51
|
Luo P, Ding Y, He Y, Chen D, He Q, Huang Z, Huang S, Lei W. Hydrogen-oxygen therapy alleviates clinical symptoms in twelve patients hospitalized with COVID-19: A retrospective study of medical records. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e27759. [PMID: 35244034 PMCID: PMC8896485 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A global public health crisis caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) leads to considerable morbidity and mortality, which bring great challenge to respiratory medicine. Hydrogen-oxygen therapy contributes to treat severe respiratory diseases and improve lung functions, yet there is no information to support the clinical use of this therapy in the COVID-19 pneumonia.A retrospective study of medical records was carried out in Shishou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hubei, China. COVID-19 patients (aged ≥ 30 years) admitted to the hospital from January 29 to March 20, 2020 were subjected to control group (n = 12) who received routine therapy and case group (n = 12) who received additional hydrogen-oxygen therapy. The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients were analyzed. The physiological and biochemical indexes, including immune inflammation indicators, electrolytes, myocardial enzyme profile, and functions of liver and kidney, were examined and investigated before and after hydrogen-oxygen therapy.The results showed significant decreases in the neutrophil percentage and the concentration and abnormal proportion of C-reactive protein in COVID-19 patients received additional hydrogen-oxygen therapy.This novel therapeutic may alleviate clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients by suppressing inflammation responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Luo
- Cardiovascular Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanfang Ding
- Cardiology Department, Shishou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medcine, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan He
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Dafeng Chen
- Department of Precision Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing He
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zufeng Huang
- Cardiovascular Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Cardiology Department, Shishou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medcine, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Shian Huang
- Cardiovascular Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Cardiovascular Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Department of Precision Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
SARS- CoV-2 infection and oxidative stress in early-onset preeclampsia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166321. [PMID: 34920081 PMCID: PMC8668602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) also in pregnant women. Infection in pregnancy leads to maternal and placental functional alterations. Pregnant women with vascular defects such as preeclampsia show high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection by undefined mechanisms. Pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 show higher rates of preterm birth and caesarean delivery, and their placentas show signs of vasculopathy and inflammation. It is still unclear whether the foetus is affected by the maternal infection with this virus and whether maternal infection associates with postnatal affections. The SARS-CoV-2 infection causes oxidative stress and activation of the immune system leading to cytokine storm and next tissue damage as seen in the lung. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 expression is determinant for these alterations in the lung. Since this enzyme is expressed in the human placenta, SARS-CoV-2 could infect the placenta tissue, although reported to be of low frequency compared with maternal lung tissue. Early-onset preeclampsia (eoPE) shows higher expression of ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17) causing an imbalanced renin-angiotensin system and endothelial dysfunction. A similar mechanism seems to potentially account for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review highlights the potentially common characteristics of pregnant women with eoPE with those with COVID-19. A better understanding of the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its impact on the placenta function is determinant since eoPE/COVID-19 association may result in maternal metabolic alterations that might lead to a potential worsening of the foetal programming of diseases in the neonate, young, and adult.
Collapse
|
53
|
The Aqueous Leaf Extract of M. Oleifera Inhibits PEDV Replication through Suppressing Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040458. [PMID: 35203166 PMCID: PMC8868277 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus, can cause enormous economic losses in the swine industry. There is no effective commercial vaccine against PEDV infection. In this study, we found that an aqueous leaf extract of M. oleifera (MOE) exhibited antiviral activity in response to PEDV infection at the stage of PEDV replication instead of attachment or internalization. Mechanistically, MOE suppressed the oxidative stress and the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by PEDV infection and upregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, which further led to less cell apoptosis. This study is the first report showing that MOE has antiviral potential as a new prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against PEDV infection. Abstract Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), one of the serious enteric diseases caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), is responsible for enormous economic losses in the global swine industry. However, available commercial vaccines fail to protect pigs from PEDV infection due to the appearance of PEDV variants. Hence, it is necessary to find an effective and cost-efficient natural product to protect pigs from PEDV infection. In this study, we first found that an aqueous leaf extract of M. oleifera (MOE) exhibited antiviral activity in response to PEDV infection. Furthermore, time-of-addition experiments revealed that MOE inhibited PEDV replication rather than attachment and internalization. Mechanistically, MOE significantly suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) induced by PEDV infection, and restored glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. Importantly, the addition of MOE alleviated oxidative stress and the expression of inflammatory cytokines and resulted in fewer apoptotic cells during PEDV infection. These results indicated that MOE might be an effective anti-PEDV drug used to control PED disease and may be helpful in developing a new prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against PEDV.
Collapse
|
54
|
Bellanti F, Lo Buglio A, Vendemiale G. Redox Homeostasis and Immune Alterations in Coronavirus Disease-19. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:159. [PMID: 35205026 PMCID: PMC8869285 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The global Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is characterized by a wide variety of clinical features, from no or moderate symptoms to severe illness. COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that first affects the respiratory tract. Other than being limited to lungs, SARS-CoV-2 may lead to a multisystem disease that can even be durable (long COVID). The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 depends on variability in the immune regulation. Indeed, disease progression is consequent to failure in the immune regulation, characterized by an intensification of the pro-inflammatory response. Disturbance of systemic and organ-related redox balance may be a further mechanism underlying variability in COVID-19 severity. Other than being determinant for SARS-CoV-2 entry and fusion to the host cell, reactive species and redox signaling are deeply involved in the immune response. This review sums up the present knowledge on the role of redox balance in the regulation of susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and related immune response, debating the effectiveness of antioxidant compounds in the management of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (A.L.B.); (G.V.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Zhou N, Zhao Y, Yao Y, Wu N, Xu M, Du H, Wu J, Tu Y. Antioxidant Stress and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Egg White Proteins and Their Derived Peptides: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5-20. [PMID: 34962122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are the common pathological bases of chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, but most of the treatment drugs for chronic diseases have side effects. There is an increasing interest to identify food-derived bioactive compounds that can mitigate the pathological pathways associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Egg white contain a variety of biologically active proteins, many of which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and usually show better activity after enzymatic hydrolysis. This review covers the antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory activities of egg white proteins and their derived peptides and clarifies their mechanism of action in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the link between oxidative stress and inflammation as well as their markers are reviewed. It suggests the potential application of egg white proteins and their derived peptides and puts forward further research prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhou
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Na Wu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Mingsheng Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Huaying Du
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Yonggang Tu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Madeddu E, Maniga B, Zaffanello M, Fanos V, Marcialis MA. The SARS-CoV2 and mitochondria: the impact on cell fate. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2022; 93:e2022199. [PMID: 35546040 PMCID: PMC9171887 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v93i2.10327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection causes endoplasmic reticulum stress inside the cells, which inhibits protein folding. Prolonged endoplasmic reticulum stress causes an apoptotic process of unfolded protein response-induced cell death. Endoplasmic reticulum stress rapidly induces the activation of mTORC1, responsible for the induction of the IRE1-JNK pathway. IRE1-JNK stands out for its dual nature: pro-apoptotic in the first stage of infection, anti-apoptotic in persistently infected cells. Once penetrated the cells, the virus can deflect the mitochondrial function by implementing both waterfalls pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic response. The virus prevents, through Open Reading Frame 9b (ORF-9b) interacting with mitochondria, the response of the type I interferon of the cells affected by the infection and is fundamental for generating an antiviral cellular state. ORF-9b has effects on mitochondrial dynamics, inducing fusion and autophagy and promoting cell survival. The recognition of ORF-9b has made it possible to identify it as a molecular target of some existing potentially effective drugs (Midostaurin and Ruxolitinib). Other drugs, with the same target, are currently being tested. Given the great importance of mitochondria in virus-host interaction, in-depth knowledge of the actors and pathways involved is essential to continue developing new therapeutic strategies against SARS CoV2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Zaffanello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- School of Pediatrics, University of Cagliari, Italy, Department of Surgery, University of Cagliari, Italy, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Mahdavinezhad F, Farmani AR, Pakniat H, Taghavi S, Gharaei R, Valipour J, Amidi F. COVID-19 and varicocele: the possible overlap factors and the common therapeutic approaches. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 87:e13518. [PMID: 34967487 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicocele is recognized as one of the main attributable causes of male infertility which can affect spermatogenesis by various pathophysiological mechanisms. Recent studies have identified oxidative stress and reduction in antioxidant, hyperthermia, hypoxia, hormonal dysfunction, and inflammatory conditions as major factors in the pathophysiology of varicocele, all of which have known direct associations with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and can significantly increase the risk of detrimental COVID-19-related outcomes. Emerging data have shown an association between COVID-19 and inflammation, overproduction of cytokine, and other pathophysiological processes. The present review, summarizes the current understanding of the pathophysiology of varicocele and investigates the potential correlation between the severity of COVID-19 and the varicocele disease. In addition, various possible treatments which can be effective in both diseases were examined. Despite numerous challenges associated with the prevalence of COVID-19 in healthcare systems in infected countries, special attention should be given to maintaining a high level of care for complex patients with a pre-existing disease such as varicocele and providing appropriate practical advice for optimal control of the COVID-19 disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Forough Mahdavinezhad
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Farmani
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Hamideh Pakniat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Saeed Taghavi
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghaye Gharaei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamal Valipour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fardin Amidi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Infertility, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Role of Selenium in Viral Infections with a Major Focus on SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010280. [PMID: 35008706 PMCID: PMC8745607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have afflicted human health and despite great advancements in scientific knowledge and technologies, continue to affect our society today. The current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has put a spotlight on the need to review the evidence on the impact of nutritional strategies to maintain a healthy immune system, particularly in instances where there are limited therapeutic treatments. Selenium, an essential trace element in humans, has a long history of lowering the occurrence and severity of viral infections. Much of the benefits derived from selenium are due to its incorporation into selenocysteine, an important component of proteins known as selenoproteins. Viral infections are associated with an increase in reactive oxygen species and may result in oxidative stress. Studies suggest that selenium deficiency alters immune response and viral infection by increasing oxidative stress and the rate of mutations in the viral genome, leading to an increase in pathogenicity and damage to the host. This review examines viral infections, including the novel SARS-CoV-2, in the context of selenium, in order to inform potential nutritional strategies to maintain a healthy immune system.
Collapse
|
59
|
Pereira SH, Almeida LT, Ferraz AC, Ladeira MDS, Ladeira LO, Magalhães CLDB, Silva BDM. Antioxidant and antiviral activity of fullerol against Zika virus. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106135. [PMID: 34536367 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neglected for years, Zika virus (ZIKV) has become one of the most relevant arboviruses in current public health. The recent Zika fever epidemic in the Americas generated a worldwide alert due to the association with diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and congenital syndromes. Among the pathogenesis of ZIKV, recent studies suggest that oxidative stress plays an important role during infection and that compounds capable of modulating oxidative stress are promising as therapeutics. Furthermore, so far there are no specific and efficient antiviral drug or vaccine available against ZIKV. Thus, fullerol was evaluated in the context of infection by ZIKV, since it is a carbon nanomaterial known for its potent antioxidant action. In this study, fullerol did not alter cell viability at the concentrations tested, proving to be inert, beyond to presenting high antioxidant power at low concentrations. ZIKV infection of human glioblastoma increased the production of reactive oxygen species by 60% and modulated the Nrf-2 pathway activity negatively. After treatment with fullerol, both conditions were restored to baseline levels. Additionally, fullerol was able to reduce viral production by up to 90%. Therefore, our results suggest that fullerol as a promising candidate in the control of ZIKV infections, presenting both antioxidant and antiviral action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samille Henriques Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Letícia Trindade Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ariane Coelho Ferraz
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cíntia Lopes de Brito Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Breno de Mello Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Antioxidant Activity of Citrus Limonoids and Investigation of Their Virucidal Potential against SARS-CoV-2 in Cellular Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111794. [PMID: 34829666 PMCID: PMC8615075 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents an unprecedented global emergency. Despite all efforts, COVID-19 remains a threat to public health, due to the complexity of mass vaccination programs, the lack of effective drugs, and the emergence of new variants. A link has recently been found between the risk of developing a severe COVID-19 infection and a high level of oxidative stress. In this context, we have focused our attention on natural compounds with the aim of finding molecules capable of acting through a dual virucidal–antioxidant mechanism. In particular, we studied the potential of grapefruit seed extracts (GSE) and their main components, belonging to the class of limonoids. Using chemical and biological approaches including isolation and purification of GSE, antioxidant and virucidal assays, we have shown that grapefruit seed constituents, belonging to the class of limonoids, are endowed with remarkable virucidal, antioxidant and mitoprotective activity.
Collapse
|
61
|
Won SY, Seol IC, Yoo HR, Kim YS. Antiviral Effect of Hyunggaeyungyo-Tang on A549 Cells Infected with Human Coronavirus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:4494389. [PMID: 34659433 PMCID: PMC8514924 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4494389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbal medicine is widely recommended to treat viral infectious diseases. Over 123,000,000 individuals have been infected with the coronavirus since a worldwide pandemic was declared in March 2020. We conducted this research to confirm the potential of herbal medicine as a treatment for coronavirus. METHODS We infected the A549 cell line with betacoronavirus OC43 and then treated it with 100 μg/mL Hyunggaeyungyo-tang (HGYGT) or distilled water with a control of HGYGT. We measured the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) to confirm the effectiveness of HGYGT upon coronavirus infection. RESULTS We found that the effects of HYGYT decrease the expression level of pPKR, peIF2α, IFI6, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, IRF7, OASL, and ISG15 when administered to cells with coronavirus infection. The expressions of IL-1, TNF-α, COX-2, NF-κB, iNOS, and IKK mRNA were also significantly decreased in the HGYGT group than in the control group. CONCLUSION Through the reduction of the amount of coronavirus RNA, our research indicates that HGYGT has antiviral effects. The reduction of IKK and iNOS mRNA levels indicate that HGYGT reduces coronavirus RNA expression and may inhibit the replication of coronavirus by acting on NF-kB/Rel pathways to protect oxidative injury. In addition, decreases in mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines indicate that the HGYGT may relieve the symptoms of coronavirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Young Won
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine Daejeon University, Daejeon KS015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Cheonan-Si KS002, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chan Seol
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine Daejeon University, Daejeon KS015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon KS015, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Ryong Yoo
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine Daejeon University, Daejeon KS015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon KS015, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sik Kim
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine Daejeon University, Daejeon KS015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Cheonan-Si KS002, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Malani M, Salunke P, Kulkarni S, Jain GK, Sheikh A, Kesharwani P, Nirmal J. Repurposing pharmaceutical excipients as an antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 33:110-136. [PMID: 34464232 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1975020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The limited time indorsed to face the COVID-19 emergency and large number of deaths across the globe, poses an unrelenting challenge to find apt therapeutic approaches. However, lead candidate selection to phase III trials of new chemical entity is a time-consuming procedure, and not feasible in pandemic, such as the one we are facing. Drug repositioning, an exploration of existing drug for new therapeutic use, could be an effective alternative as it allows fast-track estimation in phase II-III trials, or even forthright compassionate use. Although, drugs repurposed for COVID-19 pandemic are commercially available, yet the evaluation of their safety and efficacy is tiresome and painstaking. In absence of any specific treatment the easy alternatives such as over the counter products, phytotherapies and home remedies have been largely adopted for prophylaxis and therapy as well. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that several pharmaceutical excipients possess antiviral properties making them prospective candidates against SARS-CoV-2. This review highlights the mechanism of action of various antiviral excipients and their propensity to act against SARs-CoV2. Though, repurposing of pharmaceutical excipients against COVID-19 has the edge over therapeutic agents in terms of safety, cost and fast-track approval trial burdened, this hypothesis needs to be experimentally verified for COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Malani
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Prerana Salunke
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shraddha Kulkarni
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gaurav K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Afsana Sheikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayabalan Nirmal
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Ketenci S, Aynacıoğlu AŞ. The growth factor/cytokine midkine may participate in cytokine storm and contribute to the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-infected patients. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8475858 DOI: 10.1186/s43168-021-00087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged in Wuhan, China, and has rapidly become a global challenge, creating major challenges to health systems in almost every country in the world it has turned into a pandemic. COVID-19 poses a risky clinical situation that can range from mild illness to severe respiratory failure, requiring admission to intensive care.
Main body
It is known that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a cytokine storm in some critically ill patients. However, more and more evidence showed that there is a dramatic increase in cytokine levels in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Midkine (MK) is involved in various physiological and pathological processes, which some of them are desired and beneficial such as controlling tissue repair and antimicrobial effects, but some others are harmful such as promoting inflammation, carcinogenesis, and chemoresistance. Also, MK is expressed in inflammatory cells and released by endothelial cells under hypoxic conditions.
Conclusions
Considering all this information, there are strong data that midkine, an important cytokine known to increase in inflammatory diseases, may be overexpressed in patients who are positive for COVID-19. The overexpression of MK reveals a picture leading to fibrosis and damage in the lung. Therefore, questions arise about how the expression of MK changes in COVID-19 patients and can we use it as an inflammation biomarker or in the treatment protocol in the future.
Collapse
|
64
|
Khan NA, Kar M, Panwar A, Wangchuk J, Kumar S, Das A, Pandey AK, Lodha R, Medigeshi GR. Oxidative stress specifically inhibits replication of dengue virus. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33904816 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically active species which are involved in maintaining cellular and signalling processes at physiological concentrations. Therefore, cellular components that regulate redox balance are likely to play a crucial role in viral life-cycle either as promoters of viral replication or with antiviral functions. Zinc is an essential micronutrient associated with anti-oxidative systems and helps in maintaining a balanced cellular redox state. Here, we show that zinc chelation leads to induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in epithelial cells and addition of zinc restores ROS levels to basal state. Addition of ROS (H2O2) inhibited dengue virus (DENV) infection in a dose-dependent manner indicating that oxidative stress has adverse effects on DENV infection. ROS affects early stages of DENV replication as observed by quantitation of positive and negative strand viral RNA. We observed that addition of ROS specifically affected viral titres of positive strand RNA viruses. We further demonstrate that ROS specifically altered SEC31A expression at the ER suggesting a role for SEC31A-mediated pathways in the life-cycle of positive strand RNA viruses and provides an opportunity to identify drug targets regulating oxidative stress responses for antiviral development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naseem Ahmed Khan
- Clinical and Cellular Virology lab, Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Meenakshi Kar
- Clinical and Cellular Virology lab, Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Aleksha Panwar
- Clinical and Cellular Virology lab, Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Jigme Wangchuk
- Clinical and Cellular Virology lab, Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Clinical and Cellular Virology lab, Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Asim Das
- Employees State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Pandey
- Employees State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Guruprasad R Medigeshi
- Clinical and Cellular Virology lab, Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Abstract
Andrographolide is a labdane diterpenoid extracted and purified from the aerial parts of plants belonging to genus Andrographis (Acanthaceae). The research has shown the plant based compound is low cytotoxic, having antimicrobial, anti-cancer, antiviral and anti-parasitic effects. Andrographolide both prevent spread as well as transmission of virus to neighboring cells by interfering with different cell signaling pathways. In addition to its medicinal value, plant has been found having nutritional value. Therefore being cost effective, easy availability and having nutritional value as a natural supplement, can be used to improve the quality of life in countries having low standard of living. Due to the limited number of effective vaccines, the plant-based antiviral drugs have provided considerable hope for fighting against the viral infections. The plant-derived compound when produced in large quantities is cost effective with low cytotoxic effects. However, much deep insight research at the molecular level is needed to develop the molecules against the viral infection. This paper aims to highlight the antiviral role of Andrographolide that can made significant contributions toward the improvement of human health and will also summarize the current status and future strategies concerning the therapeutic applications of Andrographolide to combat different viral disease in humans.
Collapse
|
66
|
Non-Coding RNAs and Reactive Oxygen Species–Symmetric Players of the Pathogenesis Associated with Bacterial and Viral Infections. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections can be triggered by a wide range of pathogens. However, there are few strains of bacteria that cause illness, but some are quite life-threatening. Likewise, viral infections are responsible for many human diseases, usually characterized by high contagiousness. Hence, as bacterial and viral infections can both cause similar symptoms, it can be difficult to determine the exact cause of a specific infection, and this limitation is critical. However, recent scientific advances have geared us up with the proper tools required for better diagnoses. Recent discoveries have confirmed the involvement of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating the pathogenesis of certain bacterial or viral infections. Moreover, the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is also known as a common infection trait that can be used to achieve a more complete description of such pathogen-driven conditions. Thus, this opens further research opportunities, allowing scientists to explore infection-associated genetic patterns and develop better diagnosis and treatment methods. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the implication of ncRNAs and ROS in bacterial and viral infections, with great emphasis on their symmetry but, also, on their main differences.
Collapse
|
67
|
Aerobic Conditions and Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species Reduce the Production of Infectious MS2 Phage by Escherichia coli. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071376. [PMID: 34372580 PMCID: PMC8310082 DOI: 10.3390/v13071376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the defective/non-infectious enteric phages and viruses that end up in wastewater originate in human feces. Some of the causes of this high level of inactivity at the host stage are unknown. There is a significant gap between how enteric phages are environmentally transmitted and how we might design molecular tools that would only detect infectious ones. Thus, there is a need to explain the low proportion of infectious viral particles once replicated. By analyzing lysis plaque content, we were able to confirm that, under aerobic conditions, Escherichia coli produce low numbers of infectious MS2 phages (I) than the total number of phages indicated by the genome copies (G) with an I/G ratio of around 2%. Anaerobic conditions of replication and ROS inhibition increase the I/G ratio to 8 and 25%, respectively. These data cannot only be explained by variations in the total numbers of MS2 phages produced or in the metabolism of E. coli. We therefore suggest that oxidative damage impacts the molecular replication and assembly of MS2 phages.
Collapse
|
68
|
Forcados GE, Muhammad A, Oladipo OO, Makama S, Meseko CA. Metabolic Implications of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Process in SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Antioxidants. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:654813. [PMID: 34123871 PMCID: PMC8188981 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.654813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a zoonotic disease with devastating economic and public health impacts globally. Being a novel disease, current research is focused on a clearer understanding of the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis and viable therapeutic strategies. Oxidative stress and inflammation are intertwined processes that play roles in disease progression and response to therapy via interference with multiple signaling pathways. The redox status of a host cell is an important factor in viral entry due to the unique conditions required for the conformational changes that ensure the binding and entry of a virus into the host cell. Upon entry into the airways, viral replication occurs and the innate immune system responds by activating macrophage and dendritic cells which contribute to inflammation. This review examines available literature and proposes mechanisms by which oxidative stress and inflammation could contribute to COVID-19 pathogenesis. Further, certain antioxidants currently undergoing some form of trial in COVID-19 patients and the corresponding required research gaps are highlighted to show how targeting oxidative stress and inflammation could ameliorate COVID-19 severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aliyu Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Sunday Makama
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - Clement Adebajo Meseko
- Regional Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Other Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Sander WJ, Fourie C, Sabiu S, O'Neill FH, Pohl CH, O'Neill HG. Reactive oxygen species as potential antiviral targets. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2240. [PMID: 33949029 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of cellular metabolism and can be either beneficial, at low levels, or deleterious, at high levels, to the cell. It is known that several viral infections can increase oxidative stress, which is mainly facilitated by viral-induced imbalances in the antioxidant defence mechanisms of the cell. While the exact role of ROS in certain viral infections (adenovirus and dengue virus) remains unknown, other viruses can use ROS for enhancement of pathogenesis (SARS coronavirus and rabies virus) or replication (rhinovirus, West Nile virus and vesicular stomatitis virus) or both (hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus). While several viral proteins (mainly for hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus) have been identified to play a role in ROS formation, most mediators of viral ROS modulation are yet to be elucidated. Treatment of viral infections, including hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus, with ROS inhibitors has shown a decrease in both pathogenesis and viral replication both in vitro and in animal models. Clinical studies indicating the potential for targeting ROS-producing pathways as possible broad-spectrum antiviral targets should be evaluated in randomized controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem J Sander
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Corinne Fourie
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Frans H O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Hester G O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Tomo S, Saikiran G, Banerjee M, Paul S. Selenium to selenoproteins - role in COVID-19. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:781-791. [PMID: 34040501 PMCID: PMC8144537 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of antioxidant defense has been demonstrated in severe acute respiratory syndrome due to SARS-CoV infection. Selenium plays a major role in decreasing the ROS produced in response to various viral infections. Selenoprotein enzymes are essential in combating oxidative stress caused due to excessive generation of ROS. Selenium also has a role in inhibiting the activation of NF-κB, thus alleviating inflammation. In viral infections, selenoproteins have also been found to inhibit type I interferon responses, modulate T cell proliferation and oxidative burst in macrophages, and inhibit viral transcriptional activators. Potential virally encoded selenoproteins have been identified by computational analysis in different viral genomes like HIV-1, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and hepatitis C virus. This review discusses the role and the possible mechanisms of selenium, selenoproteins, and virally encoded selenoproteins in the pathogenicity of viral infections. Identification of potential selenoproteins in the COVID 19 genome by computational tools will give insights further into their role in the pathogenesis of viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sojit Tomo
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Gangam Saikiran
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Mithu Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Al-Hatamleh MA, Hatmal MM, Alshaer W, Rahman ENSE, Mohd-Zahid MH, Alhaj-Qasem DM, Yean CY, Alias IZ, Jaafar J, Ferji K, Six JL, Uskoković V, Yabu H, Mohamud R. COVID-19 infection and nanomedicine applications for development of vaccines and therapeutics: An overview and future perspectives based on polymersomes. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 896:173930. [PMID: 33545157 PMCID: PMC7857087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in December 2019 and caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, took the world by surprise with an unprecedented public health emergency. Since this pandemic began, extraordinary efforts have been made by scientists to understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and to fight the infection by providing various preventive, diagnostic and treatment opportunities based on either novel hypotheses or past experiences. Despite all the achievements, COVID-19 continues to be an accelerating health threat with no specifically approved vaccine or therapy. This review highlights the recent advances in COVID-19 infection, with a particular emphasis on nanomedicine applications that can help in the development of effective vaccines or therapeutics against COVID-19. A novel future perspective has been proposed in this review based on utilizing polymersome nano-objects for effectively suppressing the cytokine storm, which may reduce the severity of COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A.I. Al-Hatamleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ma'mon M. Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center (CTC), The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Engku Nur Syafirah E.A. Rahman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Manali Haniti Mohd-Zahid
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Iskandar Z. Alias
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Juhana Jaafar
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Ferji
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-5400, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Luc Six
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-5400, Nancy, France
| | | | - Hiroshi Yabu
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia,Corresponding author. Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Chernyak BV, Popova EN, Prikhodko AS, Grebenchikov OA, Zinovkina LA, Zinovkin RA. COVID-19 and Oxidative Stress. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1543-1553. [PMID: 33705292 PMCID: PMC7768996 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920120068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 is the subject of active research around the world. COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 is a complex disease in which interaction of the virus with target cells, action of the immune system and the body’s systemic response to these events are closely intertwined. Many respiratory viral infections, including COVID-19, cause death of the infected cells, activation of innate immune response, and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. All these processes are associated with the development of oxidative stress, which makes an important contribution to pathogenesis of the viral infections. This review analyzes information on the oxidative stress associated with the infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses. The review also focuses on involvement of the vascular endothelium in the COVID-19 pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B V Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E N Popova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A S Prikhodko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - O A Grebenchikov
- Negovsky Scientific Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Moscow, 107031, Russia
| | - L A Zinovkina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - R A Zinovkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Darwesh AM, Bassiouni W, Sosnowski DK, Seubert JM. Can N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids be considered a potential adjuvant therapy for COVID-19-associated cardiovascular complications? Pharmacol Ther 2021; 219:107703. [PMID: 33031856 PMCID: PMC7534795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has currently led to a global pandemic with millions of confirmed and increasing cases around the world. The novel SARS-CoV-2 not only affects the lungs causing severe acute respiratory dysfunction but also leads to significant dysfunction in multiple organs and physiological systems including the cardiovascular system. A plethora of studies have shown the viral infection triggers an exaggerated immune response, hypercoagulation and oxidative stress, which contribute significantly to poor cardiovascular outcomes observed in COVID-19 patients. To date, there are no approved vaccines or therapies for COVID-19. Accordingly, cardiovascular protective and supportive therapies are urgent and necessary to the overall prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Accumulating literature has demonstrated the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) toward the cardiovascular system, which include ameliorating uncontrolled inflammatory reactions, reduced oxidative stress and mitigating coagulopathy. Moreover, it has been demonstrated the n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are precursors to a group of potent bioactive lipid mediators, generated endogenously, which mediate many of the beneficial effects attributed to their parent compounds. Considering the favorable safety profile for n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites, it is reasonable to consider n-3 PUFAs as potential adjuvant therapies for the clinical management of COVID-19 patients. In this article, we provide an overview of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications secondary to COVID-19 and focus on the mechanisms that may contribute to the likely benefits of n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Darwesh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wesam Bassiouni
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Deanna K Sosnowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John M Seubert
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
The Impact of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes on Oxidative Stress Markers and Catalase Activity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6676057. [PMID: 33708335 PMCID: PMC7932765 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6676057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. Chronic HCV infections are usually associated with increased oxidative stress in the liver tissue. The intensity of oxidative stress may be a detrimental factor in liver injury and may determine the severity of the disease. The aim of the present case-control study was to determine the level of lipid peroxidation (TBARS), protein oxidative modification (AOPP), and catalase activity in sera of patients infected with HCV, in relation to different HCV genotypes and viral load. Considering the HCV patients with chronic hepatitis C (52) and control subject (50) recruitment, the study was designed as a case-control-type. The HCV RNA isolation, viral load, and HCV genotyping were performed according to the standard protocols. A significant difference compared to control healthy subjects was reported for TBAR (p < 0.001), AOPP (p = 0.001), and catalase activity (p = 0.007). In a gender-based comparison, a significantly higher level of AOPP for females was reported (p < 0.001). As stratified by HCV genotype, the most common was HCV-1 (HCV-1a and HCV 1b), with the overall participation of more than 60%, followed by genotype 3, while the least represented was genotype 2. No significant difference was documented among genotypes in regard to oxidative stress markers, although somewhat higher TBARS level, but not significant, was registered in patients infected with genotype 1b. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the concentration of HCV genome copies and AOPP (r = 0.344; p = 0.012). A high level of HCV viral load was more likely to have a higher TBARS, but still without statistical significance (p = 0.072). In conclusion, the results obtained confirmed an imbalance between the ROS production and antioxidative defense system in HCV-infected patients. Since oxidative stress may have a profound influence on disease progression, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis, our results may meet the aspirations of mandatory introduction of antioxidants as early HCV therapy to counteract ROS consequences.
Collapse
|
75
|
Graudenzi A, Maspero D, Angaroni F, Piazza R, Ramazzotti D. Mutational signatures and heterogeneous host response revealed via large-scale characterization of SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity. iScience 2021; 24:102116. [PMID: 33532709 PMCID: PMC7842190 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To dissect the mechanisms underlying the inflation of variants in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome, we present a large-scale analysis of intra-host genomic diversity, which reveals that most samples exhibit heterogeneous genomic architectures, due to the interplay between host-related mutational processes and transmission dynamics. The decomposition of minor variants profiles unveils three non-overlapping mutational signatures related to nucleotide substitutions and likely ruled by APOlipoprotein B Editing Complex (APOBEC), Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA (ADAR), highlighting heterogeneous host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infections. A corrected-for-signatures dN/dS analysis demonstrates that such mutational processes are affected by purifying selection, with important exceptions. In fact, several mutations appear to transit toward clonality, defining new clonal genotypes that increase the overall genomic diversity. Furthermore, the phylogenomic analysis shows the presence of homoplasies and supports the hypothesis of transmission of minor variants. This study paves the way for the integrated analysis of intra-host genomic diversity and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Graudenzi
- Inst. of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
- Bicocca Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Bioimaging Centre – B4, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Maspero
- Inst. of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, Univ. of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Angaroni
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, Univ. of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rocco Piazza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Univ. of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Daniele Ramazzotti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Univ. of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Besednova NN, Andryukov BG, Zaporozhets TS, Kryzhanovsky SP, Fedyanina LN, Kuznetsova TA, Zvyagintseva TN, Shchelkanov MY. Antiviral Effects of Polyphenols from Marine Algae. Biomedicines 2021; 9:200. [PMID: 33671278 PMCID: PMC7921925 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease-preventive and medicinal properties of plant polyphenolic compounds have long been known. As active ingredients, they are used to prevent and treat many noncommunicable diseases. In recent decades, marine macroalgae have attracted the attention of biotechnologists and pharmacologists as a promising and almost inexhaustible source of polyphenols. This heterogeneous group of compounds contains many biopolymers with unique structure and biological properties that exhibit high anti-infective activity. In the present review, the authors focus on the antiviral potential of polyphenolic compounds (phlorotannins) from marine algae and consider the mechanisms of their action as well as other biological properties of these compounds that have effects on the progress and outcome of viral infections. Effective nutraceuticals, to be potentially developed on the basis of algal polyphenols, can also be used in the complex therapy of viral diseases. It is necessary to extend in vivo studies on laboratory animals, which subsequently will allow proceeding to clinical tests. Polyphenolic compounds have a great potential as active ingredients to be used for the creation of new antiviral pharmaceutical substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalya N. Besednova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (B.G.A.); (T.S.Z.); (T.A.K.); (M.Y.S.)
| | - Boris G. Andryukov
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (B.G.A.); (T.S.Z.); (T.A.K.); (M.Y.S.)
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Tatyana S. Zaporozhets
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (B.G.A.); (T.S.Z.); (T.A.K.); (M.Y.S.)
| | - Sergey P. Kryzhanovsky
- Medical Association of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Ludmila N. Fedyanina
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Tatyana A. Kuznetsova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (B.G.A.); (T.S.Z.); (T.A.K.); (M.Y.S.)
| | | | - Mikhail Yu. Shchelkanov
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (B.G.A.); (T.S.Z.); (T.A.K.); (M.Y.S.)
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
- Federal Scientific Center of the Eastern Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
New-Aaron M, Ganesan M, Dagur RS, Kharbanda KK, Poluektova LY, Osna NA. Pancreatogenic Diabetes: Triggering Effects of Alcohol and HIV. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:108. [PMID: 33546230 PMCID: PMC7913335 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiorgan failure may not be completely resolved among people living with HIV despite HAART use. Although the chances of organ dysfunction may be relatively low, alcohol may potentiate HIV-induced toxic effects in the organs of alcohol-abusing, HIV-infected individuals. The pancreas is one of the most implicated organs, which is manifested as diabetes mellitus or pancreatic cancer. Both alcohol and HIV may trigger pancreatitis, but the combined effects have not been explored. The aim of this review is to explore the literature for understanding the mechanisms of HIV and alcohol-induced pancreatotoxicity. We found that while premature alcohol-inducing zymogen activation is a known trigger of alcoholic pancreatitis, HIV entry through C-C chemokine receptor type 5(CCR5)into pancreatic acinar cells may also contribute to pancreatitis in people living with HIV (PLWH). HIV proteins induce oxidative and ER stresses, causing necrosis. Furthermore, infiltrative immune cells induce necrosis on HIV-containing acinar cells. When necrotic products interact with pancreatic stellate cells, they become activated, leading to the release of both inflammatory and profibrotic cytokines and resulting in pancreatitis. Effective therapeutic strategies should block CCR5 and ameliorate alcohol's effects on acinar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moses New-Aaron
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health and Toxicology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Raghubendra Singh Dagur
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health and Toxicology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Mourier T, Sadykov M, Carr MJ, Gonzalez G, Hall WW, Pain A. Host-directed editing of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:35-39. [PMID: 33234239 PMCID: PMC7643664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The extensive sequence data generated from SARS-CoV-2 during the 2020 pandemic has facilitated the study of viral genome evolution over a brief period of time. This has highlighted instances of directional mutation pressures exerted on the SARS-CoV-2 genome from host antiviral defense systems. In this brief review we describe three such human defense mechanisms, the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide-like proteins (APOBEC), adenosine deaminase acting on RNA proteins (ADAR), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and discuss their potential implications on SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mourier
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal-Jeddah, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author
| | - Mukhtar Sadykov
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal-Jeddah, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael J. Carr
- National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - William W. Hall
- National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan,Global Virus Network (GVN), 801 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Arnab Pain
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal-Jeddah, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan,Corresponding author. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal-Jeddah, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Biodiversity loss and COVID-19 pandemic: The role of bats in the origin and the spreading of the disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:2-13. [PMID: 33092787 PMCID: PMC7566801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The loss of biodiversity in the ecosystems has created the general conditions that have favored and, in fact, made possible, the insurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic. A lot of factors have contributed to it: deforestation, changes in forest habitats, poorly regulated agricultural surfaces, mismanaged urban growth. They have altered the composition of wildlife communities, greatly increased the contacts of humans with wildlife, and altered niches that harbor pathogens, increasing their chances to come in contact with humans. Among the wildlife, bats have adapted easily to anthropized environments such as houses, barns, cultivated fields, orchards, where they found the suitable ecosystem to prosper. Bats are major hosts for αCoV and βCoV: evolution has shaped their peculiar physiology and their immune system in a way that makes them resistant to viral pathogens that would instead successfully attack other species, including humans. In time, the coronaviruses that bats host as reservoirs have undergone recombination and other modifications that have increased their ability for inter-species transmission: one modification of particular importance has been the development of the ability to use ACE2 as a receptor in host cells. This particular development in CoVs has been responsible for the serious outbreaks in the last two decades, and for the present COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
|
80
|
Nadhan R, Patra D, Krishnan N, Rajan A, Gopala S, Ravi D, Srinivas P. Perspectives on mechanistic implications of ROS inducers for targeting viral infections. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 890:173621. [PMID: 33068588 PMCID: PMC7554476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective, we propose to leverage reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction as a potential therapeutic measure against viral infections. Our rationale for targeting RNA viral infections by pro-oxidants is routed on the mechanistic hypothesis that ROS based treatment paradigm could impair RNA integrity faster than the other macromolecules. Though antiviral drugs with antioxidant properties confer potential abilities for preventing viral entry, those with pro-oxidant properties could induce the degradation of nascent viral RNA within the host cells, as RNAs are highly prone to ROS mediated degradation than DNA/proteins. We have previously established that Plumbagin is a highly potent ROS inducer, which acts through shifting of the host redox potential. Besides, it has been reported that Plumbagin treatment has the potential for interrupting viral RNA replication within the host cells. Since the on-going Corona Virus Disease - 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic mediated by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibits high infectivity, the development of appropriate antiviral therapeutic strategies remains to be an urgent unmet race against time. Therefore, additional experimental validation is warranted to determine the appropriateness of repurposable drug candidates, possibly ROS inducers, for fighting the pandemic which could lead to saving many lives from being lost to COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Nadhan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Dipyaman Patra
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Neethu Krishnan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Arathi Rajan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Srinivas Gopala
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Dashnamoorthy Ravi
- Division of Blood Disorders, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Priya Srinivas
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Manzanares W, Moreira E, Hardy G. Pharmaconutrition revisited for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Does selenium have a place? Nutrition 2021; 81:110989. [PMID: 33049573 PMCID: PMC7457937 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic causing one of the biggest challenges for critical care medicine. Mortality from COVID-19 is much greater in elderly men, many of whom succumb to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) triggered by the viral infection. Because there is no specific antiviral treatment against COVID-19, new strategies are urgently needed. Selenium is an essential trace element with antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Poor nutritional status increases the pathogenicity of viruses and low selenium in particular can be a determinant of viral virulence. In the past decade, selenium pharmaconutrition studies have demonstrated some reduction in overall mortality, including how reduced incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and infectious complications such as ARDS in the critically ill. Consequently, we postulate that intravenous selenium therapy, could be part of the therapeutic fight against COVID-19 in intensive care unit patients with ARDS and that outcomes could be affected by age, sex, and body weight. Our working hypothesis addresses the question: Could high-dose selenite pharmaconutrition, as an early pharmacologic intervention, be effective at reducing the incidence and the progression from type 1 respiratory failure (non-ARDS) to severe ARDS, multiorgan failure, and new infectious complications in patients with COVID-19 patients?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Manzanares
- Department of Critical Care, Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Eduardo Moreira
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Maciel - ASSE, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gil Hardy
- Ipanema Research Trust, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Bakadia BM, Boni BOO, Ahmed AAQ, Yang G. The impact of oxidative stress damage induced by the environmental stressors on COVID-19. Life Sci 2021; 264:118653. [PMID: 33115606 PMCID: PMC7586125 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a substantial stressor that is greatly impacting environmental sustainability. Besides, the different pre-existing environmental stressors and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)-related stressors are further worsening the effects of the viral disease by inducing the generation of oxidative stress. The generated oxidative stress results in nucleic acid damage associated with viral mutations, that could potentially reduce the effectiveness of COVID-19 management, including the vaccine approach. The current review is aimed to overview the impact of the oxidative stress damage induced by various environmental stressors on COVID-19. The available data regarding the COVID-19-related stressors and the effects of oxidative stress damage induced by the chronic stress, exposure to free radicals, and malnutrition are also analyzed to showcase the promising options, which could be investigated further for sustainable control of the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianza Moise Bakadia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Biaou Oscar Ode Boni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Abeer Ahmed Qaed Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Yang D, Zhao C, Zhang M, Zhang S, Zhai J, Gao X, Liu C, Lv X, Zheng S. Changes in oxidation-antioxidation function on the thymus of chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:483. [PMID: 33308224 PMCID: PMC7731740 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02708-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is a retrovirus that causes severe immunosuppression in poultry. Animals grow slowly under conditions of oxidative stress. In addition, long-term oxidative stress can impair immune function, as well as accelerate aging and death. This study aimed to elucidate the pathogenesis of REV from the perspective of changes in oxidative-antioxidative function following REV infection. Methods A total of 80 one-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were randomly divided into a control group (Group C) and an REV-infected group (Group I). The chickens in Group I received intraperitoneal injections of REV with 104.62/0.1 mL TCID50. Thymus was collected on day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 49 for histopathology and assessed the status of oxidative stress. Results In chickens infected with REV, the levels of H2O2 and MDA in the thymus increased, the levels of TAC, SOD, CAT, and GPx1 decreased, and there was a reduction in CAT and Gpx1 mRNA expression compared with the control group. The thymus index was also significantly reduced. Morphological analysis showed that REV infection caused an increase in the thymic reticular endothelial cells, inflammatory cell infiltration, mitochondrial swelling, and nuclear damage. Conclusions These results indicate that an increase in oxidative stress enhanced lipid peroxidation, markedly decreased antioxidant function, caused thymus atrophy, and immunosuppression in REV-infected chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,WuXi AppTec (Suzhou)Co., Ltd, 215000, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - XueLi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaonan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China. .,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Samaraweera AV, Liyanage D, Omeka W, Yang H, Priyathilaka TT, Lee J. Molecular insights into peroxiredoxin 4 (HaPrx4) from the big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis): Molecular characteristics, functional activity and transcriptional responses against immune stimulants. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 250:110481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
85
|
Jain SK, Parsanathan R, Levine SN, Bocchini JA, Holick MF, Vanchiere JA. The potential link between inherited G6PD deficiency, oxidative stress, and vitamin D deficiency and the racial inequities in mortality associated with COVID-19. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:84-91. [PMID: 33038530 PMCID: PMC7539020 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a marked variation in mortality risk associated with COVID-19 infection in the general population. Low socioeconomic status and other social determinants have been discussed as possible causes for the higher burden in African American communities compared with white communities. Beyond the social determinants, the biochemical mechanism that predisposes individual subjects or communities to the development of excess and serious complications associated with COVID-19 infection is not clear. Virus infection triggers massive ROS production and oxidative damage. Glutathione (GSH) is essential and protects the body from the harmful effects of oxidative damage from excess reactive oxygen radicals. GSH is also required to maintain the VD-metabolism genes and circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)VD). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is necessary to prevent the exhaustion and depletion of cellular GSH. X-linked genetic G6PD deficiency is common in the AA population and predominantly in males. Acquired deficiency of G6PD has been widely reported in subjects with conditions of obesity and diabetes. This suggests that individuals with G6PD deficiency are vulnerable to excess oxidative stress and at a higher risk for inadequacy or deficiency of 25(OH)VD, leaving the body unable to protect its 'oxidative immune-metabolic' physiological functions from the insults of COVID-19. An association between subclinical interstitial lung disease with 25(OH)VD deficiencies and GSH deficiencies has been previously reported. We hypothesize that the overproduction of ROS and excess oxidative damage is responsible for the impaired immunity, secretion of the cytokine storm, and onset of pulmonary dysfunction in response to the COVID-19 infection. The co-optimization of impaired glutathione redox status and excess 25(OH)VD deficiencies has the potential to reduce oxidative stress, boost immunity, and reduce the adverse clinical effects of COVID-19 infection in the AA population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Rajesh Parsanathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Steve N Levine
- School of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Joseph A Bocchini
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University, 2508 Bert Kouns Industrial Loop, Suite 103, Shreveport, LA 71118, USA
| | - Michael F Holick
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A Vanchiere
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Arcanjo A, Logullo J, Menezes CCB, de Souza Carvalho Giangiarulo TC, Dos Reis MC, de Castro GMM, da Silva Fontes Y, Todeschini AR, Freire-de-Lima L, Decoté-Ricardo D, Ferreira-Pereira A, Freire-de-Lima CG, Barroso SPC, Takiya C, Conceição-Silva F, Savino W, Morrot A. The emerging role of neutrophil extracellular traps in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19). Sci Rep 2020; 10:19630. [PMID: 33184506 PMCID: PMC7665044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, a highly pathogenic viral infection threatening millions. The majority of the individuals infected are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic showing typical clinical signs of common cold. However, approximately 20% of the patients can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), evolving to death in about 5% of cases. Recently, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been shown to be a functional receptor for virus entry into host target cells. The upregulation of ACE2 in patients with comorbidities may represent a propensity for increased viral load and spreading of infection to extrapulmonary tissues. This systemic infection is associated with higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in infected tissues and high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to an extensive microthrombus formation with multiorgan failure. Herein we investigated whether SARS-CoV-2 can stimulate extracellular neutrophils traps (NETs) in a process called NETosis. We demonstrated for the first time that SARS-CoV-2 in fact is able to activate NETosis in human neutrophils. Our findings indicated that this process is associated with increased levels of intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in neutrophils. The ROS-NET pathway plays a role in thrombosis formation and our study suggest the importance of this target for therapy approaches against disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Arcanjo
- Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorgete Logullo
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adriane Regina Todeschini
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Debora Decoté-Ricardo
- Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Shana Priscila Coutinho Barroso
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Research, Marcílio Dias Naval Hospital, Navy of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina Takiya
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fátima Conceição-Silva
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/FIOCRUZ, Bld. Leônidas and Maria Deane/Room 406C, Av. Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation-INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/FIOCRUZ, Bld. Leônidas and Maria Deane/Room 406C, Av. Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Ajaz S, McPhail MJ, Singh KK, Mujib S, Trovato FM, Napoli S, Agarwal K. Mitochondrial metabolic manipulation by SARS-CoV-2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with COVID-19. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C57-C65. [PMID: 33151090 PMCID: PMC7816428 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00426.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been the primary global health issue since its outbreak in December 2019. Patients with metabolic syndrome suffer from severe complications and a higher mortality rate due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We recently proposed that SARS-CoV-2 can hijack host mitochondrial function and manipulate metabolic pathways for their own advantage. The aim of the current study was to investigate functional mitochondrial changes in live peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with COVID-19 and to decipher the pathways of substrate utilization in these cells and corresponding changes in the inflammatory pathways. We demonstrate mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic alterations with an increase in glycolysis, and high levels of mitokine in PBMCs from patients with COVID-19. Interestingly, we found that levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 mitokine correlate with COVID-19 disease severity and mortality. These data suggest that patients with COVID-19 have a compromised mitochondrial function and an energy deficit that is compensated by a metabolic switch to glycolysis. This metabolic manipulation by SARS-CoV-2 triggers an enhanced inflammatory response that contributes to the severity of symptoms in COVID-19. Targeting mitochondrial metabolic pathway(s) can help define novel strategies for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saima Ajaz
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J McPhail
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Salma Mujib
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Salvatore Napoli
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kosh Agarwal
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Thyrsted J, Holm CK. Virus-induced metabolic reprogramming and innate sensing hereof by the infected host. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 68:44-50. [PMID: 33113498 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To make new infectious particles, all viruses must manipulate host cell metabolism to secure sufficient availability of biomolecules and energy-a phenomenon now known as metabolic reprogramming. Numerous observations of this has already been made for a range of viruses with each type of virus seemingly applying its own unique tactics to accomplish this unifying goal. In this light, metabolic reprogramming of the infected cell is largely beneficial to the virus and not to the host. On the other hand, virus-induced metabolic reprogramming represents a transformed self with distorted cellular and extracellular levels of distinct metabolites and metabolic by-products. This review briefly outlines current knowledge of virus-induced metabolic reprogramming, discusses how this could be sensed by the infected host to initiate anti-viral programs, and presents examples of innate anti-viral mechanisms of the host that target the availability of biomolecules to block viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Thyrsted
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Kanstrup Holm
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Nutrigenetics of antioxidant enzymes and micronutrient needs in the context of viral infections. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 34:174-184. [PMID: 33081856 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422420000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sustaining adequate nutritional needs of a population is a challenging task in normal times and a priority in times of crisis. There is no 'one-size-fits-all' solution that addresses nutrition. In relevance to the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic crisis, viral infections in general and RNA viruses in particular are known to induce and promote oxidative stress, consequently increasing the body's demand for micronutrients, especially those related to antioxidant enzymic systems, thus draining the body of micronutrients, and so hindering the human body's ability to cope optimally with oxidative stress. Common polymorphisms in major antioxidant enzymes, with world population minor allele frequencies ranging from 0·5 to 50 %, are related to altered enzymic function, with substantial potential effects on the body's ability to cope with viral infection-induced oxidative stress. In this review we highlight common SNP of the major antioxidant enzymes relevant to nutritional components in the context of viral infections, namely: superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidases and catalase. We delineate functional polymorphisms in several human antioxidant enzymes that require, especially during a viral crisis, adequate and potentially additional nutritional support to cope with the pathological consequences of disease. Thus, in face of the COVID-19 pandemic, nutrition should be tightly monitored and possibly supplemented, with special attention to those carrying common polymorphisms in antioxidant enzymes.
Collapse
|
90
|
Implications of Oxidative Stress and Potential Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in COVID-19: Therapeutic Effects of Vitamin D. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090897. [PMID: 32967329 PMCID: PMC7555731 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its high degree of contagiousness and like almost no other virus, SARS-CoV-2 has put the health of the world population on alert. COVID-19 can provoke an acute inflammatory process and uncontrolled oxidative stress, which predisposes one to respiratory syndrome, and in the worst case, death. Recent evidence suggests the mechanistic role of mitochondria and vitamin D in the development of COVID-19. Indeed, mitochondrial dynamics contribute to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and its uncoupling involves pathological situations. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with altered mitochondrial dynamics with consequent oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory state, cytokine production, and cell death. Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency seems to be associated with increased COVID-19 risk. In contrast, vitamin D can normalize mitochondrial dynamics, which would improve oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory state, and cytokine production. Furthermore, vitamin D reduces renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation and, consequently, decreases ROS generation and improves the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the purpose of this review is to deepen the knowledge about the role of mitochondria and vitamin D directly involved in the regulation of oxidative stress and the inflammatory state in SARS-CoV-2 infection. As future prospects, evidence suggests enhancing the vitamin D levels of the world population, especially of those individuals with additional risk factors that predispose to the lethal consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
|
91
|
Life-threatening course in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Is there a link to methylenetetrahydrofolic acid reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism and hyperhomocysteinemia? Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110234. [PMID: 33254541 PMCID: PMC7467063 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As the current COVID-19 pandemic develops and epidemiological data reveals differences in geographical spread as well as risk factors for developing a severe course of illness, hypotheses regarding possible underlying mechanisms need to be developed and tested. In our hypothesis, we explore the rational for a role of MTHFR polymorphism C677T as a possible explanation for differences in geographical and gender distribution in disease severity. We also discuss the role of the resulting hyper-homocysteinemia, its interaction with the C677T polymorphism and its influence on immune state as well as risk factors for severe disease. Finally, we consider possible dietary ways to influence the underlying pathomechanisms prophylactically and supportively.
Collapse
|
92
|
Zika virus induces oxidative stress and decreases antioxidant enzyme activities in vitro and in vivo. Virus Res 2020; 286:198084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
93
|
Mendes AF, Goncalves P, Serrano-Solis V, Silva PMD. Identification of candidate microRNAs from Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) and their potential role in the infection of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Mol Immunol 2020; 126:153-164. [PMID: 32853878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oyster production is an economic activity of great interest worldwide. Recently, oysters have been suffering significant mortalities from OsHV-1infection, which has resulted in substantial economic loses in several countries around the world. Understanding viral pathogenicity mechanisms is of central importance for the establishment of disease control measures. Thus, the present work aimed to identify and characterize miRNAs from OsHV-1 as well as to predict their target transcripts in the virus and the host. OsHV-1 genome was used for the in silico discovery of pre-miRNAs. Subsequently, viral and host target transcripts of the OsHV-1 miRNAs were predicted according to the base pairing interaction between mature miRNAs and mRNA 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Six unique pre-miRNAs were found in different regions of the viral genome, ranging in length from 85 to 172 nucleotides. A complex network of self-regulation of viral gene expression mediated by the miRNAs was identified. These sequences also seem to have a broad ability to regulate the expression of host immune-related genes, especially those associated with pathogen recognition. Our results suggest that OsHV-1 encodes miRNAs with important functions in the infection process, inducing self-regulation of viral transcripts, as well as affecting the regulation of Pacific oyster transcripts related to immunity. Understanding the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions can help mitigate the recurrent events of oyster mass mortalities by OsHV-1 observed worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Félix Mendes
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Priscila Goncalves
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Victor Serrano-Solis
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Rogero MM, Leão MDC, Santana TM, Pimentel MVDMB, Carlini GCG, da Silveira TFF, Gonçalves RC, Castro IA. Potential benefits and risks of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation to patients with COVID-19. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 156:190-199. [PMID: 32653511 PMCID: PMC7350587 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that infection, excessive coagulation, cytokine storm, leukopenia, lymphopenia, hypoxemia and oxidative stress have also been observed in critically ill Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patients in addition to the onset symptoms. There are still no approved drugs or vaccines. Dietary supplements could possibly improve the patient's recovery. Omega-3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), present an anti-inflammatory effect that could ameliorate some patients need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. EPA and DHA replace arachidonic acid (ARA) in the phospholipid membranes. When oxidized by enzymes, EPA and DHA contribute to the synthesis of less inflammatory eicosanoids and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), such as resolvins, maresins and protectins. This reduces inflammation. In contrast, some studies have reported that EPA and DHA can make cell membranes more susceptible to non-enzymatic oxidation mediated by reactive oxygen species, leading to the formation of potentially toxic oxidation products and increasing the oxidative stress. Although the inflammatory resolution improved by EPA and DHA could contribute to the recovery of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation cannot be recommended before randomized and controlled trials are carried out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo M Rogero
- Nutritional Genomics and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP, Research Innovation and Dissemination Center of São Paulo Research Foundation, São Paulo, 05468-140, Brazil
| | - Matheus de C Leão
- LADAF, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Tamires M Santana
- Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP, Research Innovation and Dissemination Center of São Paulo Research Foundation, São Paulo, 05468-140, Brazil; LADAF, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana V de M B Pimentel
- LADAF, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanna C G Carlini
- LADAF, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Tayse F F da Silveira
- LADAF, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Renata C Gonçalves
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology. Institute of Biomedical Sciences. University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Inar A Castro
- Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP, Research Innovation and Dissemination Center of São Paulo Research Foundation, São Paulo, 05468-140, Brazil; LADAF, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Sies H, Parnham MJ. Potential therapeutic use of ebselen for COVID-19 and other respiratory viral infections. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 156:107-112. [PMID: 32598985 PMCID: PMC7319625 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ebselen is an organoselenium compound exhibiting hydroperoxide- and peroxynitrite-reducing activity, acting as a glutathione peroxidase and peroxiredoxin enzyme mimetic. Ebselen reacts with a multitude of protein thiols, forming a selenosulfide bond, which results in pleiotropic effects of antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory nature. The main protease (Mpro) of the corona virus SARS-CoV-2 is a potential drug target, and a screen with over 10,000 compounds identified ebselen as a particularly promising inhibitor of Mpro (Jin, Z. et al. (2020) Nature 582, 289-293). We discuss here the reaction of ebselen with cysteine proteases, the role of ebselen in infections with viruses and with other microorganisms. We also discuss effects of ebselen in lung inflammation. In further research on the inhibition of Mpro in SARS-CoV-2, ebselen can serve as a promising lead compound, if the inhibitory effect is confirmed in intact cells in vivo. Independently of this action, potential beneficial effects of ebselen in COVID-19 are ascribed to a number of targets critical to pathogenesis, such as attenuation of inflammatory oxidants and cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Sies
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pharmacology Consultant, Bad Soden am Taunus, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Natural Antioxidants: A Review of Studies on Human and Animal Coronavirus. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3173281. [PMID: 32855764 PMCID: PMC7443229 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3173281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The outbreaks of viruses with wide spread and mortality in the world population have motivated the research for new therapeutic approaches. There are several viruses that cause a biochemical imbalance in the infected cell resulting in oxidative stress. These effects may be associated with the development of pathologies and worsening of symptoms. Therefore, this review is aimed at discussing natural compounds with both antioxidant and antiviral activities, specifically against coronavirus infection, in an attempt to contribute to global researches for discovering effective therapeutic agents in the treatment of coronavirus infection and its severe clinical complications. The contribution of the possible action of these compounds on metabolic modulation associated with antiviral properties, in addition to other mechanisms of action, is presented.
Collapse
|
97
|
Chen KK, Minakuchi M, Wuputra K, Ku CC, Pan JB, Kuo KK, Lin YC, Saito S, Lin CS, Yokoyama KK. Redox control in the pathophysiology of influenza virus infection. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:214. [PMID: 32689931 PMCID: PMC7370268 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggered in response to external and internal ligands in cells and animals, redox homeostasis is transmitted via signal molecules involved in defense redox mechanisms through networks of cell proliferation, differentiation, intracellular detoxification, bacterial infection, and immune reactions. Cellular oxidation is not necessarily harmful per se, but its effects depend on the balance between the peroxidation and antioxidation cascades, which can vary according to the stimulus and serve to maintain oxygen homeostasis. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are generated during influenza virus (IV) infection have critical effects on both the virus and host cells. In this review, we outline the link between viral infection and redox control using IV infection as an example. We discuss the current state of knowledge on the molecular relationship between cellular oxidation mediated by ROS accumulation and the diversity of IV infection. We also summarize the potential anti-IV agents available currently that act by targeting redox biology/pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ker-Kong Chen
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan ,Department of Densitory, Kaohisung University Hospital, Kaohisung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Moeko Minakuchi
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseca University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Jia-Bin Pan
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- grid.412027.20000 0004 0620 9374Department Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Shigeo Saito
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseca University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan ,Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology Institute, Yalta, Tochigi, 329-1471 Japan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412036.20000 0004 0531 9758Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
| | - Kazunari K. Yokoyama
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseca University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan ,grid.412027.20000 0004 0620 9374Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Rowaiye AB, Onuh OA, Oli AN, Okpalefe OA, Oni S, Nwankwo EJ. The pandemic COVID-19: a tale of viremia, cellular oxidation and immune dysfunction. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 36:188. [PMID: 32952832 PMCID: PMC7467617 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.188.23476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a tester of the immune system. While it spares the healthy, it brings severe morbidity and in a few cases, mortality to its victims. This article aims at critically reviewing the key virulence factors of COVID-19 which are the viremia, cellular oxidation and immune dysfunction. The averse economic effect of certain disease control measures such as national lock-downs and social distancing, though beneficial, makes them unsustainable. Worse still is the fact that wild animals and domestic pets are carriers of SARS-CoV-2 suggesting that the disease would take longer than expected to be eradicated globally. A better understanding of the pathological dynamics of COVID-19 would help the general populace to prepare for possible infection by the invisible enemy. While the world prospects for vaccines and therapeutic agents against the SARS-CoV-2, clinicians should also seek to modulate the immune system for optimum performance. Immunoprophylactic and immunomodulatory strategies are recommended for the different strata of stakeholders combating the pandemic with the hope that morbidities and mortalities associated with COVID-19 would be drastically reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle Babajide Rowaiye
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharm Scs, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Olukemi Adejoke Onuh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Angus Nnamdi Oli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharm Scs, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | | | - Solomon Oni
- Bioresources Development Centre, Isanlu, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Rastogi M, Singh SK. Zika virus NS1 affects the junctional integrity of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Biochimie 2020; 176:52-61. [PMID: 32640279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection leads to microcephaly in newborns. Flaviviruses are known to secrete NS1 protein extracellularly and its concentration in serum directly co-relate to disease severity. The presence of ZIKV-NS1 near the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) affects blood-brain-barrier, which is composed of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). Viruses utilize different strategies to circumvent this barrier to enter in brain. The present study demonstrated the mechanism of junctional integrity disruption in BMVECs by ZIKV-NS1 protein exposure. The Transendothelial Electrical Resistance and sodium fluorescein migration assays revealed the endothelial barrier disruption in BMVECs exposed to ZIKV-NS1 at different time (12hr and 24hr) and doses (500 ng/mL, 1000 ng/mL and 1500 ng/mL). The exposure of ZIKV-NS1 on BMVECs led to the phosphorylation of AJs and suppression of TJs through secreted ZIKV-NS1 in a bystander fashion. The activation of NADPH dependent reactive oxygen species activity and redox sensitive tyrosine kinase further increased the phosphorylation of AJs. The reduced expression of the phosphatase led to the increased phosphorylation of the AJs. The treatment with Diphenyleneiodonium chloride rescued the phosphatase and TJs expression and suppressed the expression of kinase and AJs in BMVECs exposed to ZIKV-NS1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Rastogi
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, U.P, India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, U.P, India.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Dash S, Aydin Y, Wu T. Integrated stress response in hepatitis C promotes Nrf2-related chaperone-mediated autophagy: A novel mechanism for host-microbe survival and HCC development in liver cirrhosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 101:20-35. [PMID: 31386899 PMCID: PMC7007355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism(s) how liver damage during the chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection evolve into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. HCV infects hepatocyte, the major cell types in the liver. During infection, large amounts of viral proteins and RNA replication intermediates accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the infected hepatocyte, which creates a substantial amount of stress response. Infected hepatocyte activates a different type of stress adaptive mechanisms such as unfolded protein response (UPR), antioxidant response (AR), and the integrated stress response (ISR) to promote virus-host cell survival. The hepatic stress is also amplified by another layer of innate and inflammatory response associated with cellular sensing of virus infection through the production of interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokines. The interplay between various types of cellular stress signal leads to different forms of cell death such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy depending on the intensity of the stress and nature of the adaptive cellular response. How do the adaptive cellular responses decode such death programs that promote host-microbe survival leading to the establishment of chronic liver disease? In this review, we discuss how the adaptive cellular response through the Nrf2 pathway that promotes virus and cell survival. Furthermore, we provide a glimpse of novel stress-induced Nrf2 mediated compensatory autophagy mechanisms in virus-cell survival that degrade tumor suppressor gene and activation of oncogenic signaling during HCV infection. Based on these facts, we hypothesize that the balance between hepatic stress, inflammation and different types of cell death determines liver disease progression outcomes. We propose that a more nuanced understanding of virus-host interactions under excessive cellular stress may provide an answer to the fundamental questions why some individuals with chronic HCV infection remain at risk of developing cirrhosis, cancer and some do not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|