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Reyes-César A, Absalón ÁE, Fernández FJ, González JM, Cortés-Espinosa DV. Biodegradation of a mixture of PAHs by non-ligninolytic fungal strains isolated from crude oil-contaminated soil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:999-1009. [PMID: 24132496 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nine native non-ligninolytic fungal strains were isolated from Maya crude oil-contaminated soil and selected based on their ability to grow and use crude oil and several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as carbon source, for their application to PAH removal in soil. The fungi were identified by PCR amplification of intergenic transcribed sequences regions and microbiological techniques, and results showed them to be part of the genera Fusarium, Neurospora, Aspergillus, Scedosporium, Penicillium, Neosartorya and Talaromyces. A primary selection of fungi was made in minimal medium plates, considering the tolerance to different concentrations of PAHs for each strain. The radial extension rate exhibited significant differences (p < 0.05) from 200 to 1,000 mg of PAHs mixture l⁻¹. A secondary selection of Aspergillus terreus, Talaromyces spectabilis, and Fusarium sp. was achieved based on their tolerance to 2,000 mg of a mixture of Phenanathrene and Pyrene kg⁻¹ of soil in a solid-state microcosm system for 2 weeks. The percentage of PAH removal obtained by the three strains was approximately 21 % of the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaisell Reyes-César
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Federal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizabal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
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Castanera R, Omarini A, Santoyo F, Pérez G, Pisabarro AG, Ramírez L. Non-additive transcriptional profiles underlie dikaryotic superiority in Pleurotus ostreatus laccase activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73282. [PMID: 24039902 PMCID: PMC3764117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus is an efficient producer of laccases, a group of enzymes appreciated for their use in multiple industrial processes. The aim of this study was to reveal the molecular basis of the superiority of laccase production by dikaryotic strains compared to their parental monokaryons. Methodology/Principal Findings We bred and studied a set of dikaryotic strains starting from a meiotic population of monokaryons. We then completely characterised the laccase allelic composition, the laccase gene expression and activity profiles in the dikaryotic strain N001, in two of its meiotic full-sib monokaryons and in the dikaryon formed from their mating. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggested that the dikaryotic superiority observed in laccase activity was due to non-additive transcriptional increases in lacc6 and lacc10 genes. Furthermore, the expression of these genes was divergent in glucose- vs. lignocellulose-supplemented media and was highly correlated to the detected extracellular laccase activity. Moreover, the expression profile of lacc2 in the dikaryotic strains was affected by its allelic composition, indicating a putative single locus heterozygous advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Castanera
- Genetics and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Agrarian Production, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
| | - Alejandra Omarini
- Genetics and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Agrarian Production, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
| | - Francisco Santoyo
- Genetics and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Agrarian Production, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
| | - Gúmer Pérez
- Genetics and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Agrarian Production, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
| | - Antonio G. Pisabarro
- Genetics and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Agrarian Production, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
| | - Lucía Ramírez
- Genetics and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Agrarian Production, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Obuekwe IS, Semple KT. Impact of Zn, Cu, Al and Fe on the partitioning and bioaccessibility of (14)C-phenanthrene in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 180:180-189. [PMID: 23770460 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This investigation considered the effects of Zn, Cu, Al and Fe (50 and 500 mg kg(-1)) on the loss, sequential extractability, using calcium chloride (CaCl2), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and dichloromethane (DCM) and biodegradation of (14)C-phenanthrene in soil over 63 d contact time. The key findings were that the presence of Cu and Al (500 mg kg(-1)) resulted in larger amounts of (14)C-phenanthrene being extracted by CaCl2 and HPCD. Further, the CaCl2 + HPCD extractions directly predicted the biodegradation of the PAH in the presence of the metals, with the exception of 500 mg kg(-1) Cu and Zn. The presence of high concentrations of some metals can impact on the mobility and accessibility of phenanthrene in soil, which may impact on the risk assessment of PAH contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeyinwa S Obuekwe
- Lancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Characterization of Pleurotus ostreatus biofilms by using the calgary biofilm device. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6083-92. [PMID: 23892744 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02099-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adequacy of the Calgary biofilm device, often referred to as the MBEC system, as a high-throughput approach to the production and subsequent characterization of Pleurotus ostreatus biofilms was assessed. The hydroxyapatite-coating of pegs was necessary to enable biofilm attachment, and the standardization of vegetative inocula ensured a uniform distribution of P. ostreatus biofilms, which is necessary for high-throughput evaluations of several antimicrobials and exposure conditions. Scanning electron microscopy showed surface-associated growth, the occurrence of a complex aggregated growth organized in multilayers or hyphal bundles, and the encasement of hyphae within an extracellular matrix (ECM), the extent of which increased with time. Chemical analyses showed that biofilms differed from free-floating cultures for their higher contents of total sugars (TS) and ECM, with the latter being mainly composed of TS and, to a lesser extent, protein. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of 4-day-old biofilms showed the presence of interspersed interstitial voids and water channels in the mycelial network, the density and compactness of which increased after a 7-day incubation, with the novel occurrence of ECM aggregates with an α-glucan moiety. In 4- and 7-day-old biofilms, tolerance to cadmium was increased by factors of 3.2 and 11.1, respectively, compared to coeval free-floating counterparts.
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Lu M, Xu K, Chen J. Effect of pyrene and cadmium on microbial activity and community structure in soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:491-497. [PMID: 23290945 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate interactive effects of cadmium (Cd) × pyrene × plant treatments on soil microbial activity and community structure. The results demonstrated that the basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon and metabolic quotient in both unplanted and rhizosphere soil were significantly influenced by interaction of Cd and pyrene. The combined application of Cd and pyrene caused a significantly greater biocidal influence on the soil microorganisms than the single spiking of Cd or pyrene. The soil basal respiration increased with the spiking of 2.5 mg kg(-1) Cd in both unplanted and rhizosphere soil. The eco-physiological index of Cd-tolerant populations was significantly different among the unplanted soil, rhizoplane and rhizosphere soil of tall fescue, indicating a slightly uneven distribution of fast- and slow-growing tolerant bacteria. Obvious differences in microbial activity were observed among treatments due to different physicochemical characteristics of the rhizosphere soils depending on the plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mang Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute, Jingdezhen 333403, Jiangxi Province, China.
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56
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Oyetibo GO, Ilori MO, Obayori OS, Amund OO. Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the presence of nickel and cobalt. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 53:917-27. [PMID: 23457074 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation of environments co-contaminated with hydrocarbons and heavy metals often pose a challenge as heavy metals exert toxicity to existing communities of hydrocarbon degraders. Multi-resistant bacterial strains were studied for ability to degrade hydrocarbons in chemically defined media amended with 5.0 mM Ni(2+), and Co(2+). The bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CA207Ni, Burkholderia cepacia AL96Co, and Corynebacterium kutscheri FL108Hg, utilized crude oil and anthracene without lag phase at specific growth rate spanning 0.3848-0.8259 per day. The bacterial populations grew in hydrocarbon media amended with nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) at 0.8393-1.801 days generation time (period of exponential growth, t = 15 days). The bacteria degraded 96.24-98.97, and 92.94-96.24% of crude oil, and anthracene, respectively, within 30 days without any impedance due to metal toxicity (at 5.0 mM). Rather, there was reduction of Ni and Co concentrations in the axenic culture 30 days post-inoculation to 0.08-0.12 and 0.11-0.15 mM, respectively. The metabolic functions of the bacteria are active in the presence of toxic metals (Ni and Co) while utilizing petroleum hydrocarbons for increase in biomass. These findings are useful to other baseline studies on decommissioning of sites co-contaminated with hydrocarbons and toxic metals.
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Involvement of the ligninolytic system of white-rot and litter-decomposing fungi in the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2012:243217. [PMID: 22830035 PMCID: PMC3398574 DOI: 10.1155/2012/243217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are natural and anthropogenic aromatic hydrocarbons with two or more fused benzene rings. Because of their ubiquitous occurrence, recalcitrance, bioaccumulation potential and carcinogenic activity, PAHs are a significant environmental concern. Ligninolytic fungi, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Bjerkandera adusta, and Pleurotus ostreatus, have the capacity of PAH degradation. The enzymes involved in the degradation of PAHs are ligninolytic and include lignin peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, Mn-peroxidase, and laccase. This paper summarizes the data available on PAH degradation by fungi belonging to different ecophysiological groups (white-rot and litter-decomposing fungi) under submerged cultivation and during mycoremediation of PAH-contaminated soils. The role of the ligninolytic enzymes of these fungi in PAH degradation is discussed.
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Almeida R, Mucha AP, Teixeira C, Bordalo AA, Almeida CMR. Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in estuarine sediments: metal influence. Biodegradation 2012; 24:111-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-012-9562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Olaniran AO, Balgobind A, Pillay B. Quantitative assessment of the toxic effects of heavy metals on 1,2-dichloroethane biodegradation in co-contaminated soil under aerobic condition. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:839-847. [PMID: 21762948 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) is one of the most hazardous pollutant of soil and groundwater, and is produced in excess of 5.44×10⁹ kg annually. Owing to their toxicity, persistence and potential for bioaccumulation, there is a growing interest in technologies for their removal. Heavy metals are known to be toxic to soil microorganisms at high concentrations and can hinder the biodegradation of organic contaminants. In this study, the inhibitory effect of heavy metals, namely; arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead, on the aerobic biodegradation of 1,2-DCA by autochthonous microorganisms was evaluated in soil microcosm setting. The presence of heavy metals was observed to have a negative impact on the biodegradation of 1,2-DCA in both soil samples tested, with the toxic effect being more pronounced in loam soil, than in clay soil. Generally, 75 ppm As³⁺, 840 ppm Hg²⁺, and 420 ppm Pb²⁺ resulted in 34.24%, 40.64%, and 45.94% increase in the half live (t½) of 1,2-DCA, respectively, in loam soil, while concentrations above 127.5 ppm Cd²⁺, 840 ppm Hg²⁺ and 420 ppm of Pb²⁺ and less than 75 ppm As³⁺ was required to cause a >10% increase in the t½ of 1,2-DCA in clay soil. A dose-dependent relationship between degradation rate constant (k₁) of 1,2-DCA and metal ion concentrations was observed for all the heavy metals tested, except for Hg²⁺. This study demonstrated that different heavy metals have different impacts on the degree of 1,2-DCA degradation. Results also suggest that the degree of inhibition is metal specific and is also dependent on several factors including; soil type, pH, moisture content and available nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Olufolahan Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban 4000, South Africa.
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60
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Arun A, Eyini M. Comparative studies on lignin and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation by basidiomycetes fungi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:8063-70. [PMID: 21683591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A total of 130 wild basidiomycetes fungi were collected and identified. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation by the potential Phellinus sp., Polyporus sulphureus (in liquid state fermentation (LSF), solid state fermentation (SSF), in soil) and lignin biodegradation were compared with those of a bacterial isolate and their corresponding cocultures. The PAHs degradation was higher in LSF and the efficiency of the organisms declined in SSF and in soil treatment. Phellinus sp. showed better degradation in SSF and in soil. Bacillus pumilus showed higher degradation in LSF. B. pumilus was seen to have lower lignin degradation than the fungal cultures and the cocultures could not enhance the degradation. Phellinus sp. which had higher PAHs and lignin degradation showed higher biosurfactant production than other organism. Manganese peroxidase (MnP) was the predominant enzyme in Phellinus sp. while lignin peroxidase (Lip) was predominant in P. sulphureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arun
- P.G. Unit of Microbiology, Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Thiagarajar College (Autonomous), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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61
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Rojas LA, Yáñez C, González M, Lobos S, Smalla K, Seeger M. Characterization of the metabolically modified heavy metal-resistant Cupriavidus metallidurans strain MSR33 generated for mercury bioremediation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17555. [PMID: 21423734 PMCID: PMC3056708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mercury-polluted environments are often contaminated with other heavy metals. Therefore, bacteria with resistance to several heavy metals may be useful for bioremediation. Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 is a model heavy metal-resistant bacterium, but possesses a low resistance to mercury compounds. Methodology/Principal Findings To improve inorganic and organic mercury resistance of strain CH34, the IncP-1β plasmid pTP6 that provides novel merB, merG genes and additional other mer genes was introduced into the bacterium by biparental mating. The transconjugant Cupriavidus metallidurans strain MSR33 was genetically and biochemically characterized. Strain MSR33 maintained stably the plasmid pTP6 over 70 generations under non-selective conditions. The organomercurial lyase protein MerB and the mercuric reductase MerA of strain MSR33 were synthesized in presence of Hg2+. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (mM) for strain MSR33 were: Hg2+, 0.12 and CH3Hg+, 0.08. The addition of Hg2+ (0.04 mM) at exponential phase had not an effect on the growth rate of strain MSR33. In contrast, after Hg2+ addition at exponential phase the parental strain CH34 showed an immediate cessation of cell growth. During exposure to Hg2+ no effects in the morphology of MSR33 cells were observed, whereas CH34 cells exposed to Hg2+ showed a fuzzy outer membrane. Bioremediation with strain MSR33 of two mercury-contaminated aqueous solutions was evaluated. Hg2+ (0.10 and 0.15 mM) was completely volatilized by strain MSR33 from the polluted waters in presence of thioglycolate (5 mM) after 2 h. Conclusions/Significance A broad-spectrum mercury-resistant strain MSR33 was generated by incorporation of plasmid pTP6 that was directly isolated from the environment into C. metallidurans CH34. Strain MSR33 is capable to remove mercury from polluted waters. This is the first study to use an IncP-1β plasmid directly isolated from the environment, to generate a novel and stable bacterial strain useful for mercury bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Rojas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Center for Nanotechnology and Systems Biology, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Laboratorio de Espectroscopía, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carolina Yáñez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Center for Nanotechnology and Systems Biology, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Myriam González
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Center for Nanotechnology and Systems Biology, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Soledad Lobos
- Laboratorio de Espectroscopía, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Kornelia Smalla
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Seeger
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Center for Nanotechnology and Systems Biology, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Yu XZ, Wu SC, Wu FY, Wong MH. Enhanced dissipation of PAHs from soil using mycorrhizal ryegrass and PAH-degrading bacteria. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:1206-17. [PMID: 21176862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The major aim of this experiment was to test the effects of a multi-component bioremediation system consisting of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-degrading bacteria (Acinetobacter sp.), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae) for cleaning up PAHs contaminated soil. Higher dissipation rates were observed in combination treatments: i.e., bacteria+ryegrass (BR), mycorrhizae+ryegrass (MR), and bacteria+mycorrhizae+ryegrass (BMR); than bacteria (B) and ryegrass (R) alone. The growth of ryegrass significantly (p<0.05) increased soil peroxidase activities, leading to enhanced dissipation of phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) from soil. Interactions between ryegrass with the two microbes further enhanced the dissipation of PHE and PYR. Mycorrhizal ryegrass (MR) significantly enhanced the dissipation of PYR from soil, PYR accumulation by ryegrass roots and soil peroxidase activities under lower PHE and PYR levels (0 and 50+50 mg kg(-1)). The present results highlighted the contribution of mycorrhiza and PAH-degrading bacteria in phytoremediation of PAH contaminated soil, however more detailed studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Z Yu
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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63
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Thavamani P, Megharaj M, Krishnamurti GSR, McFarland R, Naidu R. Finger printing of mixed contaminants from former manufactured gas plant (MGP) site soils: Implications to bioremediation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:184-189. [PMID: 20875686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants in general do not occur as single chemicals but as mixtures at any contaminated site. Gasworks sites are the typical mixed contaminated sites. These sites are not only subjected to PAH contamination but also varying degrees of heavy metal contamination. Bioremediation in these sites is often hindered by the presence of heavy metals. The co-occurrence of PAHs with heavy metals has not been systematically investigated. Metals are reported to inhibit the general soil microbiological processes. The total concentration of soluble metal in the system includes both free metal ion and complexed forms. Within bioavailable fraction, the most toxic form is the free metal species, which was not addressed well so far in gas works site characterisation. This study underpins the science and importance of metal bioavailability and speciation based site characterisation in mixed contaminated sites. In this study a detailed elemental chemistry of the gas works site soils are discussed using different methods. The PAH contamination was contributed by both low and high molecular weight PAHs. The total PAHs concentration ranged from 335 to 8645 mg/kg. Among most toxic metals Pb was found in high concentration ranging from 88 to 671 mg/kg, Cd 8 to 112 mg/kg and Zn varied from 64 to 488 mg/kg. Thermodynamic chemical equilibrium model VMINTEQ (Ver 2.52) was used to calculate the free metal species in gas works site soils. The percentage free metal species showed a different trend compared to total metal concentrations, free Zn species ranged 18-86%, free Cd was 26-87% and Pb showed lowest free metal percentage (0-17%). The bioavailable metal species and its implications to bioremediation have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanisami Thavamani
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
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Huang DL, Zeng GM, Feng CL, Hu S, Zhao MH, Lai C, Zhang Y, Jiang XY, Liu HL. Mycelial growth and solid-state fermentation of lignocellulosic waste by white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium under lead stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:1091-1097. [PMID: 20951406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant renewable resource difficult to degrade. Its bioconversion plays important roles in carbon cycles in nature, which may be influenced by heavy metals in environment. Mycelial growth and the degradation of lignocellulosic waste by lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium under lead stress were studied. It was shown that P. chrysosporium could grow in liquid media with 400 mg L⁻¹ Pb(II), and mycelial dry weight was reduced by 54% compared to the control. Yellow mycelia in irregular short-strip shape formed in Pb-containing media, whereas the control showed ivory-white regular mycelial pellets. Two possible responses to Pb stress were: dense hyphae, and secretion from mycelia to resist Pb. During solid-state fermentation of straw, fungal colonization capability under Pb stress was positively correlated with the removal efficiency of soluble-exchangeable Pb when its content was higher than 8.2 mg kg⁻¹ dry mass. Carboxymethyl cellulase activity and cellulose degradation were inhibited at different Pb concentrations, whereas low Pb concentrations increased xylanase and ligninolytic enzyme activities and the hemicellulose and lignin degradation. Cluster analyses indicated that Pb had similar effects on the different microbial indexes related to lignin and hemicellulose degradation. The present findings will advance the understandings of lignocellulose degradation by fungi under Pb pollution, which could provide useful references for developing metal-polluted waste biotreatment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Lian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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65
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Potential for bioremediation of agro-industrial effluents with high loads of pesticides by selected fungi. Biodegradation 2010; 22:215-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-010-9389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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67
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Copper-Containing Oxidases: Occurrence in Soil Microorganisms, Properties, and Applications. SOIL BIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02436-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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68
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AL‐Saleh ES, Obuekwe C. Effect of nickel on the mineralization of hydrocarbons by indigenous microbiota in Kuwait soils. J Basic Microbiol 2009; 49:256-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200800130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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69
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WIDIASTUTI HAPPY, SUHARYANTO, WULANINGTYAS AGUSTINA, SUTAMIHARDJA. Activity of Ligninolytic Enzymes during Growth and Fruiting Body Development of White Rot Fungi Omphalina sp. and Pleurotus ostreatus. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2008. [DOI: 10.4308/hjb.15.4.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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70
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Byss M, Elhottová D, Tříska J, Baldrian P. Fungal bioremediation of the creosote-contaminated soil: influence of Pleurotus ostreatus and Irpex lacteus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons removal and soil microbial community composition in the laboratory-scale study. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:1518-1523. [PMID: 18782639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of selected basidiomycetes in the removing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from the creosote-contaminated soil. Fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Irpex lacteus were supplemented with creosote-contaminated (50-200 mg kg(-1) PAH) soil originating from a wood-preserving plant and incubated at 15 °C for 120 d. Either fungus degraded PAH with 4-6 aromatic rings more efficiently than the microbial community present initially in the soil. PAH removal was higher in P. ostreatus treatments (55-67%) than in I. lacteus treatments (27-36%) in general. P. ostreatus (respectively, I. lacteus) removed 86-96% (47-59%) of 2-rings PAH, 63-72% (33-45%) of 3-rings PAH, 32-49% (9-14%) of 4-rings PAH and 31-38% (11-13%) of 5-6-rings PAH. MIS (Microbial Identification System) Sherlock analysis of the bacterial community determined the presence of dominant Gram-negative bacteria (G-) Pseudomonas in the inoculated soil before the application of fungi. Complex soil microbial community was characterized by phospholipid fatty acids analysis followed by GC-MS/MS. Either fungus induced the decrease of bacterial biomass (G- bacteria in particular), but the soil microbial community was influenced by P. ostreatus in a different way than by I. lacteus. The bacterial community was stressed more by the presence of I. lacteus than P. ostreatus (as proved by the ratio of the fungal/bacterial markers and by the ratio of trans/cis mono-unsaturated fatty acids). Moreover, P. ostreatus stimulated the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (G+), especially actinobacteria and these results indicate the potential of the positive synergistic interaction of this fungus and actinobacteria in creosote biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Byss
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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71
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Tortella GR, Diez MC, Duran N. Fungal Diversity and Use in Decomposition of Environmental Pollutants. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 31:197-212. [PMID: 16417201 DOI: 10.1080/10408410500304066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a critical review of the actual state of fungal activities on environmental pollutants, fungal diversity, the use of fungi in the degradation of chemical pollutants, enzyme degrading systems and perspectives on the use of fungi in bioremediation and unexplored research. The ability of fungi to transform or metabolize chemical pollutants has received much attention due to environmental persistence and chemical toxicity. The fungal degradation of xenobiotics is looked upon as an effective method of removing these pollutants from the environment by a process which is currently known as bioremediation. This review summarizes information from fundamental works that have revealed that a wide variety of fungi are capable of degrading an equally wide range of toxical chemical. The capacity of non-ligninolytic and ligninolytic fungi in the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene (BTEX), chlorophenols, polychlorinated biphenyl, munitions waste and pesticides have been discussed. Besides this, several extracellular enzymes are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotic compounds as well as other factors related to these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo R Tortella
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Depto de Ingeniería Química Universidad de La Frontera Temuco, Chile.
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72
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Almeida CMR, Mucha AP, Delgado MFC, Caçador MI, Bordalo AA, Vasconcelos MTSD. Can PAHs influence Cu accumulation by salt marsh plants? MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 66:311-318. [PMID: 18539325 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may change the mechanisms of metal uptake, thus influencing kinetics and extent of metal phytoextraction. Studies on the subject are scarce, particularly for salt marsh plants. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of PAHs on the uptake of Cu by Halimione portulacoides, a plant commonly found in salt marshes. Experiments were carried out in the laboratory, either in hydroponics (sediment elutriate) or in sediment soaked in elutriate, which were prepared with sediment and water from a salt marsh of the Cavado river estuary (NW Portugal). Groups of H. portulacoides (grown in a greenhouse) were exposed to those media during six days. Cu2+ (as Cu(NO3)2), 10(2) and 10(4) microg l(-1), was added to the media as well as 1.6 microg l(-1) of the sixteen EPA priority PAHs (0.1 microg l(-1) of each PAHs). Cu was assayed in solutions, sediments and different plant tissues before and after experiments. After exposure, photosynthetic efficiency and levels of chlorophylls were also measured, indicating that plant stress indicators were identical in all plants independently of the media to which the plants were exposed. PAHs influenced both the soluble Cu fraction and Cu uptake by plants. The amounts of metal accumulated in both roots and stems were significantly higher when the 10(4) microg l(-1) of Cu enriched elutriate was amended with PAHs. Thus, results suggest that PAHs may modify Cu solubility, the Cu sorption by plants and/or the passive penetration of Cu into the root cells. Therefore, the combined effects of different types of pollutants should be taken in consideration when studying the remediation potential of plants, namely in terms of phytoextraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marisa R Almeida
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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73
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Baldrian P, Merhautová V, Cajthaml T, Nerud F, Stopka P, Gorbacheva O, Hrubý M, Benes MJ. Synthesis of zirconia-immobilized copper chelates for catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and the oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:1721-1726. [PMID: 18555507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chelating sorbents with diethylenetriaminepenta(methylene-phosphonic acid) (DTPMPA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ligands immobilized on zirconia matrix were prepared and subsequently saturated with Cu(II). All the Cu chelates catalyzed decomposition of H(2)O(2) yielding highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. All of them were also able to catalyze degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[b]fluoranthene). The most effective DTPMPA-based catalysts G-32 and G-35 (10 mg ml(-1) with 100 mmol H(2)O(2)) caused almost complete decomposition of 15 ppm anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene during a five day catalytic cycle at 30 degrees C. Anthracene-1,4-dione was the main product of anthracene oxidation by all catalysts. The catalysts were active in several cycles without regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Baldrian
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Vídenská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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74
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Adenipekun CO, Isikhuemhen OS. Bioremediation of engine oil polluted soil by the tropical white rot fungus, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. (Singer). Pak J Biol Sci 2008; 11:1634-1637. [PMID: 18819655 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2008.1634.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to test the efficacy of an indigenous white rot fungus Lentinus squarrosulus in degrading engine oil in soil. Flasks containing sterilized garden soil (100 g) moistened with 75% distilled water (w/v) were contaminated with engine oil 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40% w/w concentrations, inoculated with L. squarrosulus and incubated at room temperature for 90 days. Levels of organic matter, pH, total hydrocarbon and elemental content (C, Cu, Fe, K, N, Ni, Zn and available P) were determined post-fungal treatment. Results indicate that contaminated soils inoculated with L. squarrosulus had increased organic matter, carbon and available phosphorus, while the nitrogen and available potassium was reduced. A relatively high percentage degradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) was observed at 1% engine oil concentration (94.46%), which decreased to 64.05% TPH degradation at 40% engine oil contaminated soil after 90 days of incubation. The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn and Ni recovered from straw/fungal biomass complex increased with the increase of engine-oil contamination and bio-accumulation by the white-rot fungus. The improvement of nutrient content values as well as the bioaccumulation of heavy metals at all levels of engine oil concentrations tested through inoculations with L. squarrosulus is of importance for the bioremediation of engine-oil polluted soils.
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75
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Silva EM, Martins SF, Milagres AMF. Extraction of manganese peroxidase produced by Lentinula edodes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:2471-5. [PMID: 17583498 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lentinula edodes, commonly called shiitake, is considered a choice edible mushroom with exotic taste and medicinal quality. L. edodes grows very well and produces a range of enzymes when cultivated on eucalyptus residues. Development of appropriate experimental procedures for recovery and determination of enzymes became a widely important cash crop. In this work, enzymes produced by L. edodes were extracted using different pH buffer and determined regarding peroxidases and proteases. Lignin peroxidase (LiP) was not detected in the extracts based on veratryl alcohol or azure B oxidation. Proteases were very low while Mn-peroxidases (MnP) predominated. The optimal pH for MnP recovery was 5.0, under agitation at 25 degrees C. The oxidation of phenol red decreased after dark-colored small compounds or ions were eliminated by dialysis. The extract of L. edodes contained components of high molecular weight, such as proteases or high polyphenol, that could be involved in the LiP inactivation. L. edodes sample previously submitted to dialysis was also joined to LiP of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and a total inhibition of LiP was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena - University of São Paulo, Lorena - SP, CP 116, CEP 12 602 810, Brazil
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76
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Baldrian P. Wood-inhabiting ligninolytic basidiomycetes in soils: Ecology and constraints for applicability in bioremediation. FUNGAL ECOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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77
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Rezácová V, Baldrian P, Hrselová H, Larsen J, Gryndler M. Influence of mineral and organic fertilization on soil fungi, enzyme activities and humic substances in a long-term field experiment. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2008; 52:415-21. [PMID: 18062191 DOI: 10.1007/bf02932097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in microfungal communities, fungal activities and humic substances (HS) in agricultural soils kept under different fertilization regimes were observed and their causal relationships were investigated in a long-term field experiment. Fertilization did not change the abundance of HS-utilizing microfungi and, except for organic amendment alone, total culturable microfungi were also unaffected by this factor. Organic fertilization increased activities of manganese peroxidase (MnP) and proteinase, but decreased endo-1,4-beta-glucanase activity compared to the corresponding control without organic fertilization. In soils treated with mineral fertilizers, the activities of MnP, endo-1,4-beta-glucanase and proteinase were higher than in control without any mineral treatment. Both the aromaticity of fulvic acid and the molar mass of humic acid was lower in soil with organic fertilization, which may be a result of oxidative degradation mediated by higher MnP activity observed in treatments with organic fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rezácová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czechia.
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78
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Chapter 11 Bioavailability and toxicity of contaminant mixtures to soil biota. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2481(07)32011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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79
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Effect of scale-up and seasonal variation on biokinetics in the enhanced bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02931351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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80
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Gimeno O, Rivas FJ, Beltrán FJ, Carbajo M. Photocatalysis of fluorene adsorbed onto TiO2. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 69:595-604. [PMID: 17445866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of fluorene onto TiO2 has been investigated by conducting equilibrium and kinetic experiments. Adsorption isotherms have been evaluated at two different pHs in the range of temperatures 296-325 K. The type III isotherm shapes obtained were modelled by considering several expressions taken from the literature. Temperature exerted a positive influence in fluorene uptake. Addition of phosphates involved a negative effect when computing the final equilibrium fluorene removal. The kinetic experiments carried out at 296 K corroborated the competitiveness of phosphates to occupy the active sites on the titania surface. Nevertheless, equilibrium conditions are faster achieved at pH 2 than at pH 5. The photocatalysis of fluorene at different initial concentrations of the parent compound revealed a slight improvement of the process at pH 5 if compared to the results obtained at pH 2. A Langmuir-Hinselwood representation of the data confirms the previous statement. Catalyst load shows an optimum, concentration values of the photocatalyst above the optimum provoke a decrease in the fluorene abatement rate. Reutilisation of the catalyst indicates that fluorene is completely eliminated from the solid, i.e. it is suggested that fluorene and intermediates are surface oxidised.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Gimeno
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas S/N, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
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81
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Guillén Y, Machuca Á. The effect of copper on the growth of wood-rotting fungi and a blue-stain fungus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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82
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Gadd GM. Geomycology: biogeochemical transformations of rocks, minerals, metals and radionuclides by fungi, bioweathering and bioremediation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 111:3-49. [PMID: 17307120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 11/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study of the role that fungi have played and are playing in fundamental geological processes can be termed 'geomycology' and this article seeks to emphasize the fundamental importance of fungi in several key areas. These include organic and inorganic transformations and element cycling, rock and mineral transformations, bioweathering, mycogenic mineral formation, fungal-clay interactions, metal-fungal interactions, and the significance of such processes in the environment and their relevance to areas of environmental biotechnology such as bioremediation. Fungi are intimately involved in biogeochemical transformations at local and global scales, and although such transformations occur in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, it is the latter environment where fungi probably have the greatest influence. Within terrestrial aerobic ecosystems, fungi may exert an especially profound influence on biogeochemical processes, particularly when considering soil, rock and mineral surfaces, and the plant root-soil interface. The geochemical transformations that take place can influence plant productivity and the mobility of toxic elements and substances, and are therefore of considerable socio-economic relevance, including human health. Of special significance are the mutualistic symbioses, lichens and mycorrhizas. Some of the fungal transformations discussed have beneficial applications in environmental biotechnology, e.g. in metal leaching, recovery and detoxification, and xenobiotic and organic pollutant degradation. They may also result in adverse effects when these processes are associated with the degradation of foodstuffs, natural products, and building materials, including wood, stone and concrete. It is clear that a multidisciplinary approach is essential to understand fully all the phenomena encompassed within geomycology, and it is hoped that this review will serve to catalyse further research, as well as stimulate interest in an area of mycology of global significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Gadd
- Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.
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83
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Biodegradation of dibenzothiophene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene in a soil slurry reactor by the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera sp. BOS55. Process Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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84
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. ME, . SA. Cadmium Toxicity on Species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas During Growth on Crude Oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/tasr.2007.115.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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85
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Hu X, Zhao X, Hwang HM. Comparative study of immobilized Trametes versicolor laccase on nanoparticles and kaolinite. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 66:1618-26. [PMID: 16979219 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Laccase from Trametes versicolor was immobilized on nanoparticles and kaolinite by physical adsorption or chemical covalence in which the supporters were activated by cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. Thermal and pH stabilities of immobilized laccase on these different supporters were compared. The degradation efficiencies of these immobilized laccases on oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were also compared. The results showed that the immobilized laccases on nanoparticles were more stable in resisting pH and thermal changes. After 48h oxidation, laccase immobilized on kaolinite using the covalent coupling method showed a higher efficiency of oxidation with the BaP residue of 23% in the presence of 1mM HBT and with BaP residue of 37% in 1mM ABTS as the mediator. The results also exhibited a significant inhibition by 1% surfactant Tween 80. According to the HPLC analysis, the oxidation products including 1,6-benzo[a]pyrene quinone, 3,6-benzo[a]pyrene quinone and 6,12-benzo[a]pyrene quinone were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Hu
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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86
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Valášková V, Baldrian P. Degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses by the brown rot fungus Piptoporus betulinus – production of extracellular enzymes and characterization of the major cellulases. Microbiology (Reading) 2006; 152:3613-3622. [PMID: 17159214 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.29149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Piptoporus betulinus is a common wood-rotting fungus parasitic for birch (Betula species). It is able to cause fast mass loss of birch wood or other lignocellulose substrates. When grown on wheat straw, P. betulinus caused 65 % loss of dry mass within 98 days, and it produced endo-1,4-β-glucanase (EG), endo-1,4-β-xylanase, endo-1,4-β-mannanase, 1,4-β-glucosidase (BG), 1,4-β-xylosidase, 1,4-β-mannosidase and cellobiohydrolase activities. The fungus was not able to efficiently degrade crystalline cellulose. The major glycosyl hydrolases, endoglucanase EG1 and β-glucosidase BG1, were purified. EG1 was a protein of 62 kDa with a pI of 2.6–2.8. It cleaved cellulose internally, produced cellobiose and glucose from cellulose and cellooligosaccharides, and also showed β-xylosidase and endoxylanase activities. The K
m for carboxymethylcellulose was 3.5 g l−1, with the highest activity at pH 3.5 and 70 °C. BG1 was a protein of 36 kDa with a pI around 2.6. It was able to produce glucose from cellobiose and cellooligosaccharides, but also produced galactose, mannose and xylose from the respective oligosaccharides and showed some cellobiohydrolase activity. The K
m for p-nitrophenyl-1,4-β-glucoside was 1.8 mM, with the highest activity at pH 4 and 60 °C, and the enzyme was competitively inhibited by glucose (K
i=5.8 mM). The fungus produced mainly β-glucosidase and β-mannosidase activity in its fruit bodies, while higher activities of endoglucanase, endoxylanase and β-xylosidase were found in fungus-colonized wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vendula Valášková
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Wood-Rotting Fungi, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Wood-Rotting Fungi, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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87
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Steffen KT, Schubert S, Tuomela M, Hatakka A, Hofrichter M. Enhancement of bioconversion of high-molecular mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated non-sterile soil by litter-decomposing fungi. Biodegradation 2006; 18:359-69. [PMID: 17091353 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-006-9070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With the focus on alternative microbes for soil-bioremediation, 18 species of litter-decomposing basidiomycetous fungi were screened for their ability to grow on different lignocellulosic substrates including straw, flax and pine bark as well as to produce ligninolytic enzymes, namely laccase and manganese peroxidase. Following characteristics have been chosen as criteria for the strain selection: (i) the ability to grow at least on one of the mentioned materials, (ii) production of either of the ligninolytic enzymes and (iii) the ability to invade non-sterile soil. As the result, eight species were selected for a bioremediation experiment with an artificially contaminated soil (total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration 250 mg/kg soil). Up to 70%, 86% and 84% of benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, respectively, were removed in presence of fungi while the indigenous microorganisms converted merely up to 29%, 26% and 43% of these compounds in 30 days. Low molecular-mass PAHs studied were easily degraded by soil microbes and only anthracene degradation was enhanced by the fungi as well. The agaric basidiomycetes Stropharia rugosoannulata and Stropharia coronilla were the most efficient PAH degraders among the litter-decomposing species used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari T Steffen
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Biocenter 1, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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88
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Matsubara M, Lynch J, De Leij FA. A simple screening procedure for selecting fungi with potential for use in the bioremediation of contaminated land. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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89
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Snajdr J, Baldrian P. Production of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes and changes in soil bacterial communities during the growth ofPleurotus ostreatus in soil with different carbon content. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:579-90. [PMID: 17455795 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular enzyme activity and changes in soil bacterial community during the growth of the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus ostreatus were determined in nonsterile soil with low and high available carbon content. In soil with P. ostreatus, the activity of ligninolytic enzymes laccase and Mn-peroxidase was several orders of magnitude higher than in soil without the fungus. Addition of lignocellulose to soil increased the activity of cellulolytic fungi and the production of Mn-peroxidase by P. ostreatus. The counts of heterotrophic bacteria were more significantly affected by the presence of lignocellulose than by P. ostreatus. The effects of both substrate addition and time (succession) were more significant factors affecting the soil bacterial community than the presence of P. ostreatus. Bacterial community structure was affected by fungal colonization in low carbon soil, where a decrease of diversity and changes in substrate utilization profiles were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Snajdr
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of the Wood-Rotting Fungi, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
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90
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Lin CW, Chen SY, Cheng YW. Effect of metals on biodegradation kinetics for methyl tert-butyl ether. Biochem Eng J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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91
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Jarosz-Wilkołazka A, Graz M, Braha B, Menge S, Schlosser D, Krauss GJ. Species-specific Cd-stress response in the white rot basidiomycetes Abortiporus biennis and Cerrena unicolor. Biometals 2006; 19:39-49. [PMID: 16502330 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-005-4599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of cadmium (Cd) on fungal growth, Cd bioaccumulation and biosorption, and on the formation of potential heavy metal response indicators such as thiols, oxalate, and laccase was investigated in the white rot fungi Cerrena unicolor andAbortiporus biennis. Only the highest Cd concentration employed (200 microM) inhibited growth of C. unicolor, whereas already lower Cd concentrations caused decreasing mycelia dry weights in A. biennis. Cd biosorption onto the mycelial surface was the predominant Cd sequestration mechanism in C. unicolor. Surface-bound and bioaccumulated Cd concentrations were essentially in the same range in A. biennis, leading to considerably higher intracellular Cd concentrations in A. biennis than in C. unicolor. Oxalate and laccase were produced by both of the fungal strains and their extracellular levels were elevated upon Cd exposure. Oxalate concentrations and laccase titres were considerably higher in C. unicolor than in A. biennis. Both fungi responded to increasing Cd concentrations by increasing intracellular amounts of thiol compounds (cysteine, gamma-glutamylcysteine, glutathione in both its reduced and oxidized form) but Cd application increased the amounts of thiols to a higher extend in A. biennis. Taken together, these species-specific responses towards Cd suggest that C. unicolor possesses a more efficient system than A. biennis to keep intracellular Cd concentrations low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Skłodowska Place 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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92
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McErlean C, Marchant R, Banat IM. An Evaluation of Soil Colonisation Potential of Selected Fungi and their Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes for Use in Soil Bioremediation Applications. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2006; 90:147-58. [PMID: 16820969 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-006-9069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Initially sixteen fungi were screened for potential ligninolytic activity using decolourisation of a polymeric dye Poly R-478. From this, four fungi were selected, Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus, Collybia sp., and an isolate (identified as Rhizoctonia solani) isolated from a grassland soil. Differences in the ligninolytic enzyme profiles of each of the fungi were observed. All of the four fungi tested produced MnP and laccase while the Collybia sp. and R. solani produced LiP in addition. Enzyme activity levels also varied greatly over the 21 days of testing with T. versicolor producing levels of MnP and laccase three to four times greater than the other fungi. The four fungi were then tested for their ability to colonise sand, peat (forest) and basalt and marl mixed till (field) soils through visual measurement and biomass detection in soil microcosms. Trametes versicolor and the Collybia sp. failed to grow in any of the non-sterilised soils whereas the R. solani and P. ostreatus isolates grew satisfactorily. Primers were designed to detect MnP and laccase genes in P. ostreatus and RTPCR was used to detect that these genes are expressed in forest and field soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colum McErlean
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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93
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Atagana HI. Biodegradation of polyacyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated soil by biostimulation and bioaugmentation in the presence of copper(II) ions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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94
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Abstract
Laccases of fungi attract considerable attention due to their possible involvement in the transformation of a wide variety of phenolic compounds including the polymeric lignin and humic substances. So far, more than a 100 enzymes have been purified from fungal cultures and characterized in terms of their biochemical and catalytic properties. Most ligninolytic fungal species produce constitutively at least one laccase isoenzyme and laccases are also dominant among ligninolytic enzymes in the soil environment. The fact that they only require molecular oxygen for catalysis makes them suitable for biotechnological applications for the transformation or immobilization of xenobiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Wood-Rotting Fungi, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic.
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95
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Manal MA, El-Naggar S, El-Aasar A, Barakat Khlood I. Bioremediation of crystal violet using air bubble bioreactor packed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. WATER RESEARCH 2005; 39:5045-54. [PMID: 16316674 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Revised: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Seven water and sediment samples were collected and tested for decolorizing crystal violet. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most effective isolate for dye decolorization. The LC50 of the crystal violet (115 mg/l) was measured using Artemia salina as a biomarker. The effect of different heavy metals on crystal violet decolorization was investigated. Cd2+ and Fe3+ ions showed marginal enhancement of the decolorization process, the rate was 1.35 mg/l/h compared to (1.25 mg/l/h) for the control. Phenol and m-cresol showed no effect on crystal violet decolorization, meanwhile p-cresol and p-nitrophenol reduced the decolorization rate to 1.07 and 0.01 mg/l/h, respectively. P. aeruginosa cells were immobilized by entrapment in agar-alginate beads. The beads were cultivated and reused in Erlenmeyer flask and in an air bubble column bioreactor and they enhanced the crystal violet decolorization rate to 3.33 and 7.5 mg/l/h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Manal
- Microbiology Laboratory, Marine Environmental Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Kaiyet Bay, El-Anfoshy, Alexandria, Egypt.
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96
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D'Annibale A, Ricci M, Leonardi V, Quaratino D, Mincione E, Petruccioli M. Degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by white-rot fungi in a historically contaminated soil. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 90:723-31. [PMID: 15858792 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phanerochaete chrysosporium NRRL 6361 and Pleurotus pulmonarius CBS 664.97 were tested for their ability to grow under nonsterile conditions and to degrade various aromatic hydrocarbons in an aged contaminated soil that also contained high concentrations of heavy metals. After 24 days fungal incubation, carbon-CO2 liberated, an indicator of microbial activity, reached a plateau. At the end of the incubation time (30 days), fungal colonization was clearly visible and was confirmed by ergosterol and cell organic carbon determinations. In spite of unfavorable pH (around 7.4) and the presence of heavy metals, both fungi produced Mn-peroxidase activity. In contrast, laccase and aryl-alcohol oxidase were detected only in the soil treated with P. pulmonarius CBS 664.97 and lignin-peroxidase in that with P. chrysosporium NRRL 6361. No lignin-modifying enzyme activities were present in non-inoculated soil incubated for 30 days (control microcosm). Regardless of the fungus employed, a total removal of naphtalene, tetrachlorobenzene, and dichloroaniline isomers, diphenylether and N-phenyl-1-naphtalenamine, was observed. Significant release of chloride ions was also observed in fungal-treated soil, in comparison with that recorded in the control microcosm. Both fungi led to a significant decrease in soil toxicity, as assessed using two different soil contact assays, including the Lepidium sativum L. germination test and the Collembola mortality test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro D'Annibale
- Dipartimento di Agrobiologia e Agrochimica, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via S. C. De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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97
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Mollea C, Bosco F, Ruggeri B. Fungal biodegradation of naphthalene: microcosms studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 60:636-43. [PMID: 15963802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work is aimed to ascertain naphthalene biodegradation capability of P. chrysosporium and T. harzianum in soil microcosms. Considering the high naphthalene volatility, a suitable soil microcosm was set-up and used. Several degradation tests were conducted with different C/N ratio media for the two fungi in order to enquire the best range of working conditions. The kinetic studies were conducted at a maximal naphthalene concentration of 600 mg kg(-1). During experimental time course naphthalene concentration, CO2 evolution as well as phytotoxicity tests were performed as monitoring parameters. The results shown in the current paper, put in evidence that T. harzianum, differently than in liquid culture, is not able to biodegrade naphthalene directly in soil microcosm, while P. chrysosporium in the same conditions biodegrades the PAH till about 600 mg kg(-1). As concern the founded kinetics for P. chrysosporium, a saturation shape in presence of N-limited medium (high C/N ratio) was evaluated while a growing form more than linear in no-N limited medium (normal C/N ratio) was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mollea
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy.
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98
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Baldrian P, Valásková V, Merhautová V, Gabriel J. Degradation of lignocellulose by Pleurotus ostreatus in the presence of copper, manganese, lead and zinc. Res Microbiol 2005; 156:670-6. [PMID: 15921894 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus produces the cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes endo-1,4-beta-glucanase, exo-1,4-beta-glucanase, 1,4-beta-glucosidase, endo-1,4-beta-xylanase, 1,4-beta-xylosidase, endo-1,4-beta-mannanase and 1,4-beta-mannosidase and ligninolytic enzymes Mn-peroxidase and laccase during growth on wheat straw in the presence and absence of Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn. This is the first report concerning endo-1,4-beta-mannanase in P. ostreatus. Although the concentrations of trace metals in wheat straw ranged from units to tens of microg g(-1), only 3-6% (Fe, Pb) or 30-45% (Cu, Mn, Zn) of the total amount was extractable and available for the fungus. The substrate colonization rate was only decreased by high concentrations of Cu and Zn; the loss of dry mass differed among treatments in the initial phase of fungal growth, and at the end of the experiment (day 98) it was significantly lower in metal-containing treatments (63-66%) than in the control (70%). The cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzyme were prone to a metal effect except for the increase in endo-1,4-beta-glucanase and 1,4-beta-glucosidase in the presence of Zn. Laccase activity was increased by all tested metals, and unlike other white-rot fungi, Mn-peroxidase levels were low in the presence of manganese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Wood-Rotting Fungi, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Vídenská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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99
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Tuomela M, Steffen KT, Kerko E, Hartikainen H, Hofrichter M, Hatakka A. Influence of Pb contamination in boreal forest soil on the growth and ligninolytic activity of litter-decomposing fungi. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2005; 53:179-86. [PMID: 16329939 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsec.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin mineralization activity of three basidiomycetous litter-decomposing fungi (LDF) was studied with humus layer samples taken from a boreal forest soil. The total Pb concentration in the samples was 32,000 mg kg(-1) and water soluble Pb 67 mg kg(-1). Synthetic lignin mineralization by Collybia dryophila and Clitocybe (Lepista) nebularis was strongly inhibited, whereas Stropharia coronilla was more tolerant to Pb stress in soil and liquid cultures. Purified laccases maintained their activity and purified MnPs remained partly active up to a concentration of 1450 mg Pb l(-1). High concentrations of Pb inhibited the growth of LDF and affected the activity of ligninolytic enzymes, but the extent of inhibition varied among different LDF species. In consequence, Pb contamination in soil may have a negative impact on recycling of organic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Tuomela
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, Biocenter 1, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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100
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Hoffman DR, Okon JL, Sandrin TR. Medium composition affects the degree and pattern of cadmium inhibition of naphthalene biodegradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 59:919-927. [PMID: 15823325 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Revised: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Metals have been reported to inhibit organic pollutant biodegradation; however, widely varying degrees and patterns of inhibition have been reported. To investigate the roles of medium composition and metal bioavailability on these different degrees and patterns of inhibition, we assessed the impact of cadmium on naphthalene biodegradation by a newly isolated strain of Comamonas testosteroni in three chemically-defined minimal salts media (MSM): Tris-buffered MSM, PIPES-buffered MSM, and Bushnell-Haas medium. Cadmium (total concentrations of 100 and 500 microM) inhibited biodegradation in each medium. Degrees of inhibition were different in each medium. Cadmium was most inhibitory in PIPES-buffered MSM and least inhibitory in Bushnell-Haas. For example, in Bushnell-Haas medium, 100 microM cadmium reduced the cell yield more than 4-fold compared to controls not containing cadmium. The same concentration of cadmium completely inhibited growth in PIPES-buffered MSM. No difference in inhibition was observed in any medium when cadmium was added 24 h before inoculation rather than when added within one minute of inoculation. Two patterns of inhibition were observed. Inhibition occurred in a dose dependent pattern in Tris- and PIPES-buffered MSM and in a non-dose dependent pattern in Bushnell-Haas. Specifically, in Bushnell-Haas, 100 microM total cadmium extended the lag phase by 23+/-8.66 h, whereas 500 microM did not extend the lag phase. Soluble, ionic cadmium (Cd2+) concentrations were measured and modeled in each medium to assess cadmium bioavailability. In media containing 500 microM total cadmium, bioavailability was highest in Tris- and PIPES-buffered MSM and lowest in Bushnell-Haas. In Bushnell-Haas, cadmium bioavailability was initially higher in the 500 microM treatments (196+/-21.2 microM) than in the 100 microM treatments (78.2+/-2.04 microM); however, after 12 h, bioavailability was higher in the 100 microM treatments (56.4+/-24.8 micro) than the 500 microM treatments (13.3+/-1.2 microM). These data suggest that the type of medium determines the degrees and patterns by which metals inhibit biodegradation and emphasize the importance of coupling metal toxicity and bioavailability data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Hoffman
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, 800 Algoma Blvd, 142 Halsey Science Center, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA
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