51
|
Parenti O, Guerrini L, Zanoni B. Techniques and technologies for the breadmaking process with unrefined wheat flours. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
52
|
Schienkiewitz A, Haftenberger M, Mensink GBM. Time trends of non-alcoholic beverage consumption among adults in Germany, 1990-2011. Nutr J 2020; 19:28. [PMID: 32268909 PMCID: PMC7144044 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Germany, information on trends in non-alcoholic beverage intake over the last decades is sparse. The aim of this analysis is to examine trends in non-alcoholic beverage consumption among adults living in Germany between 1990 and 2011 with special focus on gender, age and education level. METHODS We used self-reported food frequency questionnaire information from 25 to 69 year old participants of three German National Health Interview and Examination Surveys conducted in 1990-1992 (n = 7466), 1997-1999 (n = 5825) and 2008-2011 (n = 5375) and focused on consumption frequency of fruit juice, soft drinks, water, tea and coffee. Positive answers in the categories "almost daily", "daily" and "daily and more" were categorized as frequent beverage intake. Proportion estimates and 95%-CI were weighted to better reflect the German population using SAS 9.4 survey procedures for complex sample designs. RESULTS Between 1990-1992 and 2008-2011, the proportion of men and women who reported to frequently drink juice, soft drinks, water or tea has increased from 21.9% (95%-CI: 20.8-23.0%) to 27.2% (25.6-29.0%), 10.0% (9.0-11.1%) to 18.7% (17.3-20.3%), 59.1% (56.8-61.4%) to 87.6% (86.2-88.9%), and 32.2% (30.3-34.2%) to 39.2% (36.9-41.5%), respectively. Frequent consumption of coffee decreased from 80.6% (79.1-82.0%) in 1990-1992 to 74.9% (73.3-76.5%) in 1997-1999 and increased to 81.2% (79.8-82.6%) in 2008-2011. Frequent consumption of juice increased over time among men with middle and high education (17.7% (15.7-19.8%) to 26.4% (23.4-29.6%) and 22.9% (20.2-25.8%) to 32.7% (29.4-36.2%), respectively), whereas a similar increase was only seen among women with low education (19.8% (17.1-22.9%) to 28.4% (22.9-34.7%). Frequent soft drink consumption increased among men in all age and education groups but among women only in the 25 to 34 year age group and in the low education group. Frequent water consumption increased about 20% or more among men and women, in all age and education groups. CONCLUSIONS The results show changes in non-alcoholic beverage consumption over the past two decades in Germany. Exploring non-alcoholic beverage intake over time is important for the evaluation of consumption patterns with regard to guidelines and to design appropriate prevention measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schienkiewitz
- Unit 27 Health Behaviour, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, General-Pape-Straße 62-66, 12101 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marjolein Haftenberger
- Unit 27 Health Behaviour, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, General-Pape-Straße 62-66, 12101 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert B. M. Mensink
- Unit 27 Health Behaviour, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, General-Pape-Straße 62-66, 12101 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Prinz P. Author’s reply to: Comments on “The role of dietary sugars in health: molecular composition or just calories?”. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 73:1325-1326. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
54
|
Prinz P. The role of dietary sugars in health: molecular composition or just calories? Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 73:1216-1223. [PMID: 30787473 PMCID: PMC6760629 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on the question of whether dietary sugars are a relevant determinant in the global rise of overweight and obesity in adults, adolescents, and children. Initially, the review describes the current definitions for sugars in the diet and makes reference to them while analyzing their role in overweight and obesity as well as diet-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cancer. Second, it will focus particularly on sucrose and the question of whether it is the molecular composition of sucrose (glucose and fructose) or its energy content that promotes body weight gain and diet-related diseases. Finally, the review will clarify the molecular characteristics of sucrose regarding the release of the gastrointestinal glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) compared to other energy-providing nutrients and its relevance in metabolic diseases. Current data indicates that dietary sugars are only associated with an increase in obesity when consumed as an excess source of calories and with that an increase in the risk of diet-related diseases. Furthermore, it was shown that a diet rich in fat will stimulate GIP secretion more than a diet rich in sucrose. Taken together, current scientific evidence does not support the conclusion that dietary sugars per se are detrimental to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Prinz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, German Sugar Association, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Abstract
It is clear that the sugars component of the diet has potentially deleterious effects on health. In the past, the dietary sugars were collectively referred to as non-milk extrinsic sugars (UK) or added sugars. The WHO first proposed a new term, free sugars, which is rather broader than added sugars, and also includes the sugars in fruit juices and purees, as well as honey and syrups. This review considers the potential problems that free sugars represent in relation to health risks, and the recent proposals that free sugars are a more appropriate focus than added or total as far as public health initiatives are concerned. This will require major activities in relation to measurement, labelling and communication to the consumer if attempts to reduce dietary free sugars content are to be successful.
Collapse
|
56
|
Fujiwara A, Murakami K, Sasaki S. Relative Validity of Starch and Sugar Intake in Japanese Adults as Estimated With Comprehensive and Brief Self-Administered Diet History Questionnaires. J Epidemiol 2019; 30:315-325. [PMID: 31257352 PMCID: PMC7348079 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20190026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Japan, large-scale epidemiological studies on starch and sugar intake are scarce, mainly due to a lack of a suitable assessment tool. We examined the relative validity of two widely-used dietary assessment questionnaires for Japanese adults, the comprehensive Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ) and the brief DHQ (BDHQ), for estimating the intake of starch and 10 types of sugars: total sugar, sucrose, maltose, lactose, trehalose, glucose, fructose, galactose, and added and free sugars. Methods A total of 92 women and 92 men completed 4-day weighed dietary records (DRs) besides the DHQ and BDHQ in each of the four seasons. For each method, starch and sugar intake was calculated according to a recently developed food composition database on starch and sugars for Japanese food items. Results For most of the carbohydrate variables examined, the median energy-adjusted intake derived from the first DHQ and BDHQ (DHQ1 and BDHQ1, respectively) significantly differed from those derived from the 16-day DRs in both sexes. Spearman correlation coefficients between the 16-day DRs and DHQ1 were acceptable (≥0.31) for all variables (0.31–0.67), except for maltose and trehalose in women (≤0.29). For BDHQ1, the correlations were also acceptable for all variables (0.32–0.64), except for maltose (≤0.26) and galactose (≤0.06). Similar results were observed for the mean of four DHQs and BDHQs. Conclusions This study indicated a reasonable ranking ability of DHQ and BDHQ for the intake of starch and most sugars examined, despite a poor ability to estimate the intake at the both group and individual levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Fujiwara
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kentaro Murakami
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo
| | - Satoshi Sasaki
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Comments on: "The role of dietary sugars in health: molecular composition or just calories?". Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 73:1323-1324. [PMID: 31227802 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
58
|
von Philipsborn P, Stratil JM, Burns J, Busert LK, Pfadenhauer LM, Polus S, Holzapfel C, Hauner H, Rehfuess E. Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 6:CD012292. [PMID: 31194900 PMCID: PMC6564085 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012292.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequent consumption of excess amounts of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is a risk factor for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and dental caries. Environmental interventions, i.e. interventions that alter the physical or social environment in which individuals make beverage choices, have been advocated as a means to reduce the consumption of SSB. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of environmental interventions (excluding taxation) on the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and sugar-sweetened milk, diet-related anthropometric measures and health outcomes, and on any reported unintended consequences or adverse outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched 11 general, specialist and regional databases from inception to 24 January 2018. We also searched trial registers, reference lists and citations, scanned websites of relevant organisations, and contacted study authors. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies on interventions implemented at an environmental level, reporting effects on direct or indirect measures of SSB intake, diet-related anthropometric measures and health outcomes, or any reported adverse outcome. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomised controlled trials (NRCTs), controlled before-after (CBA) and interrupted-time-series (ITS) studies, implemented in real-world settings with a combined length of intervention and follow-up of at least 12 weeks and at least 20 individuals in each of the intervention and control groups. We excluded studies in which participants were administered SSB as part of clinical trials, and multicomponent interventions which did not report SSB-specific outcome data. We excluded studies on the taxation of SSB, as these are the subject of a separate Cochrane Review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed the risks of bias of included studies. We classified interventions according to the NOURISHING framework, and synthesised results narratively and conducted meta-analyses for two outcomes relating to two intervention types. We assessed our confidence in the certainty of effect estimates with the GRADE framework as very low, low, moderate or high, and presented 'Summary of findings' tables. MAIN RESULTS We identified 14,488 unique records, and assessed 1030 in full text for eligibility. We found 58 studies meeting our inclusion criteria, including 22 RCTs, 3 NRCTs, 14 CBA studies, and 19 ITS studies, with a total of 1,180,096 participants. The median length of follow-up was 10 months. The studies included children, teenagers and adults, and were implemented in a variety of settings, including schools, retailing and food service establishments. We judged most studies to be at high or unclear risk of bias in at least one domain, and most studies used non-randomised designs. The studies examine a broad range of interventions, and we present results for these separately.Labelling interventions (8 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that traffic-light labelling is associated with decreasing sales of SSBs, and low-certainty evidence that nutritional rating score labelling is associated with decreasing sales of SSBs. For menu-board calorie labelling reported effects on SSB sales varied.Nutrition standards in public institutions (16 studies): We found low-certainty evidence that reduced availability of SSBs in schools is associated with decreased SSB consumption. We found very low-certainty evidence that improved availability of drinking water in schools and school fruit programmes are associated with decreased SSB consumption. Reported associations between improved availability of drinking water in schools and student body weight varied.Economic tools (7 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that price increases on SSBs are associated with decreasing SSB sales. For price discounts on low-calorie beverages reported effects on SSB sales varied.Whole food supply interventions (3 studies): Reported associations between voluntary industry initiatives to improve the whole food supply and SSB sales varied.Retail and food service interventions (7 studies): We found low-certainty evidence that healthier default beverages in children's menus in chain restaurants are associated with decreasing SSB sales, and moderate-certainty evidence that in-store promotion of healthier beverages in supermarkets is associated with decreasing SSB sales. We found very low-certainty evidence that urban planning restrictions on new fast-food restaurants and restrictions on the number of stores selling SSBs in remote communities are associated with decreasing SSB sales. Reported associations between promotion of healthier beverages in vending machines and SSB intake or sales varied.Intersectoral approaches (8 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that government food benefit programmes with restrictions on purchasing SSBs are associated with decreased SSB intake. For unrestricted food benefit programmes reported effects varied. We found moderate-certainty evidence that multicomponent community campaigns focused on SSBs are associated with decreasing SSB sales. Reported associations between trade and investment liberalisation and SSB sales varied.Home-based interventions (7 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that improved availability of low-calorie beverages in the home environment is associated with decreased SSB intake, and high-certainty evidence that it is associated with decreased body weight among adolescents with overweight or obesity and a high baseline consumption of SSBs.Adverse outcomes reported by studies, which may occur in some circumstances, included negative effects on revenue, compensatory SSB consumption outside school when the availability of SSBs in schools is reduced, reduced milk intake, stakeholder discontent, and increased total energy content of grocery purchases with price discounts on low-calorie beverages, among others. The certainty of evidence on adverse outcomes was low to very low for most outcomes.We analysed interventions targeting sugar-sweetened milk separately, and found low- to moderate-certainty evidence that emoticon labelling and small prizes for the selection of healthier beverages in elementary school cafeterias are associated with decreased consumption of sugar-sweetened milk. We found low-certainty evidence that improved placement of plain milk in school cafeterias is not associated with decreasing sugar-sweetened milk consumption. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence included in this review indicates that effective, scalable interventions addressing SSB consumption at a population level exist. Implementation should be accompanied by high-quality evaluations using appropriate study designs, with a particular focus on the long-term effects of approaches suitable for large-scale implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter von Philipsborn
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Jan M Stratil
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Jacob Burns
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Laura K Busert
- University College LondonGreat Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Lisa M Pfadenhauer
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Stephanie Polus
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- School of Medicine, Technical University of MunichInstitute of Nutritional Medicine, Else Kroener‐Fresenius Centre for Nutritional MedicineMunichGermany
| | - Hans Hauner
- School of Medicine, Technical University of MunichInstitute of Nutritional Medicine, Else Kroener‐Fresenius Centre for Nutritional MedicineMunichGermany
| | - Eva Rehfuess
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
National Dietary Guidelines of Greece for children and adolescents: a tool for promoting healthy eating habits. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22:2688-2699. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:Dietary guidelines are an essential policy tool for facilitating optimal dietary patterns and healthy eating behaviours. We report: (i) the methodological approach adopted for developing the National Dietary Guidelines of Greece (NDGGr) for Infants, Children and Adolescents; and (ii) the guidelines for children aged 1–18 years.Design:An evidence-based approach was employed to develop food-based recommendations according to the methodologies of the WHO, FAO and European Food Safety Authority. Physical activity recommendations were also compiled. Food education, healthy eating tips and suggestions were also provided.Setting:The NDGGr encompass food-based nutritional and physical activity recommendations for promoting healthy dietary patterns and eating behaviours and secondarily to serve as a helpful tool for the prevention of childhood overweight and obesity.Results:The NDGGr include food-based recommendations, food education and health promotion messages regarding: (i) fruits; (ii) vegetables; (iii) milk and dairy products; (iv) cereals; (v) red and white meat; (vi) fish and seafood; (vii) eggs; (viii) legumes; (ix) added lipids, olives, and nuts; (x) added sugars and salt; (xi) water and beverages, and (xii) physical activity. A Nutrition Wheel, consisting of the ten most pivotal key messages, was developed to enhance the adoption of optimal dietary patterns and a healthy lifestyle. The NDGGr additionally provide recommendations regarding the optimal frequency and serving sizes of main meals, based on the traditional Greek diet.Conclusions:As a policy tool for promoting healthy eating, the NDGGr have been disseminated in public schools across Greece.
Collapse
|
60
|
Bergwall S, Ramne S, Sonestedt E, Acosta S. High versus low added sugar consumption for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Hippokratia 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bergwall
- Lund University; Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Vascular Diseases; Malmö Sweden
| | - Stina Ramne
- Lund University; Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Nutritional Epidemiology; Malmö Sweden
| | - Emily Sonestedt
- Lund University; Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Nutritional Epidemiology; Malmö Sweden
| | - Stefan Acosta
- Malmö University Hospital; Department of Vascular Diseases; Malmö Sweden S205 02
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Weder S, Hoffmann M, Becker K, Alexy U, Keller M. Energy, Macronutrient Intake, and Anthropometrics of Vegetarian, Vegan, and Omnivorous Children (1⁻3 Years) in Germany (VeChi Diet Study). Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040832. [PMID: 31013738 PMCID: PMC6521189 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the lack of current, large-scale studies examining their dietary intake and health, there are concerns about vegetarian (VG) and vegan (VN) diets in childhood. Therefore, the Vegetarian and Vegan Children Study (VeChi Diet Study) examined the energy and macronutrient intake as well as the anthropometrics of 430 VG, VN, and omnivorous (OM) children (1⁻3 years) in Germany. A 3-day weighed dietary record assessed dietary intake, and an online questionnaire assessed lifestyle, body weight (BW), and height. Average dietary intakes and anthropometrics were compared between groups using ANCOVA. There were no significant differences in energy intake or density and anthropometrics between the study groups. OM children had the highest adjusted median intakes of protein (OM: 2.7, VG: 2.3, VN: 2.4 g/kg BW, p < 0.0001), fat (OM: 36.0, VG: 33.5, VN: 31.2%E, p < 0.0001), and added sugars (OM: 5.3, VG: 4.5, VN: 3.8%E, p = 0.002), whereas VN children had the highest adjusted intakes of carbohydrates (OM: 50.1, VG: 54.1, VN: 56.2%E, p < 0.0001) and fiber (OM: 12.2, VG: 16.5, VN: 21.8 g/1,000 kcal, p < 0.0001). Therefore, a VG and VN diet in early childhood can provide the same amount of energy and macronutrients, leading to a normal growth in comparison to OM children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stine Weder
- Fachhochschule des Mittelstands (FHM), University of Applied Sciences, 33602 Bielefeld, Germany.
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Morwenna Hoffmann
- Fachhochschule des Mittelstands (FHM), University of Applied Sciences, 33602 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Katja Becker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ute Alexy
- IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, DONALD Study, University of Bonn, 44225 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Markus Keller
- Fachhochschule des Mittelstands (FHM), University of Applied Sciences, 33602 Bielefeld, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Delzenne NM, Olivares M, Neyrinck AM, Beaumont M, Kjølbæk L, Larsen TM, Benítez-Páez A, Romaní-Pérez M, Garcia-Campayo V, Bosscher D, Sanz Y, van der Kamp JW. Nutritional interest of dietary fiber and prebiotics in obesity: Lessons from the MyNewGut consortium. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:414-424. [PMID: 30904186 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of EU project MyNewGut is to contribute to future public health-related recommendations supported by new insight in gut microbiome and nutrition-host relationship. In this Opinion Paper, we first revisit the concept of dietary fiber, taking into account their interaction with the gut microbiota. This paper also summarizes the main effects of dietary fibers with prebiotic properties in intervention studies in humans, with a particular emphasis on the effects of arabinoxylans and arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides on metabolic alterations associated with obesity. Based on the existing state of the art and future development, we elaborate the steps required to propose dietary guidelines related to dietary fibers, taking into account their interaction with the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marta Olivares
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Beaumont
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Louise Kjølbæk
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alfonso Benítez-Páez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Romaní-Pérez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Prinz P. The role of dietary sugars in health: molecular composition or just calories? Eur J Clin Nutr 2019. [PMID: 30787473 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0407-z.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on the question of whether dietary sugars are a relevant determinant in the global rise of overweight and obesity in adults, adolescents, and children. Initially, the review describes the current definitions for sugars in the diet and makes reference to them while analyzing their role in overweight and obesity as well as diet-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cancer. Second, it will focus particularly on sucrose and the question of whether it is the molecular composition of sucrose (glucose and fructose) or its energy content that promotes body weight gain and diet-related diseases. Finally, the review will clarify the molecular characteristics of sucrose regarding the release of the gastrointestinal glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) compared to other energy-providing nutrients and its relevance in metabolic diseases. Current data indicates that dietary sugars are only associated with an increase in obesity when consumed as an excess source of calories and with that an increase in the risk of diet-related diseases. Furthermore, it was shown that a diet rich in fat will stimulate GIP secretion more than a diet rich in sucrose. Taken together, current scientific evidence does not support the conclusion that dietary sugars per se are detrimental to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Prinz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, German Sugar Association, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Ramne S, Alves Dias J, González-Padilla E, Olsson K, Lindahl B, Engström G, Ericson U, Johansson I, Sonestedt E. Association between added sugar intake and mortality is nonlinear and dependent on sugar source in 2 Swedish population-based prospective cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:411-423. [PMID: 30590448 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although sugar consumption has been associated with several risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases, evidence for harmful long-term effects is lacking. In addition, most studies have focused on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), not sugar per se. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the associations between added and free sugar intake, intake of different sugar sources, and mortality risk. Methods Two prospective population-based cohorts were examined: the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS; n = 24,272), which collected dietary data by combining a food diary, interview, and food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and the Northern Swedish Health and Disease Study (NSHDS; n = 24,475), which assessed diet with an FFQ. Sugar intakes defined as both added and free sugar and different sugar sources were examined. The associations with mortality were examined using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Higher sugar consumption was associated with a less favorable lifestyle in general. The lowest mortality risk was found with added sugar intakes between 7.5% and 10% of energy (E%) intake in both cohorts. Intakes >20E% were associated with a 30% increased mortality risk, but increased risks were also found at intakes <5E% [23% in the MDCS and 9% (nonsignificant) in the NSHDS]. Similar U-shaped associations were found for both cardiovascular and cancer mortality in the MDCS. By separately analyzing the different sugar sources, the intake of SSBs was positively associated with mortality, whereas the intake of treats was inversely associated. Conclusions Our findings indicate that a high sugar intake is associated with an increased mortality risk. However, the risk is also increased among low sugar consumers, although they have a more favorable lifestyle in general. In addition, the associations are dependent on the type of sugar source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bernt Lindahl
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine
| | | | - Ulrika Ericson
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Departments of Odontology and Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Buyken AE, Mela DJ, Dussort P, Johnson IT, Macdonald IA, Stowell JD, Brouns FJPH. Dietary carbohydrates: a review of international recommendations and the methods used to derive them. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:1625-1643. [PMID: 29572552 PMCID: PMC6281563 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-017-0035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Renewed dietary recommendations for carbohydrates have recently been published by various international health authorities. The present work (1) reviews the methods and processes (systematic approach/review, inclusion of public consultation) used to identify, select and grade the evidence underpinning the recommendations, particularly for total carbohydrate (CHO), fibre and sugar consumption, and (2) examines the extent to which variation in the methods and processes applied relates to any differences in the final recommendations. SUBJECTS/METHODS A search of WHO, US, Canada, Australia and European sources identified 19 documents from 13 authorities with the desired detailed information. Processes and methods applied to derive recommendations were compiled and compared. RESULTS (1) A relatively high total CHO and fibre intake and limited intake of (added or free) sugars are generally recommended. (2) Even where recommendations are similar, the specific justifications for quantitative/qualitative recommendations differ across authorities. (3) Differences in recommendations mainly arise from differences in the underlying definitions of CHO exposure and classifications, the degree to which specific CHO-providing foods and food components were considered, and the choice and number of health outcomes selected. (4) Differences in the selection of source material, time frames or data aggregation and grading methods appeared to have minor influence. CONCLUSIONS Despite general consistency, apparent differences among the recommendations of different authorities would likely be minimized by: (1) More explicit quantitative justifications for numerical recommendations and communication of uncertainty, and (2) greater international harmonization, particularly in the underlying definitions of exposures and range of relevant nutrition-related outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Buyken
- Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
- DONALD Study Dortmund, Department of Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - D J Mela
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - P Dussort
- International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe a.i.s.b.l., Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - I T Johnson
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - I A Macdonald
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - J D Stowell
- DuPont Nutrition & Health, Danisco Ltd, Reigate, UK
| | - F J P H Brouns
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Being born small-for-gestational-age is associated with an unfavourable dietary intake in Danish adolescent girls: findings from the Danish National Birth Cohort. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 10:488-496. [PMID: 30419995 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Individuals born small have an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Altered food preferences in these subjects seem to play a role; however, limited evidence is available on the association between being born small-for-gestational-age (SGA) at term and food intake in adolescence. Alterations in leptin, ghrelin and dopamine levels are suggested mechanisms linking SGA with later food intake. From a large prospective Danish National Birth Cohort, we compared dietary intake of adolescents being born SGA with normal-for-gestational-age (NGA) adolescents. Intake of foods and nutrients was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire in a subsample of 15,607 14-year-old individuals born at term. SGA was defined by birth weight (BW) <10th percentile (n = 1470) and NGA as BW between 10 and 90th percentile (n = 14,137) according to sex and gestational age-specific BW standard curves. Girls born SGA had a 7% (95% CI: 3-12%, P = 0.002) higher intake of added sugar and a 2-8% lower intake of dietary fibre, vegetables, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and total n-6, compared with NGA girls (P < 0.05). Adjusting for parental socio-occupational status, maternal smoking and diet in pregnancy did not substantially change the differences in dietary intake, except from dietary fibre, which were no longer statistically significant. No significant differences in dietary intake between SGA and NGA boys were found. In summary, girls born SGA had an unfavourable dietary intake compared with NGA girls. These differences persisted after controlling for potential confounders, thus supporting a fetal programming effect on dietary intake in girls born SGA at term. However, residual confounding by other factors operating early in childhood cannot be excluded.
Collapse
|
67
|
Călinoiu LF, Vodnar DC. Whole Grains and Phenolic Acids: A Review on Bioactivity, Functionality, Health Benefits and Bioavailability. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1615. [PMID: 30388881 PMCID: PMC6265897 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains represent one of the major sources of human food and nowadays, their production has increased to fulfill the needs of the world's population. Among whole grains, wheat is the most popular and contributes significantly to the human diet. Whole grains possess great nutritional and bioactive properties due to their fractions, bran and germ, that comprise unique health-promoting bioactive components. The evidence of health benefits in human intervention studies, as well as a World Health Organization report for 2012⁻2016, supports the dietary consumption of whole grains and whole-grain foods. The inverse correlation between whole grain consumption and the reduced risk of chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes was underlined by several epidemiological studies. This article focuses on the bioactive components of whole grains and their fractions, namely phenolic acids, starting from their chemical structure, bioactivity and bioavailability. According to the conclusive evaluation of the human intervention studies conducted using cereal bran and whole grains intake, the assumption that the bioactive compounds determine health outcomes is illustrated. In the last part of the work, the functional potential and the health claims related to whole grains and bran intake are discussed, as well as new technologies and strategies to enhance their health potential by an increased bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Florina Călinoiu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Fujiwara A, Murakami K, Asakura K, Uechi K, Sugimoto M, Wang HC, Masayasu S, Sasaki S. Estimation of Starch and Sugar Intake in a Japanese Population Based on a Newly Developed Food Composition Database. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101474. [PMID: 30309012 PMCID: PMC6213530 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a lack of a food composition database on starch and sugars, we developed a comprehensive database on starch and seven types of sugars in commonly consumed foods (n = 2222) in Japan. Dietary record data of 368 toddlers (aged 18–35 months), 376 preschool children (aged 3–6 years), 915 schoolchildren (aged 8–14 years) and 392 adults (aged 20–69 years) were used. The mean starch intake ranged from 55.6 g/day (female toddlers) to 206.0 g/day (male schoolchildren). Irrespective of age and sex, >50% of starch was provided by rice and grains. The mean total sugar intake ranged from 46.1 g/day (female toddlers) to 68.7 g/day (male schoolchildren). In all age and sex groups, the major contributors of total sugar included sucrose (mean: 18.2–34.0 g/day), glucose (7.8–13.1 g/day), lactose (5.3–13.1 g/day) and fructose (7.6–11.1 g/day). The top food sources were dairy products (toddlers) and confectionaries (other age groups) for total sugar, confectionaries for sucrose, fruits (toddlers) and vegetables (other age groups) for glucose, dairy products for lactose and fruits (toddlers and preschool children) and vegetables (schoolchildren and adults) for fructose. In conclusion, this study clarified the starch and sugar intake in Japan and provides a foundation for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Fujiwara
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Murakami
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Keiko Asakura
- School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Ken Uechi
- Faculty of Health Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Minami Sugimoto
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Han-Chieh Wang
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | | - Satoshi Sasaki
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Nutritional epidemiology at a crossroad: how to link observations with interventions and why? Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:1287-1290. [PMID: 30185862 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
70
|
Bechthold A, Boeing H, Tetens I, Schwingshackl L, Nöthlings U. Perspective: Food-Based Dietary Guidelines in Europe-Scientific Concepts, Current Status, and Perspectives. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:544-560. [PMID: 30107475 PMCID: PMC6140433 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) are important tools for nutrition policies and public health. FBDGs provide guidelines on healthy food consumption and are based on scientific evidence. In the past, disease prevention and nutrient recommendations dominated the process of establishing FBDGs. However, scientific advances and social developments such as changing lifestyles, interest in personalized health, and concerns about sustainability require a reorientation of the creation of FBDGs to include a wider range of aspects of dietary behavior. The present review evaluates current European FBDGs with regard to the concepts and aspects used in their derivation, and summarizes the major aspects currently discussed to be considered in future establishment or updates of FBDGs. We identified English information on official European FBDGs through an Internet search (FAO, PubMed, Google) and analyzed the aspects used for their derivation. Furthermore, we searched literature databases (PubMed, Google Scholar) for conceptional considerations dealing with FBDGs. A total of 34 out of 53 European countries were identified as having official FBDGs, and for 15 of these, documents with information on the scientific basis could be identified and described. Subsequently, aspects underlying the derivation of current FBDGs and aspects considered in the literature as important for future FBDGs were discussed. Eight aspects were identified: diet-health relations, nutrient supply, energy supply, dietary habits, sustainability, food-borne contaminants, target group segmentation, and individualization. The first 4 have already been widely applied in existing FBDGs; the others have almost never been taken into account. It remains a future challenge to (re)conceptionalize the development of FBDGs, to operationalize the aspects to be incorporated in their derivation, and to convert concepts into systematic approaches. The current review may assist national expert groups and clarifies the options for future development of local FBDGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Inge Tetens
- Vitality–Center for Good Older Lives, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lukas Schwingshackl
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Abstract
In June 2016, EFSA received a mandate from the national food competent authorities of five European countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) to provide a dietary reference value (DRV) for sugars, with particular attention to added sugars. A draft protocol was developed with the aim of defining as much as possible beforehand the strategy that will be applied for collecting data, appraising the relevant evidence, and analysing and integrating the evidence in order to draw conclusions that will form the basis for the Scientific Opinion on sugars. As EFSA wished to seek advice from stakeholders on this draft protocol, the NDA Panel endorsed it for public consultation on 12 December 2017. The consultation was open from 9 January to 4 March 2018. A technical meeting with stakeholders was held in Brussels on 13 February 2018, during the consultation period. After consultation with stakeholders and the mandate requestors, EFSA interprets this mandate as a request to provide scientific advice on an Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for (total/added/free) sugars, i.e. the maximum level of total chronic daily intake of sugars (from all sources) judged to be unlikely to pose a risk of adverse health effects to humans. The assessment concerns the main types of sugars (mono- and disaccharides) found in mixed diets (i.e. glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, maltose and trehalose) taken through the oral route. The health outcomes of interest relate to the development of metabolic diseases and dental caries. The final version of the protocol was endorsed by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies on 28 June 2018.
Collapse
|
72
|
Soininen S, Eloranta AM, Viitasalo A, Dion G, Erkkilä A, Sidoroff V, Lindi V, Mahonen A, Lakka TA. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Plasma Lipids, and Associated Gene Variants in Prepubertal Children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2670-2679. [PMID: 29750416 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with plasma lipids remain controversial in children. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations and interactions of 25(OH)D and related gene variants with lipids in children. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Kuopio, Finland. PARTICIPANTS Population sample of 419 prepubertal white children aged 6 to 8 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES 25(OH)D, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides. RESULTS Serum 25(OH)D was negatively associated with total cholesterol (β = -0.141, P = 0.004), LDL cholesterol (β = -0.112, P = 0.023), HDL cholesterol (β = -0.150, P = 0.002), and triglycerides (β = -0.104, P = 0.035) adjusted for age and sex. Associations of 25(OH)D with total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol remained after adjustment for adiposity, physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet, daylight time, and parental education. Children in the highest quartile of 25(OH)D had the lowest total cholesterol (P = 0.022) and LDL cholesterol (P = 0.026) adjusted for age and sex. Cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily R member 1 (CYP2R1) rs12794714, CYP2R1 rs10741657, and vitamin D binding protein (DBP) rs2282679 were associated with 25(OH)D adjusted for age and sex. CYP2R1 rs12794714 was associated with total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and C10orf88 rs6599638 with HDL cholesterol adjusted for age, sex, and 25(OH)D. The gene variants did not explain or modify the associations of 25(OH)D with lipids. CONCLUSIONS 25(OH)D was independently and inversely associated with total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol. CYP2R1 rs12794714, CYP2R1 rs10741657, and DBP rs2282679 were associated with 25(OH)D. CYP2R1 rs12794714 was associated with total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and chromosome 10 open reading frame 88 (C10orf88) rs6599638 with HDL cholesterol independent of 25(OH)D. None of the gene variants modified the associations of 25(OH)D with lipids. Further studies are needed to detect the mechanisms for the associations of 25(OH)D with lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Soininen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Social and Health Center, City of Varkaus, Varkaus, Finland
| | - Aino-Maija Eloranta
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Viitasalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Geneviève Dion
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arja Erkkilä
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virpi Sidoroff
- Department of Pediatrics, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Virpi Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland Library Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anitta Mahonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Lorkowski S, Richter M, Linseisen J, Watzl B. Associations of fats and carbohydrates with cardiovascular disease and mortality-PURE and simple? Lancet 2018; 391:1678-1679. [PMID: 29726337 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30800-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Jakob Linseisen
- University Center of Health Sciences at Klinikum Augsburg (UNIKA-T), Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Watzl
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max-Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Abstract
In the past, different types of diet with a generally low-carbohydrate content (< 50–< 20 g/day) have been promoted, for weight loss and diabetes, and the effectiveness of a very low dietary carbohydrate content has always been a matter of debate. A significant reduction in the amount of carbohydrates in the diet is usually accompanied by an increase in the amount of fat and to a lesser extent, also protein. Accordingly, using the term “low carb–high fat” (LCHF) diet is most appropriate. Low/very low intakes of carbohydrate food sources may impact on overall diet quality and long-term effects of such drastic diet changes remain at present unknown. This narrative review highlights recent metabolic and clinical outcomes of studies as well as practical feasibility of low LCHF diets. A few relevant observations are as follows: (1) any diet type resulting in reduced energy intake will result in weight loss and related favorable metabolic and functional changes; (2) short-term LCHF studies show both favorable and less desirable effects; (3) sustained adherence to a ketogenic LCHF diet appears to be difficult. A non-ketogenic diet supplying 100–150 g carbohydrate/day, under good control, may be more practical. (4) There is lack of data supporting long-term efficacy, safety and health benefits of LCHF diets. Any recommendation should be judged in this light. (5) Lifestyle intervention in people at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, while maintaining a relative carbohydrate-rich diet, results in long-term prevention of progression to type 2 diabetes and is generally seen as safe.
Collapse
|
75
|
Mela DJ, Woolner EM. Perspective: Total, Added, or Free? What Kind of Sugars Should We Be Talking About? Adv Nutr 2018; 9:63-69. [PMID: 29659689 PMCID: PMC5916432 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is consistent public guidance to limit sugars intakes. However, WHO recommendations are for "free" sugars, whereas some other guidance documents and public discussion focus on "added" sugars, and globally most food labeling states "total" sugars. Total sugars comprise all mono- and disaccharides, regardless of source, whereas both added and free sugars exclude the sugars that naturally occur in dairy products and intact fruit and vegetables. Definitions of added and free sugars differ mainly in their respective exclusion or inclusion of sugars in juiced or pureed fruit and vegetables. To date, there has been little evidence-based analysis of the scientific basis for these different sugar classifications or implications of their adoption for consumer communication and nutrition labeling. Evidence of discriminating relations of total compared with added or free sugars with weight gain or energy intake, type 2 diabetes, and dental caries was identified from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The relations were weakest for total sugars and most consistent for dietary sources corresponding to free sugars (including sugars added to and in fruit juices). Consideration of these health outcomes suggests that the emphasis for intake monitoring, public health guidance, and consumer communication should be on free sugars. However, at present, the adoption of free sugars for these purposes would also carry challenges related to implementation, including consumer understanding, consensus on specifications, and current (labeling) regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Mela
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, Netherlands,Address correspondence to DJM (e-mail: )
| | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Lütjohann D, Marinova M, Wolter K, Willinek W, Bitterlich N, Coenen M, Coch C, Stellaard F. Influence of Chitosan Treatment on Surrogate Serum Markers of Cholesterol Metabolism in Obese Subjects. Nutrients 2018; 10:E72. [PMID: 29324705 PMCID: PMC5793300 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan treatment results in significantly lower serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations. To assess the working mechanisms of chitosan, we measured serum surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption (campesterol, sitosterol, cholestanol), synthesis (lathosterol, lanosterol, desmosterol), and degradation to bile acids (7α-hydroxy-cholesterol, 27-hydroxy-cholesterol), corrected for cholesterol concentration (R_sterols). Over 12 weeks, 116 obese subjects (Body Mass Index, BMI 31.7, range 28.1-38.9 kg/m²) were studied under chitosan (n = 61) and placebo treatments (n = 55). The participants were briefly educated regarding improvement of nutrition quality and energy expenditure. Daily chitosan intake was 3200 mg. Serum LDL cholesterol concentration decreased significantly more (p = 0.0252) under chitosan (-8.67 ± 18.18 mg/dL, 5.6%) than under placebo treatment (-1.00 ± 24.22 mg/dL, 0.9%). This reduction was not associated with the expected greater decreases in markers of cholesterol absorption under chitosan treatment. Also, increases in markers of cholesterol synthesis and bile acid synthesis under chitosan treatment were not any greater than under placebo treatment. In conclusion, a significant selective reduction of serum LDL cholesterol under chitosan treatment is neither associated with a reduction of serum surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption, nor with increases of markers for cholesterol and bile acid synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Milka Marinova
- Department of Radiology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Karsten Wolter
- Department of Radiology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Winfried Willinek
- Department of Radiology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology, Sonography and Nuclear Medicine, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder Trier, D-54292 Trier, Germany.
| | - Norman Bitterlich
- Medizin & Service GmbH, Abt. Biostatistik, Boettcherstraße 10, D-09117 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Martin Coenen
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christoph Coch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frans Stellaard
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
|
78
|
Weitkunat K, Schumann S, Nickel D, Hornemann S, Petzke KJ, Schulze MB, Pfeiffer AF, Klaus S. Odd-chain fatty acids as a biomarker for dietary fiber intake: a novel pathway for endogenous production from propionate. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:1544-1551. [PMID: 28424190 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.152702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The risk of type 2 diabetes is inversely correlated with plasma concentrations of odd-chain fatty acids [OCFAs; pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0)], which are considered as biomarkers for dairy fat intake in humans. However, rodent studies suggest that OCFAs are synthesized endogenously from gut-derived propionate. Propionate increases with dietary fiber consumption and has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity.Objective: We hypothesized that OCFAs are produced in humans from dietary fibers by a novel endogenous pathway.Design: In a randomized, double-blind crossover study, 16 healthy individuals were supplemented with cellulose (30 g/d), inulin (30 g/d), or propionate (6 g/d) for 7 d. In addition, human hepatoma cells were incubated with different propionate concentrations. OCFAs were determined in plasma phospholipids and hepatoma cells by gas chromatography.Results: Cellulose did not affect plasma OCFA levels, whereas inulin and propionate increased pentadecanoic acid by ∼17% (P < 0.05) and 13% (P = 0.05), respectively. The effect on heptadecanoic acid was even more pronounced, because it was elevated in almost all participants by inulin (11%; P < 0.01) and propionate (13%; P < 0.001). Furthermore, cell culture experiments showed a positive association between propionate and OCFA levels (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.0001), whereas palmitate (16:0) was negatively correlated (R2 = 0.83, P = 0.004).Conclusions: Our data show that gut-derived propionate is used for the hepatic synthesis of OCFAs in humans. The association of OCFAs with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes may therefore also relate to dietary fiber intake and not only dairy fat. This trial was registered at www.germanctr.de as DRKS00010121.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthias B Schulze
- Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Fernstrand AM, Bury D, Garssen J, Verster JC. Dietary intake of fibers: differential effects in men and women on perceived general health and immune functioning. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61:1297053. [PMID: 28469542 PMCID: PMC5404421 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1297053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been reported previously that dietary fiber intake provides health benefits. Nevertheless, only a limited number of human studies have investigated whether gender differences exist in the relationship between fiber intake and perceived health and immune status. Objective: To investigate potential gender differences in the effects of dietary fiber intake on perceived health and immune status of healthy young adults. Design: A survey was conducted among university students in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Data were collected on perceived general health status and perceived immune functioning. Dietary intake of fibers was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Perceived general health status and immune functioning were associated with daily intake of fibers using nonparametric (Spearman) correlations. Statistical analyses were conducted for the group as a whole, and for men and women separately. Results: N = 509 subjects completed the survey. Mean (SD) age was 20.8 (2.6) years old. 71.9% of the samples were females. Mean daily dietary fiber intake was 15.5 (6.9) g. Daily dietary fiber intake correlated significantly with general health rate (r = 0.171, p = 0.0001) and perceived immune functioning (r = 0.124, p = 0.008). After controlling for total caloric intake, the partial correlation between fiber intake and general health remained significant (r = 0.151, p = 0.002). In men, dietary fiber intake correlated significantly with perceived general health status (r = 0.320, p = 0.0001) and immune functioning (r = 0.281, p = 0.002). After controlling for caloric intake, the association between dietary fiber intake and perceived general health (r = 0.261, p = 0.005) remained significant. Remarkably, no significant correlations were observed in women. Conclusion: A significant association between daily dietary fiber intake and perceived general health status and immune rate was found in men, but not in women. Future studies should further address the nature and causes of the observed gender differences, including validated biomarkers for immune responsiveness. Abbreviations: FFQ: Food frequency questionnaire; GIT: Gastrointestinal tract; NCDs: Non-communicable diseases; SCFA: Short-chain fatty acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Didi Bury
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris C. Verster
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Rodríguez-Garayar M, Martín-Cabrejas MA, Esteban RM. High Hydrostatic Pressure in Astringent and Non-Astringent Persimmons to Obtain Fiber-Enriched Ingredients with Improved Functionality. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-017-1870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
81
|
Macdonald IA. A review of recent evidence relating to sugars, insulin resistance and diabetes. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55:17-23. [PMID: 27882410 PMCID: PMC5174139 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The potential impact on health of diets rich in free sugars, and particularly fructose, is of major concern. The focus of this review is the impact of these sugars on insulin resistance and obesity, and the associated risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Much of the concern is focussed on specific metabolic effects of fructose, which are argued to lead to increased fat deposition in the liver and skeletal muscle with subsequent insulin resistance and increased risk of diabetes. However, much of the evidence underpinning these arguments is based on animal studies involving very large intakes of the free sugars. Recent human studies, in the past 5 years, provide a rather different picture, with a clear dose response link between fructose intake and metabolic changes. In particular, the most marked effects are observed when a high sugars intake is accompanied by an excess energy intake. This does not mean that a high intake of free sugars does not have any detrimental impact on health, but rather that such an effect seems more likely to be a result of the high sugars intake increasing the chances of an excessive energy intake rather than it leading to a direct detrimental effect on metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I A Macdonald
- Queen's Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, University of Nottingham, Clifton Boulevard, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Moreira-Rosário A, Pinheiro H, Calhau C, Azevedo LF. Can wheat germ have a beneficial effect on human health? A study protocol for a randomised crossover controlled trial to evaluate its health effects. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e013098. [PMID: 28157671 PMCID: PMC5129044 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide and diet is an important contributor to CVD risk. Thus, several food derivatives are being investigated for their beneficial impact on reducing cardiometabolic risk factors, either in risk groups or in healthy population as a preventive measure. Wheat germ is a food by-product with high nutritional value, especially as a concentrated source of dietary fibre and essential fatty acids, but its incorporation into the diet has been rare up to now. Previous studies do not clarify the hypothesised potential causal relationship between the consumption of wheat germ and benefits for human health. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We are conducting a randomised, double-blinded, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to assess the physiological effects of daily consumption of wheat germ-enriched bread (containing 6 g of wheat germ) compared with non-enriched bread, over a 4-week period with a 15-week follow-up, in a healthy human population. A total of 55 participants (healthy volunteers, aged 18-60) have been recruited from the Porto metropolitan area in northern Portugal. Our aim is to evaluate the health effects of wheat germ on blood cholesterol and triglycerides, postprandial glycaemic response, gastrointestinal function and discomfort, and changes in intestinal microbiota and insulin resistance as secondary outcomes. The study follows the best practices for evaluating health claims in food according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) scientific opinion, namely random allocation, double blinding, reporting methods to measure and maximise compliance, and validated outcomes with beneficial physiological effects as recommended by EFSA. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the Health Ethics Committee of São João Hospital Centre (156-15) and the Ethics Committee of Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (PCEDCSS-FMUP07/2015). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations at international scientific meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02405507; pre-results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Moreira-Rosário
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Health Information and Decision Sciences (CIDES), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Pinheiro
- Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Filipe Azevedo
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Health Information and Decision Sciences (CIDES), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Alam SA, Järvinen J, Kokkonen H, Jurvelin J, Poutanen K, Sozer N. Factors affecting structural properties and in vitro starch digestibility of extruded starchy foams containing bran. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
84
|
Heise TL, Katikireddi SV, Pega F, Gartlehner G, Fenton C, Griebler U, Sommer I, Pfinder M, Lhachimi SK. Taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse health outcomes. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Heise
- University of Bremen; Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, Health Sciences Bremen; Bibliothekstr. 1 Bremen Germany 28359
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology; Research Group for Evidence-Based Public Health; Achterstr. 30 Bremen Germany 28359
| | | | - Frank Pega
- University of Otago; Public Health; 23A Mein Street, Newtown Wellington New Zealand 6242
| | - Gerald Gartlehner
- Danube University Krems; Cochrane Austria; Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30 Krems Austria 3500
| | - Candida Fenton
- University of Glasgow; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit; Glasgow UK
| | - Ursula Griebler
- Danube University Krems; Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology; Dr.-Karl-Dorrek Str. 30 Krems Austria 3500
| | - Isolde Sommer
- Danube University Krems; Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology; Dr.-Karl-Dorrek Str. 30 Krems Austria 3500
| | - Manuela Pfinder
- University of Bremen; Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, Health Sciences Bremen; Bibliothekstr. 1 Bremen Germany 28359
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology; Research Group for Evidence-Based Public Health; Achterstr. 30 Bremen Germany 28359
- AOK Baden-Württemberg; Department of Health Promotion/Occupational Health Management; Presselstr. 19 Stuttgart Baden-Württemberg Germany 70191
| | - Stefan K Lhachimi
- University of Bremen; Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, Health Sciences Bremen; Bibliothekstr. 1 Bremen Germany 28359
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology; Research Group for Evidence-Based Public Health; Achterstr. 30 Bremen Germany 28359
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
New dietary fibre content results for cereals in the Nordic countries using AOAC 2011.25 method. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
86
|
von Philipsborn P, Stratil JM, Burns J, Busert LK, Pfadenhauer LM, Polus S, Holzapfel C, Hauner H, Rehfuess E. Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter von Philipsborn
- Technical University Munich; Faculty of Medicine; Stuntzstrasse 12 81677 Munich Germany
| | - Jan M Stratil
- University of Tuebingen; Faculty of Medicine; Wilhelmstrasse 127 Tuebingen Germany 72076
| | - Jacob Burns
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; Marchioninistr. 15 Munich Bavaria Germany
| | - Laura K Busert
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; Marchioninistr. 15 Munich Bavaria Germany
| | - Lisa M Pfadenhauer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; Marchioninistr. 15 Munich Bavaria Germany
| | - Stephanie Polus
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; Marchioninistr. 15 Munich Bavaria Germany
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- Technische Universität München Klinikum rechts der Isar; Institute for Nutritional Medicine; Munich Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Technische Universität München Klinikum rechts der Isar; Institute for Nutritional Medicine; Munich Germany
| | - Eva Rehfuess
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; Marchioninistr. 15 Munich Bavaria Germany
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Woelber JP, Bremer K, Vach K, König D, Hellwig E, Ratka-Krüger P, Al-Ahmad A, Tennert C. An oral health optimized diet can reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation in humans - a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Oral Health 2016; 17:28. [PMID: 27460471 PMCID: PMC4962497 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of four weeks of an oral health optimized diet on periodontal clinical parameters in a randomized controlled trial. METHODS The experimental group (n = 10) had to change to a diet low in carbohydrates, rich in Omega-3 fatty acids, and rich in vitamins C and D, antioxidants and fiber for four weeks. Participants of the control group (n = 5) did not change their dietary behavior. Plaque index, gingival bleeding, probing depths, and bleeding upon probing were assessed by a dentist with a pressure-sensitive periodontal probe. Measurements were performed after one and two weeks without a dietary change (baseline), followed by a two week transitional period, and finally performed weekly for four weeks. RESULTS Despite constant plaque values in both groups, all inflammatory parameters decreased in the experimental group to approximately half that of the baseline values (GI: 1.10 ± 0.51 to 0.54 ± 0.30; BOP: 53.57 to 24.17 %; PISA: 638 mm(2) to 284 mm(2)). This reduction was significantly different compared to that of the control group. CONCLUSION A diet low in carbohydrates, rich in Omega-3 fatty acids, rich in vitamins C and D, and rich in fibers can significantly reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register; https://www.germanctr.de (DRKS00006301). Registered on 2015-02-21.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Woelber
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K. Bremer
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K. Vach
- Department of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D. König
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - E. Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg, Germany
| | - P. Ratka-Krüger
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A. Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C. Tennert
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Bes-Rastrollo M, Sayon-Orea C, Ruiz-Canela M, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Impact of sugars and sugar taxation on body weight control: A comprehensive literature review. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1410-26. [PMID: 27273733 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a comprehensive literature review in the field of added-sugar consumption on weight gain including the effect of fructose-containing caloric sweeteners and sugar taxation. METHODS A search of three databases was conducted in the time period from the inception of the databases to August 2015. Sensitive search strategies were used in order to retrieve systematic reviews (SR) of fructose, sucrose, or sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on weight gain and metabolic adverse effects, conducted on humans and written in English, Spanish, or French. In addition, a review about SSB taxation and weight outcomes was conducted. RESULTS The search yielded 24 SRs about SSBs and obesity, 23 SRs on fructose or SSBs and metabolic adverse effects, and 24 studies about SSB taxation and weight control. CONCLUSIONS The majority of SRs, especially the most recent ones, with the highest quality and without any disclosed conflict of interest, suggested that the consumption of SSBs is a risk factor for obesity. The effect of fructose-containing caloric sweeteners, on weight gain is mediated by overconsumption of beverages with these sweeteners, leading to an extra provision of energy intake. The tax tool alone on added sugars appears insufficient to curb the obesity epidemic, but it needs to be included in a multicomponent structural strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maira Bes-Rastrollo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Sayon-Orea
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Osasunbidea, Servicio Navarro de Salud, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Canela
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martinez-Gonzalez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Pitts KF, McCann TH, Mayo S, Favaro J, Day L. Effect of the Sugar Replacement by Citrus Fibre on the Physical and Structural Properties of Wheat-Corn Based Extrudates. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-016-1764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
90
|
You W, Henneberg M. Cereal Crops Are not Created Equal: Wheat Consumption Associated with Obesity Prevalence Globally and Regionally. AIMS Public Health 2016; 3:313-328. [PMID: 29546165 PMCID: PMC5690357 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2016.2.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cereals have been extensively advocated as the beneficial food group in terms of body weight management, but each staple cereal crop may contribute in different ways. Studies of the association between wheat availability and risk of obesity are controversial. This study aimed to test the global and regional association between wheat availability as reported by FAO and obesity prevalence at a population level. FAO does not distinguish between whole grain wheat and refined wheat. METHODS Population-specific data from 170 countries on prevalence of obesity, availabilities of mixed cereals, wheat, rice, maize, meat, sugar, fat, soy and calories and GDP are obtained from the UN agencies. All variables were measured as per capita per day (or per year). Each country is treated as an individual subject. SPSS v. 22 is used to analyse these data for all the 170 countries and official country groupings (regions) using non parametric and parametric correlations, including partial correlation analysis. RESULTS Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis showed that obesity prevalence is positively associated with wheat availability (r = 0.500, p < 0.001), but is inversely associated with availabilities of total cereals (r = -0.132, p = 0.087), rice (r = -0.405, p < 0.001) and maize (r = -0.227, p = 0.004). These associations remain in partial correlation model when we keep availabilities of meat, fat, sugar, soy, caloric intake and GDP statistically constant. Overall, positive associations between wheat availability and obesity prevalence remain in different regions. Maize and mixed cereal availabilities do not show independent associations with the obesity prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that wheat availability is an independent predictor of the obesity prevalence both worldwide and with special regard to the regions of Africa, Americas and Asia. Future studies should distinguish between possible influence of whole grain and ultra-processed refined wheat products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng You
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Unit, School of Medicine, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Unit, School of Medicine, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Vanderlee L, White CM, Bordes I, Hobin EP, Hammond D. The efficacy of sugar labeling formats: Implications for labeling policy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2406-13. [PMID: 26421972 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine knowledge of sugar recommendations and test the efficacy of formats for labeling total and added sugar on pre-packaged foods. METHODS Online surveys were conducted among 2008 Canadians aged 16-24. Participants were asked to identify recommended limits for total and added sugar consumption. In Experiment 1, participants were randomized to one of six labeling conditions with varying information for total sugar for a high- or low-sugar product and were asked to identify the relative amount of total sugar in the product. In Experiment 2, participants were randomized to one of three labels with different added sugar formats and were asked if the product contained added sugar and the relative amount of added sugar. RESULTS Few young people correctly identified recommendations for total sugar (5%) or added sugar (7%). In Experiment 1, those who were shown percent daily value information were more likely to correctly identify the relative amount of total sugar (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, those shown added sugar information were more likely to correctly identify that the product contained added sugar and the relative amount of added sugar in the product (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Improved labeling may improve consumer understanding of the amount of sugars in food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lana Vanderlee
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine M White
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabelle Bordes
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin P Hobin
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Wolfram G, Bechthold A, Boeing H, Ellinger S, Hauner H, Kroke A, Leschik-Bonnet E, Linseisen J, Lorkowski S, Schulze M, Stehle P, Dinter J. Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Fat Intake and Prevention of Selected Nutrition-Related Diseases. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2015; 67:141-204. [PMID: 26414007 DOI: 10.1159/000437243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As nutrition-related chronic diseases have become more and more frequent, the importance of dietary prevention has also increased. Dietary fat plays a major role in human nutrition, and modification of fat and/or fatty acid intake could have a preventive potential. The aim of the guideline of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) was to systematically evaluate the evidence for the prevention of the widespread diseases obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipoproteinaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and cancer through the intake of fat or fatty acids. The main results can be summarized as follows: it was concluded with convincing evidence that a reduced intake of total and saturated fat as well as a larger intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at the expense of saturated fatty acids (SFA) reduces the concentration of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma. Furthermore, there is convincing evidence that a high intake of trans fatty acids increases risk of dyslipoproteinaemia and that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces the triglyceride concentration in plasma. A high fat intake increases the risk of obesity with probable evidence when total energy intake is not controlled for (ad libitum diet). When energy intake is controlled for, there is probable evidence for no association between fat intake and risk of obesity. A larger intake of PUFA at the expense of SFA reduces risk of CHD with probable evidence. Furthermore, there is probable evidence that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces risk of hypertension and CHD. With probable evidence, a high trans fatty acid intake increases risk of CHD. The practical consequences for current dietary recommendations are described at the end of this article.
Collapse
|
93
|
Augustin LSA, Kendall CWC, Jenkins DJA, Willett WC, Astrup A, Barclay AW, Björck I, Brand-Miller JC, Brighenti F, Buyken AE, Ceriello A, La Vecchia C, Livesey G, Liu S, Riccardi G, Rizkalla SW, Sievenpiper JL, Trichopoulou A, Wolever TMS, Baer-Sinnott S, Poli A. Glycemic index, glycemic load and glycemic response: An International Scientific Consensus Summit from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:795-815. [PMID: 26160327 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The positive and negative health effects of dietary carbohydrates are of interest to both researchers and consumers. METHODS International experts on carbohydrate research held a scientific summit in Stresa, Italy, in June 2013 to discuss controversies surrounding the utility of the glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and glycemic response (GR). RESULTS The outcome was a scientific consensus statement which recognized the importance of postprandial glycemia in overall health, and the GI as a valid and reproducible method of classifying carbohydrate foods for this purpose. There was consensus that diets low in GI and GL were relevant to the prevention and management of diabetes and coronary heart disease, and probably obesity. Moderate to weak associations were observed for selected cancers. The group affirmed that diets low in GI and GL should always be considered in the context of diets otherwise understood as healthy, complementing additional ways of characterizing carbohydrate foods, such as fiber and whole grain content. Diets of low GI and GL were considered particularly important in individuals with insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Given the high prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes worldwide and the consistency of the scientific evidence reviewed, the expert panel confirmed an urgent need to communicate information on GI and GL to the general public and health professionals, through channels such as national dietary guidelines, food composition tables and food labels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L S A Augustin
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | - C W C Kendall
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Nutritional Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - D J A Jenkins
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Nutritional Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - W C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - A Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A W Barclay
- Glycemic Index Foundation, Sydney, Australia
| | - I Björck
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J C Brand-Miller
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - F Brighenti
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - A E Buyken
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Ceriello
- Institut d' Investigación Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - G Livesey
- Independent Nutrition Logic, Wymondham, UK
| | - S Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - G Riccardi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - S W Rizkalla
- Institute Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), University Pierre et Marie Curie, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), University Pierre et Marie Curie and Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - J L Sievenpiper
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - A Trichopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - T M S Wolever
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Nutritional Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - A Poli
- Nutrition Foundation of Italy, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Van Buggenhout S, Wallecan J, Christiaens S, Debon SJ, Desmet C, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M, Mazoyer J. Influence of high-pressure homogenization on functional properties of orange pulp. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
95
|
Günther ALB, Schulze MB, Kroke A, Diethelm K, Joslowski G, Krupp D, Wudy S, Buyken AE. Early Diet and Later Cancer Risk: Prospective Associations of Dietary Patterns During Critical Periods of Childhood with the GH-IGF Axis, Insulin Resistance and Body Fatness in Younger Adulthood. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:877-92. [PMID: 26226486 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1056313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early life, adiposity rebound, and puberty represent critical growth periods when food choices could have long-term relevance for cancer risk. We aimed to relate dietary patterns during these periods to the growth hormone-insulin-like-growth-factor (GH-IGF) axis, insulin resistance, and body fatness in adulthood. Data from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study participants with outcome data at 18-37 years, and ≥2 dietary records during early life (1-2 yr; n = 128), adiposity rebound (4-6 years, n = 179), or puberty (girls 9-14, boys 10-15 yr; n = 213) were used. Dietary patterns at these ages were derived by 1) reduced rank regression (RRR) to explain variation in adult IGF-I, IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), homoeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fat-mass index; 2) principal component analysis (PCA). Regarding RRR, the patterns "cake/canned fruit/cheese & eggs" (early life), "sweets & dairy" (adiposity rebound) and "high-fat foods" (pubertal boys) were independently associated with higher adult HOMA-IR. Furthermore, the patterns "favorable carbohydrate sources" (early life), "snack & convenience foods" (adiposity rebound), and "traditional & convenience carbohydrates" (pubertal boys) were related to adult IGFBP-3 (P trend < 0.01). PCA identified "healthy" patterns for all periods, but none was associated with the outcomes (P trend > 0.1). In conclusion, dietary patterns during sensitive growth periods may be of long-term relevance for adult insulin resistance and IGFBP-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke L B Günther
- a Department of Nutritional , Food and Consumer Sciences, Fulda University of Applied Sciences , Fulda , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Dong F, Howard AG, Herring AH, Popkin BM, Gordon-Larsen P. White Rice Intake Varies in Its Association with Metabolic Markers of Diabetes and Dyslipidemia Across Region among Chinese Adults. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2015; 66:209-18. [PMID: 26068010 DOI: 10.1159/000430504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS There are inconsistent associations between white rice consumption and diabetes and dyslipidemia, perhaps due to the nature of samples studied and quality of diet data. METHODS Using regionally diverse data from adults enrolled in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (n = 7,878) with diet data from three repeated 24-hour recalls and fasting blood to derive diabetes and dyslipidemia, we examined the odds of diabetes and dyslipidemia in participants across region-specific tertiles of percent energy from white rice consumption. RESULTS The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes, high triglycerides, high low-density lipoprotein (LDL), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) was 4.7%, 31.8%, 31.3%, 25.9%, and 14.6%, respectively. We found an inverse association between the highest (versus lowest) tertile of rice intake and diabetes in Central China (odds ratio (OR): 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36-0.99). The highest rice consumption was also associated with high triglycerides (OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.09-1.95), low HDL (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.03-1.85), and AD (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.15-2.31) in North China, and low LDL (OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.42-0.69) in Central China. CONCLUSIONS The association between white rice consumption and diabetes and dyslipidemia markers varied across regions of China, suggesting a role of other dietary and health-related exposures, beyond rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Dong
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, N.C., USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Michels N, De Henauw S, Beghin L, Cuenca-García M, Gonzalez-Gross M, Hallstrom L, Kafatos A, Kersting M, Manios Y, Marcos A, Molnar D, Roccaldo R, Santaliestra-Pasías AM, Sjostrom M, Reye B, Thielecke F, Widhalm K, Claessens M. Ready-to-eat cereals improve nutrient, milk and fruit intake at breakfast in European adolescents. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:771-779. [PMID: 25893716 PMCID: PMC4767844 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Breakfast consumption has been recommended as part of a healthy diet. Recently, ready-to-eat cereals (RTEC) became more popular as a breakfast item. Our aim was to analyse the dietary characteristics of an RTEC breakfast in European adolescents and to compare them with other breakfast options.
Methods From the European multi-centre HELENA study, two 24-h dietary recalls of 3137 adolescents were available. Food items (RTEC or bread, milk/yoghurt, fruit) and macro- and micronutrient intakes at breakfast were calculated. Cross-sectional regression analyses were adjusted for gender, age, socio-economic status and city. Results Compared to bread breakfasts (39 %) and all other breakfasts (41.5 %), RTEC breakfast (19.5 %) was associated with improved nutrient intake (less fat and less sucrose; more fibre, protein and some micronutrients like vitamin B, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus) at the breakfast occasion. Exceptions were more simple sugars in RTEC breakfast consumers: more lactose and galactose due to increased milk consumption, but also higher glucose and fructose than bread consumers. RTEC consumers had a significantly higher frequency (92.5 vs. 50.4 and 60.2 %) and quantity of milk/yoghurt intake and a slightly higher frequency of fruit intake (13.4 vs. 10.9 and 8.0 %) at breakfast. Conclusions Among European adolescents, RTEC consumers showed a more favourable nutrient intake than consumers of bread or other breakfasts, except for simple sugars. Therefore, RTEC may be regarded as a good breakfast option as part of a varied and balanced diet. Nevertheless, more research is warranted concerning the role of different RTEC types in nutrient intake, especially for simple sugars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital, Ghent University, 4K3, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital, Ghent University, 4K3, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Health Sciences, Vesalius, Hogeschool Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurent Beghin
- CIC-9301-Inserm-CH&U and Inserm U995, IFR114, IMPRT, Centre Hospitalier & Universitaire de Lille, Université Nord de France, Lille, France
| | | | - Marcela Gonzalez-Gross
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University Polytechnic of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lena Hallstrom
- School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Märlardalens University, Västerås, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anthony Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mathilde Kersting
- Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Denes Molnar
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Romana Roccaldo
- Agricultural Research Council, Food and Nutrition Research Centre (CRA-NUT), Rome, Italy
| | - Alba M Santaliestra-Pasías
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Michael Sjostrom
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Béatrice Reye
- Cereal Partners Worldwide S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Thielecke
- Cereal Partners Worldwide S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland.,Nestlé Research Center, Vers chez les Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Department of Pediatrics, Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Division for Clinical Nutrition, Obesity and Lipoprotein Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mandy Claessens
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital, Ghent University, 4K3, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Holzapfel C, Eichhorn C, Hauner H. [Reducing and maintaining body weight - trends and evidence]. MMW Fortschr Med 2015; 157:54-60. [PMID: 25743671 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-015-2548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Holzapfel
- Institut für Ernährungsmedizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar Technische Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Abstract
The increase in the number of patients with diabetes has become a worldwide healthcare issue, with numbers predicted to reach approximately 600 million by 2035. In Asia-Pacific region, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased dramatically in recent decades, of which the major causes are believed to be modern lifestyle changes, e.g., Western dietary pattern and reduced physical activity, on their genetic basis of lower insulin secretory capacity. Particularly, in East Asian countries, the amount of fat intake has increased nearly three-fold over this half of century; dietary fat appears to be the major culprit of type 2 diabetes pandemic in East Asia. However, convincing evidence has not yet been provided as to whether high-fat diet causes type 2 diabetes in epidemiological cohort studies. Here, we summarize clinical studies regarding fat intake and type 2 diabetes, and animal studies on high-fat diet-induced diabetes including our recent works on the novel mouse lines (selectively bred diet-induced glucose intolerance-prone [SDG-P] and -resistant [SDG-R]) to address the etiology of high-fat diet-induced diabetes. These epidemiological and experimental findings would provide further insight into the etiology of type 2 diabetes under the modern nutritional environment, namely in the context of increased fat intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mototsugu Nagao
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603 Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Conlon MA, Bird AR. The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health. Nutrients 2014; 7:17-44. [PMID: 25545101 PMCID: PMC4303825 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 888] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing recognition of the role of diet and other environmental factors in modulating the composition and metabolic activity of the human gut microbiota, which in turn can impact health. This narrative review explores the relevant contemporary scientific literature to provide a general perspective of this broad area. Molecular technologies have greatly advanced our understanding of the complexity and diversity of the gut microbial communities within and between individuals. Diet, particularly macronutrients, has a major role in shaping the composition and activity of these complex populations. Despite the body of knowledge that exists on the effects of carbohydrates there are still many unanswered questions. The impacts of dietary fats and protein on the gut microbiota are less well defined. Both short- and long-term dietary change can influence the microbial profiles, and infant nutrition may have life-long consequences through microbial modulation of the immune system. The impact of environmental factors, including aspects of lifestyle, on the microbiota is particularly poorly understood but some of these factors are described. We also discuss the use and potential benefits of prebiotics and probiotics to modify microbial populations. A description of some areas that should be addressed in future research is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Conlon
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Kintore Ave, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Anthony R Bird
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Kintore Ave, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|