51
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Rijsbergen LC, van Dijk LLA, Engel MFM, de Vries RD, de Swart RL. In Vitro Modelling of Respiratory Virus Infections in Human Airway Epithelial Cells - A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683002. [PMID: 34489934 PMCID: PMC8418200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTI) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. A large number of RTIs is caused by viruses, often resulting in more severe disease in infants, elderly and the immunocompromised. Upon viral infection, most individuals experience common cold-like symptoms associated with an upper RTI. However, in some cases a severe and sometimes life-threatening lower RTI may develop. Reproducible and scalable in vitro culture models that accurately reflect the human respiratory tract are needed to study interactions between respiratory viruses and the host, and to test novel therapeutic interventions. Multiple in vitro respiratory cell culture systems have been described, but the majority of these are based on immortalized cell lines. Although useful for studying certain aspects of viral infections, such monomorphic, unicellular systems fall short in creating an understanding of the processes that occur at an integrated tissue level. Novel in vitro models involving primary human airway epithelial cells and, more recently, human airway organoids, are now in use. In this review, we describe the evolution of in vitro cell culture systems and their characteristics in the context of viral RTIs, starting from advances after immortalized cell cultures to more recently developed organoid systems. Furthermore, we describe how these models are used in studying virus-host interactions, e.g. tropism and receptor studies as well as interactions with the innate immune system. Finally, we provide an outlook for future developments in this field, including co-factors that mimic the microenvironment in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine C. Rijsbergen
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura L. A. van Dijk
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten F. M. Engel
- Medical Library, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rory D. de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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52
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Huang Q, Chen L, Bai Q, Tong T, Zhou Y, Li Z, Lu C, Chen S, Chen L. The roles of microRNAs played in lung diseases via regulating cell apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:4265-4275. [PMID: 34398353 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of endogenous non-coding short-chain RNA, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of many essential cellular functions, including cellular migration, proliferation, invasion, autophagy, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and differentiation. The lung can be damaged by pathogenic microorganisms, as well as physical or chemical factors. Research has confirmed that miRNAs and lung cell apoptosis can affect the development and progression of several lung diseases. This article reviews the role of miRNAs in the development of lung disease through regulating host cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Huang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, College of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, College of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qinqin Bai
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, College of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Tong
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, College of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, College of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Chunxue Lu
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, College of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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53
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Tindle C, Fuller M, Fonseca A, Taheri S, Ibeawuchi SR, Beutler N, Katkar GD, Claire A, Castillo V, Hernandez M, Russo H, Duran J, Crotty Alexander LE, Tipps A, Lin G, Thistlethwaite PA, Chattopadhyay R, Rogers TF, Sahoo D, Ghosh P, Das S. Adult stem cell-derived complete lung organoid models emulate lung disease in COVID-19. eLife 2021; 10:e66417. [PMID: 34463615 PMCID: PMC8463074 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, causes widespread damage in the lungs in the setting of an overzealous immune response whose origin remains unclear. Methods We present a scalable, propagable, personalized, cost-effective adult stem cell-derived human lung organoid model that is complete with both proximal and distal airway epithelia. Monolayers derived from adult lung organoids (ALOs), primary airway cells, or hiPSC-derived alveolar type II (AT2) pneumocytes were infected with SARS-CoV-2 to create in vitro lung models of COVID-19. Results Infected ALO monolayers best recapitulated the transcriptomic signatures in diverse cohorts of COVID-19 patient-derived respiratory samples. The airway (proximal) cells were critical for sustained viral infection, whereas distal alveolar differentiation (AT2→AT1) was critical for mounting the overzealous host immune response in fatal disease; ALO monolayers with well-mixed proximodistal airway components recapitulated both. Conclusions Findings validate a human lung model of COVID-19, which can be immediately utilized to investigate COVID-19 pathogenesis and vet new therapies and vaccines. Funding This work was supported by the National Institutes for Health (NIH) grants 1R01DK107585-01A1, 3R01DK107585-05S1 (to SD); R01-AI141630, CA100768 and CA160911 (to PG) and R01-AI 155696 (to PG, DS and SD); R00-CA151673 and R01-GM138385 (to DS), R01- HL32225 (to PT), UCOP-R00RG2642 (to SD and PG), UCOP-R01RG3780 (to P.G. and D.S) and a pilot award from the Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center at UC San Diego Health (P.G, S.D, D.S). GDK was supported through The American Association of Immunologists Intersect Fellowship Program for Computational Scientists and Immunologists. L.C.A's salary was supported in part by the VA San Diego Healthcare System. This manuscript includes data generated at the UC San Diego Institute of Genomic Medicine (IGC) using an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 that was purchased with funding from a National Institutes of Health SIG grant (#S10 OD026929).
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Tindle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - MacKenzie Fuller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ayden Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Sahar Taheri
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Stella-Rita Ibeawuchi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Gajanan Dattatray Katkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Amanraj Claire
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Vanessa Castillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Moises Hernandez
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Hana Russo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Jason Duran
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, United States
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ann Tipps
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Grace Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Ranajoy Chattopadhyay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- Cell Applications Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Soumita Das
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
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Heydari Z, Moeinvaziri F, Agarwal T, Pooyan P, Shpichka A, Maiti TK, Timashev P, Baharvand H, Vosough M. Organoids: a novel modality in disease modeling. Biodes Manuf 2021; 4:689-716. [PMID: 34395032 PMCID: PMC8349706 DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Limitations of monolayer culture conditions have motivated scientists to explore new models that can recapitulate the architecture and function of human organs more accurately. Recent advances in the improvement of protocols have resulted in establishing three-dimensional (3D) organ-like architectures called ‘organoids’ that can display the characteristics of their corresponding real organs, including morphological features, functional activities, and personalized responses to specific pathogens. We discuss different organoid-based 3D models herein, which are classified based on their original germinal layer. Studies of organoids simulating the complexity of real tissues could provide novel platforms and opportunities for generating practical knowledge along with preclinical studies, including drug screening, toxicology, and molecular pathophysiology of diseases. This paper also outlines the key challenges, advantages, and prospects of current organoid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heydari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, 14155-4364 Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, 14155-4364 Iran
| | - Farideh Moeinvaziri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, 14155-4364 Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, 14155-4364 Iran
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Paria Pooyan
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, 14155-4364 Iran
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 19991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tapas K. Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Peter Timashev
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 19991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, 14155-4364 Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, 14155-4364 Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, 14155-4364 Iran
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, 14155-4364 Iran
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55
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de Oliveira M, De Sibio MT, Costa FAS, Sakalem ME. Airway and Alveoli Organoids as Valuable Research Tools in COVID-19. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3487-3502. [PMID: 34288642 PMCID: PMC8315244 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, affects tissues from different body systems but mostly the respiratory system, and the damage evoked in the lungs may occasionally result in severe respiratory complications and eventually lead to death. Studies of human respiratory infections have been limited by the scarcity of functional models that mimic in vivo physiology and pathophysiology. In the last decades, organoid models have emerged as potential research tools due to the possibility of reproducing in vivo tissue in culture. Despite being studied for over one year, there is still no effective treatment against COVID-19, and investigations using pulmonary tissue and possible therapeutics are still very limited. Thus, human lung organoids can provide robust support to simulate SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication and aid in a better understanding of their effects in human tissue. The present review describes methodological aspects of different protocols to develop airway and alveoli organoids, which have a promising perspective to further investigate COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriane de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine
School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), District of
Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - Maria T. De Sibio
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine
School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), District of
Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - Felipe A. S. Costa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of
Agricultural Sciences, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, Central
Multiuser Laboratory, Av. Universitária, no 3780, Altos do
Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marna E. Sakalem
- Department of Anatomy, CCB, State
University of Londrina (UEL), Campus Universitário s/n, Caixa
Postal 10011, 86057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
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56
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Goldsteen PA, Yoseif C, Dolga AM, Gosens R. Human pluripotent stem cells for the modelling and treatment of respiratory diseases. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/161/210042. [PMID: 34348980 PMCID: PMC9488746 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0042-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, representing a major unmet medical need. New chemical entities rarely make it into the clinic to treat respiratory diseases, which is partially due to a lack of adequate predictive disease models and the limited availability of human lung tissues to model respiratory disease. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) may help fill this gap by serving as a scalable human in vitro model. In addition, human in vitro models of rare genetic mutations can be generated using hPSCs. hPSC-derived epithelial cells and organoids have already shown great potential for the understanding of disease mechanisms, for finding new potential targets by using high-throughput screening platforms, and for personalised treatments. These potentials can also be applied to other hPSC-derived lung cell types in the future. In this review, we will discuss how hPSCs have brought, and may continue to bring, major changes to the field of respiratory diseases by understanding the molecular mechanisms of the pathology and by finding efficient therapeutics. Human pluripotent stem cells may help to develop animal-free, fully human in vitro models to advance our understanding of disease mechanisms, for finding new potential targets by using high-throughput screening platforms, and for personalised treatments.https://bit.ly/3cahaqz
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Affiliation(s)
- Pien A Goldsteen
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands .,GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Yoseif
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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57
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Chen KG, Park K, Spence JR. Studying SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and therapeutic responses with complex organoids. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:822-833. [PMID: 34341531 PMCID: PMC8355201 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical management of patients with severe complications of COVID-19 has been hindered by a lack of effective drugs and a failure to capture the extensive heterogeneity of the disease with conventional methods. Here we review the emerging roles of complex organoids in the study of SARS-CoV-2 infection, modelling of COVID-19 disease pathology and in drug, antibody and vaccine development. We discuss opportunities for COVID-19 research and remaining challenges in the application of organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kyeyoon Park
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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58
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Tavakol DN, Fleischer S, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Harnessing organs-on-a-chip to model tissue regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:993-1015. [PMID: 34087161 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has markedly matured since its early beginnings in the 1980s. In addition to the original goal to regenerate damaged organs, the field has started to explore modeling of human physiology "in a dish." Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies now enable studies of organ regeneration and disease modeling in a patient-specific context. We discuss the potential of "organ-on-a-chip" systems to study regenerative therapies with focus on three distinct organ systems: cardiac, respiratory, and hematopoietic. We propose that the combinatorial studies of human tissues at these two scales would help realize the translational potential of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon Fleischer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY.
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59
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Li L, Feng J, Zhao S, Rong Z, Lin Y. SOX9 inactivation affects the proliferation and differentiation of human lung organoids. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:343. [PMID: 34112251 PMCID: PMC8194236 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The regulation of the transcription factor sex-determining region Y-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) in lung development has been described in mouse, but the same principles apply to human lung development is unknown due to a lack of appropriate experimental approaches and models. Methods Here, we used gene editing technology to inactivate SOX9 in human embryonic stem cells that were then induced to differentiate into lung organoids to investigate the role of SOX9 in human lung epithelium development. Results Complete knockout of the transactivation domain of SOX9 by gene editing resulted in indels in both alleles of SOX9. SOX9−/− hESCs could be induced to differentiate into lung progenitor organoids. In vitro long-term expansion showed that SOX9 inactivation did not affect the differentiation of pulmonary epithelial cells, but promoted apoptosis and reduced proliferative capacity in the organoids. When lung progenitor organoids were transplanted under the kidney capsule of immunodeficient mice, expression of the club cell marker secretoglobin family 1A member 1 (SCGB1A1) was detected in SOX9−/− transplants but was absent in wild-type (WT) transplants. The maturation of goblet cells was also affected by SOX9 inactivation, as evidenced by the presence of mucin 5 AC (MUC5AC) in the cytoplasm of SOX9−/− grafts as compared to WT grafts in which most MUC5AC was secreted into the lumen. In vivo lung orthotopic transplantations showed that SOX9 inactivation had a limited effect on the differentiation of alveolar cells and lung regeneration in injured mice. Conclusions SOX9 modulates the proliferative capacity of lung epithelium but is not an indispensable transcription factor in the regulation of human lung epithelium development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02422-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jianqi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhili Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China. .,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510005, China.
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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60
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Archer F, Bobet-Erny A, Gomes M. State of the art on lung organoids in mammals. Vet Res 2021; 52:77. [PMID: 34078444 PMCID: PMC8170649 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The number and severity of diseases affecting lung development and adult respiratory function have stimulated great interest in developing new in vitro models to study lung in different species. Recent breakthroughs in 3-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures have led to new physiological in vitro models that better mimic the lung than conventional 2D cultures. Lung organoids simulate multiple aspects of the real organ, making them promising and useful models for studying organ development, function and disease (infection, cancer, genetic disease). Due to their dynamics in culture, they can serve as a sustainable source of functional cells (biobanking) and be manipulated genetically. Given the differences between species regarding developmental kinetics, the maturation of the lung at birth, the distribution of the different cell populations along the respiratory tract and species barriers for infectious diseases, there is a need for species-specific lung models capable of mimicking mammal lungs as they are of great interest for animal health and production, following the One Health approach. This paper reviews the latest developments in the growing field of lung organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Archer
- UMR754, IVPC, INRAE, EPHE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Alexandra Bobet-Erny
- UMR754, IVPC, INRAE, EPHE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Maryline Gomes
- UMR754, IVPC, INRAE, EPHE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007, Lyon, France
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Barron SL, Saez J, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Studying Respiratory Host-Pathogen Interactions. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000624. [PMID: 33943040 PMCID: PMC8212094 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases and lower respiratory tract infections are among the leading cause of death worldwide and, especially given the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 pandemic, are of high and prevalent socio-economic importance. In vitro models, which accurately represent the lung microenvironment, are of increasing significance given the ethical concerns around animal work and the lack of translation to human disease, as well as the lengthy time to market and the attrition rates associated with clinical trials. This review gives an overview of the biological and immunological components involved in regulating the respiratory epithelium system in health, disease, and infection. The evolution from 2D to 3D cell biology and to more advanced technological integrated models for studying respiratory host-pathogen interactions are reviewed and provide a reference point for understanding the in vitro modeling requirements. Finally, the current limitations and future perspectives for advancing this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Barron
- Bioassay Impurities and QualityBiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentR&DAstraZenecaCambridgeCB21 6GPUK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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62
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Yu J. Organoids: A New Model for SARS-CoV-2 Translational Research. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 14:138-149. [PMID: 33632991 PMCID: PMC8138661 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia epidemic is a thorny public health problem faced by health officials and a major cause of concern for health professionals. However, the currently used immortalized cell lines and animal models, though easy to manipulate, can not thoroughly simulate real viral activity due to a lack of target cells, species isolation, and insufficient adequate tissues and organs for clinical research. Organoid that emerges as an effective model and time-saving approach can simulate the viral life cycle in vitro and explore a therapeutic target for antiviral drug development. The 3D tissue cultures contain patient-specific stem cells in vitro to mimic the complexity of real tissue within the 3D microstructure that has the same functionality as the tissue of interest. It avoids the problems such as the distortion of genetic markers and animal ethics of using 2D cultures for animal testing and can be employed in studies of specific-organ viral infections to fully understand the physiopathological mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection for vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Hematology, Pan Zhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, China
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63
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Barrantes FJ. The Contribution of Biophysics and Structural Biology to Current Advances in COVID-19. Annu Rev Biophys 2021; 50:493-523. [PMID: 33957057 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-102620-080956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Critical to viral infection are the multiple interactions between viral proteins and host-cell counterparts. The first such interaction is the recognition of viral envelope proteins by surface receptors that normally fulfil other physiological roles, a hijacking mechanism perfected over the course of evolution. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has successfully adopted this strategy using its spike glycoprotein to dock on the membrane-bound metalloprotease angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The crystal structures of several SARS-CoV-2 proteins alone or in complex with their receptors or other ligands were recently solved at an unprecedented pace. This accomplishment is partly due to the increasing availability of data on other coronaviruses and ACE2 over the past 18 years. Likewise, other key intervening actors and mechanisms of viral infection were elucidated with the aid of biophysical approaches. An understanding of the various structurally important motifs of the interacting partners provides key mechanistic information for the development of structure-based designer drugs able to inhibit various steps of the infective cycle, including neutralizing antibodies, small organic drugs, and vaccines. This review analyzes current progress and the outlook for future structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Barrantes
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)-National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentina (CONICET), C1107AFF Buenos Aires, Argentina;
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64
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Yi HG, Kim H, Kwon J, Choi YJ, Jang J, Cho DW. Application of 3D bioprinting in the prevention and the therapy for human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:177. [PMID: 33986257 PMCID: PMC8119699 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid development of vaccines and therapeutics is necessary to tackle the emergence of new pathogens and infectious diseases. To speed up the drug discovery process, the conventional development pipeline can be retooled by introducing advanced in vitro models as alternatives to conventional infectious disease models and by employing advanced technology for the production of medicine and cell/drug delivery systems. In this regard, layer-by-layer construction with a 3D bioprinting system or other technologies provides a beneficial method for developing highly biomimetic and reliable in vitro models for infectious disease research. In addition, the high flexibility and versatility of 3D bioprinting offer advantages in the effective production of vaccines, therapeutics, and relevant delivery systems. Herein, we discuss the potential of 3D bioprinting technologies for the control of infectious diseases. We also suggest that 3D bioprinting in infectious disease research and drug development could be a significant platform technology for the rapid and automated production of tissue/organ models and medicines in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Gyeong Yi
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Hyeonji Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Junyoung Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Yeong-Jin Choi
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials Research, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), 797 Changwondaero, Changwon, Kyungnam, 51508, Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 37673, Korea.
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 37673, Korea.
- Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 37673, Korea.
- Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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65
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Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Subgroup A and B Infections in Nasal, Bronchial, Small-Airway, and Organoid-Derived Respiratory Cultures. mSphere 2021; 6:6/3/e00237-21. [PMID: 33980679 PMCID: PMC8125053 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00237-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young infants and causes almost 200,000 deaths per year. Currently, there is no vaccine or treatment available, only a prophylactic monoclonal antibody (palivizumab). Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in infants. Two subgroups of HRSV (A and B) routinely cocirculate. Most research has been performed with HRSV-A strains because these are easier to culture than HRSV-B strains. In this study, we aimed to compare the replicative fitness and HRSV-induced innate cytokine responses of HRSV-A and HRSV-B strains in disease-relevant cell culture models. We used two recombinant (r) clinical isolate-based HRSV strains (A11 and B05) and one recombinant laboratory-adapted HRSV strain (A2) to infect commercially available nasal, bronchial, and small-airway cultures. Epithelial cells from all anatomical locations were susceptible to HRSV infection despite the induction of a dominant type III interferon response. Subgroup A viruses disseminated and replicated faster than the subgroup B virus. Additionally, we studied HRSV infection and innate responses in airway organoids (AOs) cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI). Results were similar to the commercially obtained bronchial cells. In summary, we show that HRSV replicates well in cells from both the upper and the lower airways, with a slight replicative advantage for subgroup A viruses. Lastly, we showed that AOs cultured at ALI are a valuable model for studying HRSV ex vivo and that they can be used in the future to study factors that influence HRSV disease severity. IMPORTANCE Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young infants and causes almost 200,000 deaths per year. Currently, there is no vaccine or treatment available, only a prophylactic monoclonal antibody (palivizumab). An important question in HRSV pathogenesis research is why only a fraction (1 to 3%) of infants develop severe disease. Model systems comprising disease-relevant HRSV isolates and accurate and reproducible cell culture models are indispensable to study infection, replication, and innate immune responses. Here, we used differentiated AOs cultured at ALI to model the human airways. Subgroup A viruses replicated better than subgroup B viruses, which we speculate fits with epidemiological findings that subgroup A viruses cause more severe disease in infants. By using AOs cultured at ALI, we present a highly relevant, robust, and reproducible model that allows for future studies into what drives severe HRSV disease.
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66
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Tindle C, Fuller M, Fonseca A, Taheri S, Ibeawuchi SR, Beutler N, Katkar G, Claire A, Castillo V, Hernandez M, Russo H, Duran J, Crotty Alexander LE, Tipps A, Lin G, Thistlethwaite PA, Chattopadhyay R, Rogers TF, Sahoo D, Ghosh P, Das S. Adult Stem Cell-derived Complete Lung Organoid Models Emulate Lung Disease in COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2020.10.17.344002. [PMID: 33106807 PMCID: PMC7587781 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.17.344002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, causes widespread damage in the lungs in the setting of an overzealous immune response whose origin remains unclear. We present a scalable, propagable, personalized, cost-effective adult stem cell-derived human lung organoid model that is complete with both proximal and distal airway epithelia. Monolayers derived from adult lung organoids (ALOs), primary airway cells, or hiPSC-derived alveolar type-II (AT2) pneumocytes were infected with SARS-CoV-2 to create in vitro lung models of COVID-19. Infected ALO-monolayers best recapitulated the transcriptomic signatures in diverse cohorts of COVID-19 patient-derived respiratory samples. The airway (proximal) cells were critical for sustained viral infection whereas distal alveolar differentiation (AT2→AT1) was critical for mounting the overzealous host immune response in fatal disease; ALO monolayers with well-mixed proximodistal airway components recapitulated both. Findings validate a human lung model of COVID-19 which can be immediately utilized to investigate COVID-19 pathogenesis, and vet new therapies and vaccines.
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67
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The role of syncytia during viral infections. J Theor Biol 2021; 525:110749. [PMID: 33964289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common, contagious infection of the lungs and the respiratory tract. RSV is characterized by syncytia, which are multinuclear cells created by cells that have fused together. We use a mathematical model to study how different assumptions about the viral production and lifespan of syncytia change the resulting infection time course. We find that the effect of syncytia on viral titer is only apparent when the basic reproduction number for infection via syncytia formation is similar to the reproduction number for cell free viral transmission. When syncytia fusion rate is high, we find the presence of syncytia can lead to slowly growing infections if viral production is suppressed in syncytia. Our model provides insight into how the presence of syncytia can affect the time course of a viral infection.
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68
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Wang A, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Li X, Li K, Li Y, Wang J, Li L, Chen H. Inhibition of Gabrp reduces the differentiation of airway epithelial progenitor cells into goblet cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:720. [PMID: 34007329 PMCID: PMC8120639 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is an intractable pulmonary disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide, with the overproduction of mucus contributing to high morbidity and mortality. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is associated with goblet cell hyperplasia in the lungs of primate models and Club cells serve as airway epithelial progenitor cells that may differentiate into goblet and ciliated cells. In the present study, it was investigated whether the GABAA receptor pi (Gabrp) is essential for Club cell proliferation and differentiation in mice. Validation of microarray analysis results by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) demonstrated that Gabrp is highly expressed in mouse Club cells. Predominant expression of Gabrp in mouse Club cells was further confirmed based on naphthalene-induced Club cell injury in mice, with organoid cultures indicating significant reductions in the organoid-forming ability of mouse Club cells in the presence of Gabrp antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI). Furthermore, the RT-qPCR results indicated that the mRNA levels of chloride channel accessory 3, pseudogene (Clca3p), mucin (Muc)5Ac and Muc5B were significantly decreased in BMI organoid cultures. These results suggested that blocking GABA signaling through Gabrp inhibits mouse Club cell proliferation, as well as differentiation into goblet cells. Therefore, targeting GABA/Gabrp signaling may represent a promising strategy for treating goblet cell hyperplasia in bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Kuan Li
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Jianhai Wang
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China.,Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
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69
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van der Vaart J, Clevers H. Airway organoids as models of human disease. J Intern Med 2021; 289:604-613. [PMID: 32350962 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies developing and applying organoid technology have greatly increased in volume and visibility over the past decade. Organoids are three-dimensional structures that are established from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) or adult tissue stem cells (ASCs). They consist of organ-specific cell types that self-organize through cell sorting and spatially restricted lineage commitment to generate architectural and functional characteristics of the tissue of interest. The field of respiratory development and disease has been particularly productive in this regard. Starting from human cells (PSCs or ASCs), models of the two segments of the lung, the airways and the alveoli, can be built. Such organoids allow the study of development, physiology and disease and thus bridge the gap between animal models and clinical studies. This review discusses current developments in the pulmonary organoid field, highlighting the potential and limitations of current models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van der Vaart
- From the, Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - H Clevers
- From the, Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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70
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Youhanna S, Wright SC, Lauschke VM. Organotypic human ex vivo models for coronavirus disease 2019 research and drug development. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 59:11-18. [PMID: 34029832 PMCID: PMC8075816 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019, intense research efforts on an unprecedented scale have focused on the study of viral entry mechanisms and adaptive immunity. While the identification of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and other co-receptors has elucidated the molecular and structural basis for viral entry, the pathobiological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 in human tissues are less understood. Recent advances in bioengineering have opened opportunities for the use of organotypic human tissue models to investigate host-virus interactions and test antiviral drug candidates in a physiological context. Although it is too early to accurately quantify the added value of these systems compared with conventional cell systems, it can be assumed that these advanced three-dimensional (3D) models contribute toward improved result translation. This mini-review summarizes recent work to study SARS-CoV-2 infection in human 3D tissue models with an emphasis on the pharmacological tools that have been developed to understand and prevent viral entry and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shane C Wright
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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71
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Basil MC, Katzen J, Engler AE, Guo M, Herriges MJ, Kathiriya JJ, Windmueller R, Ysasi AB, Zacharias WJ, Chapman HA, Kotton DN, Rock JR, Snoeck HW, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Whitsett JA, Morrisey EE. The Cellular and Physiological Basis for Lung Repair and Regeneration: Past, Present, and Future. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 26:482-502. [PMID: 32243808 PMCID: PMC7128675 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system, which includes the trachea, airways, and distal alveoli, is a complex multi-cellular organ that intimately links with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange. In this review and as members of the NIH/NHLBI-supported Progenitor Cell Translational Consortium, we discuss key aspects of lung repair and regeneration. We focus on the cellular compositions within functional niches, cell-cell signaling in homeostatic health, the responses to injury, and new methods to study lung repair and regeneration. We also provide future directions for an improved understanding of the cell biology of the respiratory system, as well as new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Basil
- Department of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeremy Katzen
- Department of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anna E Engler
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Minzhe Guo
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael J Herriges
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jaymin J Kathiriya
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rebecca Windmueller
- Department of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandra B Ysasi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - William J Zacharias
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Hal A Chapman
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jason R Rock
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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72
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Outlaw VK, Cheloha RW, Jurgens EM, Bovier FT, Zhu Y, Kreitler DF, Harder O, Niewiesk S, Porotto M, Gellman SH, Moscona A. Engineering Protease-Resistant Peptides to Inhibit Human Parainfluenza Viral Respiratory Infection. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5958-5966. [PMID: 33825470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lower respiratory tract infections affecting children worldwide are in large part caused by the parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), particularly HPIV3, along with human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus, enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses. There are no vaccines for these important human pathogens, and existing treatments have limited or no efficacy. Infection by HPIV is initiated by viral glycoprotein-mediated fusion between viral and host cell membranes. A viral fusion protein (F), once activated in proximity to a target cell, undergoes a series of conformational changes that first extend the trimer subunits to allow insertion of the hydrophobic domains into the target cell membrane and then refold the trimer into a stable postfusion state, driving the merger of the viral and host cell membranes. Lipopeptides derived from the C-terminal heptad repeat (HRC) domain of HPIV3 F inhibit infection by interfering with the structural transitions of the trimeric F assembly. Clinical application of this strategy, however, requires improving the in vivo stability of antiviral peptides. We show that the HRC peptide backbone can be modified via partial replacement of α-amino acid residues with β-amino acid residues to generate α/β-peptides that retain antiviral activity but are poor protease substrates. Relative to a conventional α-lipopeptide, our best α/β-lipopeptide exhibits improved persistence in vivo and improved anti-HPIV3 antiviral activity in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor K Outlaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ross W Cheloha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Eric M Jurgens
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Francesca T Bovier
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, 81100, Italy.,Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States.,Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States.,Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Dale F Kreitler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Olivia Harder
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, 81100, Italy.,Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States.,Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States.,Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
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73
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Frum T, Spence JR. hPSC-derived organoids: models of human development and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:463-473. [PMID: 32857169 PMCID: PMC7914270 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have emerged as important models for investigating human-specific aspects of development and disease. Here we discuss hPSC-derived organoids through the lens of development-highlighting how stages of human development align with the development of hPSC-derived organoids in the tissue culture dish. Using hPSC-derived lung and intestinal organoids as examples, we discuss the value and application of such systems for understanding human biology, as well as strategies for enhancing organoid complexity and maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Frum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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74
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de Carvalho ALRT, Liu HY, Chen YW, Porotto M, Moscona A, Snoeck HW. The in vitro multilineage differentiation and maturation of lung and airway cells from human pluripotent stem cell-derived lung progenitors in 3D. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:1802-1829. [PMID: 33649566 PMCID: PMC9460941 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lung and airway epithelial cells generated in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have applications in regenerative medicine, modeling of lung disease, drug screening and studies of human lung development. Here, we describe a strategy for directed differentiation of hPSCs into mature lung and airway epithelial cells obtained through maturation of NKX2.1+ hPSC-derived lung progenitors in a 3D matrix of collagen I in the absence of glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibition. This protocol is an extension of our previously published protocol on the directed differentiation of lung and airway epithelium from hPSCs that modifies the technique and offers additional applications. This protocol is conducted in defined media conditions, has a duration of 50-80 d, does not require reporter lines and results in cultures containing mature alveolar type II and I cells as well as airway basal, ciliated, club and neuroendocrine cells. We also present a flow cytometry strategy to assess maturation in the cultures. Several of these populations, including mature NGFR+ basal cells, can be prospectively isolated by cell sorting and expanded for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Rodrigues Toste de Carvalho
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University
Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center,
New York, NY 10032, USA,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School
of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal,ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory,
4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Hsiao-Yun Liu
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University
Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center,
New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University
Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center,
New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical
Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States,Center for Host–Pathogen Interaction, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania
‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Italy
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical
Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States,Center for Host–Pathogen Interaction, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States,Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics,
Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University
Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center,
New York, NY 10032, USA,Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Correspondence should be addressed to H.W.S
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75
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Ertas YN, Mahmoodi M, Shahabipour F, Jahed V, Diltemiz SE, Tutar R, Ashammakhi N. Role of biomaterials in the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and study of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:35-55. [PMID: 33748672 PMCID: PMC7962632 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently emerged novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the resulting corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to urgent search for methods to prevent and treat COVID-19. Among important disciplines that were mobilized is the biomaterials science and engineering. Biomaterials offer a range of possibilities to develop disease models, protective, diagnostic, therapeutic, monitoring measures, and vaccines. Among the most important contributions made so far from this field are tissue engineering, organoids, and organ-on-a-chip systems, which have been the important frontiers in developing tissue models for viral infection studies. Also, due to low bioavailability and limited circulation time of conventional antiviral drugs, controlled and targeted drug delivery could be applied alternatively. Fortunately, at the time of writing this paper, we have two successful vaccines and new at-home detection platforms. In this paper, we aim to review recent advances of biomaterial-based platforms for protection, diagnosis, vaccination, therapeutics, and monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss challenges and possible future research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mahboobeh Mahmoodi
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Shahabipour
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Jahed
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rumeysa Tutar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
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76
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Fang KY, Cao WC, Xie TA, Lv J, Chen JX, Cao XJ, Li ZW, Deng ST, Guo XG. Exploration and validation of related hub gene expression during SARS-CoV-2 infection of human bronchial organoids. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:18. [PMID: 33726831 PMCID: PMC7962432 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the novel coronavirus pandemic, the high infection rate and high mortality have seriously affected people’s health and social order. To better explore the infection mechanism and treatment, the three-dimensional structure of human bronchus has been employed in a better in-depth study on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods We downloaded a separate microarray from the Integrated Gene Expression System (GEO) on a human bronchial organoids sample to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGS) and analyzed it with R software. After processing with R software, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto PBMCs of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were analyzed, while a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to show the interactions and influence relationships between these differential genes. Finally, the selected highly connected genes, which are called hub genes, were verified in CytoHubba plug-in. Results In this study, a total of 966 differentially expressed genes, including 490 upregulated genes and 476 downregulated genes were used. Analysis of GO and KEGG revealed that these differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in pathways related to immune response and cytokines. We construct protein-protein interaction network and identify 10 hub genes, including IL6, MMP9, IL1B, CXCL8, ICAM1, FGF2, EGF, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, and FN1. Finally, with the help of GSE150728, we verified that CXCl1, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL5, EGF differently expressed before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection in clinical patients. Conclusions In this study, we used mRNA expression data from GSE150819 to preliminarily confirm the feasibility of hBO as an in vitro model to further study the pathogenesis and potential treatment of COVID-19. Moreover, based on the mRNA differentiated expression of this model, we found that CXCL8, CXCL10, and EGF are hub genes in the process of SARS-COV-2 infection, and we emphasized their key roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection. And we also suggested that further study of these hub genes may be beneficial to treatment, prognostic prediction of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ying Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Wen-Chao Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Tian-Ao Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jie Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jia-Xin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xun-Jie Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Shu-Ting Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xu-Guang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China. .,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China. .,Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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77
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Primary differentiated respiratory epithelial cells respond to apical measles virus infection by shedding multinucleated giant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2013264118. [PMID: 33836570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013264118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is highly infectious by the respiratory route and remains an important cause of childhood mortality. However, the process by which MeV infection is efficiently established in the respiratory tract is controversial with suggestions that respiratory epithelial cells are not susceptible to infection from the apical mucosal surface. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that infection is initiated in lung macrophages or dendritic cells and that epithelial infection is subsequently established through the basolateral surface by infected lymphocytes. To better understand the process of respiratory tract initiation of MeV infection, primary differentiated respiratory epithelial cell cultures were established from rhesus macaque tracheal and nasal tissues. Infection of these cultures with MeV from the apical surface was more efficient than from the basolateral surface with shedding of viable MeV-producing multinucleated giant cell (MGC) syncytia from the surface. Despite presence of MGCs and infectious virus in supernatant fluids after apical infection, infected cells were not detected in the adherent epithelial sheet and transepithelial electrical resistance was maintained. After infection from the basolateral surface, epithelial damage and large clusters of MeV-positive cells were observed. Treatment with fusion inhibitory peptides showed that MeV production after apical infection was not dependent on infection of the basolateral surface. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that MeV infection is initiated by apical infection of respiratory epithelial cells with subsequent infection of lymphoid tissue and systemic spread.
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78
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Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional structures that are derived from the self-organization of stem cells as they differentiate in vitro. The plasticity of stem cells is one of the major criteria for generating organoids most similar to the tissue structures they intend to mimic. Stem cells are cells with unique properties of self-renewal and differentiation. Depending on their origin, a distinction is made between pluripotent (embryonic) stem cells (PSCs), adult (or tissue) stem cells (ASCs), and those obtained by somatic reprogramming, so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). While most data since the 1980s have been acquired in the mouse model, and then from the late 1990s in humans, the process of somatic reprogammation has revolutionized the field of stem cell research. For domestic animals, numerous attempts have been made to obtain PSCs and iPSCs, an approach that makes it possible to omit the use of embryos to derive the cells. Even if the plasticity of the cells obtained is not always optimal, the recent progress in obtaining reprogrammed cells is encouraging. Along with PSCs and iPSCs, many organoid derivations in animal species are currently obtained from ASCs. In this study, we present state-of-the-art stem cell research according to their origins in the various animal models developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Pain
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, CSC USC1361, Bron, France.
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79
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Lee J, Kim JH, Hong SH, Yang SR. Organoid Model in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 14:1-8. [PMID: 33122472 PMCID: PMC7904526 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive- fibrosing disease characterized by extensive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), scarring of the lung parenchyma. Despite increased awareness of IPF, etiology and physiological mechanism of IPF are unclear. Therefore, preclinical model will require relevant and recapitulative features of IPF. Recently, pluripotent stem cells (PSC)-based organoid studies are emerging as an alternative approach able to recapitulate tissue architecture with remarkable fidelity. Moreover, these biomimetic tissue models can be served to investigate the mechanisms of diverse disease progression. In this review, we will overview the current organoids technology for human disease modeling including lung organoids for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyeon Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Se-Ran Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infections, with the most severe disease in young infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. HPIV-3 infections are currently untreatable with licensed therapeutics, and prophylactic and therapeutic options are needed for patients at risk. To complement existing human airway models of HPIV-3 infection and develop an animal model to assess novel intervention strategies, we evaluated infection and transmission of HPIV-3 in ferrets. A well-characterized human clinical isolate (CI) of HPIV-3 engineered to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP) was passaged on primary human airway epithelial cells (HAE) or airway organoids (AO) to avoid tissue culture adaptations. rHPIV3 CI-1-EGFP infection was assessed in vitro in ferret AO and in ferrets in vivo. Undifferentiated and differentiated ferret AO cultures supported rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP replication, but the ferret primary airway cells from AO were less susceptible and permissive than HAE. In vivo rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP replicated in the upper and lower airways of ferrets and targeted respiratory epithelial cells, olfactory epithelial cells, type I pneumocytes, and type II pneumocytes. The infection efficiently induced specific antibody responses. Taken together, ferrets are naturally susceptible to HPIV-3 infection; however, limited replication was observed that led to neither overt clinical signs nor ferret-to-ferret transmission. However, in combination with ferret AO, the ferret model of HPIV-3 infection, tissue tropism, and neutralizing antibodies complements human ex vivo lung models and can be used as a platform for prevention and treatment studies for this important respiratory pathogen. IMPORTANCE HPIV-3 is an important cause of pediatric disease and significantly impacts the elderly. Increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients suffer from HPIV-3 infections, often related to problems with viral clearance. There is a need to model HPIV-3 infections in vitro and in vivo to evaluate novel prophylaxis and treatment options. Currently existing animal models lack the potential for studying animal-to-animal transmission or the effect of immunosuppressive therapy. Here, we describe the use of the ferret model in combination with authentic clinical viruses to further complement human ex vivo models, providing a platform to study approaches to prevent and treat HPIV-3 infection. Although we did not detect ferret-to-ferret transmission in our studies, these studies lay the groundwork for further refinement of the ferret model to immunocompromised ferrets, allowing for studies of severe HPIV-3-associated disease. Such models for preclinical evaluation of prophylaxis and antivirals can contribute to reducing the global health burden of HPIV-3.
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81
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Sahabian A, Dahlmann J, Martin U, Olmer R. Production and cryopreservation of definitive endoderm from human pluripotent stem cells under defined and scalable culture conditions. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:1581-1599. [PMID: 33580232 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endodermal germ layer gives rise to respiratory epithelium, hepatocytes, pancreatic cells and intestinal lineages, among other cell types. These lineages can be differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) via a common definitive endoderm (DE) intermediate that is characterized by the co-expression of the cell surface markers CXCR4, c-KIT and EPCAM and the transcription factors SOX17 and FOXA2. Here we provide a detailed protocol for mass production of DE from hPSCs in scalable and easy-to-handle suspension culture using a rotating Erlenmeyer flask or a sophisticated, fully controllable, 150-ml stirred tank bioreactor. This protocol uses two different media formulations that are chemically defined and xeno free and therefore good manufacturing practice ready. Our protocol allows for efficient hPSC-derived DE specification in multicellular aggregates within 3 days and generates up to 1 × 108 DE cells with >92% purity in one differentiation batch when using the bioreactor. The hPSC-derived DE cells that are generated can be cryopreserved for later downstream differentiation into various endodermal lineages. This protocol should facilitate the flexible production of mature DE derivatives for physiologically relevant disease models, high-throughput drug screening, toxicology testing and cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Sahabian
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Dahlmann
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ruth Olmer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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82
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Duzagac F, Saorin G, Memeo L, Canzonieri V, Rizzolio F. Microfluidic Organoids-on-a-Chip: Quantum Leap in Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:737. [PMID: 33578886 PMCID: PMC7916612 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ-like cell clusters, so-called organoids, which exhibit self-organized and similar organ functionality as the tissue of origin, have provided a whole new level of bioinspiration for ex vivo systems. Microfluidic organoid or organs-on-a-chip platforms are a new group of micro-engineered promising models that recapitulate 3D tissue structure and physiology and combines several advantages of current in vivo and in vitro models. Microfluidics technology is used in numerous applications since it allows us to control and manipulate fluid flows with a high degree of accuracy. This system is an emerging tool for understanding disease development and progression, especially for personalized therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment, which provide well-grounded, cost-effective, powerful, fast, and reproducible results. In this review, we highlight how the organoid-on-a-chip models have improved the potential of efficiency and reproducibility of organoid cultures. More widely, we discuss current challenges and development on organoid culture systems together with microfluidic approaches and their limitations. Finally, we describe the recent progress and potential utilization in the organs-on-a-chip practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahriye Duzagac
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30123 Venezia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Gloria Saorin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30123 Venezia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology (IOM), 95029 Catania, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30123 Venezia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.S.)
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
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Basiri A, Pazhouhnia Z, Beheshtizadeh N, Hoseinpour M, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Regenerative Medicine in COVID-19 Treatment: Real Opportunities and Range of Promises. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:163-175. [PMID: 32564256 PMCID: PMC7305935 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has attracted much attention around the world due to its rapid transmission among humans and relatively high mortality rate. Studies are increasing to find the best therapeutic approach for the disease and its management. Regenerative medicine offers various cell-tissue therapeutics and related products, such as stem cell therapy, natural killer (NK) cell therapy, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, exosomes, and tissue products. Interestingly, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can reduce inflammatory symptoms and protect against cytokine storm, which critically contributes to the COVID-19 progression. Notably, having the potentials to exert cytotoxic effects on infected cells and induce interferon production probably make NK cells a candidate for COVID-19 cell therapy. Besides, exosomes are one of the crucial products of cells that can exert therapeutic effects through the induction of immune responses and neutralizing antibody titers. The paper aims to briefly consider current options for COVID-19 therapy to show that there is no specific cure for COVID-19, and then assess the real opportunities and range of promises regenerative medicine can provide for specific treatment of COVID-19. Graphical Abstract Therapeutic Potential of Regenerative Medicine against COVID19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arefeh Basiri
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Pazhouhnia
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hoseinpour
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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84
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Chugh RM, Bhanja P, Norris A, Saha S. Experimental Models to Study COVID-19 Effect in Stem Cells. Cells 2021; 10:E91. [PMID: 33430424 PMCID: PMC7827246 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The new strain of coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) emerged in 2019 and hence is often referred to as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease causes hypoxic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and is considered as the cause of a global pandemic. Very limited reports in addition to ex vivo model systems are available to understand the mechanism of action of this virus, which can be used for testing of any drug efficacy against virus infectivity. COVID-19 induces tissue stem cell loss, resulting inhibition of epithelial repair followed by inflammatory fibrotic consequences. Development of clinically relevant models is important to examine the impact of the COVID-19 virus in tissue stem cells among different organs. In this review, we discuss ex vivo experimental models available to study the effect of COVID-19 on tissue stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Man Chugh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (R.M.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Payel Bhanja
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (R.M.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Andrew Norris
- BCN Bio Sciences, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA;
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Subhrajit Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (R.M.C.); (P.B.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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85
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Abstract
Organoids are in vitro miniaturized and simplified model systems of organs that have gained enormous interest for modelling tissue development and disease, and for personalized medicine, drug screening and cell therapy. Despite considerable success in culturing physiologically relevant organoids, challenges remain to achieve real-life applications. In particular, the high variability of self-organizing growth and restricted experimental and analytical access hamper the translatability of organoid systems. In this Review, we argue that many limitations of traditional organoid culture can be addressed by engineering approaches at all levels of organoid systems. We investigate cell surface and genetic engineering approaches, and discuss stem cell niche engineering based on the design of matrices that allow spatiotemporal control of organoid growth and shape-guided morphogenesis. We examine how microfluidic approaches and lessons learnt from organs-on-a-chip enable the integration of mechano-physiological parameters and increase accessibility of organoids to improve functional readouts. Applying engineering principles to organoids increases reproducibility and provides experimental control, which will, ultimately, be required to enable clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hofer
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences (SV) and School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P. Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences (SV) and School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Science (SB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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86
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Seyfoori A, Amereh M, Dabiri SMH, Askari E, Walsh T, Akbari M. The role of biomaterials and three dimensional (3D) in vitro tissue models in fighting against COVID-19. Biomater Sci 2020; 9:1217-1226. [PMID: 33355542 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01616k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past century, viral respiratory pandemics have been a leading cause of infectious disease worldwide. A deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the viral interactions with host cells at the target sites is necessary for a rapid response to such pandemics. To meet this aim, various testing platforms are required to recapitulate the pathophysiological behavior of the virus within the respiratory tract. These bioengineered platforms can effectively be used for the development of different therapeutics and vaccines. This paper briefly reviews the progress in the areas of biomaterial use for pulmonary tissue regeneration and integration with current bioengineered platforms including engineered tissues, organoids, and organs-on-a-chip platforms for viral respiratory disease studies. Finally, a brief overview of the opportunities presented by organ-on-a-chip systems for studying COVID-19 and subsequent drug development is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Seyfoori
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
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87
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Iverson E, Kaler L, Agostino EL, Song D, Duncan GA, Scull MA. Leveraging 3D Model Systems to Understand Viral Interactions with the Respiratory Mucosa. Viruses 2020; 12:E1425. [PMID: 33322395 PMCID: PMC7763686 DOI: 10.3390/v12121425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population, underscoring the importance of ongoing basic research into virus-host interactions. However, many critical aspects of infection are difficult, if not impossible, to probe using standard cell lines, 2D culture formats, or even animal models. In vitro systems such as airway epithelial cultures at air-liquid interface, organoids, or 'on-chip' technologies allow interrogation in human cells and recapitulate emergent properties of the airway epithelium-the primary target for respiratory virus infection. While some of these models have been used for over thirty years, ongoing advancements in both culture techniques and analytical tools continue to provide new opportunities to investigate airway epithelial biology and viral infection phenotypes in both normal and diseased host backgrounds. Here we review these models and their application to studying respiratory viruses. Furthermore, given the ability of these systems to recapitulate the extracellular microenvironment, we evaluate their potential to serve as a platform for studies specifically addressing viral interactions at the mucosal surface and detail techniques that can be employed to expand our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Iverson
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (E.I.); (E.L.A.)
| | - Logan Kaler
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (L.K.); (G.A.D.)
| | - Eva L. Agostino
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (E.I.); (E.L.A.)
| | - Daniel Song
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Gregg A. Duncan
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (L.K.); (G.A.D.)
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Margaret A. Scull
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (E.I.); (E.L.A.)
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88
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Tian L, Gao J, Garcia IM, Chen HJ, Castaldi A, Chen YW. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived lung organoids: Potential applications in development and disease modeling. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e399. [PMID: 33145915 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The pulmonary system is comprised of two main compartments, airways and alveolar space. Their tissue and cellular complexity ensure lung function and protection from external agents, for example, virus. Two-dimensional (2D) in vitro systems and animal models have been largely employed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying human lung development, physiology, and pathogenesis. However, neither of these models accurately recapitulate the human lung environment and cellular crosstalk. More recently, human-derived three-dimensional (3D) models have been generated allowing for a deeper understanding of cell-to-cell communication. However, the availability and accessibility of primary human cell sources from which generate the 2D and 3D models may be limited. In the past few years, protocols have been developed to successfully employ human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and differentiate them toward pulmonary fate in vitro. In the present review, we discuss the advantages and pitfalls of hPSC-derived lung 2D and 3D models, including the main characteristics and potentials for these models and their current and future applications for modeling development and diseases. Lung organoids currently represent the closest model to the human pulmonary system. We further focus on the applications of lung organoids for the study of human diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, infectious diseases, and lung cancer. Finally, we discuss the present limitations and potential future applications of 3D lung organoids. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Disease Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cell Differentiation and Reversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tian
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jinghui Gao
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irving M Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Ben May department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandra Castaldi
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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89
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Meyer-Berg H, Zhou Yang L, Pilar de Lucas M, Zambrano A, Hyde SC, Gill DR. Identification of AAV serotypes for lung gene therapy in human embryonic stem cell-derived lung organoids. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:448. [PMID: 33097094 PMCID: PMC7582027 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is being investigated for a range of serious lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and emphysema. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a well-established, safe, viral vector for gene delivery with multiple naturally occurring and artificial serotypes available displaying alternate cell, tissue, and species-specific tropisms. Efficient AAV serotypes for the transduction of the conducting airways have been identified for several species; however, efficient serotypes for human lung parenchyma have not yet been identified. Here, we screened the ability of multiple AAV serotypes to transduce lung bud organoids (LBOs)—a model of human lung parenchyma generated from human embryonic stem cells. Microinjection of LBOs allowed us to model transduction from the luminal surface, similar to dosing via vector inhalation. We identified the naturally occurring rAAV2 and rAAV6 serotypes, along with synthetic rAAV6 variants, as having tropism for the human lung parenchyma. Positive staining of LBOs for surfactant proteins B and C confirmed distal lung identity and suggested the suitability of these vectors for the transduction of alveolar type II cells. Our findings establish LBOs as a new model for pulmonary gene therapy and stress the relevance of LBOs as a viral infection model of the lung parenchyma as relevant in SARS-CoV-2 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Meyer-Berg
- Gene Medicine Research Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucia Zhou Yang
- Department of Biotechnology of Stem Cells and Organoids, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar de Lucas
- Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Zambrano
- Department of Biotechnology of Stem Cells and Organoids, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen C Hyde
- Gene Medicine Research Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah R Gill
- Gene Medicine Research Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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90
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Outlaw VK, Bovier FT, Mears MC, Cajimat MN, Zhu Y, Lin MJ, Addetia A, Lieberman NAP, Peddu V, Xie X, Shi PY, Greninger AL, Gellman SH, Bente DA, Moscona A, Porotto M. Inhibition of Coronavirus Entry In Vitro and Ex Vivo by a Lipid-Conjugated Peptide Derived from the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein HRC Domain. mBio 2020; 11:e01935-20. [PMID: 33082259 PMCID: PMC7587434 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01935-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has erupted into a global pandemic that has led to tens of millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. The development of therapeutics to treat infection or as prophylactics to halt viral transmission and spread is urgently needed. SARS-CoV-2 relies on structural rearrangements within a spike (S) glycoprotein to mediate fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Here, we describe the development of a lipopeptide that is derived from the C-terminal heptad repeat (HRC) domain of SARS-CoV-2 S that potently inhibits infection by SARS-CoV-2. The lipopeptide inhibits cell-cell fusion mediated by SARS-CoV-2 S and blocks infection by live SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cell monolayers more effectively than previously described lipopeptides. The SARS-CoV-2 lipopeptide exhibits broad-spectrum activity by inhibiting cell-cell fusion mediated by SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and blocking infection by live MERS-CoV in cell monolayers. We also show that the SARS-CoV-2 HRC-derived lipopeptide potently blocks the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial (HAE) cultures, an ex vivo model designed to mimic respiratory viral propagation in humans. While viral spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection was widespread in untreated airways, those treated with SARS-CoV-2 HRC lipopeptide showed no detectable evidence of viral spread. These data provide a framework for the development of peptide therapeutics for the treatment of or prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 as well as other coronaviruses.IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, continues to spread globally, placing strain on health care systems and resulting in rapidly increasing numbers of cases and mortalities. Despite the growing need for medical intervention, no FDA-approved vaccines are yet available, and treatment has been limited to supportive therapy for the alleviation of symptoms. Entry inhibitors could fill the important role of preventing initial infection and preventing spread. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a lipopeptide that is derived from the HRC domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein that potently inhibits fusion mediated by SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein and blocks infection by live SARS-CoV-2 in both cell monolayers (in vitro) and human airway tissues (ex vivo). Our results highlight the SARS-CoV-2 HRC-derived lipopeptide as a promising therapeutic candidate for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor K Outlaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Francesca T Bovier
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta, Italy
| | - Megan C Mears
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria N Cajimat
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Michelle J Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole A P Lieberman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vikas Peddu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dennis A Bente
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta, Italy
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91
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Raimondi MT, Donnaloja F, Barzaghini B, Bocconi A, Conci C, Parodi V, Jacchetti E, Carelli S. Bioengineering tools to speed up the discovery and preclinical testing of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and therapeutic agents for COVID-19. Theranostics 2020; 10:7034-7052. [PMID: 32641977 PMCID: PMC7330866 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an update for the international research community on the cell modeling tools that could accelerate the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and could thus speed up the development of vaccines and therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Many bioengineering groups are actively developing frontier tools that are capable of providing realistic three-dimensional (3D) models for biological research, including cell culture scaffolds, microfluidic chambers for the culture of tissue equivalents and organoids, and implantable windows for intravital imaging. Here, we review the most innovative study models based on these bioengineering tools in the context of virology and vaccinology. To make it easier for scientists working on SARS-CoV-2 to identify and apply specific tools, we discuss how they could accelerate the discovery and preclinical development of antiviral drugs and vaccines, compared to conventional models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Donnaloja
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Bianca Barzaghini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Bocconi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Conci
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Parodi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milano, Italy
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92
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Bourguignon C, Vernisse C, Mianné J, Fieldès M, Ahmed E, Petit A, Vachier I, Bertrand TL, Assou S, Bourdin A, De Vos J. [Lung organoids]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:382-388. [PMID: 32356715 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As burden of chronic respiratory diseases is constantly increasing, improving in vitro lung models is essential in order to reproduce as closely as possible the complex pulmonary architecture, responsible for oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide clearance. The study of diseases that affect the respiratory system has benefited from in vitro reconstructions of the respiratory epithelium with inserts in air/liquid interface (2D) or in organoids able to mimic up to the arborescence of the respiratory tree (3D). Recent development in the fields of pluripotent stem cells-derived organoids and genome editing technologies has provided new insights to better understand pulmonary diseases and to find new therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Bourguignon
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Inserm, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Charlotte Vernisse
- PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Joffrey Mianné
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Inserm, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Fieldès
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Inserm, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Engi Ahmed
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Inserm, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France - Département de pneumologie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Petit
- PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Vachier
- PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Said Assou
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Inserm, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Bourdin
- PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France - Département de pneumologie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - John De Vos
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Inserm, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France - Département d'ingénierie cellulaire et tissulaire, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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93
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Wang R, McCauley KB, Kotton DN, Hawkins F. Differentiation of human airway-organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Methods Cell Biol 2020; 159:95-114. [PMID: 32586451 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There was significant progress over the last decade in the ability to generate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived airway organoids. We and others have developed step-wise, directed differentiation protocols to recapitulate the key milestones in human airway development, generating iPSC-derived airway organoids that possess the major human airway cell types. These organoids have already shown feasibility for genetic disease modeling. They have great future potential for modeling a wider spectrum of lung diseases, interrogating disease mechanisms, predicting personalized drug responses, studying developmental lung biology, and ultimately may serve as candidates for future cell-based therapies for lung regeneration and repair. Herein we detail a step-by-step laboratory protocol to generate human airway organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Wang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Katie B McCauley
- Respiratory Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Finn Hawkins
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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94
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Abstract
Paramyxoviruses, including human parainfluenza virus type 3, are internalized into host cells by fusion between viral and target cell membranes. The receptor binding protein, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), upon binding to its cell receptor, triggers conformational changes in the fusion protein (F). This action of HN activates F to reach its fusion-competent state. Using small molecules that interact with HN, we can induce the premature activation of F and inactivate the virus. To obtain highly active pretriggering compounds, we carried out a virtual modeling screen for molecules that interact with a sialic acid binding site on HN that we propose to be the site involved in activating F. We use cryo-electron tomography of authentic intact viral particles for the first time to directly assess the mechanism of action of this treatment on the conformation of the viral F protein and present the first direct observation of the induced conformational rearrangement in the viral F protein. The receptor binding protein of parainfluenza virus, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), is responsible for actively triggering the viral fusion protein (F) to undergo a conformational change leading to insertion into the target cell and fusion of the virus with the target cell membrane. For proper viral entry to occur, this process must occur when HN is engaged with host cell receptors at the cell surface. It is possible to interfere with this process through premature activation of the F protein, distant from the target cell receptor. Conformational changes in the F protein and adoption of the postfusion form of the protein prior to receptor engagement of HN at the host cell membrane inactivate the virus. We previously identified small molecules that interact with HN and induce it to activate F in an untimely fashion, validating a new antiviral strategy. To obtain highly active pretriggering candidate molecules we carried out a virtual modeling screen for molecules that interact with sialic acid binding site II on HN, which we propose to be the site responsible for activating F. To directly assess the mechanism of action of one such highly effective new premature activating compound, PAC-3066, we use cryo-electron tomography on authentic intact viral particles for the first time to examine the effects of PAC-3066 treatment on the conformation of the viral F protein. We present the first direct observation of the conformational rearrangement induced in the viral F protein.
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95
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Duque-Correa MA, Maizels RM, Grencis RK, Berriman M. Organoids - New Models for Host-Helminth Interactions. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:170-181. [PMID: 31791691 PMCID: PMC7106373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are multicellular culture systems that replicate tissue architecture and function, and are increasingly used as models of viral, bacterial, and protozoan infections. Organoids have great potential to improve our current understanding of helminth interactions with their hosts and to replace or reduce the dependence on using animal models. In this review, we discuss the applicability of this technology to helminth infection research, including strategies of co-culture of helminths or their products with organoids and the challenges, advantages, and drawbacks of the use of organoids for these studies. We also explore how complementing organoid systems with other cell types and components may allow more complex models to be generated in the future to further investigate helminth-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard K. Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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96
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Varma R, Soleas JP, Waddell TK, Karoubi G, McGuigan AP. Current strategies and opportunities to manufacture cells for modeling human lungs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 161-162:90-109. [PMID: 32835746 PMCID: PMC7442933 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases remain major healthcare burdens, for which the only curative treatment is lung transplantation. In vitro human models are promising platforms for identifying and testing novel compounds to potentially decrease this burden. Directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is an important strategy to generate lung cells to create such models. Current lung directed differentiation protocols are limited as they do not 1) recapitulate the diversity of respiratory epithelium, 2) generate consistent or sufficient cell numbers for drug discovery platforms, and 3) establish the histologic tissue-level organization critical for modeling lung function. In this review, we describe how lung development has formed the basis for directed differentiation protocols, and discuss the utility of available protocols for lung epithelial cell generation and drug development. We further highlight tissue engineering strategies for manipulating biophysical signals during directed differentiation such that future protocols can recapitulate both chemical and physical cues present during lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Varma
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - John P Soleas
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Thomas K Waddell
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Golnaz Karoubi
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Alison P McGuigan
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
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97
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Li Y, Wu Q, Sun X, Shen J, Chen H. Organoids as a Powerful Model for Respiratory Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:5847876. [PMID: 32256609 PMCID: PMC7086445 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5847876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insults to the alveoli usually lead to inefficient gas exchange or even respiratory failure, which is difficult to model in animal studies. Over the past decade, stem cell-derived self-organizing three-dimensional organoids have emerged as a new avenue to recapitulate respiratory diseases in a dish. Alveolar organoids have improved our understanding of the mechanisms underlying tissue homeostasis and pathological alterations in alveoli. From this perspective, we review the state-of-the-art technology on establishing alveolar organoids from endogenous lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells or pluripotent stem cells, as well as the use of alveolar organoids for the study of respiratory diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis infection, and respiratory virus infection. We also discuss challenges that need to be overcome for future application of alveolar organoids in individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Wu
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Sun
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Shen
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China
- 3Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China
- 3Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
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98
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Towards manufacturing of human organoids. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 39:107460. [PMID: 31626951 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are 3D miniature versions of organs produced from stem cells derived from either patient or healthy individuals in vitro that recapitulate the actual organ. Organoid technology has ensured an alternative to pre-clinical drug testing as well as being currently used for "personalized medicine" to modulate the treatment as they are uniquely identical to each patient's genetic makeup. Researchers have succeeded in producing different types of organoids and have demonstrated their efficient application in various fields such as disease modeling, pathogenesis, drug screening and regenerative medicine. There are several protocols for fabricating organoids in vitro. In this comprehensive review, we focus on key methods of producing organoids and manufacturing considerations for each of them while providing insights on the advantages, applications and challenges of these methods. We also discuss pertinent challenges faced during organoid manufacturing and various bioengineering approaches that can improve the organoid manufacturing process. Organoids size, number and the reproducibility of the fabrication processes are touched upon. The major factors which are involved in organoids manufacturing such as spatio-temporal controls, scaffold designs/types, cell culture parameters and vascularization have been highlighted.
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