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Investigation of many bacterial and viral infections circulating in pigeons showing nervous symptoms. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2911-2920. [PMID: 35531168 PMCID: PMC9073067 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigeon’s flocks have shown several neurological symptoms including circling, torticollis, tremors, paralysis, which caused suspicion for viral or bacterial natural infections. Pigeon paramyxovirus type-1 (PPMV-1) is a notifiable disease-causing high morbidity and mortality with severe nervous symptoms. Clinical represented tissue specimens were collected from 50 infected pigeon flocks in eight governorates. All samples were examined bacteriologically (isolation, identification and serotyping) for E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was accomplished for all isolates using a disk-diffusion test. For viral identification, RT-PCR specific oligonucleotide primers were used for distinguishing of Avian influenza virus, PPMV-1 and PPMV-3. Neurological manifestations were observed in pigeon’s flocks mainly in winter and autumn. The mortality rate in eight governorates was about 50% in 10 flocks and other houses mortality rate was ranged from 10 to 20%. Post mortem examination have shown hemorrhagic enteritis, soft and friable brain tissues and/or hemorrhages. The percentage of isolated bacteria E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 75%, 75%, 50% and 18.75%; respectively. The antibiotic resistance pattern for bacterial isolates showed resist to ampicillin, amoxicillin- clavulinic acid, teteracyclin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and ceftazidine with different result for each type of bacteria, while Salmonella spp., isolates showed only a highly intermediate result for ciprofloxacin. Eight samples are positive with 16% to PPMV-1. Also, sample No.5,6,9 was co-infected with different types of bacterial isolates in addition to NDV. In conclusion, we reported several neurological symptoms in pigeon’s flocks mainly of bacterial infections (E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
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Soda K, Tomioka Y, Usui T, Uno Y, Nagai Y, Ito H, Hiono T, Tamura T, Okamatsu M, Kajihara M, Nao N, Sakoda Y, Takada A, Ito T. Susceptibility of herons (family: Ardeidae) to clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 subtype high pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Avian Pathol 2021; 51:146-153. [PMID: 34967244 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.2022599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of the H5 subtype high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in Ardeidae bird species has not been investigated yet, despite the increasing infections reported. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the susceptibility of the Ardeidae species, which had already been reported to be susceptible to HPAIVs, to a clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 HPAIV. Juvenile herons (4 grey herons, 1 intermediate egret, 2 little egrets, and 3 black-crowned night herons) were intranasally inoculated with 106 50% egg infectious dose of the virus and observed for 10 days. Two of the four grey herons showed lethargy and conjunctivitis; among them, one died at 6 days post-inoculation (dpi). The viruses were transmitted to the other two cohoused naïve grey herons. Some little egrets and black-crowned night herons showing neurological disorders died at 4-5 dpi; these birds mainly shed the virus via the oral route. The viruses dominantly replicated in the brains of birds that died of infection. Seroconversion was observed in most surviving birds, except some black-crowned night herons. These results demonstrate that most Ardeidae species are susceptible to H5 HPAIVs, sometimes with lethal effects. Herons are mostly colonial and often share habitats with Anseriformes, natural hosts of influenza A viruses; therefore, the risks of cluster infection and contribution to viral dissemination should be continuously evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yukiko Uno
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yasuko Nagai
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Mellouli FE, Abouchoaib N, Zekhnini H, Khayli M, Fusaro A, Idrissi HR, Benhoussa A. Molecular Detection of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds in Morocco, 2016–2019. Avian Dis 2021; 66:29-38. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha El Mellouli
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, 10106 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nabil Abouchoaib
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, 10106 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hasnae Zekhnini
- Immunology and Biodiversity Laboratory, Faculty of Science Ain chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mounir Khayli
- Epidemiology and Health Surveillance Unit (SEVS), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, 6472 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Hamid Rguibi Idrissi
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, 10106 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Benhoussa
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, 10106 Rabat, Morocco
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Nam JH, Españo E, Song EJ, Shim SM, Na W, Jeong SH, Kim J, Jang J, Song D, Kim JK. Surveillance of avian influenza viruses from 2009 to 2013 in South Korea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23991. [PMID: 34907256 PMCID: PMC8671502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are carried by wild migratory waterfowl across migratory flyways. To determine the strains of circulating AIVs that may pose a risk to poultry and humans, regular surveillance studies must be performed. Here, we report the surveillance of circulating AIVs in South Korea during the winter seasons of 2009–2013. A total of 126 AIVs were isolated from 7942 fecal samples from wild migratory birds, with a total isolation rate of 1.59%. H1‒H7 and H9‒H11 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes, and N1‒N3, N5, and N7‒N9 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were successfully isolated, with H6 and N2 as the most predominant HA and NA subtypes, respectively. Sequence identity search showed that the HA and NA genes of the isolates were highly similar to those of low-pathogenicity influenza strains from the East Asian-Australasian flyway. No match was found for the HA genes of high-pathogenicity influenza strains. Thus, the AIV strains circulating in wild migratory birds from 2009 to 2013 in South Korea likely had low pathogenicity. Continuous surveillance studies such as this one must be performed to identify potential precursors of influenza viruses that may threaten animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Nam
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.,Division of Acute Viral Diseases, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Erica Españo
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mu Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.,Division of Acute Viral Diseases, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Hee Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Jang
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Influenza A and D Viruses in Non-Human Mammalian Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122411. [PMID: 34960680 PMCID: PMC8706448 DOI: 10.3390/v13122411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the prevalence and current knowledge of influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza D virus (IDV) in non-human mammalian hosts in Africa. PubMed, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE-WAHIS) were searched for studies on IAV and IDV from 2000 to 2020. Pooled prevalence and seroprevalences were estimated using the quality effects meta-analysis model. The estimated pooled prevalence and seroprevalence of IAV in pigs in Africa was 1.6% (95% CI: 0-5%) and 14.9% (95% CI: 5-28%), respectively. The seroprevalence of IDV was 87.2% (95% CI: 24-100%) in camels, 9.3% (95% CI: 0-24%) in cattle, 2.2% (95% CI: 0-4%) in small ruminants and 0.0% (95% CI: 0-2%) in pigs. In pigs, H1N1 and H1N1pdm09 IAVs were commonly detected. Notably, the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus was also detected in pigs. Other subtypes detected serologically and/or virologically included H3N8 and H7N7 in equids, H1N1, and H3N8 and H5N1 in dogs and cats. Furthermore, various wildlife animals were exposed to different IAV subtypes. For prudent mitigation of influenza epizootics and possible human infections, influenza surveillance efforts in Africa should not neglect non-human mammalian hosts. The impact of IAV and IDV in non-human mammalian hosts in Africa deserves further investigation.
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Gischke M, Bagato O, Breithaupt A, Scheibner D, Blaurock C, Vallbracht M, Karger A, Crossley B, Veits J, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Mettenleiter TC, Abdelwhab EM. The role of glycosylation in the N-terminus of the hemagglutinin of a unique H4N2 with a natural polybasic cleavage site in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo. Virulence 2021; 12:666-678. [PMID: 33538209 PMCID: PMC7872060 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1881344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, only low pathogenic (LP) H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been observed to naturally shift to a highly pathogenic (HP) phenotype after mutation of the monobasic hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site (HACS) to polybasic motifs. The LPAIV monobasic HACS is activated by tissue-restricted trypsin-like enzymes, while the HPAIV polybasic HACS is activated by ubiquitous furin-like enzymes. However, glycosylation near the HACS can affect proteolytic activation and reduced virulence of some HPAIV in chickens. In 2012, a unique H4N2 virus with a polybasic HACS was isolated from quails but was LP in chickens. Whether glycosylation sites (GS) near the HACS hinder the evolution of HPAIV H4N2 remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the prevalence of potential GS in the N-terminus of HA1, 2NYT4 and 18NGT20, in all AIV sequences and studied their impact on H4N2 virus fitness. Although the two motifs are conserved, some non-H5/H7 subtypes lack one or both GS. Both sites were glycosylated in this H4N2 virus. Deglycosylation increased trypsin-independent replication in cell culture, cell-to-cell spread and syncytium formation at low-acidic pH, but negatively affected the thermostability and receptor-binding affinity. Alteration of 2NYT4 with or without 18NGT20 enabled systemic spread of the virus to different organs including the brain of chicken embryos. However, all intranasally inoculated chickens did not show clinical signs. Together, although the conserved GS near the HACS are important for HA stability and receptor binding, deglycosylation increased the H4N2 HA-activation, replication and tissue tropism suggesting a potential role for virus adaptation in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ola Bagato
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Blaurock
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Melina Vallbracht
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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57
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Yadav M, Igarashi M, Yamamoto N. Theoretical insights into the molecular mechanism of I117V mutation in neuraminidase mediated reduction of oseltamivir drug susceptibility in A/H5N1 influenza virus. PEERJ PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj-pchem.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The substitution of Ile to Val at residue 117 (I117V) of neuraminidase (NA) reduces the susceptibility of the A/H5N1 influenza virus to oseltamivir (OTV). However, the molecular mechanism by which the I117V mutation affects the intermolecular interactions between NA and OTV has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to analyze the characteristic conformational changes that contribute to the reduced binding affinity of NA to OTV after the I117V mutation. The results of MD simulations revealed that after the I117V mutation in NA, the changes in the secondary structure around the mutation site had a noticeable effect on the residue interactions in the OTV-binding site. In the case of the WT NA-OTV complex, the positively charged side chain of R118, located in the β-sheet region, frequently interacted with the negatively charged side chain of E119, which is an amino acid residue in the OTV-binding site. This can reduce the electrostatic repulsion of E119 toward D151, which is also a negatively charged residue in the OTV-binding site, so that both E119 and D151 simultaneously form hydrogen bonds with OTV more frequently, which greatly contributes to the binding affinity of NA to OTV. After the I117V mutation in NA, the side chain of R118 interacted with the side chain of E119 less frequently, likely because of the decreased tendency of R118 to form a β-sheet structure. As a result, the electrostatic repulsion of E119 toward D151 is greater than that of the WT case, making it difficult for both E119 and D151 to simultaneously form hydrogen bonds with OTV, which in turn reduces the binding affinity of NA to OTV. Hence, after the I117V mutation in NA, influenza viruses are less susceptible to OTV because of conformational changes in residues of R118, E119, and D151 around the mutation site and in the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Yadav
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norifumi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Japan
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Zamperin G, Bianco A, Smith J, Bortolami A, Vervelde L, Schivo A, Fortin A, Marciano S, Panzarin V, Mazzetto E, Milani A, Berhane Y, Digard P, Bonfante F, Monne I. Heterogeneity of Early Host Response to Infection with Four Low-Pathogenic H7 Viruses with a Different Evolutionary History in the Field. Viruses 2021; 13:2323. [PMID: 34835129 PMCID: PMC8620788 DOI: 10.3390/v13112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Once low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) of the H5 and H7 subtypes from wild birds enter into poultry species, there is the possibility of them mutating into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), resulting in severe epizootics with up to 100% mortality. This mutation from a LPAIV to HPAIV strain is the main cause of an AIV's major economic impact on poultry production. Although AIVs are inextricably linked to their hosts in their evolutionary history, the contribution of host-related factors in the emergence of HPAI viruses has only been marginally explored so far. In this study, transcriptomic sequencing of tracheal tissue from chickens infected with four distinct LP H7 viruses, characterized by a different history of pathogenicity evolution in the field, was implemented. Despite the inoculation of a normalized infectious dose of viruses belonging to the same subtype (H7) and pathotype (LPAI), the use of animals of the same age, sex and species as well as the identification of a comparable viral load in the target samples, the analyses revealed a heterogeneity in the gene expression profile in response to infection with each of the H7 viruses administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Zamperin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Alice Bianco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (J.S.); (L.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (J.S.); (L.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Alessia Schivo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Andrea Fortin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Sabrina Marciano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Eva Mazzetto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Adelaide Milani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada;
| | - Paul Digard
- Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (J.S.); (L.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
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Xiang H, Wen X, Wen Y, Zhang H, Cao S, Huang X, Wu R, Zhao Q. Development and application of a visual microarray for synchronously detecting H5N1, H7N9 and H9N2 avian influenza virus RNA. J Virol Methods 2021; 301:114371. [PMID: 34808230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a microarray assay for the simultaneous detection of the H5, H7, H9, N1, N9 and N2 genes of the avian influenza virus (AIV) using a Nanogold-streptavidin and silver-stain-enhanced nucleic acid dot-blot hybridisation system. The conserved sequences of H5 genes from H5N1, H7 genes from H7N9, H9 genes from H9N2, N9 genes from H7N9 and N2 genes from H9N2 AIV were cloned, together with that of N1 obtained commercially, and were used as templates for generating the probes using biotin-labeled primers, which targeted the conserved regions of H5, H7, H9, N1, N9 and N2 genes, respectively. The oligonucleotide probes were diluted using the spotting buffer and ddH2O, and each probe was then spotted to each specific position on the microarray. The PCR products including biotin-labeled lambda, NP, H5, H7, H9, N1, N9 and N2 were mixed, 200 μL of which was then added to the microarray chamber after denaturing. Following a hybridization incubation at 45℃ for 120 min, the microarray was then incubated with nanogold-streptavidin about 4 μg/mL for 30 min. After the supplementary of 200 μL of silver buffer A and silver buffer B in the chamber, the hybridization results were assessed by direct visualization in the dark at room temperature. The microarray assay was optimized and its specificity, sensitivity and stability were evaluated. The optimal conditions comprised a probe concentration of 50 μmol/L, a hybridization temperature of 45℃ and a hybridization time of 2 h. The optimal concentration of nanogold-streptavidin was 4 μg/mL and the optimal staining time was 7 min. The results of specificity evaluation showed that no cross-binding of the probes with each other and no cross-hybridization with Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus and infectious laryngotracheitis virus was observed. The optimized microarray assay was significantly more sensitivity than the reverse-transcription PCR assay. The microarray was available after storing at less 90 d at 4 ℃. The optimized microarray assay was validated on clinical specimens and the results showed that it had over 95.6% correlation with reverse-transcription PCR method. Therefore, the microarray assay could be used for the high throughput detection of AIV infections due to H5N1, H7N9 and H9N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experimental Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xintian Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Yiping Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Huanrong Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Sanjie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experimental Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experimental Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experimental Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experimental Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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60
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Li Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, Feng Y, Wang T, Ge Y, Kong Y, Sun H, Xiang H, Zhou B, Fang S, Xia Q, Hu X, Sun W, Wang X, Meng K, Lv C, Li E, Xia X, He H, Gao Y, Jin N. Characterization of Canine Influenza Virus A (H3N2) Circulating in Dogs in China from 2016 to 2018. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112279. [PMID: 34835084 PMCID: PMC8618230 DOI: 10.3390/v13112279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian H3N2 influenza virus follows cross-host transmission and has spread among dogs in Asia since 2005. After 2015–2016, a new H3N2 subtype canine influenza epidemic occurred in dogs in North America and Asia. The disease prevalence was assessed by virological and serological surveillance in dogs in China. Herein, five H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) strains were isolated from 1185 Chinese canine respiratory disease samples in 2017–2018; these strains were on the evolutionary branch of the North American CIVs after 2016 and genetically far from the classical canine H3N2 strain discovered in China before 2016. Serological surveillance showed an HI antibody positive rate of 6.68%. H3N2 was prevalent in the coastal areas and northeastern regions of China. In 2018, it became the primary epidemic strain in the country. The QK01 strain of H3N2 showed high efficiency in transmission among dogs through respiratory droplets. Nevertheless, the virus only replicated in the upper respiratory tract and exhibited low pathogenicity in mice. Furthermore, highly efficient transmission by direct contact other than respiratory droplet transmission was found in a guinea pig model. The low-level replication in avian species other than ducks could not facilitate contact and airborne transmission in chickens. The current results indicated that a novel H3N2 virus has become a predominant epidemic strain in dogs in China since 2016 and acquired highly efficient transmissibility but could not be replicated in avian species. Thus, further monitoring is required for designing optimal immunoprophylactic tools for dogs and estimating the zoonotic risk of CIV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanguo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xinghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang 471003, China;
| | - Ye Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Ye Ge
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Yunyi Kong
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Hongyu Sun
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China;
| | - Haiyang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Bo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Shushan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Qing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Keyin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Chaoxiang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Entao Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Hongbin He
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (Y.G.); (N.J.)
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (Y.G.); (N.J.)
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (Y.G.); (N.J.)
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61
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Kessler S, Harder TC, Schwemmle M, Ciminski K. Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events-Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs? Viruses 2021; 13:v13112250. [PMID: 34835056 PMCID: PMC8624301 DOI: 10.3390/v13112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic infections of humans with influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animal reservoirs can result in severe disease in individuals and, in rare cases, lead to pandemic outbreaks; this is exemplified by numerous cases of human infection with avian IAVs (AIVs) and the 2009 swine influenza pandemic. In fact, zoonotic transmissions are strongly facilitated by manmade reservoirs that were created through the intensification and industrialization of livestock farming. This can be witnessed by the repeated introduction of IAVs from natural reservoirs of aquatic wild bird metapopulations into swine and poultry, and the accompanied emergence of partially- or fully-adapted human pathogenic viruses. On the other side, human adapted IAV have been (and still are) introduced into livestock by reverse zoonotic transmission. This link to manmade reservoirs was also observed before the 20th century, when horses seemed to have been an important reservoir for IAVs but lost relevance when the populations declined due to increasing industrialization. Therefore, to reduce zoonotic events, it is important to control the spread of IAV within these animal reservoirs, for example with efficient vaccination strategies, but also to critically surveil the different manmade reservoirs to evaluate the emergence of new IAV strains with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kessler
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.K.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Diagnostic Virology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.K.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.K.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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62
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Soda K, Yamane M, Hidaka C, Miura K, Ung TTH, Nguyen HLK, Ito H, LE MQ, Ito T. Prior infection with antigenically heterologous low pathogenic avian influenza viruses interferes with the lethality of the H5 highly pathogenic strain in domestic ducks. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1899-1906. [PMID: 34732612 PMCID: PMC8762415 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs and HPAIVs, respectively) have been co-circulating in poultry populations in Asian, Middle Eastern, and African countries. In our avian-flu surveillance in Vietnamese domestic ducks, viral genes of LPAIV and HPAIV have been frequently detected in the same individual. To assess the influence of LPAIV on the pathogenicity of H5 HPAIV in domestic ducks, an experimental co-infection study was performed. One-week-old domestic ducks were inoculated intranasally and orally with PBS (control) or 106 EID50 of LPAIVs (A/duck/Vietnam/LBM678/2014 (H6N6) or A/Muscovy duck/Vietnam/LBM694/2014 (H9N2)). Seven days later, these ducks were inoculated with HPAIV (A/Muscovy duck/Vietnam/LBM808/2015 (H5N6)) in the same manner. The respective survival rates were 100% and 50% in ducks pre-infected with LBM694 or LBM678 strains and both higher than the survival of the control group (25%). The virus titers in oral/cloacal swabs of each LPAIV pre-inoculation group were significantly lower at 3-5 days post-HPAIV inoculation. Notably, almost no virus was detected in swabs from surviving individuals of the LBM678 pre-inoculation group. Antigenic cross-reactivity among the viruses was not observed in the neutralization test. These results suggest that pre-infection with LPAIV attenuates the pathogenicity of HPAIV in domestic ducks, which might be explained by innate and/or cell-mediated immunity induced by the initial infection with LPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Maya Yamane
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Chiharu Hidaka
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
| | - Kozue Miura
- Vietnam Research Station, Nagasaki University, c/o National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology.,Present address: Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Trang T H Ung
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology
| | - Hang L K Nguyen
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Mai Q LE
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
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63
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Nguyen ATV, Hoang VT, Sung HW, Yeo SJ, Park H. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112192. [PMID: 34834997 PMCID: PMC8619638 DOI: 10.3390/v13112192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of H5N2 avian influenza viruses have occasionally caused the death of thousands of birds in poultry farms. Surveillance during the 2018 winter season in South Korea revealed three H5N2 isolates in feces samples collected from wild birds (KNU18-28: A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, KNU18-86: A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and KNU18-93: A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018). Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that these viruses arose from reassortment events among various virus subtypes circulating in South Korea and other countries in the East Asia–Australasian Flyway. The NS gene of the KNU18-28 and KNU18-86 isolates was closely related to that of China’s H10N3 strain, whereas the KNU18-93 strain originated from the H12N2 strain in Japan, showing two different reassortment events and different from a low pathogenic H5N3 (KNU18-91) virus which was isolated at the same day and same place with KNU18-86 and KNU18-93. These H5N2 isolates were characterized as low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. However, many amino acid changes in eight gene segments were identified to enhance polymerase activity and increase adaptation and virulence in mice and mammals. Experiments reveal that viral replication in MDCK cells was quite high after 12 hpi, showing the ability to replicate in mouse lungs. The hematoxylin and eosin-stained (H&E) lung sections indicated different degrees of pathogenicity of the three H5N2 isolates in mice compared with that of the control H1N1 strain. The continuing circulation of these H5N2 viruses may represent a potential threat to mammals and humans. Our findings highlight the need for intensive surveillance of avian influenza virus circulation in South Korea to prevent the risks posed by these reassortment viruses to animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thi Viet Nguyen
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
| | - Vui Thi Hoang
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
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64
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Yang J, Yang L, Zhu W, Wang D, Shu Y. Epidemiological and Genetic Characteristics of the H3 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses in China. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:929-936. [PMID: 34745694 PMCID: PMC8563336 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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65
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Gilchuk IM, Bangaru S, Kose N, Bombardi RG, Trivette A, Li S, Turner HL, Carnahan RH, Ward AB, Crowe JE. Human antibody recognition of H7N9 influenza virus HA following natural infection. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e152403. [PMID: 34437301 PMCID: PMC8525637 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian H7N9 influenza viruses cause sporadic outbreaks of human infections and threaten to cause a major pandemic. The breadth of B cell responses to natural infection and the dominant antigenic sites recognized during first exposure to H7 HA following infection are incompletely understood. Here, we studied the B cell response to H7 HA of 2 individuals who had recovered from natural H7N9 virus infection. We used competition binding, hydrogen-deuterium mass spectrometry, and single-particle negative stain electron microscopy to identify the patterns of molecular recognition of the antibody responses to H7 HA. We found that circulating H7-reactive B cells recognized a diverse antigenic landscape on the HA molecule, including HA head domain epitopes in antigenic sites A and B and in the trimer interface-II region and epitopes in the stem region. Most H7 antibodies exhibited little heterosubtypic breadth, but many recognized a wide diversity of unrelated H7 strains. We tested the antibodies for functional activity and identified clones with diverse patterns of inhibition, including neutralizing, hemagglutination- or egress-inhibiting, or HA trimer–disrupting activities. Thus, the human B cell response to primary H7 natural infection is diverse, highly functional, and broad for recognition of diverse H7 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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66
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Khan A, Mushtaq MH, Muhammad J, Ahmed B, Khan EA, Khan A, Zakki SA, Altaf E, Haq I, Saleem A, Warraich MA, Ahmed N, Rabaan AA. Global epidemiology of Equine Influenza viruses; "A possible emerging zoonotic threat in future" an extensive systematic review with evidence. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e246591. [PMID: 34468519 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.246591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are different opinions around the World regarding the zoonotic capability of H3N8 equine influenza viruses. In this report, we have tried to summarize the findings of different research and review articles from Chinese, English, and Mongolian Scientific Literature reporting the evidence for equine influenza virus infections in human beings. Different search engines i.e. CNKI, PubMed, ProQuest, Chongqing Database, Mongol Med, and Web of Knowledge yielded 926 articles, of which 32 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Analyzing the epidemiological and Phylogenetic data from these articles, we found a considerable experimental and observational evidence of H3N8 equine influenza viruses infecting human being in different parts of the World in the past. Recently published articles from Pakistan and China have highlighted the emerging threat and capability of equine influenza viruses for an epidemic in human beings in future. In this review article we have summarized the salient scientific reports published on the epidemiology of equine influenza viruses and their zoonotic aspect. Additionally, several recent developments in the start of 21st century, including the transmission and establishment of equine influenza viruses in different animal species i.e. camels and dogs, and presumed encephalopathy associated to influenza viruses in horses, have documented the unpredictable nature of equine influenza viruses. In sum up, several reports has highlighted the unpredictable nature of H3N8 EIVs highlighting the need of continuous surveillance for H3N8 in equines and humans in contact with them for novel and threatening mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khan
- The University of Haripur, Department of Public Health & Nutrition, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - M H Mushtaq
- The University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - J Muhammad
- The University of Haripur, Department of Microbiology, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - B Ahmed
- Nanjing Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - E A Khan
- Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - A Khan
- Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - S A Zakki
- The University of Haripur, Department of Public Health & Nutrition, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - E Altaf
- The University of Haripur, Department of Public Health & Nutrition, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - I Haq
- The University of Haripur, Department of Public Health & Nutrition, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - A Saleem
- The University of Haripur, Department of Microbiology, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - M A Warraich
- Marketing Rennes School of Business, Rennes, France
| | - N Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A A Rabaan
- Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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Review of Influenza Virus Vaccines: The Qualitative Nature of Immune Responses to Infection and Vaccination Is a Critical Consideration. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090979. [PMID: 34579216 PMCID: PMC8471734 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have affected the world for over a century, causing multiple pandemics. Throughout the years, many prophylactic vaccines have been developed for influenza; however, these viruses are still a global issue and take many lives. In this paper, we review influenza viruses, associated immunological mechanisms, current influenza vaccine platforms, and influenza infection, in the context of immunocompromised populations. This review focuses on the qualitative nature of immune responses against influenza viruses, with an emphasis on trained immunity and an assessment of the characteristics of the host–pathogen that compromise the effectiveness of immunization. We also highlight innovative immunological concepts that are important considerations for the development of the next generation of vaccines against influenza viruses.
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Yeo SJ, Hoang VT, Duong TB, Nguyen NM, Tuong HT, Azam M, Sung HW, Park H. Emergence of a Novel Reassortant H5N3 Avian Influenza Virus in Korean Mallard Ducks in 2018. Intervirology 2021; 65:1-16. [PMID: 34438407 DOI: 10.1159/000517057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The avian influenza (AI) virus causes a highly contagious disease which is common in wild and domestic birds and sporadic in humans. Mutations and genetic reassortments among the 8 negative-sense RNA segments of the viral genome alter its pathogenic potential, demanding well-targeted, active surveillance for infection control. METHODS Wild duck fecal samples were collected during the 2018 bird health annual surveillance in South Korea for tracking variations of the AI virus. One low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N3 reassortment virus (A/mallard duck/South Korea/KNU18-91/2018 [H5N3]) was isolated and genomically characterized by phylogenetic and molecular analyses in this study. RESULTS It was devoid of polybasic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site and exhibited a stalk region without deletion in the neuraminidase (NA) gene and NA inhibitor resistance-linked E/D627K/N and D701N marker mutations in the PB2 gene, suggesting its low-pathogenic AI. It showed a potential of a reassortment where only HA originated from the H5N3 poultry virus of China and other genes were derived from Mongolia. In phylogenetic analysis, HA was different from that of the isolate of H5N3 in Korea, 2015. In addition, this novel virus showed adaptation in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, with 8.05 ± 0.14 log10 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) /mL at 36 h postinfection. However, it could not replicate in mice well, showing positive growth at 3 days postinfection (dpi) (2.1 ± 0.13 log10 TCID50/mL) but not at 6 dpi. CONCLUSIONS The HA antigenic relationship of A/mallard duck/South Korea/KNU18-91/2018 (H5N3) showed differences toward one of the old low-pathogenic H5N3 viruses in Korea. These results indicated that a novel reassortment low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N3 subtype virus emerged in South Korea in 2018 via novel multiple reassortments with Eurasian viruses, rather than one of old Korean H5N3 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,
| | - Vui Thi Hoang
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuan Bao Duong
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Minh Nguyen
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hien Thi Tuong
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mudsser Azam
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Blaurock C, Blohm U, Luttermann C, Holzerland J, Scheibner D, Schäfer A, Groseth A, Mettenleiter TC, Abdelwhab EM. The C-terminus of non-structural protein 1 (NS1) in H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza virus affects virus fitness in human cells and virulence in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1760-1776. [PMID: 34420477 PMCID: PMC8432360 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1971568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 pose a public health threat but the viral factors relevant for its potential adaptation to mammals are largely unknown. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza viruses is an essential interferon antagonist. It commonly consists of 230 amino acids, but variations in the disordered C-terminus resulted in truncation or extension of NS1 with a possible impact on virus fitness in mammals. Here, we analysed NS1 sequences from 1902 to 2020 representing human influenza viruses (hIAV) as well as AIV in birds, humans and other mammals and with an emphasis on the panzootic AIV subtype H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4A (H5N8-A) from 2013 to 2015 and clade 2.3.4.4B (H5N8-B) since 2016. We found a high degree of prevalence for short NS1 sequences among hIAV, zoonotic AIV and H5N8-B, while AIV and H5N8-A had longer NS1 sequences. We assessed the fitness of recombinant H5N8-A and H5N8-B viruses carrying NS1 proteins with different lengths in human cells and in mice. H5N8-B with a short NS1, similar to hIAV or AIV from a human or other mammal-origins, was more efficient at blocking apoptosis and interferon-induction without a significant impact on virus replication in human cells. In mice, shortening of the NS1 of H5N8-A increased virus virulence, while the extension of NS1 of H5N8-B reduced virus virulence and replication. Taken together, we have described the biological impact of variation in the NS1 C-terminus in hIAV and AIV and shown that this affects virus fitness in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Blaurock
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Luttermann
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia Holzerland
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Allison Groseth
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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70
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Hubálek Z. Pathogenic microorganisms associated with gulls and terns (Laridae). JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.21009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Hubálek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail:
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71
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Song SJ, Shin GI, Noh J, Lee J, Kim DH, Ryu G, Ahn G, Jeon H, Diao HP, Park Y, Kim MG, Kim WY, Kim YJ, Sohn EJ, Song CS, Hwang I. Plant-based, adjuvant-free, potent multivalent vaccines for avian influenza virus via Lactococcus surface display. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1505-1520. [PMID: 34051041 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Influenza epidemics frequently and unpredictably break out all over the world, and seriously affect the breeding industry and human activity. Inactivated and live attenuated viruses have been used as protective vaccines but exhibit high risks for biosafety. Subunit vaccines enjoy high biosafety and specificity but have a few weak points compared to inactivated virus or live attenuated virus vaccines, especially in low immunogenicity. In this study, we developed a new subunit vaccine platform for a potent, adjuvant-free, and multivalent vaccination. The ectodomains of hemagglutinins (HAs) of influenza viruses were expressed in plants as trimers (tHAs) to mimic their native forms. tHAs in plant extracts were directly used without purification for binding to inactivated Lactococcus (iLact) to produce iLact-tHAs, an antigen-carrying bacteria-like particle (BLP). tHAs BLP showed strong immune responses in mice and chickens without adjuvants. Moreover, simultaneous injection of two different antigens by two different formulas, tHAH5N6 + H9N2 BLP or a combination of tHAH5N6 BLP and tHAH9N2 BLP, led to strong immune responses to both antigens. Based on these results, we propose combinations of plant-based antigen production and BLP-based delivery as a highly potent and cost-effective platform for multivalent vaccination for subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Song
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Im Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | | | - Jiho Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Deok-Hwan Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Gyeongryul Ryu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Gyeongik Ahn
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 PLUS), Institute of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Hyungmin Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hai-Ping Diao
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Youngmin Park
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
- Bioapp, Inc., Pohang Technopark Complex, Pohang, 37668, Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 PLUS), Institute of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Sohn
- Bioapp, Inc., Pohang Technopark Complex, Pohang, 37668, Korea
| | - Chang Seon Song
- KCAV Inc., Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Korea
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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Daemi HB, Kulyar MFEA, He X, Li C, Karimpour M, Sun X, Zou Z, Jin M. Progression and Trends in Virus from Influenza A to COVID-19: An Overview of Recent Studies. Viruses 2021; 13:1145. [PMID: 34203647 PMCID: PMC8232279 DOI: 10.3390/v13061145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a highly known contagious viral infection that has been responsible for the death of many people in history with pandemics. These pandemics have been occurring every 10 to 30 years in the last century. The most recent global pandemic prior to COVID-19 was the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. A decade ago, the H1N1 virus caused 12,500 deaths in just 19 months globally. Now, again, the world has been challenged with another pandemic. Since December 2019, the first case of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection was detected in Wuhan. This infection has risen rapidly throughout the world; even the World Health Organization (WHO) announced COVID-19 as a worldwide emergency to ensure human health and public safety. This review article aims to discuss important issues relating to COVID-19, including clinical, epidemiological, and pathological features of COVID-19 and recent progress in diagnosis and treatment approaches for the COVID-19 infection. We also highlight key similarities and differences between COVID-19 and influenza A to ensure the theoretical and practical details of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakimeh Baghaei Daemi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.B.D.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Xinlin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.B.D.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.B.D.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Morteza Karimpour
- Department of Biology, Azad University of Rasht, Rasht 4147654919, Iran;
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.B.D.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.B.D.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.B.D.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
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Wen F, Yang J, Guo J, Wang C, Cheng Q, Tang Z, Luo K, Yuan S, Huang S, Li Y. Genetic characterization of an H5N6 avian influenza virus with multiple origins from a chicken in southern China, October 2019. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:200. [PMID: 34049549 PMCID: PMC8161609 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of H5 subtype pose a great threat to the poultry industry and human health. In recent years, H5N6 subtype has rapidly replaced H5N1 as the most predominate HPAIV subtype circulating in domestic poultry in China. In this study, we describe the genetic and phylogenetic characteristics of a prevalent H5N6 strain in Guangdong, China. RESULTS Nucleotide sequencing identified a H5N6 subtype HPAIV, designated as A/chicken/Dongguan/1101/2019 (DG/19), with a multibasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA). Phylogenetic analysis revealed DG/19 was a reassortant of H5N1, H5N2, H5N8, and H6N6 subtypes of avian influenza viruses. A number of mammalian adaptive markers such as D36N in the HA were identified. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that HPAIV H5N6 strains still emerge in well-managed groups of chicken farms. Considering the increasing prevalence of H5N6 HPAIV, and the fact that H5N6 HPAIVs are well adapted to migratory birds, an enhanced surveillance for the East Asian-Australasian flyway should be undertaken to prevent potential threats to the poultry industry and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Congying Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaijian Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.
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Postnikova Y, Treshchalina A, Boravleva E, Gambaryan A, Ishmukhametov A, Matrosovich M, Fouchier RAM, Sadykova G, Prilipov A, Lomakina N. Diversity and Reassortment Rate of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Ducks and Gulls. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061010. [PMID: 34072256 PMCID: PMC8230314 DOI: 10.3390/v13061010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) evolve via point mutations and reassortment of viral gene segments. The patterns of reassortment in different host species differ considerably. We investigated the genetic diversity of IAVs in wild ducks and compared it with the viral diversity in gulls. The complete genomes of 38 IAVs of H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2, H3N6, H3N8, H4N6, H5N3, H6N2, H11N6, and H11N9 subtypes isolated from wild mallard ducks and gulls resting in a city pond in Moscow, Russia were sequenced. The analysis of phylogenetic trees showed that stable viral genotypes do not persist from year to year in ducks owing to frequent gene reassortment. For comparison, similar analyses were carried out using sequences of IAVs isolated in the same period from ducks and gulls in The Netherlands. Our results revealed a significant difference in diversity and rates of reassortment of IAVs in ducks and gulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Postnikova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement “Moskovskiy”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (Y.P.); (A.T.); (E.B.); (A.I.)
| | - Anastasia Treshchalina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement “Moskovskiy”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (Y.P.); (A.T.); (E.B.); (A.I.)
| | - Elizaveta Boravleva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement “Moskovskiy”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (Y.P.); (A.T.); (E.B.); (A.I.)
| | - Alexandra Gambaryan
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement “Moskovskiy”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (Y.P.); (A.T.); (E.B.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-985-136-3586
| | - Aydar Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement “Moskovskiy”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (Y.P.); (A.T.); (E.B.); (A.I.)
| | - Mikhail Matrosovich
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Galina Sadykova
- The Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (G.S.); (A.P.); (N.L.)
| | - Alexey Prilipov
- The Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (G.S.); (A.P.); (N.L.)
| | - Natalia Lomakina
- The Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (G.S.); (A.P.); (N.L.)
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Khan A, Jahejo AR, Qiao ML, Han XY, Cheng QQ, Mangi RA, Qadir MF, Zhang D, Bi YH, Wang Y, Gao GF, Tian WX. NF-кB pathway genes expression in chicken erythrocytes infected with avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:666-671. [PMID: 33843365 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1902478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Chicken erythrocytes in blood vessels are the most abundant circulating cells, which participate in the host's immune responses. The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) plays a vital role in the inflammatory response following viral infections. However, the expression of the NF-κB pathway, and other immune-related genes in chicken erythrocytes infected with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV H9N2), has not been extensively studied.2. The following study determined the interaction of LPAIV H9N2 with chicken erythrocytes using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. This was followed by investigating myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), the inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B kinase subunit epsilon (IKBKE), NF-κB inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA), NF-κB inhibitor epsilon (NFKBIE), interferon-alpha (IFN-α), colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF3) and tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) by mRNA expression using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) at four different time intervals (0, 2, 6 and 10 h).3. There was a significant interaction between erythrocytes and LPAIV H9N2 virus. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of the NF-κB pathway and other immune-related genes were significantly up-regulated at 2 h post-infection in infected chicken erythrocytes, except for TRAF6, which were significantly downregulated. While at 0 h post-infection, IFN-α and CSF3 were significantly upregulated, whereas NFKBIA was significantly downregulated. Further expression of MDA5, CCL5 and NFKBIA was upregulated, while TRAF6 was downregulated at 6 h post-infection. In infected erythrocytes, expression of MyD88, CCL5 and IKBKE was upregulated. However, IFN-α and TRAF6 were downregulated at 10 h post-infection.4. These results give initial evidence that the NF-κB pathway, and other genes related to immunity, in chicken erythrocytes may contribute to LPAIV subtype H9N2 and induce host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - A R Jahejo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - M L Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - X Y Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Q Q Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - R A Mangi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - M F Qadir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - D Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Y H Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Y Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - G F Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - W X Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
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76
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Yin R, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Kwoh CK. Time series computational prediction of vaccines for influenza A H3N2 with recurrent neural networks. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2021; 18:2040002. [PMID: 32336247 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720020400028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are persistently threatening public health, causing annual epidemics and sporadic pandemics due to rapid viral evolution. Vaccines are used to prevent influenza infections but the composition of the influenza vaccines have to be updated regularly to ensure its efficacy. Computational tools and analyses have become increasingly important in guiding the process of vaccine selection. By constructing time-series training samples with splittings and embeddings, we develop a computational method for predicting suitable strains as the recommendation of the influenza vaccines using recurrent neural networks (RNNs). The Encoder-decoder architecture of RNN model enables us to perform sequence-to-sequence prediction. We employ this model to predict the prevalent sequence of the H3N2 viruses sampled from 2006 to 2017. The identity between our predicted sequence and recommended vaccines is greater than 98% and the Pepitope<0.2 indicates their antigenic similarity. The multi-step vaccine prediction further demonstrates the robustness of our method which achieves comparable results in contrast to single step prediction. The results show significant matches of the recommended vaccine strains to the circulating strains. We believe it would facilitate the process of vaccine selection and surveillance of seasonal influenza epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yin
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xinrui Zhou
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chee Keong Kwoh
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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77
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Schön J, Breithaupt A, Höper D, King J, Pohlmann A, Parvin R, Behr KP, Schwarz BA, Beer M, Stech J, Harder T, Grund C. Neuraminidase-associated plasminogen recruitment enables systemic spread of natural avian Influenza viruses H3N1. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009490. [PMID: 33891662 PMCID: PMC8118554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated outbreaks due to H3N1 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) in Belgium were associated with unusually high mortality in chicken in 2019. Those events caused considerable economic losses and prompted restriction measures normally implemented for eradicating high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIV). Initial pathology investigations and infection studies suggested this virus to be able to replicate systemically, being very atypical for H3 LPAIV. Here, we investigate the pathogenesis of this H3N1 virus and propose a mechanism explaining its unusual systemic replication capability. By intravenous and intracerebral inoculation in chicken, we demonstrate systemic spread of this virus, extending to the central nervous system. Endoproteolytic viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein activation by either tissue-restricted serine peptidases or ubiquitous subtilisin-like proteases is the functional hallmark distinguishing (H5 or H7) LPAIV from HPAIV. However, luciferase reporter assays show that HA cleavage in case of the H3N1 strain in contrast to the HPAIV is not processed by intracellular proteases. Yet the H3N1 virus replicates efficiently in cell culture without trypsin, unlike LPAIVs. Moreover, this trypsin-independent virus replication is inhibited by 6-aminohexanoic acid, a plasmin inhibitor. Correspondingly, in silico analysis indicates that plasminogen is recruitable by the viral neuraminidase for proteolytic activation due to the loss of a strongly conserved N-glycosylation site at position 130. This mutation was shown responsible for plasminogen recruitment and neurovirulence of the mouse brain-passaged laboratory strain A/WSN/33 (H1N1). In conclusion, our findings provide good evidence in natural chicken strains for N1 neuraminidase-operated recruitment of plasminogen, enabling systemic replication leading to an unusual high pathogenicity phenotype. Such a gain of function in naturally occurring AIVs representing an established human influenza HA-subtype raises concerns over potential zoonotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Schön
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jürgen Stech
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
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78
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Kim EH, Kim YL, Kim SM, Yu KM, Casel MAB, Jang SG, Pascua PNQ, Webby RJ, Choi YK. Pathogenic assessment of avian influenza viruses in migratory birds. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:565-577. [PMID: 33666526 PMCID: PMC8018353 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1899769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Several subtypes of avian influenza (AI) viruses have caused human infections in recent years; however, there is a severe knowledge gap regarding the capacity of wild bird viruses to infect mammals. To assess the risk of mammalian infection by AI viruses from their natural reservoirs, a panel of isolates from 34 wild birds was examined in animal models. All selected AI virus subtypes were found to predominantly possess Eurasian lineage, although reassortment with North American lineage AI viruses was also noted in some isolates. When used to infect chickens, 20 AI isolates could be recovered from oropharyngeal swabs at 5 days post-infection (dpi) without causing significant morbidity. Similarly, mild to no observable disease was observed in mice infected with these viruses although the majority replicated efficiently in murine lungs. As expected, wild bird AI isolates were found to recognize avian-like receptors, while a few strains also exhibited detectable human-like receptor binding. Selected strains were further tested in ferrets, and 15 out of 20 were found to shed the virus in the upper respiratory tract until 5 dpi. Overall, we demonstrate that a diversity of low-pathogenic AI viruses carried by wild migratory birds have the capacity to infect land-based poultry and mammalian hosts while causing minimal signs of clinical disease. This study reiterates that there is a significant capacity for interspecies transmission of AI viruses harboured by wild aquatic birds. Thus, these viruses pose a significant threat to human health underscoring the need for continued surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Ll Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Se Mi Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Philippe Noriel Q Pascua
- Virology Division, Department. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Virology Division, Department. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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79
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Yang W, Schountz T, Ma W. Bat Influenza Viruses: Current Status and Perspective. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040547. [PMID: 33805956 PMCID: PMC8064322 DOI: 10.3390/v13040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoirs for many viruses, including several that are zoonotic. Two unusual H17N10 and H18N11 influenza viruses have been found in New World bats. Although neither of these viruses have been isolated, infectious clone technology has permitted significant progress to understand their biology, which include unique features compared to all other known influenza A viruses. In addition, an H9N2-like influenza A virus was isolated from Old World bats and it shows similar characteristics of normal influenza A viruses. In this review, current status and perspective on influenza A viruses identified in bats is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Tony Schountz
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence:
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80
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Saeed NM, Rashid PMA, Dyary HO. Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) virus isolated from domestic geese in Iraq, 2018. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:124. [PMID: 33740981 PMCID: PMC7980536 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza viruses are a continuous threat to avian and mammalian species, causing epidemics and pandemics. After the circulation of H5N1 in 2006, 2015, and 2016 in Iraq, an H5N8 influenza virus emerged in domestic geese in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq. This study analyzed the genetic characteristics of the Iraqi H5N8 viruses. Results An HPAI virus subtype H5N8 was identified from domestic backyard geese in the Kurdistan Region, north Iraq. Phylogenic analyses of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes indicated that Iraq H5N8 viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4 group B and clustered with isolates from Iran, Israel, and Belgium. Genetic analysis of the HA gene indicated molecular markers for avian-type receptors. Characterization of the NA gene showed that the virus had sensitive molecular markers for antiviral drugs. Conclusions This is the first study ever on H5N8 in Iraq, and it is crucial to understand the epidemiology of the viruses in Iraq and the Middle East. The results suggest a possible role of migratory birds in the introduction of HPAI subtype H5N8 into Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Muhammad Saeed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Peshnyar Muhammad Atta Rashid
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.,Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Hiewa Othman Dyary
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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81
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Zhou Y, Pu J, Wu Y. The Role of Lipid Metabolism in Influenza A Virus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:303. [PMID: 33807642 PMCID: PMC7998359 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important zoonotic pathogen that can cause disease in animals such as poultry and pigs, and it can cause infection and even death in humans, posing a serious threat to public health. IAV is an enveloped virus that relies on host cell metabolic systems, especially lipid metabolism systems, to complete its life cycle in host cells. On the other side, host cells regulate their metabolic processes to prevent IAV replication and maintain their normal physiological functions. This review summarizes the roles of fatty acid, cholesterol, phospholipid and glycolipid metabolism in IAV infection, proposes future research challenges, and looks forward to the prospective application of lipid metabolism modification to limit IAV infection, which will provide new directions for the development of anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Yuping Wu
- College of Life Science and Basic Medicine/Center for Biotechnology Research, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
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82
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Strumillo ST, Kartavykh D, de Carvalho FF, Cruz NC, de Souza Teodoro AC, Sobhie Diaz R, Curcio MF. Host-virus interaction and viral evasion. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1124-1147. [PMID: 33533523 PMCID: PMC8014853 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With each infectious pandemic or outbreak, the medical community feels the need to revisit basic concepts of immunology to understand and overcome the difficult times brought about by these infections. Regarding viruses, they have historically been responsible for many deaths, and such a peculiarity occurs because they are known to be obligate intracellular parasites that depend upon the host's cell machinery for their replication. Successful infection with the production of essential viral components requires constant viral evolution as a strategy to manipulate the cellular environment, including host internal factors, the host's nonspecific and adaptive immune responses to viruses, the metabolic and energetic state of the infected cell, and changes in the intracellular redox environment during the viral infection cycle. Based on this knowledge, it is fundamental to develop new therapeutic strategies for controlling viral dissemination, by means of antiviral therapies, vaccines, or antioxidants, or by targeting the inhibition or activation of cell signaling pathways or metabolic pathways that are altered during infection. The rapid recovery of altered cellular homeostasis during viral infection is still a major challenge. Here, we review the strategies by which viruses evade the host's immune response and potential tools used to develop more specific antiviral therapies to cure, control, or prevent viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scheilla T Strumillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denis Kartavykh
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio F de Carvalho
- Departament of Educational Development, Getulio Vargas Foundation, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolly C Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C de Souza Teodoro
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Sobhie Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marli F Curcio
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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83
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Li B, Xiang G, He J, Li H, Xu C, Yu A, Zhao Z, Wang X, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhang H, Xie M, Wang P, Yu D. H7N9 influenza virus surveillance in Gansu, China in 2017. Virus Res 2021; 296:198335. [PMID: 33577861 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Avian H7N9 influenza virus, which emerged in 2013 China, had caused the fifth wave of peaks in 2016-2017. Gansu Province locate in western China far away from the epicenter of the virus, also detected cases in this wave. During the monitoring, five human cases with H7N9 virus infection, three cases in Jiuquan and two cases in Zhangye, were reported and investigated. A total of 88 environmental samples collected from March to June, in poultry farms and live poultry markets were H7N9 positive by real time RT-PCR assay. The two human viruses were identified as LPAI viruses, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses might be introduced into Gansu by two distinct trade routes. Avian influenza H7N9virus posed a pandemic potential to threaten human health, and monitoring among birds and the environment should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baodi Li
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Guofeng Xiang
- Jiuquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiuquan, Gansu, 735000, China
| | - Jun He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Congshan Xu
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Aihong Yu
- Zhangye Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhangye, Gansu, 734000, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Jiuquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiuquan, Gansu, 735000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Mingjun Xie
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Deshan Yu
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
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84
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Sialic Acid Receptors: The Key to Solving the Enigma of Zoonotic Virus Spillover. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020262. [PMID: 33567791 PMCID: PMC7915228 DOI: 10.3390/v13020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viral diseases are a major threat to global health, and nearly two-thirds of emerging human infectious diseases are zoonotic. Most of the human epidemics and pandemics were caused by the spillover of viruses from wild mammals. Viruses that infect humans and a wide range of animals have historically caused devastating epidemics and pandemics. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of viral emergence and zoonotic spillover is still lacking. Receptors are major determinants of host susceptibility to viruses. Animal species sharing host cell receptors that support the binding of multiple viruses can play a key role in virus spillover and the emergence of novel viruses and their variants. Sialic acids (SAs), which are linked to glycoproteins and ganglioside serve as receptors for several human and animal viruses. In particular, influenza and coronaviruses, which represent two of the most important zoonotic threats, use SAs as cellular entry receptors. This is a comprehensive review of our current knowledge of SA receptor distribution among animal species and the range of viruses that use SAs as receptors. SA receptor tropism and the predicted natural susceptibility to viruses can inform targeted surveillance of domestic and wild animals to prevent the future emergence of zoonotic viruses.
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85
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Mtambo SE, Amoako DG, Somboro AM, Agoni C, Lawal MM, Gumede NS, Khan RB, Kumalo HM. Influenza Viruses: Harnessing the Crucial Role of the M2 Ion-Channel and Neuraminidase toward Inhibitor Design. Molecules 2021; 26:880. [PMID: 33562349 PMCID: PMC7916051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, influenza viruses (IVs) are known causative agents of respiratory infection in vertebrates. They remain a major global threat responsible for the most virulent diseases and global pandemics in humans. The virulence of IVs and the consequential high morbidity and mortality of IV infections are primarily attributed to the high mutation rates in the IVs' genome coupled with the numerous genomic segments, which give rise to antiviral resistant and vaccine evading strains. Current therapeutic options include vaccines and small molecule inhibitors, which therapeutically target various catalytic processes in IVs. However, the periodic emergence of new IV strains necessitates the continuous development of novel anti-influenza therapeutic options. The crux of this review highlights the recent studies on the biology of influenza viruses, focusing on the structure, function, and mechanism of action of the M2 channel and neuraminidase as therapeutic targets. We further provide an update on the development of new M2 channel and neuraminidase inhibitors as an alternative to existing anti-influenza therapy. We conclude by highlighting therapeutic strategies that could be explored further towards the design of novel anti-influenza inhibitors with the ability to inhibit resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamadla E. Mtambo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Daniel G. Amoako
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Anou M. Somboro
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Monsurat M. Lawal
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Nelisiwe S. Gumede
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Rene B. Khan
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Hezekiel M. Kumalo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
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86
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Ito G, Morikawa M, Akimoto S, Masatani T, Ozawa M. Establishment of a safe and convenient assay for detection of HA subtype-specific antibodies with PB2 gene-knockout influenza viruses. Virus Res 2021; 295:198331. [PMID: 33539845 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of the epidemic situation is imperative to control the risk of infection with avian influenza H5 and H7 subtype viruses. A microneutralization (MN) assay was employed to detect hemagglutinin (HA) subtype-specific antibodies. However, the conventional MN assay raises biosafety concerns and is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Therefore, a safer and more convenient assay that can be applied in a high-throughput format is warranted. In this study, PB2 knockout (PB2-KO) influenza viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes expressing different colored fluorescent proteins were generated using a reverse genetics system and applied to a novel MN assay for the detection of specific antibodies. The detection sensitivity of our PB2-KO virus-based MN assay was evaluated by observing fluorescent proteins under a fluorescence microscope and measuring fluorescence intensities using a plate reader. In addition, the PB2-KO virus-based MN assay was used for the simultaneous detection of H5 and H7 subtype-specific antibodies in a single assay. Expression of the reporter fluorescent protein from H5 and H7 PB2-KO viruses was restricted toin PB2 protein-expressing cells. The MN titer as determined using fluorescence microscopy and plate reader revealed that the detection sensitivity of our PB2-KO virus-based MN assay was comparable to that of the conventional MN assay. Moreover, H5 and H7 PB2-KO viruses could be usedapplied forto the simultaneous detection of H5 and H7 subtype-specific antibodies in a single assay. Our study demonstrates a safe and convenient assay for the detection of H5 and H7 subtype-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gakushi Ito
- Department of Pathogenetic and Preventive Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Momoko Morikawa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Department of Pathogenetic and Preventive Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Kagoshima Crane Conservation Committee, Izumi, Kagoshima, Japan.
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87
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Huang J, Huang N, Fan M, Zhao L, Luo Y, Ding P, Tian M, Liu Q, Guo Y, Zhao J, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Ping J. Hemagglutinin stalk-based monoclonal antibody elicits broadly reactivity against group 1 influenza A virus. Virol J 2020; 17:191. [PMID: 33287849 PMCID: PMC7720065 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza virus remains a continuous and severe threat to public health worldwide, and its prevention and treatment have always been a major international issue. Because of its ability to evade immune surveillance through rapid antigenic drift and antigenic shift, broad-spectrum vaccines seem increasingly important. Methods A mAb named 3C12 from an immortalized hybrid cell was generated via immunizing mice with HA2 protein from A/chicken/Anhui/BRI99/2016 (AH/BRI99/16, H9N2) generated by prokaryotic expression. Then, its broad-spectrum activity was analyzed by WB and IFA. Next, the minimal linear epitope was identified via analyzing the reaction of a series of HA truncations with 3C12. Finally, the protective effects of 3C12 were evaluated in vitro and in vivo infection experiments.
Results The mAb could react with the viruses of subtypes H1, H2, H5, H8, H9, H12, H13, H16, and HA protein of H18 in group 1, but failed to react with viruses in group 2. The minimal linear epitope targeted by the mAb was 433NAELLVL439 in full length of HA and localized in the C-helix region of HA2 (residue 95-101, HA2 numbering). What’s more, the mAb 3C12 inhibited H1, H2, H5, H8, H9, H12, H13 and H16 virus-replication in vitro and also has shown effectiveness in preventing and treating disease in mice challenged with lethal dose of AH/BRI99/16 (H9N2) virus in vivo. These results suggested that the broadly reactive anti-HA stem mAb 3C12 exhibited prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. Conclusions Here, we have demonstrated that the linear epitope identified in this study could be a novel target for developing broad-spectrum influenza diagnostics or vaccine design, and the HA2-based monoclonal antibody is indeed a promising strategy for broad-spectrum protection against seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjin Huang
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Nan Huang
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Menglu Fan
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lingcai Zhao
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Biotechnology Research laboratory, Jiangsu Lihua Animal Husbandry co. LTD, Changzhou, 213168, China
| | - Pingyun Ding
- Biotechnology Research laboratory, Jiangsu Lihua Animal Husbandry co. LTD, Changzhou, 213168, China
| | - Miao Tian
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qingzheng Liu
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanna Guo
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiqing Zheng
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Biotechnology Research laboratory, Jiangsu Lihua Animal Husbandry co. LTD, Changzhou, 213168, China.
| | - Jihui Ping
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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88
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Blaurock C, Scheibner D, Landmann M, Vallbracht M, Ulrich R, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Mettenleiter TC, Abdelwhab EM. Non-basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site of a European H9N2 avian influenza virus modulate virulence in turkeys. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21226. [PMID: 33277593 PMCID: PMC7718272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is the most widespread low pathogenic (LP) AIV in poultry and poses a serious zoonotic risk. Vaccination is used extensively to mitigate the economic impact of the virus. However, mutations were acquired after long-term circulation of H9N2 virus in poultry, particularly in the hemagglutinin (HA) proteolytic cleavage site (CS), a main virulence determinant of AIV. Compared to chickens, little is known about the genetic determinants for adaptation of H9N2 AIV to turkeys. Here, we describe 36 different CS motifs in Eurasian H9N2 viruses identified from 1966 to 2019. The European H9N2 viruses specify unique HACS with particular polymorphism by insertion of non-basic amino acids at position 319. Recombinant viruses carrying single HACS mutations resembling field viruses were constructed (designated G319, A319, N319, S319, D319 and K319). Several viruses replicated to significantly higher titers in turkey cells than in chicken cells. Serine proteases were more efficient than trypsin to support multicycle replication in mammalian cells. Mutations affected cell-to-cell spread and pH-dependent HA fusion activity. In contrast to chickens, mutations in the HACS modulated clinical signs in inoculated and co-housed turkeys. G319 exhibited the lowest virulence, however, it replicated to significantly higher titers in contact-turkeys and in vitro. Interestingly, H9N2 viruses, particularly G319, replicated in brain cells of turkeys and to a lesser extent in mammalian brain cells independent of trypsin. Therefore, the silent circulation of potentially zoonotic H9N2 viruses in poultry should be monitored carefully. These results are important for understanding the adaptation of H9N2 in poultry and replication in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Blaurock
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Maria Landmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melina Vallbracht
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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89
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Baldinelli F, Papanikolaou A, Stoicescu A, Van der Stede Y, Aznar I. Annual Report on surveillance for Avian Influenza in poultry and wild birds in Member States of the European Union in 2019. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06349. [PMID: 33343737 PMCID: PMC7737617 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Context. Avian influenza (AI) is an infectious viral disease that affects all species of domestic and wild birds. The viruses causing this disease can be of high (HPAI) or low (LPAI) pathogenicity and represent a continuous threat to poultry in Europe. Council Directive 2005/94/EC requires EU Member States (MSs) to carry out surveillance in poultry and wild birds and notify the results to the responsible authority. Therefore, MSs, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom have implemented ongoing surveillance programmes to monitor incursions of AI viruses in poultry and wild birds. EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to collate, validate, analyse and summarise the data resulting from the avian influenza surveillance programmes in an annual report. Poultry. Overall 24,419 poultry establishments (PEs) were sampled, of which 87 were seropositive for H5 virus strains and 22 for H7 strains. Seropositive PEs were found in eight MSs (Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain) and the United Kingdom (also a MS at the time of collection). The highest percentage of seropositive PEs was found in establishments raising waterfowl game birds and breeding geese. Out of the 109 PEs with positive serological tests for H5/H7, only two tested positive in PCR and virology for H5/H7 virus strains, both of which were LPAI strains (H5N1 and H7N7, respectively) and were reported by Denmark. In addition, 12 countries also reported PCR results from 653 PEs carried out either as a screening test or subsequent to a negative serological test result. Five of these PEs were found positive for AI viral RNA: four H5N8 HPAI in Bulgaria and one H7N3 LPAI in Italy. Wild birds. A total of 19,661 dead/moribund wild birds were sampled, with one bird testing positive to HPAI virus H5N6, which was reported by Denmark. In addition, there were 84 birds testing positive for LPAI H5 or H7 virus and 848 birds testing positive for non-H5/H7 AI virus, reported by 30 countries. The surveillance findings for poultry and wild birds for 2019 are discussed in relation to findings from previous years and current knowledge of the epidemiology of AI in Europe.
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90
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Hong SL, Zhang N, Qin L, Tang M, Ai Z, Chen A, Wang S, Liu K. An automated detection of influenza virus based on 3-D magnetophoretic separation and magnetic label. Analyst 2020; 146:930-936. [PMID: 33242034 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01854f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Automated detection of the influenza virus is important for the prevention of infectious viruses. Herein, assisted by three-dimensional (3-D) magnetophoretic separation and magnetic label, an automated detection device was constructed for H7N9 influenza virus hemagglutinin. Multi-layer glass slides were used to generate a 3-D microchannel network with two-level channels, realizing 3-D magnetophoretic separation with a magnetic field in the vertical direction to microchannels for the sample treatment. After the immunomagnetic separation, a magnetic-tagged complex was captured in an antibody-modified glass capillary, where magnetic beads further as a label could cause the voltage change of the miniature tube liquid sensor to obtain the detection signal. Moreover, the whole detection process and detection results were controlled and read through a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen to improve the automation. Finally, the detection limit was calculated to be 8.4 ng mL-1 for H7N9 hemagglutinin and had good specificity and reproducibility. These results indicate that this detection device proposes promising automated avenues for the early detection of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Li Hong
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.
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91
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Tang W, Li X, Tang L, Wang T, He G. Characterization of the low-pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza virus in Shanghai, China. Poult Sci 2020; 100:565-574. [PMID: 33518109 PMCID: PMC7858150 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
H7N7 avian influenza virus (AIV) can divided into low-pathogenic AIV and high-pathogenic AIV groups. It has been shown to infect humans and animals. Its prevalence state in wild birds in China remains largely unclear. In this study, a new strain of H7N7 AIV, designated CM1216, isolated from wild birds in Shanghai, China, was characterized. Phylogenetic and nucleotide sequence analyses of CM1216 revealed that HA, NA, PB1, NP, and M genes shared the highest nucleotide identity with the Japan H7 subtype AIV circulated in 2019; the PB2 and PA genes shared the highest nucleotide identity with the Korea H7 subtype AIV circulated in wild birds in 2018, while NS gene of CM1216 was 98.93% identical to that of the duck AIV circulating in Bangladesh, and they all belong to the Eurasian lineage. A Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction of the 2 surface genes of CM1216 showed that multiple reassortments might have occurred in 2015. Mutations were found in HA (A135 T, T136S, and T160 A [H3 numbering]), M1 (N30D and T215 A), NS1 (P42S and D97 E), PB2 (R389 K), and PA (N383D) proteins; these mutations have been shown to be related to mammalian adaptation and changes in virulence of AIVs. Infection studies demonstrated that CM1216 could infect mice and cause symptoms characteristic of influenza virus infection and proliferate in the lungs without prior adaption. This study demonstrates the need for routine surveillance of AIVs in wild birds and detection of their evolution to become a virus with high pathogenicity and ability to infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Tang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyong Li
- College of Agricultural, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Ling Tang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guimei He
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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92
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Tang S, Zhu W, Wang BZ. Influenza Vaccines toward Universality through Nanoplatforms and Given by Microneedle Patches. Viruses 2020; 12:E1212. [PMID: 33114336 PMCID: PMC7690886 DOI: 10.3390/v12111212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is one of the top threats to public health. The best strategy to prevent influenza is vaccination. Because of the antigenic changes in the major surface antigens of influenza viruses, current seasonal influenza vaccines need to be updated every year to match the circulating strains and are suboptimal for protection. Furthermore, seasonal vaccines do not protect against potential influenza pandemics. A universal influenza vaccine will eliminate the threat of both influenza epidemics and pandemics. Due to the massive challenge in realizing influenza vaccine universality, a single vaccine strategy cannot meet the need. A comprehensive approach that integrates advances in immunogen designs, vaccine and adjuvant nanoplatforms, and vaccine delivery and controlled release has the potential to achieve an effective universal influenza vaccine. This review will summarize the advances in the research and development of an affordable universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.T.); (W.Z.)
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93
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A Review of Avian Influenza A Virus Associations in Synanthropic Birds. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111209. [PMID: 33114239 PMCID: PMC7690888 DOI: 10.3390/v12111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (IAV) have received significant attention due to the threat they pose to human, livestock, and wildlife health. In this review, we focus on what is known about IAV dynamics in less common avian species that may play a role in trafficking IAVs to poultry operations. Specifically, we focus on synanthropic bird species. Synanthropic species, otherwise known as peridomestic, are species that are ecologically associated with humans and anthropogenically modified landscapes, such as agricultural and urban areas. Aquatic birds such as waterfowl and shorebirds are the species most commonly associated with avian IAVs, and are generally considered the reservoir or maintenance hosts in the natural ecology of these viruses. Waterfowl and shorebirds are occasionally associated with poultry facilities, but are uncommon or absent in many areas, especially large commercial operations. In these cases, spillover hosts that share resources with both maintenance hosts and target hosts such as poultry may play an important role in introducing wild bird viruses onto farms. Consequently, our focus here is on what is known about IAV dynamics in synanthropic hosts that are commonly found on both farms and in nearby habitats, such as fields, lakes, wetlands, or riparian areas occupied by waterfowl or shorebirds.
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94
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Ma W. Swine influenza virus: Current status and challenge. Virus Res 2020; 288:198118. [PMID: 32798539 PMCID: PMC7587018 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since swine influenza virus was first isolated in 1930, it has become endemic in pigs worldwide. Although large amount of swine influenza vaccines has been used in swine industry, swine influenza still cannot be efficiently controlled and has been an important economic disease for swine industry. The high diversity and varied distribution of different subtypes and genotypes of swine influenza viruses circulating in pigs globally is a major challenge to produce broadly effective vaccines and control disease. Importantly, swine influenza virus is able to cross species barrier to infect humans and even caused influenza pandemic in 2009. Herein, current status and challenge of swine influenza viruses is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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95
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Fazel P, Mehrabanpour MJ, Shahkarami MK. Phylogenetic Analysis of Hemagglutinin Gene and Evaluation of the Viral Shedding of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Using Real-time RT-PCR in SPF Chickens. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2020; 75:339-348. [PMID: 33025774 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2019.125477.1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the H9N2 influenzavirus has been circulating widely in poultry farms causing extensive damage. The hemagglutinin (HA) genes of the two virus isolates of H9N2 subtype in specific pathogen-free chickens were studied to determine the shedding rate in the host&rsquo;s oropharyngeal and cloacal routes and their genetic relationship. The sequence analysis and phylogenetic study of the samples were performed by comparing each isolate with other H9N2 isolates in the gene bank. In the present study, the chickens were inoculated with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) (A/Chicken/Iran/ZMT-101/1998 [H9N2]) through the intranasal route. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected from the chickens within 1-10 days after inoculation. The rate of viral shedding was measured within the previous 10 days by the real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction molecular technique. No clinical symptoms were observed during the experiment in the chickens. The results obtained from this technique showed that the main route of shedding for LPAIV was oropharyngeal areas (p &lt;0.05). Both isolates had a similar proteolytic R-S-S-R sequence at the cleavage site of the HA gene and contained glutamine (Q) amino acid at position 226 of the HA receptor-binding site, indicating that these isolates were nonpathogenic. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that both isolates belonged to the Eurasian clade. The comparison of these isolates with other isolates in the gene bank showed that they had the greatest similarity with the isolates in clade 1 and the least homology with the isolates in clade 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fazel
- Department of Microbiology, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M J Mehrabanpour
- Department of Virology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Shiraz Branch, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Virology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Shiraz Branch, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran
| | - M K Shahkarami
- Department of Human Viral Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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96
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Soda K, Kashiwabara M, Miura K, Ung TTH, Nguyen HLK, Ito H, Le MQ, Ito T. Characterization of H3 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in Vietnam. Virus Genes 2020; 56:712-723. [PMID: 32996077 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have persisted in domestic poultry in wet markets in East Asian countries. We have performed ongoing virus surveillance in poultry populations in Vietnam since 2011, with the goal of controlling avian influenza. Throughout this study, 110 H3 AIVs were isolated from 2760 swab samples of poultry in markets and duck farms. H3 hemagglutinin (HA) genes of the isolates were phylogenetically classified into eight groups (I-VIII). Genetic diversity was also observed in the other seven gene segments. Groups I-IV also included AIVs from wild waterbirds. The epidemic strains in poultry switched from groups I-III and VI to groups I, IV, V, and VIII around 2013. H3 AIVs in groups I and V were maintained in poultry until at least 2016, which likely accompanied their dissemination from the northern to the southern regions of Vietnam. Groups VI-VIII AIVs were antigenically distinct from the other groups. Some H3 AIV isolates had similar N6 neuraminidase and matrix genes as H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). These results reveal that genetically and antigenically different H3 AIVs have been co-circulating in poultry in Vietnam. Poultry is usually reared outside in this country and is at risk of infection with wild waterbird-originating AIVs. In poultry flocks, the intruded H3 AIVs must have experienced antigenic drift/shift and genetic reassortment, which could contribute to the emergence of H5 HPAIVs with novel gene constellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Mina Kashiwabara
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kozue Miura
- Vietnam Research Station, Nagasaki University, c/o National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trang T H Ung
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hang L K Nguyen
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Mai Q Le
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan. .,Faculty of Agriculture, Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.
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97
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Ushine N, Kurata O, Tanaka Y, Sato T, Kurahashi Y, Hayama SI. The effects of migration on the immunity of Black-Headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus: Laridae). J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1619-1626. [PMID: 32963148 PMCID: PMC7719892 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to elucidate the relationship between migration period and immunity related to susceptibility, we conducted research on Black-headed gulls
(Chroicocephalus ridibundus). We captured 260 gulls and collected their peripheral blood. Their leukocyte (WBC) count, percentages of
heterophils (Het) and lymphocytes (Lym), heterophil and lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio), and CD4 and CD8α expression levels (CD4 and CD8α, respectively) were
quantitatively analyzed over three migration periods (Autumn migration, Wintering, Spring migration). In Adult gulls, WBC counts and CD4 levels significantly
increased. Moreover, the Het and H/L ratio decreased from the Autumn migration to Wintering. Conversely, only WBC counts and CD4 levels measurements
significantly decreased from Wintering to Spring migration (P<0.05). The tested parameters of the Tokyo-bay population show a greater
significant difference than the measurements of immunity of the Mikawa-bay population. This study suggests that the migratory period has a negative effect on an
aspect of the immune system. Including the period-difference in the immune systems in the local population, it is necessary to investigate the relationship
between the ecology of migratory birds and their immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ushine
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Osamu Kurata
- Laboratory of Aquatic Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Sato
- The Friends of the Gyotoku Bird Observatory NPO, 4-22-11 Fukuei, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-0137, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kurahashi
- Japanese Bird Banding Association, 115 Konoyama, Abiko, Chiba 270-1145, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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98
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Nishiyama K, Takeda Y, Maeki M, Ishida A, Tani H, Shigemura K, Hibara A, Yonezawa Y, Imai K, Ogawa H, Tokeshi M. Rapid detection of anti-H5 avian influenza virus antibody by fluorescence polarization immunoassay using a portable fluorescence polarization analyzer. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2020; 316:128160. [PMID: 32322135 PMCID: PMC7172727 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2020.128160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, facile and selective detection of anti-H5 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) antibody in serum by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) was achieved. A fragment of recombinant H5 subtype AIV hemagglutinin was produced and labeled with fluorescein to use it as a labeled antigen in FPIA. This labeled antigen was mixed with anti-AIV sera (H1-H16 subtypes) and FP of the mixture was measured using a portable FP analyzer on a microdevice. It was found that FP increased in proportion to the concentration of anti-H5 AIV antibody (serum) and was significantly higher than FP obtained with the other sera. The selective detection of anti-H5 subtype AIV antibody was confirmed. The required volume of original sample was 2 μL and analysis time was within 20 min. This detection system realizes an efficient on-site diagnosis and surveillance of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keine Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Maeki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ishida
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tani
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Koji Shigemura
- Tianma Japan, Ltd., Shin-Kawasaki Mitsui Building West Tower 28F 1-1-2, Kashimada, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 212-0058, Japan
| | - Akihide Hibara
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Imai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Manabu Tokeshi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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99
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Barberis A, Boudaoud A, Gorrill A, Loupias J, Ghram A, Lachheb J, Alloui N, Ducatez MF. Full-length genome sequences of the first H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated in the Northeast of Algeria. Virol J 2020; 17:108. [PMID: 32680533 PMCID: PMC7366561 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) has a worldwide geographic distribution and affects poultry of different types of production. H9N2 AIV was first reported in the Northeast of Algeria in April 2017, following an outbreak associated with high mortality, in broiler flocks. In the present study, we report full-length genome sequences of AIV H9N2, and the detailed phylogeny and molecular genetic analyses. Methods Ten AIV H9N2 strains, collected in broiler flocks, were amplified in 9-day-old embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs. Their full-length genomes were successfully sequenced and phylogenetic and molecular characterizations were conducted. Results Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates were monophyletic, grouped within the G-1 lineage and were very close to Moroccan and Algerian strains identified in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The low pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed by the sequence motif (335RSSR/GLF341) at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. An exclusive substitution (T197A) that had not been previously reported for H9N2 viruses; but, conserved in some pandemic H1N1 viruses, was observed. When compared to the G1-like H9N2 prototype, the studied strains showed one less glycosylation site in HA, but 2–3 additional ones in the stalk of the neuraminidase (NA). The HA protein harbored the substitution 234 L, suggesting binding preference to human-like receptors. The NA protein harbored S372A and R403W substitutions, previously detected in H9N2 from Asia and the Middle East, and especially in H2N2 and H3N2 strains that caused human pandemics. Different molecular markers associated with virulence and mammalian infections have been detected in the viral internal proteins. The matrix M2 protein possessed the S31N substitution associated with drug resistance. The non-structural 1 (NS1) protein showed the “GSEV” PDZ ligand (PL) C-terminal motif and no 80–84 deletion. Conclusion Characterized Algerian AIV isolates showed mutations that suggest increased zoonotic potential. Additional studies in animal models are required to investigate the pathogenicity of these H9N2 AIV strains. Monitoring their evolution in both migratory and domestic birds is crucial to prevent transmission to humans. Implementation of adequate biosecurity measures that limit the introduction and the propagation of AIV H9N2 in Algerian poultry farm is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelheq Barberis
- Centre de Recherche en Biotechnologie, Nouvelle Ville Ali Mendjeli, El Khroub, Algeria. .,LESPA, Département vétérinaire, ISVSA, Université de Batna, Batna, Algeria.
| | - Amine Boudaoud
- LESPA, Département vétérinaire, ISVSA, Université de Batna, Batna, Algeria
| | - Angelina Gorrill
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Josianne Loupias
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Microbiologie Vétérinaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Lachheb
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Microbiologie Vétérinaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nadir Alloui
- LESPA, Département vétérinaire, ISVSA, Université de Batna, Batna, Algeria
| | - Mariette F Ducatez
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse cedex, France.
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100
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Complete Coding Genome Sequence of an Avian Influenza A/H3N8 Virus Strain Detected in North Kazakhstan in 2018. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/29/e00441-20. [PMID: 32675181 PMCID: PMC7365792 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00441-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the complete coding genome sequence of the influenza A/H3N8 virus, isolated from Anas querquedula in northern Kazakhstan in 2018. Phylogenetic analysis of the surface antigens of strain A/garganey/North-Kazakhstan/45/2018 showed that its hemagglutinin belonged to the Asian line, while its neuraminidase was assigned to the Eurasian group. We report the complete coding genome sequence of the influenza A/H3N8 virus, isolated from Anas querquedula in northern Kazakhstan in 2018. Phylogenetic analysis of the surface antigens of strain A/garganey/North-Kazakhstan/45/2018 showed that its hemagglutinin belonged to the Asian line, while its neuraminidase was assigned to the Eurasian group.
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