wilcove
- Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A
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92
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Combined effect of matrix quality and spatial heterogeneity on biodiversity decline. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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93
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Kremen C, Merenlender AM. Landscapes that work for biodiversity and people. Science 2018; 362:362/6412/eaau6020. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau6020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
How can we manage farmlands, forests, and rangelands to respond to the triple challenge of the Anthropocene—biodiversity loss, climate change, and unsustainable land use? When managed by using biodiversity-based techniques such as agroforestry, silvopasture, diversified farming, and ecosystem-based forest management, these socioeconomic systems can help maintain biodiversity and provide habitat connectivity, thereby complementing protected areas and providing greater resilience to climate change. Simultaneously, the use of these management techniques can improve yields and profitability more sustainably, enhancing livelihoods and food security. This approach to “working lands conservation” can create landscapes that work for nature and people. However, many socioeconomic challenges impede the uptake of biodiversity-based land management practices. Although improving voluntary incentives, market instruments, environmental regulations, and governance is essential to support working lands conservation, it is community action, social movements, and broad coalitions among citizens, businesses, nonprofits, and government agencies that have the power to transform how we manage land and protect the environment.
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94
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Ticktin T, Quazi S, Dacks R, Tora M, McGuigan A, Hastings Z, Naikatini A. Linkages between measures of biodiversity and community resilience in Pacific Island agroforests. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2018; 32:1085-1095. [PMID: 29992628 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Designing agroecosystems that are compatible with the conservation of biodiversity is a top conservation priority. However, the social variables that drive native biodiversity conservation in these systems are poorly understood. We devised a new approach to identify social-ecological linkages that affect conservation outcomes in agroecosystems and in social-ecological systems more broadly. We focused on coastal agroforests in Fiji, which, like agroforests across other small Pacific Islands, are critical to food security, contain much of the country's remaining lowland forests, and have rapidly declining levels of native biodiversity. We tested the relationships among social variables and native tree species richness in agroforests with structural equation models. The models were built with data from ecological and social surveys in 100 agroforests and associated households. The agroforests hosted 95 native tree species of which almost one-third were endemic. Fifty-eight percent of farms had at least one species considered threatened at the national or international level. The best-fit structural equation model (R2 = 47.8%) showed that social variables important for community resilience-local ecological knowledge, social network connectivity, and livelihood diversity-had direct and indirect positive effects on native tree species richness. Cash-crop intensification, a driver of biodiversity loss elsewhere, did not negatively affect native tree richness within parcels. Joining efforts to build community resilience, specifically by increasing livelihood diversity, local ecological knowledge, and social network connectivity, may help conservation agencies conserve the rapidly declining biodiversity in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ticktin
- Botany Department, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, U.S.A
| | - Shimona Quazi
- Botany Department, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, U.S.A
| | - Rachel Dacks
- Biology Department, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, U.S.A
| | - Mesulame Tora
- Botany Department, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, U.S.A
- South Pacific Regional Herbarium and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Private Bag, Laucala, Campus, Suva, Fiji
| | - Ashley McGuigan
- Botany Department, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, U.S.A
- South Pacific Regional Herbarium and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Private Bag, Laucala, Campus, Suva, Fiji
| | - Zoe Hastings
- Botany Department, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, U.S.A
| | - Alivereti Naikatini
- South Pacific Regional Herbarium and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Private Bag, Laucala, Campus, Suva, Fiji
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95
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Carbon Storage and Land-Use Strategies in Agricultural Landscapes across Three Continents. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2500-2505.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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96
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Modelling Land Sharing and Land Sparing Relationship with Rural Population in the Cerrado. LAND 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/land7030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural expansion and intensification enabled growth of food production but resulted in serious environmental changes. In light of that, debates concerning sustainability in agriculture arises on scientific literature. Land sharing and land sparing are two opposite models for framing agricultural sustainability. The first aims to integrate agricultural activities with biodiversity conservation by means of enhancing the quality of the agricultural matrix in the landscape towards a wildlife friendly matrix. The other model aims to spare natural habitats from agriculture for conservation. This work aimed to explore spatial evidences of land sharing/sparing and its relationship with rural population in the Brazilian Cerrado. A Land Sharing/Sparing Index based on TerraClass Cerrado map was proposed. Spatial analysis based on Global and Local Moran statistics and Geographically Weighted Regression were made in order to explore the influence of local rural population on the probability of spatial land sharing/sparing clusters occurrence. Spatial patterns of land sharing were found in the Cerrado and a positive association with rural population was found in some regions, such as in its northern portion. Land use policies should consider regional infrastructural and participative governance potentialities. The results suggests possible areas where joint agricultural activities and human presence may be favourable for biodiversity conservation.
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97
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Kreidenweis U, Humpenöder F, Kehoe L, Kuemmerle T, Bodirsky BL, Lotze-Campen H, Popp A. Pasture intensification is insufficient to relieve pressure on conservation priority areas in open agricultural markets. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3199-3213. [PMID: 29665157 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural expansion is a leading driver of biodiversity loss across the world, but little is known on how future land-use change may encroach on remaining natural vegetation. This uncertainty is, in part, due to unknown levels of future agricultural intensification and international trade. Using an economic land-use model, we assessed potential future losses of natural vegetation with a focus on how these may threaten biodiversity hotspots and intact forest landscapes. We analysed agricultural expansion under proactive and reactive biodiversity protection scenarios, and for different rates of pasture intensification. We found growing food demand to lead to a significant expansion of cropland at the expense of pastures and natural vegetation. In our reference scenario, global cropland area increased by more than 400 Mha between 2015 and 2050, mostly in Africa and Latin America. Grazing intensification was a main determinant of future land-use change. In Africa, higher rates of pasture intensification resulted in smaller losses of natural vegetation, and reduced pressure on biodiversity hotspots and intact forest landscapes. Investments into raising pasture productivity in conjunction with proactive land-use planning appear essential in Africa to reduce further losses of areas with high conservation value. In Latin America, in contrast, higher pasture productivity resulted in increased livestock exports, highlighting that unchecked trade can reduce the land savings of pasture intensification. Reactive protection of sensitive areas significantly reduced the conversion of natural ecosystems in Latin America. We conclude that protection strategies need to adapt to region-specific trade positions. In regions with a high involvement in international trade, area-based conservation measures should be preferred over strategies aimed at increasing pasture productivity, which by themselves might not be sufficient to protect biodiversity effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kreidenweis
- Research Domain Sustainable Solutions, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
- Department Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
- School VI - Planning Building Environment, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Humpenöder
- Research Domain Sustainable Solutions, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura Kehoe
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Integrative Research Institute for Transformations in Human-Environment Systems, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Leon Bodirsky
- Research Domain Sustainable Solutions, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hermann Lotze-Campen
- Integrative Research Institute for Transformations in Human-Environment Systems, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Research Domain Climate Impacts and Vulnerabilities, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Popp
- Research Domain Sustainable Solutions, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
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98
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99
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Beyond Biodiversity Conservation: Land Sharing Constitutes Sustainable Agriculture in European Cultural Landscapes. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10051395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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100
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Jiren TS, Dorresteijn I, Schultner J, Fischer J. The governance of land use strategies: Institutional and social dimensions of land sparing and land sharing. Conserv Lett 2018; 11:e12429. [PMID: 30034527 PMCID: PMC6049885 DOI: 10.1111/conl.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural land use is a key interface between the goals of ensuring food security and protecting biodiversity. "Land sparing" supports intensive agriculture to save land for conservation, whereas "land sharing" integrates production and conservation on the same land. The framing around sparing versus sharing has been extensively debated. Here, we focused on a frequently missing yet crucial component, namely the governance dimension. Through a case-study in Ethiopia, we uncovered stakeholder preferences for sparing versus sharing, the underlying rationale, and implementation capacity challenges. Policy stakeholders preferred sparing whereas implementation stakeholders preferred sharing, which aligned with existing informal institutions. Implementation of both strategies was limited by social, biophysical, and institutional factors. Land use policies need to account for both ecological patterns and social context. The findings from simple analytical frameworks (e.g., sparing vs. sharing) therefore need to be interpreted carefully, and in a social-ecological context, to generate meaningful recommendations for conservation practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolera S. Jiren
- Faculty of SustainabilityLeuphana University LueneburgScharnhorststrasse 121335 LueneburgGermany
| | - Ine Dorresteijn
- Faculty of SustainabilityLeuphana University LueneburgScharnhorststrasse 121335 LueneburgGermany
| | - Jannik Schultner
- Faculty of SustainabilityLeuphana University LueneburgScharnhorststrasse 121335 LueneburgGermany
| | - Joern Fischer
- Faculty of SustainabilityLeuphana University LueneburgScharnhorststrasse 121335 LueneburgGermany
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