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Halbgebauer D, Roos J, Funcke JB, Neubauer H, Hamilton BS, Simon E, Amri EZ, Debatin KM, Wabitsch M, Fischer-Posovszky P, Tews D. Latent TGFβ-binding proteins regulate UCP1 expression and function via TGFβ2. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101336. [PMID: 34481123 PMCID: PMC8456047 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in humans has been proposed as a new treatment approach for combating obesity and its associated diseases, as BAT participates in the regulation of energy homeostasis as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. Genetic contributors driving brown adipogenesis in humans have not been fully understood. Methods Profiling the gene expression of progenitor cells from subcutaneous and deep neck adipose tissue, we discovered new secreted factors with potential regulatory roles in white and brown adipogenesis. Among these, members of the latent transforming growth factor beta-binding protein (LTBP) family were highly expressed in brown compared to white adipocyte progenitor cells, suggesting that these proteins are capable of promoting brown adipogenesis. To investigate this potential, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate LTBP-deficient human preadipocytes. Results We demonstrate that LTBP2 and LTBP3 deficiency does not affect adipogenic differentiation, but diminishes UCP1 expression and function in the obtained mature adipocytes. We further show that these effects are dependent on TGFβ2 but not TGFβ1 signaling: TGFβ2 deficiency decreases adipocyte UCP1 expression, whereas TGFβ2 treatment increases it. The activity of the LTBP3–TGFβ2 axis that we delineate herein also significantly correlates with UCP1 expression in human white adipose tissue (WAT), suggesting an important role in regulating WAT browning as well. Conclusions These results provide evidence that LTBP3, via TGFβ2, plays an important role in promoting brown adipogenesis by modulating UCP1 expression and mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Inhibition of LTBP2 and LTBP3 reduces secretion of TGFβ2. Both knockout of LTBP2/3 or TGFβ2 inhibit UCP1 expression and mitochondrial respiration in human adipocytes. Expression of TGFβ2 correlates with UCP1 expression in human adipose tissue. Treatment with TGFβ2 rescues inhibition of UCP1 by LTBP knockout during adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Halbgebauer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - J Roos
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - J B Funcke
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - H Neubauer
- Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - B S Hamilton
- Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - E Simon
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - E Z Amri
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | - K M Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - P Fischer-Posovszky
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - D Tews
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
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Chang SH, Jang J, Oh S, Yoon JH, Jo DG, Yun UJ, Park KW. Nrf2 induces Ucp1 expression in adipocytes in response to β3-AR stimulation and enhances oxygen consumption in high-fat diet-fed obese mice. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 33691909 PMCID: PMC8411042 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.8.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coldinduced norepinephrine activates β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-AR) to stimulate the kinase cascade and cAMP-response element-binding protein, leading to the induction of thermogenic gene expression including uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1). Here, we showed that stimulation of the β3-AR by its agonists isoproterenol and CL316,243 in adipocytes increased the expression of Ucp1 and Heme Oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), the principal Nrf2 target gene, suggesting the functional interaction of Nrf2 with β3-AR signaling. The activation of Nrf2 by tert-butylhydroquinone and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by glucose oxidase induced both Ucp1 and Hmox1 expression. The increased expression of Ucp1 and Hmox1 was significantly reduced in the presence of a Nrf2 chemical inhibitor or in Nrf2-deleted (knockout) adipocytes. Furthermore, Nrf2 directly activated the Ucp1 promoter, and this required DNA regions located at −3.7 and −2.0 kb of the transcription start site. The CL316,243-induced Ucp1 expression in adipocytes and oxygen consumption in obese mice were partly compromised in the absence of Nrf2 expression. These data provide additional insight into the role of Nrf2 in β3-AR-mediated Ucp1 expression and energy expenditure, further highlighting the utility of Nrf2-mediated thermogenic stimulation as a therapeutic approach to diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hyuk Chang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jaeyool Jang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Seungjun Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Ui Jeong Yun
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Suwon 16419, Korea
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53
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Therapeutic efficacy of 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol in promoting browning of white adipocytes vis-à-vis enhanced thermogenesis portrayed in high fat milieu. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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54
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Murugan DD, Balan D, Wong PF. Adipogenesis and therapeutic potentials of antiobesogenic phytochemicals: Insights from preclinical studies. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5936-5960. [PMID: 34219306 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most serious public health problems in both developed and developing countries in recent years. While lifestyle and diet modifications are the most important management strategies of obesity, these may be insufficient to ensure long-term weight reduction in certain individuals and alternative strategies including pharmacotherapy need to be considered. However, drugs option remains limited due to low efficacy and adverse effects associated with their use. Hence, identification of safe and effective alternative therapeutic agents remains warranted to combat obesity. In recent years, bioactive phytochemicals are considered as valuable sources for the discovery of new pharmacological agents for the treatment of obesity. Adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia increases with obesity and undergo molecular and cellular alterations that can affect systemic metabolism giving rise to metabolic syndrome and comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Many phytochemicals have been reported to target adipocytes by inhibiting adipogenesis, inducing lipolysis, suppressing the differentiation of preadipocytes to mature adipocytes, reducing energy intake, and boosting energy expenditure mainly in vitro and in animal studies. Nevertheless, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of these phytochemicals. This review outlines common pathways involved in adipogenesis and phytochemicals targeting effector molecules of these pathways, the challenges faced and the way forward for the development of phytochemicals as antiobesity agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmani Devi Murugan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dharvind Balan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pooi-Fong Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Rajakumari S, Srivastava S. Aging and β3-adrenergic stimulation alter mitochondrial lipidome of adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158922. [PMID: 33713833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial abundance and thermogenic capacity are two imperative components that distinguish brown, beige and white adipose tissues. Most importantly, the lipid composition is vital for maintaining the quantity, quality and function of mitochondria. Therefore, we employed quantitative lipidomics to probe the mitochondrial lipidome of adipose tissues. The mitochondrial lipidome reveals β3-adrenergic stimulation and aging drastically altered the levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio and acyl chain desaturation. Precisely, PC36:2 and PE38:4 levels correlate with the increased brown and beige fat activity in young mice. While aging increased lysoPC species in white adipose tissue (WAT) mitochondria, CL-316,243 administration reduced lysoPC species and increased lyso-PE18:1 and 18:2 content during WAT browning. Also, non-thermogenic mitochondria accumulate sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidic acid (PA) and ether-linked PC (ePC). Similarly, enrichment of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL) levels are associated with thermogenic mitochondria. Also, our in vitro experiment supports that blocking the de novo sphingolipid synthesis pathway by myriocin, SPT1 inhibitor increased the thermogenic capacity and oxygen consumption rate in mature adipocytes. Overall, our study suggests mitochondria of brown, beige and white adipose tissues own a unique pattern of lipid molecular species and their levels are altered by aging and CL-316,243 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Rajakumari
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
| | - Simran Srivastava
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
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56
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Cheong LY, Xu A. Intercellular and inter-organ crosstalk in browning of white adipose tissue: molecular mechanism and therapeutic complications. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:466-479. [PMID: 34185049 PMCID: PMC8530522 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is highly plastic and heterogeneous in response to environmental and nutritional changes. The development of heat-dissipating beige adipocytes in white AT (WAT) through a process known as browning (or beiging) has garnered much attention as a promising therapeutic strategy for obesity and its related metabolic complications. This is due to its inducibility in response to thermogenic stimulation and its association with improved metabolic health. WAT consists of adipocytes, nerves, vascular endothelial cells, various types of immune cells, adipocyte progenitor cells, and fibroblasts. These cells contribute to the formation of beige adipocytes through the release of protein factors that significantly influence browning capacity. In addition, inter-organ crosstalk is also important for beige adipocyte biogenesis. Here, we summarize recent findings on fat depot-specific differences, secretory factors participating in intercellular and inter-organ communications that regulate the recruitment of thermogenic beige adipocytes, as well as challenges in targeting beige adipocytes as a potential anti-obese therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Yee Cheong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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57
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Cohen P, Kajimura S. The cellular and functional complexity of thermogenic fat. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:393-409. [PMID: 33758402 PMCID: PMC8159882 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes are mitochondria-enriched cells capable of dissipating energy in the form of heat. These thermogenic fat cells were originally considered to function solely in heat generation through the action of the mitochondrial protein uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). In recent years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the ontogeny, bioenergetics and physiological functions of thermogenic fat. Distinct subtypes of thermogenic adipocytes have been identified with unique developmental origins, which have been increasingly dissected in cellular and molecular detail. Moreover, several UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanisms have been described, expanding the role of these cells in energy homeostasis. Recent studies have also delineated roles for these cells beyond the regulation of thermogenesis, including as dynamic secretory cells and as a metabolic sink. This Review presents our current understanding of thermogenic adipocytes with an emphasis on their development, biological functions and roles in systemic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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58
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Brandão BB, Poojari A, Rabiee A. Thermogenic Fat: Development, Physiological Function, and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5906. [PMID: 34072788 PMCID: PMC8198523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concerning worldwide increase of obesity and chronic metabolic diseases, such as T2D, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, motivates further investigations into preventive and alternative therapeutic approaches. Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence that the formation and activation of thermogenic adipocytes (brown and beige) may serve as therapy to treat obesity and its associated diseases owing to its capacity to increase energy expenditure and to modulate circulating lipids and glucose levels. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanism of brown and beige adipocytes formation and activation will facilitate the development of strategies to combat metabolic disorders. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of pathways and players involved in the development of brown and beige fat, as well as the role of thermogenic adipocytes in energy homeostasis and metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the alterations in brown and beige adipose tissue function during obesity and explore the therapeutic potential of thermogenic activation to treat metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B. Brandão
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Ankita Poojari
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
| | - Atefeh Rabiee
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
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Bast-Habersbrunner A, Kiefer C, Weber P, Fromme T, Schießl A, Schwalie PC, Deplancke B, Li Y, Klingenspor M. LncRNA Ctcflos orchestrates transcription and alternative splicing in thermogenic adipogenesis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51289. [PMID: 34056831 PMCID: PMC8256291 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of thermogenic brite adipocytes within white adipose tissue attenuates obesity and metabolic comorbidities, arousing interest in understanding the underlying regulatory mechanisms. The molecular network of brite adipogenesis, however, remains largely unresolved. In this light, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) emerged as a versatile class of modulators that control many steps within the differentiation machinery. Leveraging the naturally varying propensities of different inbred mouse strains for white adipose tissue browning, we identify the nuclear lncRNA Ctcflos as a pivotal orchestrator of thermogenic gene expression during brite adipocyte differentiation. Mechanistically, Ctcflos acts as a pleiotropic regulator, being essential for the transcriptional recruitment of the early core thermogenic regulatory program and the modulation of alternative splicing to drive brite adipogenesis. This is showcased by Ctcflos‐regulated gene transcription and splicing of the key browning factor Prdm16 toward the isoform that is specific for the thermogenic gene program. Conclusively, our findings emphasize the mechanistic versatility of lncRNAs acting at several independent levels of gene expression for effective regulation of key differentiation factors to direct cell fate and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bast-Habersbrunner
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Kiefer
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Weber
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Fromme
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anna Schießl
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Petra C Schwalie
- School of Life Sciences, EPFL and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bart Deplancke
- School of Life Sciences, EPFL and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yongguo Li
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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The Inflammatory Profile of Obesity and the Role on Pulmonary Bacterial and Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073456. [PMID: 33810619 PMCID: PMC8037155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a globally increasing health problem, entailing diverse comorbidities such as infectious diseases. An obese weight status has marked effects on lung function that can be attributed to mechanical dysfunctions. Moreover, the alterations of adipocyte-derived signal mediators strongly influence the regulation of inflammation, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation. Our review summarizes the known effects regarding pulmonary bacterial and viral infections. For this, we discuss model systems that allow mechanistic investigation of the interplay between obesity and lung infections. Overall, obesity gives rise to a higher susceptibility to infectious pathogens, but the pathogenetic process is not clearly defined. Whereas, viral infections often show a more severe course in obese patients, the same patients seem to have a survival benefit during bacterial infections. In particular, we summarize the main mechanical impairments in the pulmonary tract caused by obesity. Moreover, we outline the main secretory changes within the expanded adipose tissue mass, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation. Finally, we connect these altered host factors to the influence of obesity on the development of lung infection by summarizing observations from clinical and experimental data.
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61
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van Eenige R, Ying Z, Tambyrajah L, Pronk ACM, Blomberg N, Giera M, Wang Y, Coskun T, van der Stelt M, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S. Cannabinoid type 1 receptor inverse agonism attenuates dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100070. [PMID: 33766515 PMCID: PMC8082266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological blockade of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in the central nervous system and various peripheral tissues, reverses diet-induced obesity and dyslipidemia through the reduction of food intake and altered nutrient partitioning. This strategy is being explored for a number of therapeutic applications; however, its potency for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease via improvements in lipid metabolism remains unclear. Therefore, here, we aimed to investigate whether inhibition of the endocannabinoid system can attenuate atherosclerosis development through improvement of dyslipidemia. Lean, dyslipidemic female APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP transgenic mice were fed a Western-type diet supplemented with or without the cannabinoid type 1 receptor inverse agonist rimonabant (20 mg·kg body weight-1 day-1) for up to 20 weeks. Plasma lipids and bile acids were determined, and atherosclerotic lesions were scored in the aortic valve region. Rimonabant lowered plasma levels of triglyceride (TG) (-56%) and non-HDL-C (-19%) and increased HDL-C (+57%). These effects were explained by decreased VLDL-TG production (-52%) and accelerated VLDL-TG turnover accompanied by pronounced browning of white adipose tissue. In addition, rimonabant attenuated reverse cholesterol transport (-30%), increased plasma bile acid levels (+160%), and increased hepatic cholesterol accumulation (+88%). Importantly, rimonabant markedly lowered atherosclerotic lesion size (-64%), which coincided with decreased lesion severity (28% vs. 56% severe lesions) and which strongly correlated with non-HDL-C exposure (R2 = 0.60). Taken together, inhibition of the endocannabinoid system potently reverses dyslipidemia and prevents atherogenesis, even in the absence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin van Eenige
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren Tambyrajah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C M Pronk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Blomberg
- Center for Proteomics & Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics & Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, MED-X institute, and Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Department of Diabetes/Endocrine, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, MED-X institute, and Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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62
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Adipose stem cells in obesity: challenges and opportunities. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225001. [PMID: 32452515 PMCID: PMC7284323 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue, the storage of excessive energy in the body, secretes various proteins called adipokines, which connect the body’s nutritional status to the regulation of energy balance. Obesity triggers alterations of quantity and quality of various types of cells that reside in adipose tissue, including adipose stem cells (ASCs; referred to as adipose-derived stem/stromal cells in vitro). These alterations in the functionalities and properties of ASCs impair adipose tissue remodeling and adipose tissue function, which induces low-grade systemic inflammation, progressive insulin resistance, and other metabolic disorders. In contrast, the ability of ASCs to recruit new adipocytes when faced with caloric excess leads to healthy adipose tissue expansion, associated with lower amounts of inflammation, fibrosis, and insulin resistance. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the identity of ASCs and their roles in adipose tissue development, homeostasis, expansion, and thermogenesis, and how these roles go awry in obesity. A better understanding of the biology of ASCs and their adipogenesis may lead to novel therapeutic targets for obesity and metabolic disease.
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63
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Saxton SN, Toms LK, Aldous RG, Withers SB, Ohanian J, Heagerty AM. Restoring Perivascular Adipose Tissue Function in Obesity Using Exercise. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2021; 35:1291-1304. [PMID: 33687595 PMCID: PMC8578065 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) exerts an anti-contractile effect which is vital in regulating vascular tone. This effect is mediated via sympathetic nervous stimulation of PVAT by a mechanism which involves noradrenaline uptake through organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) and β3-adrenoceptor-mediated adiponectin release. In obesity, autonomic dysfunction occurs, which may result in a loss of PVAT function and subsequent vascular disease. Accordingly, we have investigated abnormalities in obese PVAT, and the potential for exercise in restoring function. Methods Vascular contractility to electrical field stimulation (EFS) was assessed ex vivo in the presence of pharmacological tools in ±PVAT vessels from obese and exercised obese mice. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect changes in expression of β3-adrenoceptors, OCT3 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in PVAT. Results High fat feeding induced hypertension, hyperglycaemia, and hyperinsulinaemia, which was reversed using exercise, independent of weight loss. Obesity induced a loss of the PVAT anti-contractile effect, which could not be restored via β3-adrenoceptor activation. Moreover, adiponectin no longer exerts vasodilation. Additionally, exercise reversed PVAT dysfunction in obesity by reducing inflammation of PVAT and increasing β3-adrenoceptor and OCT3 expression, which were downregulated in obesity. Furthermore, the vasodilator effects of adiponectin were restored. Conclusion Loss of neutrally mediated PVAT anti-contractile function in obesity will contribute to the development of hypertension and type II diabetes. Exercise training will restore function and treat the vascular complications of obesity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10557-020-07136-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology & Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lauren K Toms
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology & Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Jacqueline Ohanian
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology & Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
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Wang Z, Hou Y, Ren S, Liu Z, Zuo Z, Huang S, Wang W, Wang H, Chen Y, Xu Y, Yamamoto M, Zhang Q, Fu J, Pi J. CL316243 treatment mitigates the inflammation in white adipose tissues of juvenile adipocyte-specific Nfe2l1 knockout mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:289-298. [PMID: 33545311 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 1 (NFE2L1) is a key transcription factor that regulates cellular adaptive responses to various stresses. Our previous studies revealed that adult adipocyte-specific Nfe2l1-knockout [Nfe2l1(f)-KO] mice show adipocyte hypertrophy and severe adipose inflammation, which can be worsened by rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist. To further assess the crucial roles of NFE2L1 in adipocytes, we investigated the effect of CL316243, a β3 adrenergic agonist that promotes lipolysis via a post-translational mechanism, on adipose inflammation in juvenile Nfe2l1(f)-KO mice. In contrast to adult mice, 4-week-old juvenile Nfe2l1(f)-KO mice displayed a normal fat distribution but reduced fasting plasma glycerol levels and elevated adipocyte hypertrophy and macrophage infiltration in inguinal and gonadal WAT. In addition, Nfe2l1(f)-KO mice had decreased expression of multiple lipolytic genes and reduced lipolytic activity in WAT. While 7 days of CL316243 treatment showed no significant effect on adipose inflammation in Nfe2l1-Floxed control mice, the same treatment dramatically alleviated macrophage infiltration and mRNA expression of inflammation and pyroptosis-related genes in WAT of Nfe2l1(f)-KO mice. Together with previous findings in adult mice, the current study highlights that NFE2L1 plays a fundamental regulatory role in lipolytic gene expression and thus might be an important target to improve adipose plasticity and lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendi Wang
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Yongyong Hou
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Suping Ren
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Zhuo Zuo
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Sicui Huang
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Wanqi Wang
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Group of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Road, Heping Area, Shenyang, 110001, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Group of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, PR China; Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Toxic and Biological Effects of Arsenic, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jingqi Fu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, PR China.
| | - Jingbo Pi
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, PR China; Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Toxic and Biological Effects of Arsenic, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, PR China.
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65
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Current and emerging roles of adipose tissue in health and disease. Biochem J 2021; 477:3645-3647. [PMID: 33017469 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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66
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In vivo emergence of beige-like fat in chickens as physiological adaptation to cold environments. Amino Acids 2021; 53:381-393. [PMID: 33598768 PMCID: PMC7979618 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While it has been hypothesized that brown adipocytes responsible for mammalian thermogenesis are absent in birds, the existence of beige fat has yet to be studied directly. The present study tests the hypothesis that beige fat emerges in birds as a mechanism of physiological adaptation to cold environments. Subcutaneous neck adipose tissue from cold-acclimated or triiodothyronine (T3)-treated chickens exhibited increases in the expression of avian uncoupling protein (avUCP, an ortholog of mammalian UCP2 and UCP3) gene and some known mammalian beige adipocyte-specific markers. Morphological characteristics of white adipose tissues of treated chickens showed increased numbers of both small and larger clusters of multilocular fat cells within the tissues. Increases in protein levels of avUCP and mitochondrial marker protein, voltage-dependent anion channel, and immunohistochemical analysis for subcutaneous neck fat revealed the presence of potentially thermogenic mitochondria-rich cells. This is the first evidence that the capacity for thermogenesis may be acquired by differentiating adipose tissue into beige-like fat for maintaining temperature homeostasis in the subcutaneous fat 'neck warmer' in chickens exposed to a cold environment.
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Ahmad B, Vohra MS, Saleemi MA, Serpell CJ, Fong IL, Wong EH. Brown/Beige adipose tissues and the emerging role of their secretory factors in improving metabolic health: The batokines. Biochimie 2021; 184:26-39. [PMID: 33548390 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues are the primary sites for adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis. Although they have been known principally for their thermogenic effects, in recent years, it has emerged that, just like white adipose tissue (WAT), brown and beige adipose tissues also play an important role in the regulation of metabolic health through secretion of various brown adipokines (batokines) in response to various physiological cues. These secreted batokines target distant organs and tissues such as the liver, heart, skeletal muscles, brain, WAT, and perform various local and systemic functions in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner. Brown and beige adipose tissues are therefore now receiving increasing levels of attention with respect to their effects on various other organs and tissues. Identification of novel secreted factors by these tissues may help in the discovery of drug candidates for the treatment of various metabolic disorders such as obesity, type-2 diabetes, skeletal deformities, cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia. In this review, we comprehensively describe the emerging secretory role of brown/beige adipose tissues and the metabolic effects of various brown/beige adipose tissues secreted factors on other organs and tissues in endocrine/paracrine manners, and as well as on brown/beige adipose tissue itself in an autocrine manner. This will provide insights into understanding the potential secretory role of brown/beige adipose tissues in improving metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Mansab Ali Saleemi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Lim Fong
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300, Malaysia
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia.
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68
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Brown Adipose Tissue and Its Role in Insulin and Glucose Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041530. [PMID: 33546400 PMCID: PMC7913527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased worldwide prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, and their related metabolic complications have prompted the scientific world to search for new possibilities to combat obesity. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), due to its unique protein uncoupling protein 1 (UPC1) in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, has been acknowledged as a promising approach to increase energy expenditure. Activated brown adipocytes dissipate energy, resulting in heat production. In other words, BAT burns fat and increases the metabolic rate, promoting a negative energy balance. Moreover, BAT alleviates metabolic complications like dyslipidemia, impaired insulin secretion, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this review is to explore the role of BAT in total energy expenditure, as well as lipid and glucose homeostasis, and to discuss new possible activators of brown adipose tissue in humans to treat obesity and metabolic disorders.
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69
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Wang H, Willershäuser M, Li Y, Fromme T, Schnabl K, Bast-Habersbrunner A, Ramisch S, Mocek S, Klingenspor M. Uncoupling protein-1 expression does not protect mice from diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E333-E345. [PMID: 33252252 PMCID: PMC8260371 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00285.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We studied the metabolic phenotype of a novel Ucp1-LUC-iRFP713 knock-in reporter gene mouse model originally generated to monitor endogenous Ucp1 gene expression. Both reporter mice and reporter cells reliably reflected Ucp1 gene expression in vivo and in vitro. We here report an unexpected reduction in UCP1 content in homozygous knock-in (KI) reporter mice. As a result, the thermogenic capacity of KI mice stimulated by norepinephrine was largely blunted, making them more sensitive to an acute cold exposure. In return, these reporter mice with reduced UCP1 expression enabled us to investigate the physiological role of UCP1 in the prevention of weight gain. We observed no substantial differences in body mass across the three genotypes, irrespective of the type of diet or the ambient temperature, possibly due to the insufficient UCP1 activation. Indeed, activation of UCP1 by daily injection of the selective β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL316,243 resulted in significantly greater reduction of body weight in wild-type mice than in KI mice. Taken together, we conclude that the intact expression of UCP1 is essential for cold-induced thermogenesis but the presence of UCP1 per se does not protect mice from diet-induced obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To study the functional role of UCP1-dependent brown adipose tissue thermogenesis for energy balance, new animal models are needed. By metabolic phenotyping of a novel mouse model with low UCP1 levels in brown fat, we demonstrate that the susceptibility to diet-induced obesity is not increased despite impaired cold-induced thermogenic capacity. Brown fat requires pharmacological activation to promote negative energy balance in diet-induced obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Monja Willershäuser
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Yongguo Li
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Fromme
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Katharina Schnabl
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Andrea Bast-Habersbrunner
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Samira Ramisch
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sabine Mocek
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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70
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Chatree S, Sitticharoon C, Maikaew P, Pongwattanapakin K, Keadkraichaiwat I, Churintaraphan M, Sripong C, Sririwichitchai R, Tapechum S. Cissus Quadrangularis enhances UCP1 mRNA, indicative of white adipocyte browning and decreases central obesity in humans in a randomized trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2008. [PMID: 33479386 PMCID: PMC7820492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with the growth and expansion of adipocytes which could be decreased via several mechanisms. Cissus Quadrangularis (CQ) extract has been shown to reduce obesity in humans; however, its effect on human white adipocytes (hWA) has not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CQ on obesity, lipolysis, and browning of hWA. CQ treatment in obese humans significantly decreased waist circumference at week 4 and week 8 when compared with the baseline values (p < 0.05 all) and significantly decreased hip circumference at week 8 when compared with the baseline and week 4 values (p < 0.05 all). Serum leptin levels of the CQ-treated group were significantly higher at week 8 compared to baseline levels (p < 0.05). In hWA, glycerol release was reduced in the CQ-treated group when compared with the vehicle-treated group. In the browning experiment, pioglitazone, the PPAR-γ agonist, increased UCP1 mRNA when compared to vehicle (p < 0.01). Interestingly, 10, 100, and 1000 ng/ml CQ extract treatment on hWA significantly enhanced UCP1 expression in a dose-dependent manner when compared to pioglitazone treatment (p < 0.001 all). In conclusion, CQ decreased waist and hip circumferences in obese humans and enhanced UCP1 mRNA in hWA suggestive of its action via browning of hWA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saimai Chatree
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd., Siriraj, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Chantacha Sitticharoon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd., Siriraj, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Pailin Maikaew
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd., Siriraj, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Kitchaya Pongwattanapakin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd., Siriraj, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Issarawan Keadkraichaiwat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd., Siriraj, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Malika Churintaraphan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd., Siriraj, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Chanakarn Sripong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd., Siriraj, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Sririwichitchai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd., Siriraj, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Sompol Tapechum
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd., Siriraj, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
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71
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Chen HJ, Meng T, Gao PJ, Ruan CC. The Role of Brown Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:652246. [PMID: 34113316 PMCID: PMC8185286 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.652246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), consisted of brown adipocytes and stromal vascular fraction, which includes endothelial cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and stem cells, plays a vital role in regulating cardiovascular health and diseases. As a thermogenic organ, BAT can influence body through strengthening energy expenditure by promoting glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, BAT is also an endocrine organ which is able to secret adipokines in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion. BAT plays a protective role in cardiovascular system through attenuating cardiac remodeling and suppressing inflammatory response. In this review, we summarize the advances from the discovery of BAT to the present and provide an overview on the role of BAT dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Jin Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Chao Ruan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng-Chao Ruan,
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72
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Pilkington AC, Paz HA, Wankhade UD. Beige Adipose Tissue Identification and Marker Specificity-Overview. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:599134. [PMID: 33776911 PMCID: PMC7996049 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.599134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is classified based on its location, physiological and functional characteristics. Although there is a clear demarcation of anatomical and molecular features specific to white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), the factors that uniquely differentiate beige AT (BeAT) remain to be fully elaborated. The ubiquitous presence of different types of AT and the inability to differentiate brown and beige adipocytes because of similar appearance present a challenge when classifying them one way or another. Here we will provide an overview of the latest advances in BeAT, BAT, and WAT identification based on transcript markers described in the literature. The review paper will highlight some of the difficulties these markers pose and will offer new perspectives on possible transcript-specific identification of BeAT. We hope that this will advance the understanding of the biology of different ATs. In addition, concrete strategies to distinguish different types of AT may be relevant to track the efficacy and mechanisms around interventions aimed to improve metabolic health and thwart excessive weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Claire Pilkington
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Henry A. Paz
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Umesh D. Wankhade
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Umesh D. Wankhade,
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73
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Chatree S, Sitticharoon C, Maikaew P, Pongwattanapakin K, Keadkraichaiwat I, Churintaraphan M, Sripong C, Sririwichitchai R, Tapechum S. Epigallocatechin gallate decreases plasma triglyceride, blood pressure, and serum kisspeptin in obese human subjects. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:163-176. [PMID: 33045853 PMCID: PMC7871112 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220962708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of major risk factors increasing chronic diseases including type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. The effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major active compound in green tea, on reduced obesity and improved metabolic profiles are still controversial. Furthermore, the effects of EGCG on human adipocyte lipolysis and browning of white adipocytes have not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of EGCG on obesity, lipolysis, and browning of human white adipocytes. The results showed that, when compared to the baseline values, EGCG significantly decreased fasting plasma triglyceride levels (P < 0.05), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.05), diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.05), and serum kisspeptin levels (P < 0.05) after 8 weeks of supplement. On the other hand, supplement of EGCG in obese human subjects for 4 or 8 weeks did not decrease body weight, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, nor total body fat mass or percentage when compared to their baseline values. The study in human adipocytes showed that EGCG did not increase the glycerol release when compared to vehicle, suggesting that it had no lipolytic effect. Furthermore, treatment of EGCG did not enhance uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) mRNA expression in human white adipocytes when compared with treatment of pioglitazone, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) agonist, suggesting that EGCG did not augment the browning effect of PPAR-γ on white adipocytes. This study revealed that EGCG reduced 2 metabolic risk factors which are triglyceride and blood pressure in the human experiment. We also showed a novel evidence that EGCG decreased kisspeptin levels. However, EGCG had no effects on obesity reduction in humans, lipolysis, nor browning of human white adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saimai Chatree
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chantacha Sitticharoon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pailin Maikaew
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kitchaya Pongwattanapakin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Issarawan Keadkraichaiwat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Malika Churintaraphan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chanakarn Sripong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Sririwichitchai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sompol Tapechum
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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Jia XW, Fang DL, Shi XY, Lu T, Yang C, Gao Y. Inducible beige adipocytes improve impaired glucose metabolism in interscapular BAT-removal mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158871. [PMID: 33346159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inducible beige adipocytes are emerging as an interesting issue in obesity and metabolism research. There is a neglected possibility that brown adipocytes are equally activated when external stimuli induce the formation of beige adipocytes. Thus, the question is whether beige adipocytes have the same functions as brown adipocytes when brown adipose tissue (BAT) is lacking. This question has not been well studied. Therefore we determine the beneficial effects of beige adipocytes upon cold challenge or CL316243 treatments in animal models of interscapular BAT (iBAT) ablation by surgical denervation. We found that denervated iBAT were activated by cold exposure and CL316243 treatments. The data show that beige adipocytes partly contribute to the improvement of impaired glucose metabolism resulting from denervated iBAT. Thus, we further used iBAT-removal animal models to abolish iBAT functions completely. We found that beige adipocytes upon cold exposure or CL316243 treatments improved impaired glucose metabolism and enhanced glucose uptake in iBAT-removal mice. The insulin signaling was activated in iBAT-removal mice upon cold exposure. Both the activation of insulin signaling and up-regulation of glucose transporter expression were observed in iBAT-removal mice with CL316243 treatments. The data show that inducible beige adipocytes may have different mechanisms to improve impaired glucose metabolism. Inducible beige adipocytes can also enhance energy expenditure and lipolytic activity of white adipose tissues when iBAT is lacking. We provide direct evidences for the beneficial effect of inducible beige adipocytes in glucose metabolism and energy expenditure in the absence of iBAT in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dong-Liang Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xin-Yi Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Experimental Center for Basic Medical Teaching, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yan Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Thermogenic adipocytes: lineage, function and therapeutic potential. Biochem J 2020; 477:2071-2093. [PMID: 32539124 PMCID: PMC7293110 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic inflexibility, defined as the inability to respond or adapt to metabolic demand, is now recognised as a driving factor behind many pathologies associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in the ability of an organism to sense, adapt to and counteract environmental changes. It provides a buffer in times of nutrient excess, a fuel reserve during starvation and the ability to resist cold-stress through non-shivering thermogenesis. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing combined with lineage tracing, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have identified novel adipocyte progenitors that give rise to specialised adipocytes with diverse functions, some of which have the potential to be exploited therapeutically. This review will highlight the common and distinct functions of well-known adipocyte populations with respect to their lineage and plasticity, as well as introducing the most recent members of the adipocyte family and their roles in whole organism energy homeostasis. Finally, this article will outline some of the more preliminary findings from large data sets generated by single-cell transcriptomics of mouse and human adipose tissue and their implications for the field, both for discovery and for therapy.
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76
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Michel LYM, Farah C, Balligand JL. The Beta3 Adrenergic Receptor in Healthy and Pathological Cardiovascular Tissues. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122584. [PMID: 33276630 PMCID: PMC7761574 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The third isotype of beta-adrenoreceptors (β3-AR) has recently come (back) into focus after the observation of its expression in white and beige human adipocytes and its implication in metabolic regulation. This coincides with the recent development and marketing of agonists at the human receptor with superior specificity. Twenty years ago, however, we and others described the expression of β3-AR in human myocardium and its regulation of contractility and cardiac remodeling. Subsequent work from many laboratories has since expanded the characterization of β3-AR involvement in many aspects of cardiovascular physio(patho)logy, justifying the present effort to update current paradigms under the light of the most recent evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Y. M. Michel
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, B1.57.04, 57 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.Y.M.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Charlotte Farah
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, B1.57.04, 57 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.Y.M.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Jean-Luc Balligand
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, B1.57.04, 57 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.Y.M.M.); (C.F.)
- Department of Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, 10 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-27645262
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77
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Myers DA, Singleton K, Hyatt K, Kaushal KM, Ducsay CA. Long term hypoxia during gestation alters perirenal adipose tissue gene expression in the lamb. Adipocyte 2020; 9:223-233. [PMID: 32403966 PMCID: PMC7238872 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1763726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that following long-term hypoxia (LTH), the ovine foetus exhibits enhanced expression of brown/beige adipose genes. This study was designed to determine if these changes are preserved after birth. Pregnant ewes were divided among three groups, 1) Control, sea level, 2) LTH, high altitude (3,820 m, LTH-HA) from ~ day 40 of gestation through ~14 days post-delivery and 3) LTH from ⁓ day 40 through day 137 of gestation then returned to the laboratory where atory reduced maternal PO2 was maintained by nitrogen infusion. Following delivery, lambs remained at sea level (LTH-SL). Perirenal adipose tissue was collected at ~day 14, and qRT-PCR was used to quantify mRNA. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), PPAR gamma coactivator 1 (PGC1α), and deiodinase-2 (DIO2) mRNA levels were significantly lower in both LTH groups while PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16) levels did not differ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) was maintained in the LTH-HA group and significantly increased in the LTH-SL group, compared to control. Unlike our previous LTH foetal studies, the brown/beige fat phenotype was rapidly lost by day 14 postpartum compared to control, while PPARγ was maintained. This loss of the brown fat phenotype may promote obesity due to decreased energy expenditure, favouring fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A. Myers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Krista Singleton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kim Hyatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kanchan M. Kaushal
- Lawrence D. Longo M.D. Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Charles A. Ducsay
- Lawrence D. Longo M.D. Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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78
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Dahlhaus M, Roos J, Engel D, Tews D, Halbgebauer D, Funcke JB, Kiener S, Schuler PJ, Döscher J, Hoffmann TK, Zinngrebe J, Rojewski M, Schrezenmeier H, Debatin KM, Wabitsch M, Fischer-Posovszky P. CD90 Is Dispensable for White and Beige/Brown Adipocyte Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7907. [PMID: 33114405 PMCID: PMC7663553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ in rodents and humans. In mice, the transplantation of BAT has been successfully used to combat obesity and its comorbidities. While such beneficial properties of BAT are now evident, the developmental and cellular origins of brown, beige, and white adipocytes have remained only poorly understood, especially in humans. We recently discovered that CD90 is highly expressed in stromal cells isolated from human white adipose tissue (WAT) compared to BAT. Here, we studied whether CD90 interferes with brown or white adipogenesis or white adipocyte beiging. We applied flow cytometric sorting of human adipose tissue stromal cells (ASCs), a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout strategy in the human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) adipocyte model system, as well as a siRNA approach in human approaches supports the hypothesis that CD90 affects brown or white adipogenesis or white adipocyte beiging in humans. Taken together, our findings call the conclusions drawn from previous studies, which claimed a central role of CD90 in adipocyte differentiation, into question.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adult
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/genetics
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/metabolism
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/metabolism
- Gigantism/genetics
- Gigantism/metabolism
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism
- Humans
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Intellectual Disability/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Thermogenesis
- Thy-1 Antigens/genetics
- Thy-1 Antigens/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Dahlhaus
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.D.); (J.R.); (D.E.); (D.T.); (D.H.); (J.-B.F.); (S.K.); (M.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (J.Z.); (K.-M.D.)
| | - Julian Roos
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.D.); (J.R.); (D.E.); (D.T.); (D.H.); (J.-B.F.); (S.K.); (M.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (J.Z.); (K.-M.D.)
| | - Daniel Engel
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.D.); (J.R.); (D.E.); (D.T.); (D.H.); (J.-B.F.); (S.K.); (M.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (J.Z.); (K.-M.D.)
| | - Daniel Tews
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.D.); (J.R.); (D.E.); (D.T.); (D.H.); (J.-B.F.); (S.K.); (M.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (J.Z.); (K.-M.D.)
| | - Daniel Halbgebauer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.D.); (J.R.); (D.E.); (D.T.); (D.H.); (J.-B.F.); (S.K.); (M.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (J.Z.); (K.-M.D.)
| | - Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.D.); (J.R.); (D.E.); (D.T.); (D.H.); (J.-B.F.); (S.K.); (M.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (J.Z.); (K.-M.D.)
| | - Sophie Kiener
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.D.); (J.R.); (D.E.); (D.T.); (D.H.); (J.-B.F.); (S.K.); (M.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (J.Z.); (K.-M.D.)
| | - Patrick J. Schuler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (P.J.S.); (J.D.); (T.K.H.)
| | - Johannes Döscher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (P.J.S.); (J.D.); (T.K.H.)
| | - Thomas K. Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (P.J.S.); (J.D.); (T.K.H.)
| | - Julia Zinngrebe
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (J.Z.); (K.-M.D.)
| | - Markus Rojewski
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (M.R.); (H.S.)
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden Wuerttemberg-Hessen, and University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (M.R.); (H.S.)
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden Wuerttemberg-Hessen, and University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (J.Z.); (K.-M.D.)
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.D.); (J.R.); (D.E.); (D.T.); (D.H.); (J.-B.F.); (S.K.); (M.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (J.Z.); (K.-M.D.)
| | - Pamela Fischer-Posovszky
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.D.); (J.R.); (D.E.); (D.T.); (D.H.); (J.-B.F.); (S.K.); (M.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (J.Z.); (K.-M.D.)
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79
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Lysyl oxidase inhibition enhances browning of white adipose tissue and adaptive thermogenesis. Genes Dis 2020; 9:140-150. [PMID: 35005114 PMCID: PMC8720662 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that activation of beige fat increases cellular energy expenditure, ultimately reducing adiposity. Here, we report the central role of adipocyte-derived lysyl oxidase (Lox) in the formation of thermogenic beige fat. Mice exposed to cold or a β3 agonist showed drastically lower Lox expression in thermogenically activated beige fat. Importantly, inhibition of Lox activity with BAPN stimulated biogenesis of beige fat in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) under housing conditions and potentiated cold-induced adaptive thermogenesis and beiging in both iWAT and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Notably, white adipocytes with Lox repression undergo transdifferentiation into beige adipocytes which can be suppressed by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) via ERK activation. This work provides new insight into the molecular control to expand beige fat by Lox inhibition and suggest the potential for utilizing inhibitor of Lox to treat the emerging epidemics of obesity and diabetes.
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80
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Hiradate R, Khalil IA, Matsuda A, Sasaki M, Hida K, Harashima H. A novel dual-targeted rosiglitazone-loaded nanoparticle for the prevention of diet-induced obesity via the browning of white adipose tissue. J Control Release 2020; 329:665-675. [PMID: 33038450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue in the body is classified as white adipose tissue (WAT); a fat-accumulating tissue, or brown adipose tissue (BAT); an energy-dissipating tissue. Transforming WAT-to-BAT (browning) is a promising strategy for the treatment of obesity, since it would lead to an increase in energy expenditure. Rosiglitazone (Rosi), an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), is known to be a potent browning inducer in subcutaneous WAT. However, the effectiveness of Rosi has been quite limited because of several off-target effects. The objective of this study was to develop locally administered Rosi-loaded nanoparticles (Rs-NPs) with the ability to target adipocytes to achieve the adipose tissue-specific activation of PPARγ, thus causing the browning of WAT. We prepared dual targeted Rs-NPs that were modified with a specific peptide that targets prohibitin that are expressed in adipocytes, and a cell penetrating peptide for enhancing cellular uptake and controlling intracellular trafficking. The Rs-NPs modified with a single ligand were internalized into mature adipocytes and induced browning activity in vitro but they failed to significantly affect the body weight of the diet-induced obese mice model. The dual-targeted Rs-NPs induced a strong browning activity, both in vitro and in vivo, and successfully inhibited the progression of obesity, as evidenced by the shrinkage of hypertrophied adipocytes without any detectable systemic adverse effects. Meanwhile, free Rosi aggravated hepatic steatosis and did not cause adipose tissue browning nor the inhibition of body weight gain. We conclude that the increased energy expenditure via adipose tissue browning using dual-targeted Rs-NP is a promising strategy for the treatment of obesity and its related metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Hiradate
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ikramy A Khalil
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Aya Matsuda
- Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Mika Sasaki
- Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hida
- Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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81
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Kuryłowicz A, Puzianowska-Kuźnicka M. Induction of Adipose Tissue Browning as a Strategy to Combat Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176241. [PMID: 32872317 PMCID: PMC7504355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing obesity pandemic generates a constant need to develop new therapeutic strategies to restore the energy balance. Therefore, the concept of activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) in order to increase energy expenditure has been revived. In mammals, two developmentally distinct types of brown adipocytes exist; the classical or constitutive BAT that arises during embryogenesis, and the beige adipose tissue that is recruited postnatally within white adipose tissue (WAT) in the process called browning. Research of recent years has significantly increased our understanding of the mechanisms involved in BAT activation and WAT browning. They also allowed for the identification of critical molecules and critical steps of both processes and, therefore, many new therapeutic targets. Several non-pharmacological approaches, as well as chemical compounds aiming at the induction of WAT browning and BAT activation, have been tested in vitro as well as in animal models of genetically determined and/or diet-induced obesity. The therapeutic potential of some of these strategies has also been tested in humans. In this review, we summarize present concepts regarding potential therapeutic targets in the process of BAT activation and WAT browning and available strategies aiming at them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kuryłowicz
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-226086591; Fax: +48-226086410
| | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuźnicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland
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82
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Hurtado Del Pozo C, Ruiz HH, Arivazhagan L, Aranda JF, Shim C, Daya P, Derk J, MacLean M, He M, Frye L, Friedline RH, Noh HL, Kim JK, Friedman RA, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. A Receptor of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily Regulates Adaptive Thermogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 28:773-791.e7. [PMID: 31315054 PMCID: PMC6686683 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exquisite regulation of energy homeostasis protects from nutrient deprivation but causes metabolic dysfunction upon nutrient excess. In human and murine adipose tissue, the accumulation of ligands of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) accompanies obesity, implicating this receptor in energy metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that mice bearing global- or adipocyte-specific deletion of Ager, the gene encoding RAGE, display superior metabolic recovery after fasting, a cold challenge, or high-fat feeding. The RAGE-dependent mechanisms were traced to suppression of protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of its key targets, hormone-sensitive lipase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, upon β-adrenergic receptor stimulation—processes that dampen the expression and activity of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and thermogenic programs. This work identifies the innate role of RAGE as a key node in the immunometabolic networks that control responses to nutrient supply and cold challenges, and it unveils opportunities to harness energy expenditure in environmental and metabolic stress. Hurtado del Pozo et al. show that the deletion of adipocyte RAGE, whose ligands accumulate in metabolic stress, protects from obesity and cold challenges through the modulation of protein kinase A activities. This work adds RAGE to the immunometabolic networks that regulate energy expenditure in environmental and metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hurtado Del Pozo
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Henry H Ruiz
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lakshmi Arivazhagan
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Juan Francisco Aranda
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Cynthia Shim
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Peter Daya
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Julia Derk
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael MacLean
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Meilun He
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Laura Frye
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Randall H Friedline
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Albert Sherman Center, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hye Lim Noh
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Albert Sherman Center, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Albert Sherman Center, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Albert Sherman Center, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Richard A Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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83
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Liang X, Tao C, Pan J, Zhang L, Liu L, Zhao Y, Fan Y, Cao C, Liu J, Zhang J, Lam SM, Shui G, Jin W, Li W, Zhao J, Li K, Wang Y. Rnf20 deficiency in adipocyte impairs adipose tissue development and thermogenesis. Protein Cell 2020; 12:475-492. [PMID: 32797353 PMCID: PMC8160045 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNF20, an E3 ligase critical for monoubiquitination of histone H2B at lysine 120 (H2Bub), has been implicated in the regulation of various cellar processes; however, its physiological roles in adipocytes remain poorly characterized. Here, we report that the adipocyte-specific knockout of Rnf20 (ASKO) in mice led to progressive fat loss, organomegaly and hyperinsulinemia. Despite signs of hyperinsulinemia, normal insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance were observed in the young and aged CD-fed ASKO mice. In addition, high-fat diet-fed ASKO mice developed severe liver steatosis. Moreover, we observed that the ASKO mice were extremely sensitive to a cold environment due to decreased expression levels of brown adipose tissue (BAT) selective genes, including uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1), and impaired mitochondrial functions. Significantly decreased levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ) were observed in the gonadal white adipose tissues (gWAT) from the ASKO mice, suggesting that Rnf20 regulates adipogenesis, at least in part, through Pparγ. Rosiglitazone-treated ASKO mice exhibited increased fat mass compared to that of the non-treated ASKO mice. Collectively, our results illustrate the critical role of RNF20 in control of white and brown adipose tissue development and physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianfei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunwei Cao
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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84
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Kothari C, Diorio C, Durocher F. The Importance of Breast Adipose Tissue in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165760. [PMID: 32796696 PMCID: PMC7460846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex endocrine organ, with a role in obesity and cancer. Adipose tissue is generally linked to excessive body fat, and it is well known that the female breast is rich in adipose tissue. Hence, one can wonder: what is the role of adipose tissue in the breast and why is it required? Adipose tissue as an organ consists of adipocytes, an extracellular matrix (ECM) and immune cells, with a significant role in the dynamics of breast changes throughout the life span of a female breast from puberty, pregnancy, lactation and involution. In this review, we will discuss the importance of breast adipose tissue in breast development and its involvement in breast changes happening during pregnancy, lactation and involution. We will focus on understanding the biology of breast adipose tissue, with an overview on its involvement in the various steps of breast cancer development and progression. The interaction between the breast adipose tissue surrounding cancer cells and vice-versa modifies the tumor microenvironment in favor of cancer. Understanding this mutual interaction and the role of breast adipose tissue in the tumor microenvironment could potentially raise the possibility of overcoming breast adipose tissue mediated resistance to therapies and finding novel candidates to target breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Kothari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1T 1C2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1T 1C2, Canada
| | - Francine Durocher
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1T 1C2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(418)-525-4444 (ext. 48508)
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85
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Single cell approaches to address adipose tissue stromal cell heterogeneity. Biochem J 2020; 477:583-600. [PMID: 32026949 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A central function of adipose tissue is in the management of systemic energy homeostasis that is achieved through the co-ordinated regulation of energy storage and mobilization, adipokine release, and immune functions. With the dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease over the past 30 years, there has been extensive interest in targeting adipose tissue for therapeutic benefit. However, in order for this goal to be achieved it is essential to establish a comprehensive atlas of adipose tissue cellular composition and define mechanisms of intercellular communication that mediate pathologic and therapeutic responses. While traditional methods, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and genetic lineage tracing, have greatly advanced the field, these approaches are inherently limited by the choice of markers and the ability to comprehensively identify and characterize dynamic interactions among stromal cells within the tissue microenvironment. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) has emerged as a powerful tool for deconvolving cellular heterogeneity and holds promise for understanding the development and plasticity of adipose tissue under normal and pathological conditions. scRNAseq has recently been used to characterize adipose stem cell (ASC) populations and has provided new insights into subpopulations of macrophages that arise during anabolic and catabolic remodeling in white adipose tissue. The current review summarizes recent findings that use this technology to explore adipose tissue heterogeneity and plasticity.
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86
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Reinisch I, Schreiber R, Prokesch A. Regulation of thermogenic adipocytes during fasting and cold. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 512:110869. [PMID: 32439414 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cold exposure activates brown and brown-like adipocytes that dissipate large amounts of glucose and fatty acids via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) to drive non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). Evidence for the existence of these thermogenic adipocytes in adult humans gave rise to a renaissance in research on brown adipose tissue, establishing it as linchpin of energy homeostasis and metabolic health. Besides low ambient temperature, shortage or excess of food affect thermoregulation. Upon high caloric meals thermogenic adipocytes burn excess calories and maintain energy balance. In contrast, in conditions of nutrient deprivation, counter-regulatory mechanisms prevent thermogenic adipocytes from "wasting" energy substrates that need to be conserved. In this review, we discuss cell-autonomous mechanisms, metabolites, and hormones that modify NST in response to nutrient fluctuations. In particular, we focus on how thermogenic adipocytes balance thermogenesis with systemic energy homeostasis during fasting periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Reinisch
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Prokesch
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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87
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Picoli CDC, Gilio GR, Henriques F, Leal LG, Besson JC, Lopes MA, Franzói de Moraes SM, Hernandes L, Batista Junior ML, Peres SB. Resistance exercise training induces subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue browning in Swiss mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:66-74. [PMID: 32501777 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00742.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise training (AER) may promote several adaptations in white adipose tissue (WAT), including a phenotypic change known as browning. The present study aimed at assessing if resistance exercise training (RES) would be as efficient as AER in inducing a brown-like adipocyte reprogramming in WAT. Thirty Swiss male mice were randomly divided into 3 groups with 10 animals each: 1) sedentary (SED), 2) AER, and 3) RES. After the adaptation training, an incremental test was performed at the beginning of each week to adjust training load. Mice were submitted to 8 wk of AER or RES. After the experimental period, inguinal and retroperitoneal WAT (iWAT and rpWAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) were collected. The prescription of AER and RES was effective in increasing the performance of both groups. Also, RES presented a lower body weight than AER/SED. AER and RES reduced the area of iWAT and rpWAT adipocytes and the lipid area of BAT, induced an increase of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), and increased the expression of selective genes of brown and beige phenotype in adipocytes after 8 wk. In general, we demonstrated here that AER and RES training similarly induced the browning of iWAT and rpWAT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aerobic exercise training (AER) induces the browning of white adipose tissue, turning adipocytes multilocular, highly vascularized and expressing uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1). The current study compared the efficiency of resistance to aerobic exercise training to promote a brown-like phenotype. Our results suggest that both types of training similarly induce subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue browning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Renan Gilio
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá-Paraná, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Henriques
- Department of Integrated Biotechnology Group, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi-São Paulo, Brazil.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Luana Garcia Leal
- Department of Integrated Biotechnology Group, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi-São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Carlos Besson
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá-Paraná, Brazil
| | - Magno Alves Lopes
- Department of Integrated Biotechnology Group, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi-São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luzmarina Hernandes
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá-Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Sidney Barnabé Peres
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá-Paraná, Brazil
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88
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Shook BA, Wasko RR, Mano O, Rutenberg-Schoenberg M, Rudolph MC, Zirak B, Rivera-Gonzalez GC, López-Giráldez F, Zarini S, Rezza A, Clark DA, Rendl M, Rosenblum MD, Gerstein MB, Horsley V. Dermal Adipocyte Lipolysis and Myofibroblast Conversion Are Required for Efficient Skin Repair. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:880-895.e6. [PMID: 32302523 PMCID: PMC7853423 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mature adipocytes store fatty acids and are a common component of tissue stroma. Adipocyte function in regulating bone marrow, skin, muscle, and mammary gland biology is emerging, but the role of adipocyte-derived lipids in tissue homeostasis and repair is poorly understood. Here, we identify an essential role for adipocyte lipolysis in regulating inflammation and repair after injury in skin. Genetic mouse studies revealed that dermal adipocytes are necessary to initiate inflammation after injury and promote subsequent repair. We find through histological, ultrastructural, lipidomic, and genetic experiments in mice that adipocytes adjacent to skin injury initiate lipid release necessary for macrophage inflammation. Tamoxifen-inducible genetic lineage tracing of mature adipocytes and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that dermal adipocytes alter their fate and generate ECM-producing myofibroblasts within wounds. Thus, adipocytes regulate multiple aspects of repair and may be therapeutic for inflammatory diseases and defective wound healing associated with aging and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Shook
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Renee R Wasko
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Omer Mano
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Michael Rutenberg-Schoenberg
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bahar Zirak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | - Simona Zarini
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Amélie Rezza
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 11766, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 11766, USA
| | - Damon A Clark
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 11766, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 11766, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mark B Gerstein
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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89
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Markan KR, Boland LK, King-McAlpin AQ, Claflin KE, Leaman MP, Kemerling MK, Stonewall MM, Amendt BA, Ankrum JA, Potthoff MJ. Adipose TBX1 regulates β-adrenergic sensitivity in subcutaneous adipose tissue and thermogenic capacity in vivo. Mol Metab 2020; 36:100965. [PMID: 32240964 PMCID: PMC7115112 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T-box 1 (TBX1) has been identified as a genetic marker of beige adipose tissue. TBX1 is a mesodermal development transcription factor essential for tissue patterning and cell fate determination. However, whether it plays a role in the process of adipose beiging or how it functions in adipose tissue has not been reported. Here, we examined the function of TBX1 in adipose tissue as well as adipose-derived stem cells from mice and humans. METHODS Adipose-specific TBX1 transgenic (TBX1 AdipoTG) and adipose-specific TBX1 knockout (TBX1 AdipoKO) mice were generated to explore the function of TBX1 in the process of adipose beiging, metabolism and energy homeostasis in vivo. In vitro, we utilized a siRNA mediated approach to determine the function of TBX1 during adipogenesis in mouse and human stem cells. RESULTS Adipose-specific overexpression of TBX1 was not sufficient to fully induce beiging and prevent diet-induced obesity. However, adipose TBX1 expression was necessary to defend body temperature during cold through regulation of UCP1 and for maintaining β3-adrenergic sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in vivo. Loss of adipose TBX1 expression enhanced basal lipolysis and reduced the size of subcutaneous iWAT adipocytes. Reduction of TBX1 expression via siRNA significantly impaired adipogenesis of mouse stromal vascular cells but significantly enhanced adipogenesis in human adipose derived stem cells. CONCLUSIONS Adipose expression of TBX1 is necessary, but not sufficient, to defend body temperature during cold via proper UCP1 expression. Adipose TBX1 expression was also required for proper insulin signaling in subcutaneous adipose as well as for maintaining β-adrenergic sensitivity, but overexpression of TBX1 was not sufficient to induce adipocyte beiging or to prevent diet-induced obesity. TBX1 expression is enriched in adipose stem cells in which it has contrasting effects on adipogenesis in mouse versus human cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate the importance of adipose TBX1 in the regulation of beige adipocyte function, energy homeostasis, and adipocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Markan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Lauren K Boland
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Abdul Qaadir King-McAlpin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kristin E Claflin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Iowa Neurosciences Institute, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Michael P Leaman
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Morgan K Kemerling
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Madison M Stonewall
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - James A Ankrum
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Iowa Neurosciences Institute, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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90
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Ahmad B, Serpell CJ, Fong IL, Wong EH. Molecular Mechanisms of Adipogenesis: The Anti-adipogenic Role of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:76. [PMID: 32457917 PMCID: PMC7226927 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is now a widespread disorder, and its prevalence has become a critical concern worldwide, due to its association with common co-morbidities like cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ and therefore plays a critical role in the survival of an individual, but its dysfunction or excess is directly linked to obesity. The journey from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells to the formation of mature adipocytes is a well-orchestrated program which requires the expression of several genes, their transcriptional factors, and signaling intermediates from numerous pathways. Understanding all the intricacies of adipogenesis is vital if we are to counter the current epidemic of obesity because the limited understanding of these intricacies is the main barrier to the development of potent therapeutic strategies against obesity. In particular, AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) plays a crucial role in regulating adipogenesis – it is arguably the central cellular energy regulation protein of the body. Since AMPK promotes the development of brown adipose tissue over that of white adipose tissue, special attention has been given to its role in adipose tissue development in recent years. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms involved in adipogenesis, the role of signaling pathways and the substantial role of activated AMPK in the inhibition of adiposity, concluding with observations which will support the development of novel chemotherapies against obesity epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Isabel Lim Fong
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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91
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Hankir MK, Seyfried F. Do Bariatric Surgeries Enhance Brown/Beige Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:275. [PMID: 32425889 PMCID: PMC7203442 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgeries induce marked and durable weight loss in individuals with morbid obesity through powerful effects on both food intake and energy expenditure. While alterations in gut-brain communication are increasingly implicated in the improved eating behavior following bariatric surgeries, less is known about the mechanistic basis for energy expenditure changes. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige adipose tissue (BeAT) have emerged as major regulators of whole-body energy metabolism in humans as well as in rodents due to their ability to convert the chemical energy in circulating glucose and fatty acids into heat. In this Review, we critically discuss the steadily growing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggesting that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), the two most commonly performed bariatric surgeries, enhance BAT/BeAT thermogenesis. We address the documented mechanisms, highlight study limitations and finish by outlining unanswered questions in the subject. Further understanding how and to what extent bariatric surgeries enhance BAT/BeAT thermogenesis may not only aid in the development of improved obesity pharmacotherapies that safely and optimally target both sides of the energy balance equation, but also in the development of novel hyperglycemia and/or hyperlipidemia pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K. Hankir
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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92
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Bertholet AM, Kirichok Y. Patch-Clamp Analysis of the Mitochondrial H + Leak in Brown and Beige Fat. Front Physiol 2020; 11:326. [PMID: 32351404 PMCID: PMC7174661 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria convert the chemical energy of metabolic substrates into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and heat. Although ATP production has become a focal point of research in bioenergetics, mitochondrial thermogenesis is also crucial for energy metabolism. Mitochondria generate heat due to H+ leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) which is mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. The mitochondrial H+ leak was first identified, and studied for many decades, using mitochondrial respiration technique. Unfortunately, this method measures H+ leak indirectly, and its precision is insufficient for the rigorous insight into the mitochondrial function at the molecular level. Direct patch-clamp recording of H+ leak would have a significantly higher amplitude and time resolution, but application of the patch-clamp technique to a small subcellular organelle such as mitochondria has been challenging. We developed a method that facilitates patch-clamp recording from the whole IMM, enabling the direct measurement of small H+ leak currents via uncoupling proteins and thus, providing a rigorous understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved. In this paper we cover the methodology of measuring the H+ leak in mitochondria of specialized thermogenic tissues brown and beige fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre M. Bertholet
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yuriy Kirichok
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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93
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Rodríguez A, Catalán V, Ramírez B, Unamuno X, Portincasa P, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Frühbeck G, Becerril S. Impact of adipokines and myokines on fat browning. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 76:227-240. [PMID: 32236810 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of leptin in 1994, the adipose tissue (AT) is not just considered a passive fat storage organ but also an extremely active secretory and endocrine organ that secretes a large variety of hormones, called adipokines, involved in energy metabolism. Adipokines may not only contribute to AT dysfunction and obesity, but also in fat browning, a process that induces a phenotypic switch from energy-storing white adipocytes to thermogenic brown fat-like cells. The fat browning process and, consequently, thermogenesis can also be stimulated by physical exercise. Contracting skeletal muscle is a metabolically active tissue that participates in several endocrine functions through the production of bioactive factors, collectively termed myokines, proposed as the mediators of physical activity-induced health benefits. Myokines affect muscle mass, have profound effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, and promote browning and thermogenesis of white AT in an endocrine and/or paracrine manner. The present review focuses on the role of different myokines and adipokines in the regulation of fat browning, as well as in the potential cross-talk between AT and skeletal muscle, in order to control body weight, energy expenditure and thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - V Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - B Ramírez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - X Unamuno
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Medical Engineering Laboratory, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - P Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Policlinico Hospital, University of Bari Medical School, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - J Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - G Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain. .,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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94
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Lim J, Park HS, Kim J, Jang YJ, Kim JH, Lee Y, Heo Y. Depot-specific UCP1 expression in human white adipose tissue and its association with obesity-related markers. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:697-706. [PMID: 31965068 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated depot-specific mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in human white adipose tissue (WAT) and its association with obesity-related markers. METHODS We recruited 39 normal-weight, 41 nondiabetic obese, and 22 diabetic obese women. We measured UCP1 mRNA expression in abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and investigated the associations between UCP1 mRNA expression in VAT and SAT, and obesity-related markers including mRNA expression of leptin, adiponectin, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), and positive regulatory domain-containing protein 16 (PRDM16). We also evaluated UCP1 mRNA expression in differentiated human white adipocytes after treatment with various stressors and metabolic improvement agents in vitro. RESULTS UCP1 mRNA in VAT was significantly higher than in SAT in all groups. UCP1 mRNA in SAT was negatively correlated with BMI, total abdominal fat area, visceral fat area, blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR score, triglyceride, hsCRP, fasting leptin levels, and adipocyte size. UCP1 mRNA in SAT was positively correlated with fasting adiponectin levels. UCP1 mRNA in VAT was negatively correlated with visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio (VSR), fasting glucose, and triglyceride levels. In SAT, UCP1 mRNA was negatively correlated with mRNA expression of leptin and CHOP, and positively correlated with mRNA expression of adiponectin. The expression of PRDM16 was positively correlated with UCP1 mRNA in both VAT and SAT. UCP1 mRNA expression in differentiated human white adipocytes was significantly reduced after incubation with thapsigargin, tunicamycin, homocysteine, TNF-α, or IL-β, and significantly increased after incubation with exendin 4, dapagliflozin, and telmisartan. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated depot-specific mRNA expression of UCP1 and its association with obesity-related markers in human WAT. UCP1 mRNA in human white adipocytes was suppressed by inflammatory agents and enhanced by metabolic improvement agents. UCP1 in human WAT might participate in the pathogenesis of obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Lim
- Department of Family Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Soon Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jimin Kim
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jin Jang
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Hyeok Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - YeonJi Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonseok Heo
- Department of General Surgery, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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95
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Cattaneo P, Mukherjee D, Spinozzi S, Zhang L, Larcher V, Stallcup WB, Kataoka H, Chen J, Dimmeler S, Evans SM, Guimarães-Camboa N. Parallel Lineage-Tracing Studies Establish Fibroblasts as the Prevailing In Vivo Adipocyte Progenitor. Cell Rep 2020; 30:571-582.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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96
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Yu L, Li Y, Grisé A, Wang H. CGI-58: Versatile Regulator of Intracellular Lipid Droplet Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1276:197-222. [PMID: 32705602 PMCID: PMC8063591 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58), also known as α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 5 (ABHD5), is a member of a large family of proteins containing an α/β-hydrolase-fold. CGI-58 is well-known as the co-activator of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which is a key enzyme initiating cytosolic lipid droplet lipolysis. Mutations in either the human CGI-58 or ATGL gene cause an autosomal recessive neutral lipid storage disease, characterized by the excessive accumulation of triglyceride (TAG)-rich lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of almost all cell types. CGI-58, however, has ATGL-independent functions. Distinct phenotypes associated with CGI-58 deficiency commonly include ichthyosis (scaly dry skin), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis. Through regulated interactions with multiple protein families, CGI-58 controls many metabolic and signaling pathways, such as lipid and glucose metabolism, energy balance, insulin signaling, inflammatory responses, and thermogenesis. Recent studies have shown that CGI-58 regulates the pathogenesis of common metabolic diseases in a tissue-specific manner. Future studies are needed to molecularly define ATGL-independent functions of CGI-58, including the newly identified serine protease activity of CGI-58. Elucidation of these versatile functions of CGI-58 may uncover fundamental cellular processes governing lipid and energy homeostasis, which may help develop novel approaches that counter against obesity and its associated metabolic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison Grisé
- College of Computer, Math, and Natural Sciences, College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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97
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Abstract
Understanding the mammalian energy balance can pave the way for future therapeutics that enhance energy expenditure as an anti-obesity and anti-diabetic strategy. Several studies showed that brown adipose tissue activity increases daily energy expenditure. However, the size and activity of brown adipose tissue is reduced in individuals with obesity and type two diabetes. Humans have an abundance of functionally similar beige adipocytes that have the potential to contribute to increased energy expenditure. This makes beige adipocytes a promising target for metabolic disease therapies. While brown adipocytes tend to be stable, beige adipocytes have a high level of plasticity that allows for the rapid and dynamic induction of thermogenesis by external stimuli such as low environmental temperatures. This means that after browning stimuli have been withdrawn beige adipocytes quickly transition back to their white adipose state. The detailed molecular mechanisms regulating beige adipocytes development, function, and reversibility are not fully understood. The goal of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of beige fat development and origins, along with the transcriptional and epigenetic programs that lead to beige fat formation, and subsequent thermogenesis in humans. An improved understanding of the molecular pathways of beige adipocyte plasticity will enable us to selectively manipulate beige cells to induce and maintain their thermogenic output thus improving the whole-body energy homeostasis.
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98
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Efremova A, Senzacqua M, Venema W, Isakov E, Di Vincenzo A, Zingaretti MC, Protasoni M, Thomski M, Giordano A, Cinti S. A large proportion of mediastinal and perirenal visceral fat of Siberian adult people is formed by UCP1 immunoreactive multilocular and paucilocular adipocytes. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 76:185-192. [PMID: 31853729 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many deleterious consequences for health of excessive fat accumulation are due to visceral fat. Browning of visceral fat is mainly cold dependent and has been proposed as a possible tool for future therapies of obesity and related disorders. In this paper, we studied the composition of mediastinal and perirenal visceral fat, collected at necropsy, of human adults that lived in Siberia, one of the coldest regions of the earth. Data showed that a consistent part of the mediastinal and perirenal fat (up to about 40%) had the morphology typical of brown adipocytes and that a relevant percentage of them (up to about 30%) also expressed the functional marker uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Patients living mainly outdoor had higher percentage of brown-like adipocytes with more intensely UCP1 immunoreactive cells. The presence of numerous UCP1 immunoreactive paucilocular cells, a transitional stage of transdifferentiating adipocytes, supports the idea that visceral fat can be converted to brown adipose tissue in adult humans in physiological conditions. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive noradrenergic parenchymal nerve fibers were positively correlated to the number of multilocular adipocytes in mediastinal fat, and a similar trend was also observed in the perirenal fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agrafena Efremova
- Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Martina Senzacqua
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, School of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Wiebe Venema
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, School of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Evgeny Isakov
- Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Angelica Di Vincenzo
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, School of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Zingaretti
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, School of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Protasoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Mikhail Thomski
- Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, School of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, School of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy.
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99
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Towards a Better Understanding of Beige Adipocyte Plasticity. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121552. [PMID: 31805721 PMCID: PMC6953037 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beige adipocytes are defined as Ucp1+, multilocular adipocytes within white adipose tissue (WAT) that are capable of thermogenesis, the process of heat generation. In both mouse models and humans, the increase of beige adipocyte population, also called WAT browning, is associated with certain metabolic benefits, such as reduced obesity and increased insulin sensitivity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding WAT browning, with a special focus on the beige adipocyte plasticity, collectively referring to a bidirectional transition between thermogenic active and latent states in response to environmental changes. We further exploit the utility of a unique beige adipocyte ablation system to interrogate anti-obesity effect of beige adipocytes in vivo.
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100
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Piccinin E, Morgano A, Peres C, Contursi A, Bertrand-Michel J, Arconzo M, Guillou H, Villani G, Moschetta A. PGC-1α induced browning promotes involution and inhibits lactation in mammary glands. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:5011-5025. [PMID: 31154462 PMCID: PMC11105553 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. Recent studies have highlighted a fundamental role of PGC-1α in promoting breast cancer progression and metastasis, but the physiological role of this coactivator in the development of mammary glands is still unknown. First, we show that PGC-1α is highly expressed during puberty and involution, but nearly disappeared in pregnancy and lactation. Then, taking advantage of a newly generated transgenic mouse model with a stable and specific overexpression of PGC-1α in mammary glands, we demonstrate that the re-expression of this coactivator during the lactation stage leads to a precocious regression of the mammary glands. Thus, we propose that PGC-1α action is non-essential during pregnancy and lactation, whereas it is indispensable during involution. The rapid preadipocyte-adipocyte transition, together with an increased rate of apoptosis promotes a premature mammary glands involution that cause lactation defects and pup growth retardation. Overall, we provide new insights in the comprehension of female reproductive cycles and lactation deficiency, thus opening new roads for mothers that cannot breastfeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piccinin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Morgano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Peres
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- INBB, National Institute for Biostuctures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Contursi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Center for Research on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- MetaToul-Lipidomic Facility-MetaboHUB, INSERM UMR1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Arconzo
- INBB, National Institute for Biostuctures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, UMR1331 INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Gaetano Villani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
- National Cancer Center, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
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