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Cho EH, Ki CS, Yun SA, Kim SY, Jhun BW, Koh WJ, Huh HJ, Lee NY. Genetic Analysis of Korean Adult Patients with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Suspected of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Using Whole Exome Sequencing. Yonsei Med J 2021; 62:224-230. [PMID: 33635012 PMCID: PMC7934102 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2021.62.3.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is ubiquitous in the environment, but NTM lung disease (NTM-LD) is uncommon. Since exposure to NTM is inevitable, patients who develop NTM-LD are likely to have specific susceptibility factors, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). PCD is a genetically heterogeneous disorder of motile cilia and is characterized by chronic respiratory tract infection, organ laterality defect, and infertility. In this study, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) and investigated the genetic characteristics of adult NTM patients with suspected PCD. MATERIALS AND METHODS WES was performed in 13 NTM-LD patients who were suspected of having PCD by clinical symptoms and/or ultrastructural ciliary defect observed by transmission electron microscopy. A total of 45 PCD-causing genes, 23 PCD-candidate genes, and 990 ciliome genes were analyzed. RESULTS Four patients were found to have biallelic loss-of-function (LoF) variants in the following PCD-causing genes: CCDC114, DNAH5, HYDIN, and NME5. In four other patients, only one LoF variant was identified, while the remaining five patients did not have any LoF variants. CONCLUSION At least 30.8% of NTM-LD patients who were suspected of having PCD had biallelic LoF variants, and an additional 30.8% of patients had one LoF variant. Therefore, PCD should be considered in patients with NTM-LD with symptoms or signs suspicious of PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sun Ae Yun
- Center for Clinical Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Woo Jhun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jung Koh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Nam Yong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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52
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Rao VG, Kulkarni SS. Xenopus to the rescue: A model to validate and characterize candidate ciliopathy genes. Genesis 2021; 59:e23414. [PMID: 33576572 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are present on most vertebrate cells and play a central role in development, growth, and homeostasis. Thus, cilia dysfunction can manifest into an array of diseases, collectively termed ciliopathies, affecting millions of lives worldwide. Yet, our understanding of the gene regulatory networks that control cilia assembly and functions remain incomplete. With the advances in next-generation sequencing technologies, we can now rapidly predict pathogenic variants from hundreds of ciliopathy patients. While the pace of candidate gene discovery is exciting, most of these genes have never been previously implicated in cilia assembly or function. This makes assigning the disease causality difficult. This review discusses how Xenopus, a genetically tractable and high-throughput vertebrate model, has played a central role in identifying, validating, and characterizing candidate ciliopathy genes. The review is focused on multiciliated cells (MCCs) and diseases associated with MCC dysfunction. MCCs harbor multiple motile cilia on their apical surface to generate extracellular fluid flow inside the airway, the brain ventricles, and the oviduct. In Xenopus, these cells are external and present on the embryonic epidermal epithelia, facilitating candidate genes analysis in MCC development in vivo. The ability to introduce patient variants to study their effects on disease progression makes Xenopus a powerful model to improve our understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms and explain the patient phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramanan G Rao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Saurabh S Kulkarni
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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53
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Iacobas S, Amuzescu B, Iacobas DA. Transcriptomic uniqueness and commonality of the ion channels and transporters in the four heart chambers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2743. [PMID: 33531573 PMCID: PMC7854717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardium transcriptomes of left and right atria and ventricles from four adult male C57Bl/6j mice were profiled with Agilent microarrays to identify the differences responsible for the distinct functional roles of the four heart chambers. Female mice were not investigated owing to their transcriptome dependence on the estrous cycle phase. Out of the quantified 16,886 unigenes, 15.76% on the left side and 16.5% on the right side exhibited differential expression between the atrium and the ventricle, while 5.8% of genes were differently expressed between the two atria and only 1.2% between the two ventricles. The study revealed also chamber differences in gene expression control and coordination. We analyzed ion channels and transporters, and genes within the cardiac muscle contraction, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, calcium and adrenergic signaling pathways. Interestingly, while expression of Ank2 oscillates in phase with all 27 quantified binding partners in the left ventricle, the percentage of in-phase oscillating partners of Ank2 is 15% and 37% in the left and right atria and 74% in the right ventricle. The analysis indicated high interventricular synchrony of the ion channels expressions and the substantially lower synchrony between the two atria and between the atrium and the ventricle from the same side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Iacobas
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Bogdan Amuzescu
- Department Biophysics and Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dumitru A Iacobas
- Personalized Genomics Laboratory, Center for Computational Systems Biology, Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, 77446, USA. .,DP Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
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54
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Little RB, Norris DP. Right, left and cilia: How asymmetry is established. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:11-18. [PMID: 32571625 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The initial breaking of left-right (L-R) symmetry in the embryo is controlled by a motile-cilia-driven leftward fluid flow in the left-right organiser (LRO), resulting in L-R asymmetric gene expression flanking the LRO. Ultimately this results in left- but not right-sided activation of the Nodal-Pitx2 pathway in more lateral tissues. While aspects of the initial breaking event clearly vary between vertebrates, events in the Lateral Plate Mesoderm (LPM) are conserved through the vertebrate lineage. Evidence from model systems and humans highlights the role of cilia both in the initial symmetry breaking and in the ability of more lateral tissues to exhibit asymmetric gene expression. In this review we concentrate on the process of L-R determination in mouse and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie B Little
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Dominic P Norris
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
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55
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Transient receptor potential channel regulation by growth factors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118950. [PMID: 33421536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is one of the most universal secondary messengers, owing its success to the immense concentration gradient across the plasma membrane. Dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis can result in severe cell dysfunction, thereby initiating several pathologies like tumorigenesis and fibrosis. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels represent a superfamily of Ca2+-permeable ion channels that convey diverse physical and chemical stimuli into a physiological signal. Their broad expression pattern and gating promiscuity support their potential involvement in the cellular response to an altering environment. Growth factors (GF) are essential biochemical messengers that contribute to these environmental changes. Since Ca2+ is essential in GF signaling, altering TRP channel expression or function could be a valid strategy for GF to exert their effect onto their target. In this review, a comprehensive understanding of the current knowledge regarding the activation and/or modulation of TRP channels by GF is presented.
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56
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Goodwin K, Nelson CM. Mechanics of Development. Dev Cell 2020; 56:240-250. [PMID: 33321105 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are integral to development-from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to the construction and differentiation of complex organs. Advances in imaging and biophysical tools have allowed us to delve into the developmental mechanobiology of increasingly complex organs and organisms. Here, we focus on recent work that highlights the diversity and importance of mechanical influences during morphogenesis. Developing tissues experience intrinsic mechanical signals from active forces and changes to tissue mechanical properties as well as extrinsic mechanical signals, including constraint and compression, pressure, and shear forces. Finally, we suggest promising avenues for future work in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Goodwin
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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57
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DiNello E, Bovo E, Thuo P, Martin TG, Kirk JA, Zima AV, Cao Q, Kuo IY. Deletion of cardiac polycystin 2/PC2 results in increased SR calcium release and blunted adrenergic reserve. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H1021-H1035. [PMID: 32946258 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00302.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential proteins (TRPs) act as nonselective cation channels. Of the TRP channels, PC2 (also known as polycystin 2) is localized to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR); however, its contribution to calcium-induced calcium release and overall cardiac function in the heart is poorly understood. The goal of this study was to characterize the effect of cardiac-specific PC2 deletion in adult cardiomyocytes and in response to chronic β-adrenergic challenge. We used a temporally inducible model to specifically delete PC2 from cardiomyocytes (Pkd2 KO) and characterized calcium and contractile dynamics in single cells. We found enhanced intracellular calcium release after Pkd2 KO, and near super-resolution microscopy analysis suggested this was due to close localization of PC2 to the ryanodine receptor. At the organ level, speckle-tracking echocardiographical analysis showed increased dyssynchrony in the Pkd2 KO mice. In response to chronic adrenergic stimulus, cardiomyocytes from the Pkd2 KO had no reserve β-adrenergic calcium responses and significantly attenuated wall motion in the whole heart. Biochemically, without adrenergic stimulus, there was an overall increase in PKA phosphorylated targets in the Pkd2 KO mouse, which decreased following chronic adrenergic stimulus. Taken together, our results suggest that cardiac-specific PC2 limits SR calcium release by affecting the PKA phosphorylation status of the ryanodine receptor, and the effects of PC2 loss are exacerbated upon adrenergic challenge.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our goal was to characterize the role of the transient receptor potential channel polycystin 2 (PC2) in cardiomyocytes following adult-onset deletion. Loss of PC2 resulted in decreased cardiac shortening and cardiac dyssynchrony and diminished adrenergic reserve. These results suggest that cardiac-specific PC2 modulates intracellular calcium signaling and contributes to the maintenance of adrenergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth DiNello
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elisa Bovo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paula Thuo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas G Martin
- Graduate School, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jonathan A Kirk
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aleksey V Zima
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Quan Cao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ivana Y Kuo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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58
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Regulation and function of calcium in the cilium. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 17:278-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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59
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Saternos H, Ley S, AbouAlaiwi W. Primary Cilia and Calcium Signaling Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7109. [PMID: 32993148 PMCID: PMC7583801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a diverse secondary messenger with a near-ubiquitous role in a vast array of cellular processes. Cilia are present on nearly every cell type in either a motile or non-motile form; motile cilia generate fluid flow needed for a variety of biological processes, such as left-right body patterning during development, while non-motile cilia serve as the signaling powerhouses of the cell, with vital singling receptors localized to their ciliary membranes. Much of the research currently available on Ca2+-dependent cellular actions and primary cilia are tissue-specific processes. However, basic stimuli-sensing pathways, such as mechanosensation, chemosensation, and electrical sensation (electrosensation), are complex processes entangled in many intersecting pathways; an overview of proposed functions involving cilia and Ca2+ interplay will be briefly summarized here. Next, we will focus on summarizing the evidence for their interactions in basic cellular activities, including the cell cycle, cell polarity and migration, neuronal pattering, glucose-mediated insulin secretion, biliary regulation, and bone formation. Literature investigating the role of cilia and Ca2+-dependent processes at a single-cellular level appears to be scarce, though overlapping signaling pathways imply that cilia and Ca2+ interact with each other on this level in widespread and varied ways on a perpetual basis. Vastly different cellular functions across many different cell types depend on context-specific Ca2+ and cilia interactions to trigger the correct physiological responses, and abnormalities in these interactions, whether at the tissue or the single-cell level, can result in diseases known as ciliopathies; due to their clinical relevance, pathological alterations of cilia function and Ca2+ signaling will also be briefly touched upon throughout this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wissam AbouAlaiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (H.S.); (S.L.)
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60
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Vitre B, Guesdon A, Delaval B. Non-ciliary Roles of IFT Proteins in Cell Division and Polycystic Kidney Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578239. [PMID: 33072760 PMCID: PMC7536321 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are small organelles present at the surface of most differentiated cells where they act as sensors for mechanical or biochemical stimuli. Cilia assembly and function require the Intraflagellar Transport (IFT) machinery, an intracellular transport system that functions in association with microtubules and motors. If IFT proteins have long been studied for their ciliary roles, recent evidences indicate that their functions are not restricted to the cilium. Indeed, IFT proteins are found outside the ciliary compartment where they are involved in a variety of cellular processes in association with non-ciliary motors. Recent works also provide evidence that non-ciliary roles of IFT proteins could be responsible for the development of ciliopathies related phenotypes including polycystic kidney diseases. In this review, we will discuss the interactions of IFT proteins with microtubules and motors as well as newly identified non-ciliary functions of IFT proteins, focusing on their roles in cell division. We will also discuss the potential contribution of non-ciliary IFT proteins functions to the etiology of kidney diseases.
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61
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Daems M, Peacock HM, Jones EAV. Fluid flow as a driver of embryonic morphogenesis. Development 2020; 147:147/15/dev185579. [PMID: 32769200 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluid flow is a powerful morphogenic force during embryonic development. The physical forces created by flowing fluids can either create morphogen gradients or be translated by mechanosensitive cells into biological changes in gene expression. In this Primer, we describe how fluid flow is created in different systems and highlight the important mechanosensitive signalling pathways involved for sensing and transducing flow during embryogenesis. Specifically, we describe how fluid flow helps establish left-right asymmetry in the early embryo and discuss the role of flow of blood, lymph and cerebrospinal fluid in sculpting the embryonic cardiovascular and nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Daems
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanna M Peacock
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A V Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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62
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Hu J, Harris PC. Regulation of polycystin expression, maturation and trafficking. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109630. [PMID: 32275942 PMCID: PMC7269868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The major autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) genes, PKD1 and PKD2, are wildly expressed at the organ and tissue level. PKD1 encodes polycystin 1 (PC1), a large membrane associated receptor-like protein that can complex with the PKD2 product, PC2. Various cellular locations have been described for both PC1, including the plasma membrane and extracellular vesicles, and PC2, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but compelling evidence indicates that the primary cilium, a sensory organelle, is the key site for the polycystin complex to prevent PKD. As with other membrane proteins, the ER biogenesis pathway is key to appropriately folding, performing quality control, and exporting fully folded PC1 to the Golgi apparatus. There is a requirement for binding with PC2 and cleavage of PC1 at the GPS for this folding and export to occur. Six different monogenic defects in this pathway lead to cystic disease development, with PC1 apparently particularly sensitive to defects in this general protein processing pathway. Trafficking of membrane proteins, and the polycystins in particular, through the Golgi to the primary cilium have been analyzed in detail, but at this time, there is no clear consensus on a ciliary targeting sequence required to export proteins to the cilium. After transitioning though the trans-Golgi network, polycystin-bearing vesicles are likely sorted to early or recycling endosomes and then transported to the ciliary base, possibly via docking to transition fibers (TF). The membrane-bound polycystin complex then undergoes facilitated trafficking through the transition zone, the diffusion barrier at the base of the cilium, before entering the cilium. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) may be involved in moving the polycystins along the cilia, but data also indicates other mechanisms. The ciliary polycystin complex can be ubiquitinated and removed from cilia by internalization at the ciliary base and may be sent back to the plasma membrane for recycling or to lysosomes for degradation. Monogenic defects in processes regulating the protein composition of cilia are associated with syndromic disorders involving many organ systems, reflecting the pleotropic role of cilia during development and for tissue maintenance. Many of these ciliopathies have renal involvement, likely because of faulty polycystin signaling from cilia. Understanding the expression, maturation and trafficking of the polycystins helps understand PKD pathogenesis and suggests opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Peter C Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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63
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Kostouros A, Koliarakis I, Natsis K, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A, Tsiaoussis J. Large intestine embryogenesis: Molecular pathways and related disorders (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:27-57. [PMID: 32319546 PMCID: PMC7255481 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The large intestine, part of the gastrointestinal tract (GI), is composed of all three germ layers, namely the endoderm, the mesoderm and the ectoderm, forming the epithelium, the smooth muscle layers and the enteric nervous system, respectively. Since gastrulation, these layers develop simultaneously during embryogenesis, signaling to each other continuously until adult age. Two invaginations, the anterior intestinal portal (AIP) and the caudal/posterior intestinal portal (CIP), elongate and fuse, creating the primitive gut tube, which is then patterned along the antero‑posterior (AP) axis and the radial (RAD) axis in the context of left‑right (LR) asymmetry. These events lead to the formation of three distinct regions, the foregut, midgut and hindgut. All the above‑mentioned phenomena are under strict control from various molecular pathways, which are critical for the normal intestinal development and function. Specifically, the intestinal epithelium constitutes a constantly developing tissue, deriving from the progenitor stem cells at the bottom of the intestinal crypt. Epithelial differentiation strongly depends on the crosstalk with the adjacent mesoderm. Major molecular pathways that are implicated in the embryogenesis of the large intestine include the canonical and non‑canonical wingless‑related integration site (Wnt), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Notch and hedgehog systems. The aberrant regulation of these pathways inevitably leads to several intestinal malformation syndromes, such as atresia, stenosis, or agangliosis. Novel theories, involving the regulation and homeostasis of intestinal stem cells, suggest an embryological basis for the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Thus, the present review article summarizes the diverse roles of these molecular factors in intestinal embryogenesis and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Kostouros
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Ioannis Koliarakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Konstantinos Natsis
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
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64
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Mizuno K, Shiozawa K, Katoh TA, Minegishi K, Ide T, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Takaoka K, Itabashi T, Iwane AH, Nakai J, Shiratori H, Hamada H. Role of Ca 2+ transients at the node of the mouse embryo in breaking of left-right symmetry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba1195. [PMID: 32743070 PMCID: PMC7375832 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Immotile cilia sense extracellular signals such as fluid flow, but whether Ca2+ plays a role in flow sensing has been unclear. Here, we examined the role of ciliary Ca2+ in the flow sensing that initiates the breaking of left-right (L-R) symmetry in the mouse embryo. Intraciliary and cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients were detected in the crown cells at the node. These Ca2+ transients showed L-R asymmetry, which was lost in the absence of fluid flow or the PKD2 channel. Further characterization allowed classification of the Ca2+ transients into two types: cilium-derived, L-R-asymmetric transients (type 1) and cilium-independent transients without an L-R bias (type 2). Type 1 intraciliary transients occurred preferentially at the left posterior region of the node, where L-R symmetry breaking takes place. Suppression of intraciliary Ca2+ transients delayed L-R symmetry breaking. Our results implicate cilium-derived Ca2+ transients in crown cells in initiation of L-R symmetry breaking in the mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Corresponding author. (K.Miz.); (H.H.)
| | - Kei Shiozawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Takanobu A. Katoh
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ide
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takaoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itabashi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Atsuko H. Iwane
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Junichi Nakai
- Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Shiratori
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
- Corresponding author. (K.Miz.); (H.H.)
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65
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Ta CM, Vien TN, Ng LCT, DeCaen PG. Structure and function of polycystin channels in primary cilia. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109626. [PMID: 32251715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Variants in genes which encode for polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 cause most forms of autosomal dominant polycystic disease (ADPKD). Despite our strong understanding of the genetic determinants of ADPKD, we do not understand the structural features which govern the function of polycystins at the molecular level, nor do we understand the impact of most disease-causing variants on the conformational state of these proteins. These questions have remained elusive because polycystins localize to several organelle membranes, including the primary cilia. Primary cilia are microtubule based organelles which function as cellular antennae. Polycystin-2 and related polycystin-2 L1 are members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family, and form distinct ion channels in the primary cilia of disparate cell types which can be directly measured. Polycystin-1 has both ion channel and adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) features-but its role in forming a channel complex or as a channel subunit chaperone is undetermined. Nonetheless, recent polycystin structural determination by cryo-EM has provided a molecular template to understand their biophysical regulation and the impact of disease-causing variants. We will review these advances and discuss hypotheses regarding the regulation of polycystin channel opening by their structural domains within the context of the primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau My Ta
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 320 E Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Thuy N Vien
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 320 E Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Leo C T Ng
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 320 E Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Paul G DeCaen
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 320 E Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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66
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Gigante ED, Caspary T. Signaling in the primary cilium through the lens of the Hedgehog pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 9:e377. [PMID: 32084300 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based, cell-surface projections whose machinery is evolutionarily conserved. In vertebrates, cilia are observed on almost every cell type and are either motile or immotile. Immotile sensory, or primary cilia, are responsive to extracellular ligands and signals. Cilia can be thought of as compartments, functionally distinct from the cell that provides an environment for signaling cascades. Hedgehog is a critical developmental signaling pathway which is functionally linked to primary cilia in vertebrates. The major components of the vertebrate Hedgehog signaling pathway dynamically localize to the ciliary compartment and ciliary membrane. Critically, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened, the obligate transducer of the pathway, is enriched and activated in the cilium. While Smoothened is the most intensely studied ciliary receptor, many GPCRs localize within cilia. Understanding the link between Smoothened and cilia defines common features, and distinctions, of GPCR signaling within the primary cilium. This article is categorized under: Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D Gigante
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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67
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Namba T, Ishihara S. Cytoskeleton polarity is essential in determining orientational order in basal bodies of multi-ciliated cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007649. [PMID: 32084125 PMCID: PMC7055923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In multi-ciliated cells, directed and synchronous ciliary beating in the apical membrane occurs through appropriate configuration of basal bodies (BBs, roots of cilia). Although it has been experimentally shown that the position and orientation of BBs are coordinated by apical cytoskeletons (CSKs), such as microtubules (MTs), and planar cell polarity (PCP), the underlying mechanism for achieving the patterning of BBs is not yet understood. In this study, we propose that polarity in bundles of apical MTs play a crucial role in the patterning of BBs. First, the necessity of the polarity was discussed by theoretical consideration on the symmetry of the system. The existence of the polarity was investigated by measuring relative angles between the MTs and BBs using published experimental data. Next, a mathematical model for BB patterning was derived by combining the polarity and self-organizational ability of CSKs. In the model, BBs were treated as finite-size particles in the medium of CSKs and excluded volume effects between BBs and CSKs were taken into account. The model reproduces the various experimental observations, including normal and drug-treated phenotypes. Our model with polarity provides a coherent and testable mechanism for apical BB pattern formation. We have also discussed the implication of our study on cell chirality. Synchronous and directed ciliary beating in trachea allows transport and ejection of virus and dust from the body. This ciliary function depends on the coordinated configuration of basal bodies (root of cilia) in apical cell membrane. However, the mechanism for their formation remains unknown. In this study, we show that the polarity in apical microtubule bundles plays a significant role in the organization of basal bodies. A mathematical model incorporating polarity has been formulated which provides a coherent explanation and is able to reproduce experimental observations. We have clarified both necessity (‘why polarity is required for pattern formation’) and sufficiency (‘how polarity works for pattern formation’) of cytoskeleton polarity for correct pattering of basal bodies with verification by experimental data. This model further leads us to a possible mechanism for cellular chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Namba
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Ishihara
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan
- Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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68
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Abstract
Left-right (L-R) asymmetry of visceral organs in animals is established during embryonic development via a stepwise process. While some steps are conserved, different strategies are employed among animals for initiating the breaking of body symmetry. In zebrafish (teleost),
Xenopus (amphibian), and mice (mammal), symmetry breaking is elicited by directional fluid flow at the L-R organizer, which is generated by motile cilia and sensed by mechanoresponsive cells. In contrast, birds and reptiles do not rely on the cilia-driven fluid flow. Invertebrates such as
Drosophila and snails employ another distinct mechanism, where the symmetry breaking process is underpinned by cellular chirality acquired downstream of the molecular interaction of myosin and actin. Here, we highlight the convergent entry point of actomyosin interaction and planar cell polarity to the diverse L-R symmetry breaking mechanisms among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hamada
- Organismal Pattterning Lab, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Patrick Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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69
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Abstract
Mutations in the polycystins PC1 or PC2 cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), which is characterized by the formation of fluid-filled renal cysts that disrupt renal architecture and function, ultimately leading to kidney failure in the majority of patients. Although the genetic basis of ADPKD is now well established, the physiological function of polycystins remains obscure and a matter of intense debate. The structural determination of both the homomeric PC2 and heteromeric PC1-PC2 complexes, as well as the electrophysiological characterization of PC2 in the primary cilium of renal epithelial cells, provided new valuable insights into the mechanisms of ADPKD pathogenesis. Current findings indicate that PC2 can function independently of PC1 in the primary cilium of renal collecting duct epithelial cells to form a channel that is mainly permeant to monovalent cations and is activated by both membrane depolarization and an increase in intraciliary calcium. In addition, PC2 functions as a calcium-activated calcium release channel at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Structural studies indicate that the heteromeric PC1-PC2 complex comprises one PC1 and three PC2 channel subunits. Surprisingly, several positively charged residues from PC1 occlude the ionic pore of the PC1-PC2 complex, suggesting that pathogenic polycystin mutations might cause ADPKD independently of an effect on channel permeation. Emerging reports of novel structural and functional findings on polycystins will continue to elucidate the molecular basis of ADPKD.
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70
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Zhu X, Shi C, Zhong Y, Liu X, Yan Q, Wu X, Wang Y, Li G. Cilia-driven asymmetric Hedgehog signalling determines the amphioxus left-right axis by controlling Dand5 expression. Development 2020; 147:dev.182469. [PMID: 31826864 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cilia rotation-driven nodal flow is crucial for the left-right (L-R) break in symmetry in most vertebrates. However, the mechanism by which the flow signal is translated to asymmetric gene expression has been insufficiently addressed. Here, we show that Hedgehog (Hh) signalling is asymmetrically activated (L<R) in the region in which initial asymmetric Dand5 expression is detected. Upregulation of Hh signalling on the left side of wild-type embryos induces ectopic Dand5 expression on the left side, and the unilateral recovery of Hh signalling in Hh homozygous mutants induces Dand5 expression in the Hh signal recovery side. Immunofluorescence analysis results revealed that Hh fusion protein is asymmetrically enriched in the anterior-right paraxial mesoderm at the early neurula stage. Inhibiting embryonic cilia motility using methylcellulose (MC) blocks Hh protein enrichment on the right hand side and randomizes Dand5 expression and organ positioning along the L-R axis. These findings present a model showing that cilia movement is crucial for the symmetry breaks in amphioxus through asymmetric Hh protein transport. The resultant asymmetric Hh signalling provides a clue into the induction of asymmetric Dand5 expression.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chenggang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yanhong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qiuning Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaotong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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71
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HAMADA H. Molecular and cellular basis of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:273-296. [PMID: 32788551 PMCID: PMC7443379 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the human body appears superficially symmetrical with regard to the left-right (L-R) axis, most visceral organs are asymmetric in terms of their size, shape, or position. Such morphological asymmetries of visceral organs, which are essential for their proper function, are under the control of a genetic pathway that operates in the developing embryo. In many vertebrates including mammals, the breaking of L-R symmetry occurs at a structure known as the L-R organizer (LRO) located at the midline of the developing embryo. This symmetry breaking is followed by transfer of an active form of the signaling molecule Nodal from the LRO to the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) on the left side, which results in asymmetric expression of Nodal (a left-side determinant) in the left LPM. Finally, L-R asymmetric morphogenesis of visceral organs is induced by Nodal-Pitx2 signaling. This review will describe our current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the generation of L-R asymmetry in vertebrates, with a focus on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi HAMADA
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: H. Hamada, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan (e-mail: )
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72
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Gallagher MT, Montenegro-Johnson TD, Smith DJ. Simulations of particle tracking in the oligociliated mouse node and implications for left-right symmetry-breaking mechanics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190161. [PMID: 31884925 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of internal anatomical asymmetry is familiar-usually in humans the heart is on the left and the liver is on the right; however, how does the developing embryo know to produce this consistent laterality? Symmetry-breaking initiates with left-right asymmetric cilia-driven fluid mechanics in a small fluid-filled structure called the ventral node in mice. However, the question of what converts this flow into left-right asymmetric development remains unanswered. A leading hypothesis is that flow transports morphogen-containing vesicles within the node, the absorption of which results in asymmetrical gene expression. To investigate how vesicle transport might result in the situs patterns observe in wild-type and mutant experiments, we extend the open-source Stokes flow package, NEAREST, to consider the hydrodynamic and Brownian motion of particles in a mouse model with flow driven by one, two and 112 beating cilia. Three models for morphogen-containing particle released are simulated to assess their compatibility with observed results in oligociliated and wild-type mouse embryos: uniformly random release, localized cilium stress-induced release and localized release from motile cilia themselves. Only the uniformly random release model appears consistent with the data, with neither localized release model resulting in significant transport in the oligociliated embryo. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Gallagher
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | | | - D J Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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73
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Shylo NA, Emmanouil E, Ramrattan D, Weatherbee SD. Loss of ciliary transition zone protein TMEM107 leads to heterotaxy in mice. Dev Biol 2019; 460:187-199. [PMID: 31887266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cilia in most vertebrate left-right organizers are involved in the original break in left-right (L-R) symmetry, however, less is known about their roles in subsequent steps of the cascade - relaying the signaling and maintaining the established asymmetry. Here we describe the L-R patterning cascades in two mutants of a ciliary transition zone protein TMEM107, revealing that near-complete loss of cilia in Tmem107null leads to left pulmonary isomerism due to the failure of the midline barrier. Contrary, partially retained cilia in the node and the midline of a hypomorphic Tmem107schlei mutant appear sufficient for the formation of the midline barrier and establishment and maintenance of the L-R asymmetry. Despite misregulation of Shh signaling in both mutants, the presence of normal Lefty1 expression and midline barrier formation in Tmem107schlei mutants, suggests a requirement for cilia, but not necessarily Shh signaling for Lefty1 expression and midline barrier formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Shylo
- Yale University, Genetics Department, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Elli Emmanouil
- Yale University, Genetics Department, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Dylan Ramrattan
- Yale University, Genetics Department, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Scott D Weatherbee
- Yale University, Genetics Department, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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74
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Kuo IY, Chapman AB. Polycystins, ADPKD, and Cardiovascular Disease. Kidney Int Rep 2019; 5:396-406. [PMID: 32274448 PMCID: PMC7136326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorders are the most common cause of mortality in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). This review considers recent clinical and basic science studies that address the contributing factors of cardiovascular dysfunction in ADPKD. In particular, attention is placed on how dysfunction of the polycystin proteins located in the cardiovascular system contributes to extrarenal manifestations of ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Y Kuo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Arlene B Chapman
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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75
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Rothé B, Gagnieux C, Leal-Esteban LC, Constam DB. Role of the RNA-binding protein Bicaudal-C1 and interacting factors in cystic kidney diseases. Cell Signal 2019; 68:109499. [PMID: 31838063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic kidneys frequently associate with mutations in individual components of cilia, basal bodies or centriolar satellites that perturb complex protein networks. In this review, we focus on the RNA-binding protein Bicaudal-C1 (BICC1) which was found mutated in renal cystic dysplasia, and on its interactions with the ankyrin repeat and sterile α motif (SAM)-containing proteins ANKS3 and ANKS6 and associated kinases and their partially overlapping ciliopathy phenotypes. After reviewing BICC1 homologs in model organisms and their functions in mRNA and cell metabolism during development and in renal tubules, we discuss recent insights from cell-based assays and from structure analysis of the SAM domains, and how SAM domain oligomerization might influence multivalent higher order complexes that are implicated in ciliary signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rothé
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Gagnieux
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Carolina Leal-Esteban
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel B Constam
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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76
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Pierpont ME, Brueckner M, Chung WK, Garg V, Lacro RV, McGuire AL, Mital S, Priest JR, Pu WT, Roberts A, Ware SM, Gelb BD, Russell MW. Genetic Basis for Congenital Heart Disease: Revisited: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 138:e653-e711. [PMID: 30571578 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an updated summary of the state of our knowledge of the genetic contributions to the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Since 2007, when the initial American Heart Association scientific statement on the genetic basis of congenital heart disease was published, new genomic techniques have become widely available that have dramatically changed our understanding of the causes of congenital heart disease and, clinically, have allowed more accurate definition of the pathogeneses of congenital heart disease in patients of all ages and even prenatally. Information is presented on new molecular testing techniques and their application to congenital heart disease, both isolated and associated with other congenital anomalies or syndromes. Recent advances in the understanding of copy number variants, syndromes, RASopathies, and heterotaxy/ciliopathies are provided. Insights into new research with congenital heart disease models, including genetically manipulated animals such as mice, chicks, and zebrafish, as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell-based approaches are provided to allow an understanding of how future research breakthroughs for congenital heart disease are likely to happen. It is anticipated that this review will provide a large range of health care-related personnel, including pediatric cardiologists, pediatricians, adult cardiologists, thoracic surgeons, obstetricians, geneticists, genetic counselors, and other related clinicians, timely information on the genetic aspects of congenital heart disease. The objective is to provide a comprehensive basis for interdisciplinary care for those with congenital heart disease.
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77
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Ciliary exclusion of Polycystin-2 promotes kidney cystogenesis in an autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease model. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4072. [PMID: 31492868 PMCID: PMC6731238 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human PKD2 locus encodes Polycystin-2 (PC2), a TRPP channel that localises to several distinct cellular compartments, including the cilium. PKD2 mutations cause Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) and affect many cellular pathways. Data underlining the importance of ciliary PC2 localisation in preventing PKD are limited because PC2 function is ablated throughout the cell in existing model systems. Here, we dissect the ciliary role of PC2 by analysing mice carrying a non-ciliary localising, yet channel-functional, PC2 mutation. Mutants develop embryonic renal cysts that appear indistinguishable from mice completely lacking PC2. Despite not entering the cilium in mutant cells, mutant PC2 accumulates at the ciliary base, forming a ring pattern consistent with distal appendage localisation. This suggests a two-step model of ciliary entry; PC2 first traffics to the cilium base before TOP domain dependent entry. Our results suggest that PC2 localisation to the cilium is necessary to prevent PKD. The molecular role of ciliary Polycystin-2 (PC2) in cyst formation and polycystic kidney disease (ADKPD) is unclear. Here, the authors identify a PC2 mutant lacking ciliary localisation but with active Ca2+ channel function in mice, that is sufficient to generate an ADPKD phenotype.
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78
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Alkylglycerol monooxygenase, a heterotaxy candidate gene, regulates left-right patterning via Wnt signaling. Dev Biol 2019; 456:1-7. [PMID: 31398317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity in the pediatric population yet its genetic and molecular causes remain poorly defined. Previously, we identified AGMO as a candidate heterotaxy disease gene, a disorder of left-right (LR) patterning that can have a profound effect on cardiac function. AGMO is the only known alkylglycerol monooxygenase, an orphan tetrahydrobiopterin dependent enzyme that cleaves the ether linkage in alkylglycerols. However, whether AGMO plays a role in LR patterning was unexplored. Here we reveal that Agmo is required for correct development of the embryonic LR axis in Xenopus embryos recapitulating the patient's heterotaxy phenotype. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Agmo is a regulator of canonical Wnt signaling, required during gastrulation for normal formation of the left - right organizer. Mutational analysis demonstrates that this function is dependent on Agmo's alkylglycerol monooxygenase activity. Together, our findings identify Agmo as a regulator of canonical Wnt signaling, demonstrate a role for Agmo in embryonic axis formation, and provide insight into the poorly understood developmental requirements for ether lipid cleavage.
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79
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R Ferreira R, Fukui H, Chow R, Vilfan A, Vermot J. The cilium as a force sensor-myth versus reality. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/14/jcs213496. [PMID: 31363000 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells need to sense their mechanical environment during the growth of developing tissues and maintenance of adult tissues. The concept of force-sensing mechanisms that act through cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions is now well established and accepted. Additionally, it is widely believed that force sensing can be mediated through cilia. Yet, this hypothesis is still debated. By using primary cilia sensing as a paradigm, we describe the physical requirements for cilium-mediated mechanical sensing and discuss the different hypotheses of how this could work. We review the different mechanosensitive channels within the cilium, their potential mode of action and their biological implications. In addition, we describe the biological contexts in which cilia are acting - in particular, the left-right organizer - and discuss the challenges to discriminate between cilium-mediated chemosensitivity and mechanosensitivity. Throughout, we provide perspectives on how quantitative analysis and physics-based arguments might help to better understand the biological mechanisms by which cells use cilia to probe their mechanical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R Ferreira
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Hajime Fukui
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Renee Chow
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Andrej Vilfan
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Department of Living Matter Physics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany .,J. Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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80
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An element for development: Calcium signaling in mammalian reproduction and development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1230-1238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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81
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Sempou E, Khokha MK. Genes and mechanisms of heterotaxy: patients drive the search. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 56:34-40. [PMID: 31234044 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterotaxy, a disorder in which visceral organs, including the heart, are mispatterned along the left-right body axis, contributes to particularly severe forms of congenital heart disease that are difficult to mitigate even despite surgical advances. A higher incidence of heterotaxy among individuals with blood kinship and the existence of rare monogenic disease forms suggest the existence of a genetic component, but the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease have rendered gene discovery challenging. Next generation genomics in patients with syndromic, but also non-syndromic and sporadic heterotaxy, have recently helped to uncover new candidate disease genes, expanding the pool of genes already identified via traditional animal studies. Further characterization of these new genes in animal models has uncovered fascinating mechanisms of left-right axis development. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on the functions of heterotaxy genes with identified patient alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sempou
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, United States
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82
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Sasaki K, Shiba K, Nakamura A, Kawano N, Satouh Y, Yamaguchi H, Morikawa M, Shibata D, Yanase R, Jokura K, Nomura M, Miyado M, Takada S, Ueno H, Nonaka S, Baba T, Ikawa M, Kikkawa M, Miyado K, Inaba K. Calaxin is required for cilia-driven determination of vertebrate laterality. Commun Biol 2019; 2:226. [PMID: 31240264 PMCID: PMC6586612 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calaxin is a Ca2+-binding dynein-associated protein that regulates flagellar and ciliary movement. In ascidians, calaxin plays essential roles in chemotaxis of sperm. However, nothing has been known for the function of calaxin in vertebrates. Here we show that the mice with a null mutation in Efcab1, which encodes calaxin, display typical phenotypes of primary ciliary dyskinesia, including hydrocephalus, situs inversus, and abnormal motility of trachea cilia and sperm flagella. Strikingly, both males and females are viable and fertile, indicating that calaxin is not essential for fertilization in mice. The 9 + 2 axonemal structures of epithelial multicilia and sperm flagella are normal, but the formation of 9 + 0 nodal cilia is significantly disrupted. Knockout of calaxin in zebrafish also causes situs inversus due to the irregular ciliary beating of Kupffer's vesicle cilia, although the 9 + 2 axonemal structure appears to remain normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sasaki
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Kogiku Shiba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8574 Japan
| | - Yuhkoh Satouh
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Motohiro Morikawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Ryuji Yanase
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Kei Jokura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Mami Nomura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Hironori Ueno
- Molecular Function & Life Sciences, Aichi University of Education, Aichi, 448-8542 Japan
| | - Shigenori Nonaka
- Spatiotemporal Regulations Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
- Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Tadashi Baba
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, and Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masahide Kikkawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
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83
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Valentine MS, Yano J, Van Houten J. A Novel Role for Polycystin-2 (Pkd2) in P. tetraurelia as a Probable Mg 2+ Channel Necessary for Mg 2+-Induced Behavior. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10060455. [PMID: 31207979 PMCID: PMC6627415 DOI: 10.3390/genes10060455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A human ciliopathy gene codes for Polycystin-2 (Pkd2), a non-selective cation channel. Here, the Pkd2 channel was explored in the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia using combinations of RNA interference, over-expression, and epitope-tagging, in a search for function and novel interacting partners. Upon depletion of Pkd2, cells exhibited a phenotype similar to eccentric (XntA1), a Paramecium mutant lacking the inward Ca2+-dependent Mg2+ conductance. Further investigation showed both Pkd2 and XntA localize to the cilia and cell membrane, but do not require one another for trafficking. The XntA-myc protein co-immunoprecipitates Pkd2-FLAG, but not vice versa, suggesting two populations of Pkd2-FLAG, one of which interacts with XntA. Electrophysiology data showed that depletion and over-expression of Pkd2 led to smaller and larger depolarizations in Mg2+ solutions, respectively. Over-expression of Pkd2-FLAG in the XntA1 mutant caused slower swimming, supporting an increase in Mg2+ permeability, in agreement with the electrophysiology data. We propose that Pkd2 in P. tetraurelia collaborates with XntA for Mg2+-induced behavior. Our data suggest Pkd2 is sufficient and necessary for Mg2+ conductance and membrane permeability to Mg2+, and that Pkd2 is potentially a Mg2+-permeable channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Valentine
- State University of New York at Plattsburgh, 101 Broad Street, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, USA.
| | - Junji Yano
- University of Vermont, Department of Biology, 120 Marsh Life Science, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Judith Van Houten
- University of Vermont, Department of Biology, 120 Marsh Life Science, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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84
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Tajhya R, Delling M. New insights into ion channel-dependent signalling during left-right patterning. J Physiol 2019; 598:1741-1752. [PMID: 31106399 DOI: 10.1113/jp277835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The left-right organizer (LRO) in the mouse consists of pit cells within the depression, located at the end of the developing notochord, also known as the embryonic node and crown cells lining the outer periphery of the node. Cilia on pit cells are posteriorly tilted, rotate clockwise and generate leftward fluid flow. Primary cilia on crown cells are required to interpret the directionality of fluid movement and initiate flow-dependent gene transcription. Crown cells express PC1-L1 and PC2, which may form a heteromeric polycystin channel complex on primary cilia. It is still only poorly understood how fluid flow activates the ciliary polycystin complex. Besides polycystin channels voltage gated channels like HCN4 and KCNQ1 have been implicated in establishing asymmetry. How this electrical network of ion channels initiates left-sided signalling cascades and differential gene expression is currently only poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Tajhya
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
| | - Markus Delling
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
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85
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Blum M, Ott T. Mechanical strain, novel genes and evolutionary insights: news from the frog left-right organizer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 56:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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86
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Wang CY, Tsai PY, Chen TY, Tsai HL, Kuo PL, Su MT. Elevated miR-200a and miR-141 inhibit endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor expression and ciliogenesis in preeclampsia. J Physiol 2019; 597:3069-3083. [PMID: 31026335 DOI: 10.1113/jp277704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) is a critical factor that facilitates trophoblast invasion in placenta. Plasma miR-141 and miR-200a levels were elevated, while EG-VEGF was decreased in peripheral blood and placenta of preeclamptic patients. Furthermore, numbers of cilia in the placenta from preeclamptic women were significantly decreased. Elevated miR-141 and miR-200a inhibited the expression of EG-VEGF, downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/matrix metalloproteinase 9 signalling and cilia formation, thus leading to defective trophoblast invasion. The growth of the primary cilium, which transduced ERK signalling upon EG-VEGF induction for proper trophoblast invasion, was also inhibited by miR-141 and miR-200a upregulation. ABSTRACT Preeclampsia is a severe gestational complication, and inadequate trophoblast invasion during placental development is an important pathoaetiology. Endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) is a critical factor that facilitates trophoblast invasion in placenta. By binding to the primary cilium, EG-VEGF initiates the signalling cascade for proper embryo implantation and placental development. The miR-200 family was predicted to target the EG-VEGF 5'-untranslated region, and its specific binding site was confirmed using a dual luciferase and a co-transfection assay. In the peripheral blood and placenta of preeclamptic patients, EG-VEGF showed significantly lower expression, whereas plasma miR-141 and miR-200a had higher expression compared with the controls. The biological significance of miR-141 and miR-200a was verified using an overexpression method in a trophoblast cell line (HTR-8/SVneo). Elevated miR-141 and miR-200a inhibited the expression of EG-VEGF, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling, thus leading to defective trophoblast invasion. Additionally, the growth of the primary cilium, which transduces ERK/MMP9 signalling upon EG-VEGF induction, was inhibited by miR-141 and miR-200a upregulation. Furthermore, the number of cilia in the human placenta of preeclamptic women was significantly decreased compared to normal placenta. In conclusion, the study uncovers the clinical correlations among the miR-200 family, EG-VEGF and the primary cilium in preeclampsia and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results indicate that miR-141 and miR-200a directly targeted EG-VEGF, suppressed primary cilia formation and inhibited trophoblast invasion. Thus, miR-141 and miR-200a could be explored as promising miRNA biomarkers and therapeutic targets in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yih Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yin Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Tsz Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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87
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Schneider I, Kreis J, Schweickert A, Blum M, Vick P. A dual function of FGF signaling in Xenopus left-right axis formation. Development 2019; 146:dev.173575. [PMID: 31036544 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Organ left-right (LR) asymmetry is a conserved vertebrate feature, which is regulated by left-sided activation of Nodal signaling. Nodal asymmetry is established by a leftward fluid-flow generated at the ciliated LR organizer (LRO). Although the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways during mesoderm development is conserved, diverging results from different model organisms suggest a non-conserved function in LR asymmetry. Here, we demonstrate that FGF is required during gastrulation in a dual function at consecutive stages of Xenopus embryonic development. In the early gastrula, FGF is necessary for LRO precursor induction, acting in parallel with FGF-mediated mesoderm induction. During late gastrulation, the FGF/Ca2+-branch is required for specification of the flow-sensing lateral LRO cells, a function related to FGF-mediated mesoderm morphogenesis. This second function in addition requires input from the calcium channel Polycystin-2. Thus, analogous to mesoderm development, FGF activity is required in a dual role for laterality specification; namely, for generating and sensing leftward flow. Moreover, our findings in Xenopus demonstrate that FGF functions in LR development share more conserved features across vertebrate species than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Kreis
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Axel Schweickert
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Blum
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Vick
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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88
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Saito M, Sato T. [Current situation of researches on a sensor organelle, primary cilium, to understand the pathogenesis of ciliopathy]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:117-123. [PMID: 30867380 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilium is a membrane-protruding immotile sensory organelle. It had been supposed that the cilium was a static organelle for long periods. However, recent studies have uncovered that the cilium is dynamically organized organelle in a cell cycle-dependent manner; it is formed during G0/G1 phase and resorbed when the cells enter cell division cycle. Despite the primary cilium is very short and its surface area is extremely small, the cilium possesses a few kinds of G protein-coupled receptors, growth factor receptors and ion channels. Therefore, it can function as a signaling receptor for selective bioactive ligands and mechanical stresses. Dysregulation of the ciliary dynamics is linked with hereditary disorders, so called "ciliopathy", with clinical manifestations of microcephaly, polycystic kidney, situs inversus, polydactyly, and so on. No effective medical treatment for the ciliopathies has been available. Increasing evidences about the molecular mechanisms of ciliary dynamics and ciliary functions have revealed that enormous number of molecules regulate a cycle of ciliogenesis, cilium-derived signaling, ciliary resorption and elimination. However, it is a fact that research progress is far inferior to the full disclosure of the molecular mechanisms. Further studies are required to clarify the pathogenesis of the cilipathies. Moreover, efficient medical treatments are expected to be developed by pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine
| | - Takeya Sato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine
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89
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Pruski M, Lang B. Primary Cilia-An Underexplored Topic in Major Mental Illness. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:104. [PMID: 30886591 PMCID: PMC6409319 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though much progress has been made in recent years towards understanding the function and physiology of primary cilia, they remain a somewhat elusive organelle. Some studies have explored the role of primary cilia in the developing nervous system, and their dysfunction has been linked with several neurosensory deficits. Yet, very little has been written on their potential role in psychiatric disorders. This article provides an overview of some of the functions of primary cilia in signalling pathways, and demonstrates that they are a worthy candidate in psychiatric research. The links between primary cilia and major mental illness have been demonstrated to exist at several levels, spanning genetics, signalling pathways, and pharmacology as well as cell division and migration. The primary focus of this review is on the sensory role of the primary cilium and the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of psychiatric disease. As such, the primary cilium is demonstrated to be a key link between the cellular environment and cell behaviour, and hence of key importance in the considerations of the nature and nurture debate in psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pruski
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Critical Care Laboratory, Critical Care Directorate, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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90
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Hwang SH, Somatilaka BN, Badgandi H, Palicharla VR, Walker R, Shelton JM, Qian F, Mukhopadhyay S. Tulp3 Regulates Renal Cystogenesis by Trafficking of Cystoproteins to Cilia. Curr Biol 2019; 29:790-802.e5. [PMID: 30799239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease proteins, polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, localize to primary cilia. Polycystin knockouts have severe cystogenesis compared to ciliary disruption, whereas simultaneous ciliary loss suppresses excessive cyst growth. These data suggest the presence of a cystogenic activator that is inhibited by polycystins and an independent but relatively minor cystogenic inhibitor, either of which are cilia dependent. However, current genetic models targeting cilia completely ablate the compartment, making it difficult to uncouple cystoprotein function from ciliary localization. Thus, the role of cilium-generated signaling in cystogenesis is unclear. We recently demonstrated that the tubby family protein Tulp3 determines ciliary trafficking of polycystins in kidney collecting duct cells without affecting protein levels or cilia. Here, we demonstrate that embryonic-stage, nephron-specific Tulp3 knockout mice developed cystic kidneys, while retaining intact cilia. Cystic kidneys showed increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), mTOR, and persistently high cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling, suggesting contribution of multiple factors to cystogenesis. Based on kidney-to-body-weight ratio, cystic index, and epithelial proliferation in developing tubules or cysts, the severity of cystogenesis upon Tulp3 deletion was intermediate between that caused by loss of polycystin-1 or cilia. However, concomitant Tulp3 loss did not inhibit cystogenesis in polycystin-1 knockouts, unlike ciliary disruption. Interestingly, ciliary trafficking of the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Arl13b, loss of which causes cystogenic severity similar to ciliary loss, was reduced prior to cyst initiation. Thus, we propose that cystogenesis in Tulp3 mutants results from a reduction of ciliary levels of polycystins, Arl13b, and Arl13b-dependent lipidated cargoes. Arl13b might be the ciliary factor that represses cystogenesis distinct from polycystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bandarigoda N Somatilaka
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hemant Badgandi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vivek Reddy Palicharla
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rebecca Walker
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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91
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Ford MJ, Yeyati PL, Mali GR, Keighren MA, Waddell SH, Mjoseng HK, Douglas AT, Hall EA, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A, Meehan RR, Boulter L, Jackson IJ, Mill P, Mort RL. A Cell/Cilia Cycle Biosensor for Single-Cell Kinetics Reveals Persistence of Cilia after G1/S Transition Is a General Property in Cells and Mice. Dev Cell 2019; 47:509-523.e5. [PMID: 30458140 PMCID: PMC6251972 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The cilia and cell cycles are inextricably linked. Centrioles in the basal body of cilia nucleate the ciliary axoneme and sequester pericentriolar matrix (PCM) at the centrosome to organize the mitotic spindle. Cilia themselves respond to growth signals, prompting cilia resorption and cell cycle re-entry. We describe a fluorescent cilia and cell cycle biosensor allowing live imaging of cell cycle progression and cilia assembly and disassembly kinetics in cells and inducible mice. We define assembly and disassembly in relation to cell cycle stage with single-cell resolution and explore the intercellular heterogeneity in cilia kinetics. In all cells and tissues analyzed, we observed cilia that persist through the G1/S transition and into S/G2/M-phase. We conclude that persistence of cilia after the G1/S transition is a general property. This resource will shed light at an individual cell level on the interplay between the cilia and cell cycles in development, regeneration, and disease. Arl13bCerulean-Fucci2a biosensor labels the cell and cilia cycles Analysis of cells and mice reveals persistence of cilia after the G1/S transition Inducible mouse line allows lineage tracing and ex vivo live imaging Organisms can tolerate artificially lengthened cilia without overt phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ford
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Patricia L Yeyati
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Girish R Mali
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Margaret A Keighren
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Scott H Waddell
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Heidi K Mjoseng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Adam T Douglas
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Emma A Hall
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Centre of Brain Science, Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Centre of Brain Science, Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Luke Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ian J Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Richard L Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Furness Building, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK.
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92
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Abstract
'Does the geometric design of centrioles imply their function? Several principles of construction of a microscopically small device for locating the directions of signal sources in microscopic dimensions: it appears that the simplest and smallest device that is compatible with the scrambling influence of thermal fluctuations, as are demonstrated by Brownian motion, is a pair of cylinders oriented at right angles to each other. Centrioles locate the direction of hypothetical signals inside cells' (Albrecht-Buehler G, Cell Motil, 1:237-245; 1981).Despite a century of devoted efforts (articles on the centrosome always begin like this) its role remains vague and nebulous: does the centrosome suffer from bad press? Likely it does, it has an unfair image problem. It is dispensable in mitosis, but a fly zygote, artificially deprived of centrosomes, cannot start its development; its sophisticated architecture (200 protein types, highly conserved during evolution) constitutes an enigmatic puzzle; centrosome reduction in gametogenesis is a challenging brainteaser; its duplication cycle (only one centrosome per cell) is more complicated than chromosomes. Its striking geometric design (two ninefold symmetric orthogonal centrioles) shows an interesting correspondence with the requirements of a cellular compass: a reference system organizer based on a pair of orthogonal goniometers; through its two orthogonal centrioles, the centrosome may play the role of a cell geometry organizer: it can establish a finely tuned geometry, inherited and shared by all cells. Indeed, a geometrical and informational primary role for the centrosome has been ascertained in Caenorhabditis elegans zygote: the sperm centrosome locates its polarity factors. The centrosome, through its aster of microtubules, possesses all the characteristics necessary to operate as a biophysical geometric compass: it could recognize cargoes equipped with topogenic sequences and drive them precisely to where they are addressed (as hypothesized by Albrecht-Buehler nearly 40 years ago). Recently, this geometric role of the centrosome has been rediscovered by two important findings; in the Kupffer's vesicle (the laterality organ of zebrafish), chiral cilia orientation and rotational movement have been described: primary cilia, in left and right halves of the Kupffer's vesicle, are symmetrically oriented relative to the midline and rotate in reverse direction. In mice node (laterality organ) left and right perinodal cells can distinguish flow directionality through their primary cilia: primary cilium, ninefold symmetric, is strictly connected to the centrosome that is located immediately under it (basal body). Kupffer's vesicle histology and mirror behaviour of mice perinodal cells suggest primary cilia are enantiomeric geometric organelles. What is the meaning of the geometric design of centrioles and centrosomes? Does it imply their function?
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93
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Bezares-Calderón LA, Berger J, Jasek S, Verasztó C, Mendes S, Gühmann M, Almeda R, Shahidi R, Jékely G. Neural circuitry of a polycystin-mediated hydrodynamic startle response for predator avoidance. eLife 2018; 7:36262. [PMID: 30547885 PMCID: PMC6294549 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Startle responses triggered by aversive stimuli including predators are widespread across animals. These coordinated whole-body actions require the rapid and simultaneous activation of a large number of muscles. Here we study a startle response in a planktonic larva to understand the whole-body circuit implementation of the behaviour. Upon encountering water vibrations, larvae of the annelid Platynereis close their locomotor cilia and simultaneously raise the parapodia. The response is mediated by collar receptor neurons expressing the polycystins PKD1-1 and PKD2-1. CRISPR-generated PKD1-1 and PKD2-1 mutant larvae do not startle and fall prey to a copepod predator at a higher rate. Reconstruction of the whole-body connectome of the collar-receptor-cell circuitry revealed converging feedforward circuits to the ciliary bands and muscles. The wiring diagram suggests circuit mechanisms for the intersegmental and left-right coordination of the response. Our results reveal how polycystin-mediated mechanosensation can trigger a coordinated whole-body effector response involved in predator avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Bezares-Calderón
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sanja Jasek
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Csaba Verasztó
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Mendes
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Gühmann
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Almeda
- Centre for Ocean Life, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark, Kingdom of Denmark
| | - Réza Shahidi
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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94
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Lateralized expression of left-right axis formation genes is shared by adult brains of lefty and righty scale-eating cichlids. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 28:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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95
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Hofherr A, Seger C, Fitzpatrick F, Busch T, Michel E, Luan J, Osterried L, Linden F, Kramer-Zucker A, Wakimoto B, Schütze C, Wiedemann N, Artati A, Adamski J, Walz G, Kunji ERS, Montell C, Watnick T, Köttgen M. The mitochondrial transporter SLC25A25 links ciliary TRPP2 signaling and cellular metabolism. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005651. [PMID: 30080851 PMCID: PMC6095617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are organelles specialized in movement and signal transduction. The ciliary transient receptor potential ion channel polycystin-2 (TRPP2) controls elementary cilia-mediated physiological functions ranging from male fertility and kidney development to left-right patterning. However, the molecular components translating TRPP2 channel-mediated Ca2+ signals into respective physiological functions are unknown. Here, we show that the Ca2+-regulated mitochondrial ATP-Mg/Pi solute carrier 25 A 25 (SLC25A25) acts downstream of TRPP2 in an evolutionarily conserved metabolic signaling pathway. We identify SLC25A25 as an essential component in this cilia-dependent pathway using a genome-wide forward genetic screen in Drosophila melanogaster, followed by a targeted analysis of SLC25A25 function in zebrafish left-right patterning. Our data suggest that TRPP2 ion channels regulate mitochondrial SLC25A25 transporters via Ca2+ establishing an evolutionarily conserved molecular link between ciliary signaling and mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Hofherr
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Claudia Seger
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Fiona Fitzpatrick
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tilman Busch
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Michel
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jingting Luan
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Lea Osterried
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Frieder Linden
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Albrecht Kramer-Zucker
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Barbara Wakimoto
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Conny Schütze
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Nils Wiedemann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Anna Artati
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Edmund R. S. Kunji
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Montell
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Terry Watnick
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Köttgen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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96
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Chan CJ, Heisenberg CP, Hiiragi T. Coordination of Morphogenesis and Cell-Fate Specification in Development. Curr Biol 2018; 27:R1024-R1035. [PMID: 28950087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During animal development, cell-fate-specific changes in gene expression can modify the material properties of a tissue and drive tissue morphogenesis. While mechanistic insights into the genetic control of tissue-shaping events are beginning to emerge, how tissue morphogenesis and mechanics can reciprocally impact cell-fate specification remains relatively unexplored. Here we review recent findings reporting how multicellular morphogenetic events and their underlying mechanical forces can feed back into gene regulatory pathways to specify cell fate. We further discuss emerging techniques that allow for the direct measurement and manipulation of mechanical signals in vivo, offering unprecedented access to study mechanotransduction during development. Examination of the mechanical control of cell fate during tissue morphogenesis will pave the way to an integrated understanding of the design principles that underlie robust tissue patterning in embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chii J Chan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Takashi Hiiragi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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97
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Abstract
TGF-β family ligands function in inducing and patterning many tissues of the early vertebrate embryonic body plan. Nodal signaling is essential for the specification of mesendodermal tissues and the concurrent cellular movements of gastrulation. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling patterns tissues along the dorsal-ventral axis and simultaneously directs the cell movements of convergence and extension. After gastrulation, a second wave of Nodal signaling breaks the symmetry between the left and right sides of the embryo. During these processes, elaborate regulatory feedback between TGF-β ligands and their antagonists direct the proper specification and patterning of embryonic tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the function and regulation of TGF-β family signaling in these processes. Although we cover principles that are involved in the development of all vertebrate embryos, we focus specifically on three popular model organisms: the mouse Mus musculus, the African clawed frog of the genus Xenopus, and the zebrafish Danio rerio, highlighting the similarities and differences between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zinski
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
| | - Benjamin Tajer
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
| | - Mary C Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
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98
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Chien YH, Srinivasan S, Keller R, Kintner C. Mechanical Strain Determines Cilia Length, Motility, and Planar Position in the Left-Right Organizer. Dev Cell 2018; 45:316-330.e4. [PMID: 29738711 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Xenopus left-right organizer (LRO) breaks symmetry along the left-right axis of the early embryo by producing and sensing directed ciliary flow as a patterning cue. To carry out this process, the LRO contains different ciliated cell types that vary in cilia length, whether they are motile or sensory, and how they position their cilia along the anterior-posterior (A-P) planar axis. Here, we show that these different cilia features are specified in the prospective LRO during gastrulation, based on anisotropic mechanical strain that is oriented along the A-P axis, and graded in levels along the medial-lateral axis. Strain instructs ciliated cell differentiation by acting on a mesodermal prepattern present at blastula stages, involving foxj1. We propose that differential strain is a graded, developmental cue, linking the establishment of an A-P planar axis to cilia length, motility, and planar location during formation of the Xenopus LRO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Chien
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shyam Srinivasan
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Kavil Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ray Keller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Chris Kintner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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99
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Horani A, Ferkol TW. Advances in the Genetics of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: Clinical Implications. Chest 2018; 154:645-652. [PMID: 29800551 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a rare genetic disease of the motile cilia and is one of a rapidly expanding collection of disorders known as ciliopathies. Patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia have diverse clinical manifestations, including chronic upper and lower respiratory tract disease, left-right laterality defects, and infertility. In recent years, our understanding of the genetics of primary ciliary dyskinesia has rapidly advanced. A growing number of disease-associated genes and pathogenic mutations have been identified, which encode axonemal, cytoplasmic, and regulatory proteins involved in the assembly, structure, and function of motile cilia. Our knowledge of cilia genetics and the function of the proteins encoded has led to a greater understanding of the clinical manifestations of motile ciliopathies. These advances have changed our approach toward diagnostic testing for primary ciliary dyskinesia. In this review, we will describe how new insights into genetics have allowed us to define the clinical features of primary ciliary dyskinesia, revolutionize diagnostics, and reveal previously unrecognized genotype-phenotype relationships in primary ciliary dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Horani
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Thomas W Ferkol
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
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100
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Concepcion D, Hamada H, Papaioannou VE. Tbx6 controls left-right asymmetry through regulation of Gdf1. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.032565. [PMID: 29650695 PMCID: PMC5992533 DOI: 10.1242/bio.032565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tbx6 transcription factor plays multiple roles during gastrulation, somite formation and body axis determination. One of the notable features of the Tbx6 homozygous mutant phenotype is randomization of left/right axis determination. Cilia of the node are morphologically abnormal, leading to the hypothesis that disrupted nodal flow is the cause of the laterality defect. However, Tbx6 is expressed around but not in the node, leading to uncertainty as to the mechanism of this effect. In this study, we have examined the molecular characteristics of the node and the genetic cascade determining left/right axis determination. We found evidence that a leftward nodal flow is generated in Tbx6 homozygous mutants despite the cilia defect, establishing the initial asymmetric gene expression in Dand5 around the node, but that the transduction of the signal from the node to the left lateral plate mesoderm is disrupted due to lack of expression of the Nodal coligand Gdf1 around the node. Gdf1 was shown to be a downstream target of Tbx6 and a Gdf1 transgene partially rescues the laterality defect. Summary: Tbx6 affects morphology of the cilia of the node, but a leftward nodal flow is still generated. Downstream of nodal flow, Tbx6 regulates the Nodal coligand Gdf1 leading to disruption of left/right axis determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Concepcion
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Virginia E Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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