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Mrozek EM, Bajaj V, Guo Y, Malinowska IA, Zhang J, Kwiatkowski DJ. Evaluation of Hsp90 and mTOR inhibitors as potential drugs for the treatment of TSC1/TSC2 deficient cancer. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248380. [PMID: 33891611 PMCID: PMC8064564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in either TSC1 or TSC2 cause Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, an autosomal dominant disorder, characterized by multi-system tumor and hamartoma development. Mutation and loss of function of TSC1 and/or TSC2 also occur in a variety of sporadic cancers, and rapamycin and related drugs show highly variable treatment benefit in patients with such cancers. The TSC1 and TSC2 proteins function in a complex that inhibits mTORC1, a key regulator of cell growth, which acts to enhance anabolic biosynthetic pathways. In this study, we identified and validated five cancer cell lines with TSC1 or TSC2 mutations and performed a kinase inhibitor drug screen with 197 compounds. The five cell lines were sensitive to several mTOR inhibitors, and cell cycle kinase and HSP90 kinase inhibitors. The IC50 for Torin1 and INK128, both mTOR kinase inhibitors, was significantly increased in three TSC2 null cell lines in which TSC2 expression was restored. Rapamycin was significantly more effective than either INK128 or ganetespib (an HSP90 inhibitor) in reducing the growth of TSC2 null SNU-398 cells in a xenograft model. Combination ganetespib-rapamycin showed no significant enhancement of growth suppression over rapamycin. Hence, although HSP90 inhibitors show strong inhibition of TSC1/TSC2 null cell line growth in vitro, ganetespib showed little benefit at standard dosage in vivo. In contrast, rapamycin which showed very modest growth inhibition in vitro was the best agent for in vivo treatment, but did not cause tumor regression, only growth delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M. Mrozek
- Cancer Genetics Lab, Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJK); (EMM)
| | - Vineeta Bajaj
- Cancer Genetics Lab, Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yanan Guo
- Cancer Genetics Lab, Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Izabela A. Malinowska
- Cancer Genetics Lab, Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J. Kwiatkowski
- Cancer Genetics Lab, Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJK); (EMM)
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52
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Wang J, You J, Gong D, Xu Y, Yang B, Jiang C. PDGF-BB induces conversion, proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis of oral mucosal fibroblasts through PDGFR-β/PI3K/ AKT signaling pathway. Cancer Biomark 2021; 30:407-415. [PMID: 33492283 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-201681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the pathogenesis of oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF) by analyzing the impact of Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)-BB on oral mucosal fibroblasts (FB) and PDGFR-β/Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT) signaling pathway. METHODS The isolated and purified oral mucosal fibroblasts were divided into four groups: the control group (CON, 10% FBS DMEM), the PDGF-BB group (40 ng/ml PDGF-BB), the PDGF-BB+IMA group (40 ng/ml PDGF-BB and 60 μmol/L IMA), and the PDGF-BB+LY294002 group (40 ng/ml PDGF-BB and 48 μmol/L LY294002). Primary human FB cells were isolated and cultured for detecting the effects of PDGF-BB on α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) by indirect immunofluorescence. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide, Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) method and scratch test were used to detect the proliferation and migration of FB. Western blots were used to detect the synthesis of type I collagen (Col I) and the expression of PDGFR-β/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-related proteins. The effects of PDGFR-β inhibitor and PI3K inhibitor were observed. RESULTS Compared with group CON, group IMA, and group LY294002, α-SMA was upregulated in group PDGF-BB (p< 0.05), with higher OD490 nm value (p< 0.05), narrower average scratch width, and higher relative cell migration rate (p< 0.05). The expression levels of Col I, p-PDGFR-β, p-PI3K, and p-AKT were higher in group PDGF-BB (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS PDGF-BB induces FB to transform into myofibroblasts (MFB) through the PDGFR-β/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and promotes the proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jialing You
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ding Gong
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Canhua Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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He H, Snowball J, Sun F, Na CL, Whitsett JA. IGF1R controls mechanosignaling in myofibroblasts required for pulmonary alveologenesis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:144863. [PMID: 33591952 PMCID: PMC8026181 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.144863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventilation throughout life is dependent on the formation of pulmonary alveoli, which create an extensive surface area in which the close apposition of respiratory epithelium and endothelial cells of the pulmonary microvascular enables efficient gas exchange. Morphogenesis of the alveoli initiates at late gestation in humans and the early postnatal period in the mouse. Alveolar septation is directed by complex signaling interactions among multiple cell types. Here, we demonstrate that IGF1 receptor gene (Igf1r) expression by a subset of pulmonary fibroblasts is required for normal alveologenesis in mice. Postnatal deletion of Igf1r caused alveolar simplification, disrupting alveolar elastin networks and extracellular matrix without altering myofibroblast differentiation or proliferation. Moreover, loss of Igf1r impaired contractile properties of lung myofibroblasts and inhibited myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation and mechanotransductive nuclear YAP activity. Activation of p-AKT, p-MLC, and nuclear YAP in myofibroblasts was dependent on Igf1r. Pharmacologic activation of AKT enhanced MLC phosphorylation, increased YAP activation, and ameliorated alveolar simplification in vivo. IGF1R controls mechanosignaling in myofibroblasts required for lung alveologenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua He
- Division of Pulmonary Biology and
| | | | - Fei Sun
- Center for Lung Regenerative Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Yeeravalli R, Das A. Molecular mediators of breast cancer metastasis. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2021; 14:275-289. [PMID: 33744312 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has the highest incidence rate of malignancy in women worldwide. A major clinical challenge faced by patients with breast cancer treated by conventional therapies is frequent relapse. This relapse has been attributed to the cancer stem cell (CSC) population that resides within the tumor and possess stemness properties. Breast CSCs are generated when breast cancer cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition resulting in aggressive, highly metastatic, and invasive phenotypes that exhibit resistance towards chemotherapeutics. Metastasis, a phenomenon that aids in the migration of breast CSCs, occurs through any of three different routes: hematogenous, lymphatic, and transcoelomic. Hematogenous dissemination of breast CSCs leads to metastasis towards distant unrelated organs like lungs, liver, bone, and brain causing secondary tumor generation. Activation of metastasis genes or silencing of metastasis suppressor genes often leads to the advancement of metastasis. This review focuses on various genes and molecular factors that have been implicated to regulate organ-specific breast cancer metastasis by defying the available therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Yeeravalli
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India.
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55
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Wan X, Zhou M, Huang F, Zhao N, Chen X, Wu Y, Zhu W, Ni Z, Jin F, Wang Y, Hu Z, Chen X, Ren M, Zhang H, Zha X. AKT1-CREB stimulation of PDGFRα expression is pivotal for PTEN deficient tumor development. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:172. [PMID: 33568640 PMCID: PMC7876135 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As evidenced by the behavior of loss-of-function mutants of PTEN in the context of a gain-of-function mutation of AKT1, the PTEN-AKT1 signaling pathway plays a critical role in human cancers. In this study, we demonstrated that a deficiency in PTEN or activation of AKT1 potentiated the expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) based on studies on Pten-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts, human cancer cell lines, the hepatic tissues of Pten conditional knockout mice, and human cancer tissues. Loss of PTEN enhanced PDGFRα expression via activation of the AKT1-CREB signaling cascade. CREB transactivated PDGFRα expression by direct binding of the promoter of the PDGFRα gene. Depletion of PDGFRα attenuated the tumorigenicity of Pten-null cells in nude mice. Moreover, the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway has been shown to positively correlate with PDGFRα expression in multiple cancers. Augmented PDGFRα was associated with poor survival of cancer patients. Lastly, combination treatment with the AKT inhibitor MK-2206 and the PDGFR inhibitor CP-673451 displayed synergistic anti-tumor effects. Therefore, activation of the AKT1-CREB-PDGFRα signaling pathway contributes to the tumor growth induced by PTEN deficiency and should be targeted for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Laboratory, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fuqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuncui Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wanhui Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaofei Ni
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fuquan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yani Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongdong Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xianguo Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Ren
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaojun Zha
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Hu D, Jiang J, Lin Z, Zhang C, Moonasar N, Qian S. Identification of key genes and pathways in scleral extracellular matrix remodeling in glaucoma: Potential therapeutic agents discovered using bioinformatics analysis. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1554-1565. [PMID: 33746571 PMCID: PMC7976561 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.52846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Remodeling of the scleral extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in the development of glaucoma. The aim of this study was to identify the key genes and pathways for the ECM remodeling of sclera in glaucoma by bioinformatics analysis and to explore potential therapeutic agents for glaucoma management. Methods: Genes associated with glaucoma, sclera and ECM remodeling were detected using the text mining tool pubmed2ensembl, and assigned Gene Ontology (GO) biological process terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways using the GeneCodis program. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by STRING and visualized in Cytoscape, module analysis was performed using the Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) plugin, and GO and KEGG analyses of the gene modules were performed using the Database of Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) platform. The genes that clustered in the significant module were selected as core genes, and functions and pathways of the core genes were visualized using ClueGO and CluePedia. Lastly, the drug-gene interaction database was used to explore drug-gene interactions of the core genes to find drug candidates for glaucoma. Results: We identified 125 genes common to "Glaucoma", "Sclera", and "ECM remodeling" by text mining. Gene functional enrichment analysis yielded 30 enriched GO terms and 20 associated KEGG pathways. A PPI network that included 60 nodes with 249 edges was constructed, and three gene modules were obtained using the MCODE. We selected 13 genes that clustered in module 1 as core candidate genes that were associated mainly with ECM degradation and cell proliferation and division. The HIF-1 signaling pathway, FOXO signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and TGFB signaling pathway were found to be enriched. We found that 11 of the 13 selected genes could be targeted by 26 existing drugs. Conclusions: The results showed that VEGFA, TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, IGF2, IGF1, EGF, FN1, KNG1, TIMP1, SERPINE1, THBS1, and VWF were potential key genes involved to scleral ECM remodeling. Furthermore, 26 drugs were identified as potential therapeutic agents for glaucoma treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhong Jiang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong Lin
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Shaohong Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Alqawlaq S, Livne-Bar I, Williams D, D'Ercole J, Leung SW, Chan D, Tuccitto A, Datti A, Wrana JL, Corbett AH, Schmitt-Ulms G, Sivak JM. An endogenous PI3K interactome promoting astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection identifies a novel association with RNA-binding protein ZC3H14. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100118. [PMID: 33234594 PMCID: PMC7948738 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes can support neuronal survival through a range of secreted signals that protect against neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cascades. Thus, analyzing the effects of the astrocyte secretome may provide valuable insight into these neuroprotective mechanisms. Previously, we characterized a potent neuroprotective activity mediated by retinal astrocyte conditioned media (ACM) on retinal and cortical neurons in metabolic stress models. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this complex activity in neuronal cells has remained unclear. Here, a chemical genetics screen of kinase inhibitors revealed phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) as a central player transducing ACM-mediated neuroprotection. To identify additional proteins contributing to the protective cascade, endogenous PI3K was immunoprecipitated from neuronal cells exposed to ACM or control media, followed by MS/MS proteomic analyses. These data pointed toward a relatively small number of proteins that coimmunoprecipitated with PI3K, and surprisingly only five were regulated by the ACM signal. These hits included expected PI3K interactors, such as the platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA), as well as novel RNA-binding protein interactors ZC3H14 (zinc finger CCCH-type containing 14) and THOC1 (THO complex protein 1). In particular, ZC3H14 has recently emerged as an important RNA-binding protein with multiple roles in posttranscriptional regulation. In validation studies, we show that PI3K recruitment of ZC3H14 is necessary for PDGF-induced neuroprotection and that this interaction is present in primary retinal ganglion cells. Thus, we identified a novel non-cell autonomous neuroprotective signaling cascade mediated through PI3K that requires recruitment of ZC3H14 and may present a promising strategy to promote astrocyte-secreted prosurvival signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samih Alqawlaq
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Izhar Livne-Bar
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Declan Williams
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph D'Ercole
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara W Leung
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Darren Chan
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandra Tuccitto
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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58
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Medved J, Wood WM, van Heyst MD, Sherafat A, Song JY, Sakya S, Wright DL, Nishiyama A. Novel guanidine compounds inhibit platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha transcription and oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation. Glia 2020; 69:792-811. [PMID: 33098183 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), also known as NG2 cells or polydendrocytes, are distributed widely throughout the developing and mature central nervous system. They remain proliferative throughout life and are an important source of myelinating cells in normal and demyelinating brain as well as a source of glioma, the most common type of primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. OPC proliferation is dependent on signaling mediated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) AA binding to its alpha receptor (PDGFRα). Here, we describe a group of structurally related compounds characterized by the presence of a basic guanidine group appended to an aromatic core that is effective in specifically repressing the transcription of Pdgfra but not the related beta receptor (Pdgfrb) in OPCs. These compounds specifically and dramatically reduced proliferation of OPCs but not that of astrocytes and did not affect signal transduction by PDGFRα. These findings suggest that the compounds could be further developed for potential use in combinatorial treatment strategies for neoplasms with dysregulated PDGFRα function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Medved
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - William M Wood
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael D van Heyst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ju-Young Song
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sagune Sakya
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis L Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA
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Natarajan N, Thiruvenkatam V. An Insight of Scientific Developments in TSC for Better Therapeutic Strategy. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2080-2093. [PMID: 32842942 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200825170355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disease, which is characterized by noncancerous tumors in multi-organ systems in the body. Mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes are known to cause the disease. The resultant mutant proteins TSC1 (hamartin) and TSC2 (tuberin) complex evade its normal tumor suppressor function, which leads to abnormal cell growth and proliferation. Both TSC1 and TSC2 are involved in several protein-protein interactions, which play a significant role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The recent biochemical, genetic, structural biology, clinical and drug discovery advancements on TSC give a useful insight into the disease as well as the molecular aspects of TSC1 and TSC2. The complex nature of TSC disease, a wide range of manifestations, mosaicism and several other factors limits the treatment choices. This review is a compilation of the course of TSC, starting from its discovery to the current findings that would take us a step ahead in finding a cure for TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Natarajan
- Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Vijay Thiruvenkatam
- Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
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Li H, Geng Z, Sun X, Yu Y, Xue F. A novel path-specific effect statistic for identifying the differential specific paths in systems epidemiology. BMC Genet 2020; 21:85. [PMID: 32770935 PMCID: PMC7414699 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological pathways play an important role in the occurrence, development and recovery of complex diseases, such as cancers, which are multifactorial complex diseases that are generally caused by mutation of multiple genes or dysregulation of pathways. RESULTS We propose a path-specific effect statistic (PSE) to detect the differential specific paths under two conditions (e.g. case VS. control groups, exposure Vs. nonexposure groups). In observational studies, the path-specific effect can be obtained by separately calculating the average causal effect of each directed edge through adjusting for the parent nodes of nodes in the specific path and multiplying them under each condition. Theoretical proofs and a series of simulations are conducted to validate the path-specific effect statistic. Applications are also performed to evaluate its practical performances. A series of simulation studies show that the Type I error rates of PSE with Permutation tests are more stable at the nominal level 0.05 and can accurately detect the differential specific paths when comparing with other methods. Specifically, the power reveals an increasing trends with the enlargement of path-specific effects and its effect differences under two conditions. Besides, the power of PSE is robust to the variation of parent or child node of the nodes on specific paths. Application to real data of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), we successfully identified 14 positive specific pathways in mTOR pathway contributing to survival time of patients with GBM. All codes for automatic searching specific paths linking two continuous variables and adjusting set as well as PSE statistic can be found in supplementary materials. CONCLUSION: The proposed PSE statistic can accurately detect the differential specific pathways contributing to complex disease and thus potentially provides new insights and ways to unlock the black box of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Li
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Geng
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoru Sun
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuzhong Xue
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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Hu Y, Zhang J, Liu Q, Ke M, Li J, Suo W, Guo W, Ma A. Torin2 inhibits the EGFR-TKI resistant Non-Small Lung Cancer cell proliferation through negative feedback regulation of Akt/mTOR signaling. J Cancer 2020; 11:5746-5757. [PMID: 32913468 PMCID: PMC7477446 DOI: 10.7150/jca.37417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling plays an important role in NSCLC cells proliferation. Torin2 is a second-generation ATP-competitive inhibitor which is selective for mTOR activity. In this study, we investigated whether torin2 was effective against lung cancer cells, especially EGFR-TKIs resistant NSCLC cells. We found that torin2 dramatically inhibited EGFR-TKI resistant cells viability in vitro. In xenograft model, torin2 treatment significantly reduced the volume and weight of xenograft tumor in the erlotinib resistant PC9/E cells. Additionally, autophagy protein of phosphatidylethanolamine-modified microtubule-associated protein light-chain 3II/I (LC3II/I) increased in PC9/E after torin2 treatment. Torin2 blocked the level of phosphorylated S6 and the phosphorylation of Akt at both T308 and S473 sites compared with erlotinib treatment. Furthermore, TUNEL assay showed that apoptosis of tumor tissue increased significantly in the torin2 treatment group. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that tumor angiogenesis was obviously inhibited by torin2 treatment in EGFR-TKI resistant group. Collectively, our results suggested that torin2 could inhibit the NSCLC cells proliferation by negative feedback regulation of Akt/mTOR signaling and inducing autophagy. This suggests that torin2 could be a novel therapeutic approach for EGFR-TKI resistant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Wuxi Lung Transplant Center, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingyao Ke
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The secondary hospital of Xiamen Medicine school, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiurong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenhao Suo
- Department of Pathology, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weixi Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Aiping Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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62
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Asrani K, Murali S, Lam B, Na CH, Phatak P, Sood A, Kaur H, Khan Z, Noë M, Anchoori RK, Talbot CC, Smith B, Skaro M, Lotan TL. mTORC1 feedback to AKT modulates lysosomal biogenesis through MiT/TFE regulation. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5584-5599. [PMID: 31527310 DOI: 10.1172/jci128287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The microphthalmia family of transcription factors (MiT/TFEs) controls lysosomal biogenesis and is negatively regulated by the nutrient sensor mTORC1. However, the mechanisms by which cells with constitutive mTORC1 signaling maintain lysosomal catabolism remain to be elucidated. Using the murine epidermis as a model system, we found that epidermal Tsc1 deletion resulted in a phenotype characterized by wavy hair and curly whiskers, and was associated with increased EGFR and HER2 degradation. Unexpectedly, constitutive mTORC1 activation with Tsc1 loss increased lysosomal content via upregulated expression and activity of MiT/TFEs, whereas genetic deletion of Rheb or Rptor or prolonged pharmacologic mTORC1 inactivation had the reverse effect. This paradoxical increase in lysosomal biogenesis by mTORC1 was mediated by feedback inhibition of AKT, and a resulting suppression of AKT-induced MiT/TFE downregulation. Thus, inhibiting hyperactive AKT signaling in the context of mTORC1 loss-of-function fully restored MiT/TFE expression and activity. These data suggest that signaling feedback loops work to restrain or maintain cellular lysosomal content during chronically inhibited or constitutively active mTORC1 signaling, respectively, and reveal a mechanism by which mTORC1 regulates upstream receptor tyrosine kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chan-Hyun Na
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pornima Phatak
- Baltimore Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Wang A, Cao S, Aboelkassem Y, Valdez-Jasso D. Quantification of uncertainty in a new network model of pulmonary arterial adventitial fibroblast pro-fibrotic signalling. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190338. [PMID: 32448066 PMCID: PMC7287331 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a novel network model of the pulmonary arterial adventitial fibroblast (PAAF) that represents seven signalling pathways, confirmed to be important in pulmonary arterial fibrosis, as 92 reactions and 64 state variables. Without optimizing parameters, the model correctly predicted 80% of 39 results of input-output and inhibition experiments reported in 20 independent papers not used to formulate the original network. Parameter uncertainty quantification (UQ) showed that this measure of model accuracy is robust to changes in input weights and half-maximal activation levels (EC50), but is more affected by uncertainty in the Hill coefficient (n), which governs the biochemical cooperativity or steepness of the sigmoidal activation function of each state variable. Epistemic uncertainty in model structure, due to the reliance of some network components and interactions on experiments using non-PAAF cell types, suggested that this source of uncertainty had a smaller impact on model accuracy than the alternative of reducing the network to only those interactions reported in PAAFs. UQ highlighted model parameters that can be optimized to improve prediction accuracy and network modules where there is the greatest need for new experiments. This article is part of the theme issue 'Uncertainty quantification in cardiac and cardiovascular modelling and simulation'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniela Valdez-Jasso
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
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64
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Bian P, Hu W, Liu C, Li L. Resveratrol potentiates the anti-tumor effects of rapamycin in papillary thyroid cancer: PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway involved. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 689:108461. [PMID: 32531316 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of papillary thyroid cancer. While rapamycin has been shown to exhibit anti-tumor effects, it may also activate AKT, resulting in increased cell survival and drug resistance, thereby limiting its anti-tumor effects. Resveratrol can also inhibit tumor growth by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The present study investigated the anti-tumor effects of the combined use of rapamycin and resveratrol in papillary thyroid cancer. We first treated two human papillary thyroid cancer cell lines (KTC-1 and TPC-1) with single or combined administration, and examined the effects on proliferation, the cell cycle, apoptosis, and invasion/migration of papillary thyroid cancer cells. A mouse xenograft model was induced with KTC-1 and TPC-1 cells followed by treatment with single or combined administration. Body weight and tumor size were monitored to assess the toxicity of each compound. The phosphorylation of AKT and the mTORC1 target p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) in tumors was also examined. Both rapamycin and resveratrol inhibited proliferation, altered the cell cycle, and induced apoptosis of papillary thyroid cancer cells. Invasion and migration were also reduced, as was the tumor growth rate in the xenograft model. Co-administration significantly enhanced the anti-tumor effects than use of any one drug, and significantly reduced the phosphorylation of AKT and p70S6K compared to treatment with rapamycin alone. Overall, compared to single use of rapamycin or resveratrol, co-administration had a synergistic effect in inhibiting proliferation and invasion/migration of papillary thyroid cancer cells and inducing apoptosis. Resveratrol is sensitizing the anti-tumor effects of rapamycin and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is involved. Although further animal and clinical studies are needed to clarify the mechanism and assess drug safety, the present study suggests that the combination of rapamycin and resveratrol may be a promising strategy for the treatment of papillary thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bian
- Department of Statistics and Medical Record Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, China.
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, China.
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, China.
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PTEN inhibitor VO-OHpic suppresses TSC2 - / - MEFs proliferation by excessively inhibiting autophagy via the PTEN/PRAS40 pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:3565-3570. [PMID: 32346419 PMCID: PMC7185083 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a relatively rare autosomal dominant disease which involves multiple organs, including the brain, kidney, lung, skin and heart. Renal angiomyolipomas (RAML) are the main causes of mortality in patients with TSC. The preferred treatment for RAML is the use of mTOR inhibitors, but the efficacy of these are not satisfactory. Therefore, an alternative treatment is urgently required. Autophagy levels decline in TSC associated cortical tubers, and the inhibition of autophagy in animal or cell models of TSC may suppress tumor development and cell proliferation. PTEN is a protein tyrosine phosphatase and can inhibit the activation of Akt. In the present study, it was indicated that the PTEN inhibitor, hydroxyl(oxo)vanadium 3-hydroxypiridine-2-carboxylic acid (VO-OHpic), suppressed proliferation and growth of TSC2-/- murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) by further inhibiting autophagy of cells. The expression levels of human microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-I (LC3-I) and LC3-II, which are autophagy associated proteins, were demonstrated to decline following VO-OHpic treatment. The expression levels of phosphorylated proline-rich Akt substrate 40 kDa (PRAS40) also decreased in TSC2-/- MEFs treated with VO-OHpic. The PTEN inhibitor may inhibit the proliferation of TSC2-/- MEFs through the PTEN-PRAS40 pathway by excessively inhibiting autophagy, without the dependence of the Ras homolog, mTORC1 binding/mTOR pathway. PTEN may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of TSC. Further in vivo studies are required to confirm these results.
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66
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Lai YT, Chao HW, Lai ACY, Lin SH, Chang YJ, Huang YS. CPEB2-activated PDGFRα mRNA translation contributes to myofibroblast proliferation and pulmonary alveologenesis. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:52. [PMID: 32295602 PMCID: PMC7160907 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveologenesis is the final stage of lung development to form air-exchanging units between alveoli and blood vessels. Genetic susceptibility or hyperoxic stress to perturb this complicated process can cause abnormal enlargement of alveoli and lead to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)-associated emphysema. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) signaling is crucial for alveolar myofibroblast (MYF) proliferation and its deficiency is associated with risk of BPD, but posttranscriptional mechanisms regulating PDGFRα synthesis during lung development remain largely unexplored. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 2 (CPEB2) is a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein and translational regulator. Because CPEB2-knockout (KO) mice showed emphysematous phenotypes, we investigated how CPEB2-controlled translation affects pulmonary development and function. METHODS Respiratory and pulmonary functions were measured by whole-body and invasive plethysmography. Histological staining and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze morphology, proliferation, apoptosis and cell densities from postnatal to adult lungs. Western blotting, RNA-immunoprecipitation, reporter assay, primary MYF culture and ectopic expression rescue were performed to demonstrate the role of CPEB2 in PDGFRα mRNA translation and MYF proliferation. RESULTS Adult CPEB2-KO mice showed emphysema-like dysfunction. The alveolar structure in CPEB2-deficient lungs appeared normal at birth but became simplified through the alveolar stage of lung development. In CPEB2-null mice, we found reduced proliferation of MYF progenitors during alveolarization, abnormal deposition of elastin and failure of alveolar septum formation, thereby leading to enlarged pulmonary alveoli. We identified that CPEB2 promoted PDGFRα mRNA translation in MYF progenitors and this positive regulation could be disrupted by H2O2, a hyperoxia-mimetic treatment. Moreover, decreased proliferating ability in KO MYFs due to insufficient PDGFRα expression was rescued by ectopic expression of CPEB2, suggesting an important role of CPEB2 in upregulating PDGFRα signaling for pulmonary alveologenesis. CONCLUSIONS CPEB2-controlled translation, in part through promoting PDGFRα expression, is indispensable for lung development and function. Since defective pulmonary PDGFR signaling is a key feature of human BPD, CPEB2 may be a risk factor for BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wen Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Alan Chuan-Ying Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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67
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Li T, Xu XH, Guo X, Yuan T, Tang ZH, Jiang XM, Xu YL, Zhang LL, Chen X, Zhu H, Shi JJ, Lu JJ. Activation of notch 3/c-MYC/CHOP axis regulates apoptosis and promotes sensitivity of lung cancer cells to mTOR inhibitor everolimus. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113921. [PMID: 32201213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway converges diverse environmental cues to support the lung cancer growth and survival. However, the mTOR-targeted mono-therapy does not achieve expected therapeutic effect. Here, we revealed that fangchinoline (FCL), an active alkaloid that purified from the traditional Chinese medicine Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, enhanced the anti-lung cancer effect of mTOR inhibitor everolimus (EVE). The combination of EVE and FCL was effective to activate Notch 3, and subsequently evoked its downstream target c-MYC. The blockage of Notch 3 signal by the molecular inhibitor of γ-secretase or siRNA of Notch 3 reduced the c-MYC expression and attenuated the combinational efficacy of EVE and FCL on cell apoptosis and proliferation. Moreover, the c-MYC could bind to the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) promoter and facilitate CHOP transcription. The conditional genetic deletion of CHOP reduced the apoptosis on lung cancer cells to the same degree as blockage of Notch 3/c-MYC axis, providing further evidence for that the Notch 3/c-MYC axis regulates the transcription of CHOP and finally induces apoptosis upon co-treatment of FCL and EVE in lung cancer cells. Overall, our findings, to the best of our knowledge, firstly link CHOP to Notch 3/c-MYC axis-dependent apoptosis and provide the Notch 3/c-MYC/CHOP activation as a promising strategy for mTOR-targeted combination therapy in lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiao-Huang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zheng-Hai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yu-Lian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Le-Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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68
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Zanini S, Renzi S, Giovinazzo F, Bermano G. mTOR Pathway in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor (GEP-NETs). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:562505. [PMID: 33304317 PMCID: PMC7701056 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.562505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) originate from neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract. They are heterogeneous, and though initially considered rare tumors, the incidence of GEP-NENs has increased in the last few decades. Therapeutic approaches for the metastatic disease include surgery, radiological intervention by chemoembolisation, radiofrequency ablation, biological therapy in addition to somatostatin analogs, and PRRT therapy (177Lu-DOTATATE). The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway is essential in the regulation of protein translation, cell growth, and metabolism. Evidence suggests that the mTOR pathway is involved in malignant progression and resistance to treatment through over-activation of several mechanisms. PI3K, one of the main downstream of the Akt-mTOR axis, is mainly involved in the neoplastic process. This pathway is frequently deregulated in human tumors, making it a central target in the development of new anti-cancer treatments. Recent molecular studies identify potential targets within the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in GEP-NENs. However, the use of target therapy has been known to lead to resistance due to several mechanisms such as feedback activation of alternative pathways, inactivation of protein kinases, and deregulation of the downstream mTOR components. Therefore, the specific role of targeted drugs for the management of GEP-NENs is yet to be well-defined. The variable clinical presentation of advanced neuroendocrine tumors is a significant challenge for designing studies. This review aims to highlight the role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in the development of neuroendocrine tumors and further specify its potential as a therapeutic target in advanced stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zanini
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education (CORE), School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Renzi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Francesco Giovinazzo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS), Department of Surgery -Transplantation Service, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesco Giovinazzo
| | - Giovanna Bermano
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education (CORE), School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Giovanna Bermano
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Ravi S, Sayed CJ. Fibrotic Signaling Pathways of Skin Fibroblasts in Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13670-019-00306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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70
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Golonko A, Lewandowska H, Świsłocka R, Jasińska U, Priebe W, Lewandowski W. Curcumin as tyrosine kinase inhibitor in cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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71
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Zhu G, Ma B, Dong P, Shang J, Gu X, Zi Y. Melatonin promotes osteoblastic differentiation and regulates PDGF/AKT signaling pathway. Cell Biol Int 2019; 44:402-411. [PMID: 31535749 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Zhu
- Graduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA Shenyang Liaoning 110042 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Ma
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji HospitalTongji University School of Medicine Shanghai 200065 People's Republic of China
| | - Penghong Dong
- Graduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA Shenyang Liaoning 110042 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjun Shang
- Graduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA Shenyang Liaoning 110042 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochuan Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zi
- Department of Emergency MedicineGraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University463 Hospital of Chinese PLA Shenyang Liaoning 110042 People's Republic of China
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72
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Lin CH, Chao CT, Wu MY, Lo WC, Lin TC, Wu MS. Use of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: an updated meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2019; 51:2015-2025. [PMID: 31578673 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-019-02292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors were previously considered a potential therapy for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), but prior studies remained controversial about their efficacy. We performed an updated meta-analysis regarding the therapeutic and adverse effects of mTOR inhibitors in patients with ADPKD. METHODS We systematically searched Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, and Medline for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing mTOR inhibitors to placebo in ADPKD patients up to August 2019. We calculated weighted mean differences (WMDs) for total kidney volume (TKV), estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs), and weighted odds ratios (ORs) for treatment-related complications between the treatment and the placebo groups, using the random effects model. RESULTS We retrieved a total of 9 RCTs enrolling 784 ADPKD patients receiving rapamycin, sirolimus, or everolimus between 2009 and 2016. The WMDs of TKV and eGFR from baseline to the last measurement were - 31.54 mL (95% confidence interval [CI] - 76.79 to 13.71 mL) and 2.81 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI - 1.85 to 7.46 mL/min/1.73 m2), respectively. Patients receiving mTOR inhibitors had a significantly increased risk of any adverse effects (OR 5.92, 95% CI 3.53-9.94), with the most common ones being aphthous stomatitis (OR 15.45, 95% CI 9.68-24.66) and peripheral edema (OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.31-9.27) compared to placebo users. CONCLUSIONS mTOR inhibitors did not significantly influence renal progression in patients with ADPKD, but were associated with a higher risk of complications. Whether mTOR inhibitors can be an add-on option or second-line agents remain undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ter Chao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital BeiHu Branch, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Section 1 Jen-Ai Rd., Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Yi Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Primary Care Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Lo
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Chen Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mai-Szu Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Koutsioumpa M, Hatziapostolou M, Polytarchou C, Tolosa EJ, Almada LL, Mahurkar-Joshi S, Williams J, Tirado-Rodriguez B, Huerta-Yepez S, Karavias D, Kourea H, Poultsides GA, Struhl K, Dawson DW, Donahue TR, Fernandez-Zapico ME, lliopoulos D. Lysine methyltransferase 2D regulates pancreatic carcinogenesis through metabolic reprogramming. Gut 2019; 68:1271-1286. [PMID: 30337373 PMCID: PMC6697184 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite advances in the identification of epigenetic alterations in pancreatic cancer, their biological roles in the pathobiology of this dismal neoplasm remain elusive. Here, we aimed to characterise the functional significance of histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs) in pancreatic tumourigenesis. DESIGN DNA methylation sequencing and gene expression microarrays were employed to investigate CpG methylation and expression patterns of KMTs and KDMs in pancreatic cancer tissues versus normal tissues. Gene expression was assessed in five cohorts of patients by reverse transcription quantitative-PCR. Molecular analysis and functional assays were conducted in genetically modified cell lines. Cellular metabolic rates were measured using an XF24-3 Analyzer, while quantitative evaluation of lipids was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Subcutaneous xenograft mouse models were used to evaluate pancreatic tumour growth in vivo. RESULTS We define a new antitumorous function of the histone lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) in pancreatic cancer. KMT2D is transcriptionally repressed in human pancreatic tumours through DNA methylation. Clinically, lower levels of this methyltransferase associate with poor prognosis and significant weight alterations. RNAi-based genetic inactivation of KMT2D promotes tumour growth and results in loss of H3K4me3 mark. In addition, KMT2D inhibition increases aerobic glycolysis and alters the lipidomic profiles of pancreatic cancer cells. Further analysis of this phenomenon identified the glucose transporter SLC2A3 as a mediator of KMT2D-induced changes in cellular, metabolic and proliferative rates. CONCLUSION Together our findings define a new tumour suppressor function of KMT2D through the regulation of glucose/fatty acid metabolism in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Koutsioumpa
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian
Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of
California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Maria Hatziapostolou
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton,
Southampton, United Kingdom;,Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham
Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Polytarchou
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of
Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United
Kingdom
| | - Ezequiel J. Tolosa
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology
Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Luciana L. Almada
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology
Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Swapna Mahurkar-Joshi
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian
Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of
California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jennifer Williams
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, David
Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
CA
| | - Belen Tirado-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas,
Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas,
Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dimitrios Karavias
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of
Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Helen Kourea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of
Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Kevin Struhl
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular
Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David W. Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David
Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
CA
| | - Timothy R. Donahue
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, David
Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
CA
| | | | - Dimitrios lliopoulos
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian
Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of
California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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74
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Dynamic Regulation of Caveolin-1 Phosphorylation and Caveolae Formation by Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 in Bladder Cancer Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1846-1862. [PMID: 31199921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is commonly up-regulated in cancer, including bladder cancer. mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) is a major regulator of bladder cancer cell migration and invasion, but the mechanisms by which mTORC2 regulates these processes are unclear. A discovery mass spectrometry and reverse-phase protein array-based proteomics dual approach was used to identify novel mTORC2 phosphoprotein targets in actively invading cancer cells. mTORC2 targets included focal adhesion kinase, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, and caveolin-1 (Cav-1), among others. Functional testing shows that mTORC2 regulates Cav-1 localization and dynamic phosphorylation of Cav-1 on Y14. Regulation of Cav-1 activity by mTORC2 also alters the abundance of caveolae, which are specialized lipid raft invaginations of the plasma membrane associated with cell signaling and membrane compartmentalization. Our results demonstrate a unique role for mTORC2-mediated regulation of caveolae formation in actively migrating cancer cells.
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75
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Revisiting mTOR inhibitors as anticancer agents. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2086-2095. [PMID: 31173912 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase that regulates a variety of cellular processes, influencing diverse pathological conditions including a variety of cancers. Accordingly, therapies that target mTOR as anticancer agents benefit patients in various clinical settings. It is therefore important to fully investigate mTOR signaling at a molecular level and corresponding mTOR inhibitors to identify additional clinical opportunities of targeting mTOR in cancers. In this review, we introduce the function and regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway and organize and summarize the different roles of mTOR in cancers and a variety of mTOR inhibitors that can be used as anticancer agents. This article aims to enlighten and guide the development of mTOR-targeted anticancer agents in the future.
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76
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Gai X, Tang B, Liu F, Wu Y, Wang F, Jing Y, Huang F, Jin D, Wang L, Zhang H. mTOR/miR-145-regulated exosomal GOLM1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma through augmented GSK-3β/MMPs. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:235-245. [PMID: 31186161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1/GP73) is a serum marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We have previously shown that mTOR promoted tumorigenesis of HCC through stimulating GOLM1 expression. In this study, we demonstrated that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was a negative regulator of microRNA-145 (miR-145) expression. miR-145 inhibited GOLM1 expression by targeting a coding sequence of GOLM1 gene. GOLM1 and miR-145 were inversely correlated in human HCC tissues. GOLM1-enriched exosomes activated the glycogen synthase kinase-3β/matrix metalloproteinases (GSK-3β/MMPs) signaling axis of recipient cells and accelerated cell proliferation and migration. In contrast, miR-145 suppressed tumorigenesis and metastasis. We suggest that mTOR/miR-145/GOLM1 signaling pathway should be targeted for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Bufu Tang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China; Department of Radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, 323000, China; Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 323000, China
| | - Fangming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yanling Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Fuqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Di Jin
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ling Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China.
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neural Regeneration and Repair, The First People's Hospital of Yichang, College of Medicine, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, China.
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77
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Farooqi AA, Qureshi MZ, Khalid S, Attar R, Martinelli C, Sabitaliyevich UY, Nurmurzayevich SB, Taverna S, Poltronieri P, Xu B. Regulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Berberine in Different Cancers: Searching for Missing Pieces of an Incomplete Jig-Saw Puzzle for an Effective Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040478. [PMID: 30987378 PMCID: PMC6521278 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a renewed interest in the identification of natural products having premium pharmacological properties and minimum off-target effects. In accordance with this approach, natural product research has experienced an exponential growth in the past two decades and has yielded a stream of preclinical and clinical insights which have deeply improved our knowledge related to the multifaceted nature of cancer and strategies to therapeutically target deregulated signaling pathways in different cancers. In this review, we have set the spotlight on the scientifically proven ability of berberine to effectively target a myriad of deregulated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | | | - Sumbul Khalid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Rukset Attar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yeditepe University Hospital, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Chiara Martinelli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Pontedera, 56025 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | - Simona Taverna
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy", National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Palmiro Poltronieri
- Department of Agrifood, National Research Council Italy Institute of Sciences of Food Productions (CNR-ISPA) Via Lecce-Monteroni km 7, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China.
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78
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mTOR-dependent upregulation of xCT blocks melanin synthesis and promotes tumorigenesis. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2015-2028. [PMID: 30760873 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of either TSC1 or TSC2 causes tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) via activation of mTOR signaling pathway. The two prominent features of TSC are skin lesions including hypomelanic macules and benign tumors in multiple organs, whose molecular alterations are largely unknown. We report here that Xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter (xCT) was elevated in Tsc2-/- or Pten-/- cells, Tsc1 knockout mouse tissues and TSC2-deficient human kidney tumor. xCT was transcriptionally boosted by mTOR-mediated Oct1 signaling cascade. Augmented xCT led to reduction of eumelanin and elevation of pheomelanin in Tsc1 skin knockout mice through mTOR signaling pathway. Disruption of xCT suppressed the proliferation and tumorigenesis of Pten-null cells and Tsc2-null cells. mTOR hyperactive cells were more sensitive to inhibitors of mTOR or xCT. Combined inhibition of mTOR and xCT synergistically blocked the propagation and oncogenesis of mTOR hyperactive cells. Therefore, oncogenic mTOR activation of xCT is a key connection between aberrant melanin synthesis and tumorigenesis. We suggest that xCT is a novel therapeutic target for TSC and other aberrant mTOR-related diseases.
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79
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Tian T, Li X, Zhang J. mTOR Signaling in Cancer and mTOR Inhibitors in Solid Tumor Targeting Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030755. [PMID: 30754640 PMCID: PMC6387042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a crucial role in regulation of cell survival, metabolism, growth and protein synthesis in response to upstream signals in both normal physiological and pathological conditions, especially in cancer. Aberrant mTOR signaling resulting from genetic alterations from different levels of the signal cascade is commonly observed in various types of cancers. Upon hyperactivation, mTOR signaling promotes cell proliferation and metabolism that contribute to tumor initiation and progression. In addition, mTOR also negatively regulates autophagy via different ways. We discuss mTOR signaling and its key upstream and downstream factors, the specific genetic changes in the mTOR pathway and the inhibitors of mTOR applied as therapeutic strategies in eight solid tumors. Although monotherapy and combination therapy with mTOR inhibitors have been extensively applied in preclinical and clinical trials in various cancer types, innovative therapies with better efficacy and less drug resistance are still in great need, and new biomarkers and deep sequencing technologies will facilitate these mTOR targeting drugs benefit the cancer patients in personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
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80
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Tang H, Wu K, Wang J, Vinjamuri S, Gu Y, Song S, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Balistrieri A, Ayon RJ, Rischard F, Vanderpool R, Chen J, Zhou G, Desai AA, Black SM, Garcia JGN, Yuan JXJ, Makino A. Pathogenic Role of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in Pulmonary Hypertension. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:744-762. [PMID: 30623134 PMCID: PMC6314964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors signal through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway to induce cell proliferation, survival, and growth. mTOR is a kinase present in 2 functionally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Functional disruption of mTORC1 by knockout of Raptor (regulatory associated protein of mammalian target of rapamycin) in smooth muscle cells ameliorated the development of experimental PH. Functional disruption of mTORC2 by knockout of Rictor (rapamycin insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin) caused spontaneous PH by up-regulating platelet-derived growth factor receptors. Use of mTOR inhibitors (e.g., rapamycin) to treat PH should be accompanied by inhibitors of platelet-derived growth factor receptors (e.g., imatinib).
Concentric lung vascular wall thickening due to enhanced proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells is an important pathological cause for the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance reported in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. We identified a differential role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 and complex 2, two functionally distinct mTOR complexes, in the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Inhibition of mTOR complex 1 attenuated the development of PH; however, inhibition of mTOR complex 2 caused spontaneous PH, potentially due to up-regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptors in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells, and compromised the therapeutic effect of the mTOR inhibitors on PH. In addition, we describe a promising therapeutic strategy using combination treatment with the mTOR inhibitors and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibitors on PH and right ventricular hypertrophy. The data from this study provide an important mechanism-based perspective for developing novel therapies for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and right heart failure.
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Key Words
- EC, endothelial cell
- FOXO3a, Forkhead box O3a
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- HPH, hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension
- PA, pulmonary artery
- PAEC, pulmonary arterial endothelial cell
- PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension
- PASMC, pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PH, pulmonary hypertension
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance
- RVH, right ventricular hypertrophy
- RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure
- Raptor
- Raptor, regulatory associated protein of mammalian target of rapamycin
- Rictor
- Rictor, rapamycin insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin
- SM, smooth muscle
- TKR, tyrosine kinase receptor
- WT, wild-type
- mTOR
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
- mTORC2, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2
- pAKT, phosphorylated AKT
- pulmonary hypertension
- right ventricle
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Tang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Wu
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sujana Vinjamuri
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Yali Gu
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Shanshan Song
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Angela Balistrieri
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ramon J Ayon
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Franz Rischard
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Rebecca Vanderpool
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guofei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen M Black
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ayako Makino
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
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81
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Abstract
Rapamycin inhibits cell proliferation, yet preserves (re)-proliferative potential (RPP). RPP is a potential of quiescent cells that is lost in senescent cells. mTOR drives conversion from quiescence to senescence (geroconversion). By suppressing geroconversion, rapamycin preserves RPP. Geroconversion is characterized by proliferation-like levels of phospho-S6K/S6/4E-BP1 in nonproliferating cells arrested by p16 and/or p21. mTOR-driven geroconversion is associated with cellular hyperfunction, which in turn leads to organismal aging manifested by age-related diseases.
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82
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Caron A, Briscoe DM, Richard D, Laplante M. DEPTOR at the Nexus of Cancer, Metabolism, and Immunity. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1765-1803. [PMID: 29897294 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00064.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DEP domain-containing mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-interacting protein (DEPTOR) is an important modulator of mTOR, a kinase at the center of two important protein complexes named mTORC1 and mTORC2. These highly studied complexes play essential roles in regulating growth, metabolism, and immunity in response to mitogens, nutrients, and cytokines. Defects in mTOR signaling have been associated with the development of many diseases, including cancer and diabetes, and approaches aiming at modulating mTOR activity are envisioned as an attractive strategy to improve human health. DEPTOR interaction with mTOR represses its kinase activity and rewires the mTOR signaling pathway. Over the last years, several studies have revealed key roles for DEPTOR in numerous biological and pathological processes. Here, we provide the current state of the knowledge regarding the cellular and physiological functions of DEPTOR by focusing on its impact on the mTOR pathway and its role in promoting health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - David M Briscoe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
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83
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Contribution of p62/SQSTM1 to PDGF-BB-induced myofibroblast-like phenotypic transition in vascular smooth muscle cells lacking Smpd1 gene. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1145. [PMID: 30451833 PMCID: PMC6242941 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates a critical role of autophagy in regulating vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) homeostasis in atherogenesis. However, little is known about the modulatory role of autophagy in PDGF-BB-induced SMC transition towards the synthetic phenotype and extracellular matrix remodeling. We recently demonstrated that acid sphingomyelinase (ASM, encoded by Smpd1 gene) controls autophagy maturation in coronary arterial SMCs. Here, we demonstrate that PDGF-BB stimulation causes a myofibroblast-like non-canonical synthetic phenotype transition in Smpd1−/− SMCs. These non-canonical phenotypic changes induced by PDGF-BB in Smpd1−/− SMCs were characterized by increased expression of fibroblast-specific protein (FSP-1), massive deposition of collagen type I, decreased cell size, elevated inflammatory status with enhanced cytokine release and adhesion molecule expression. Mechanistically, PDGF-BB induces prolonged Akt activation that causes decreased autophagosome biogenesis and thereby exaggerates p62/SQSTM1 accumulation in Smpd1−/− SMCs. More importantly, Akt inhibition or p62/SQSTM1 gene silencing attenuates PDGF-BB-induced phenotypic changes in Smpd1−/− SMCs. This first demonstration of a p62/SQSTM1-dependent myofibroblast-like phenotypic transition in Smpd1−/− SMCs suggests that ASM-mediated autophagy pathway contributes to maintaining the arterial smooth muscle homeostasis in situation of vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis.
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84
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Kaavya J, Mahalaxmi I, Devi SM, Santhy KS, Balachandar V. Targeting phosphoinositide-3-kinase pathway in biliary tract cancers: A remedial route? J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8259-8273. [PMID: 30370571 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers (BTC) are aggressive tumours with a low survival rate. At the advent of the genomic era, various genetic mutations in cell signalling pathways have been incriminated in carcinogenesis. Genomic analysis studies have connected main components of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signalling pathway to BTC. PI3K pathway playing a central role in cell signalling and being deregulated in various tumours has been studied as a target for chemotherapy. Novel compounds have also been identified in preclinical trials that specifically target the PI3K pathway in BTCs, but these studies have not accelerated to clinical use. These novel compounds can be examined in upcoming studies to validate them as potential therapeutic agents, as further research is required to combat the growing need for adjuvant chemotherapy to successfully battle this tumour type. Furthermore, these molecules could also be used along with gemcitabine, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil to improve sensitivity of the tumour tissue to chemotherapy. This review focuses on the basics of PI3K signalling, genetic alterations of this pathway in BTCs and current advancement in targeting this pathway in BTCs. It emphasizes the need for gene-based drug screening in BTC. It may reveal various novel targets and drugs for amelioration of survival in patients with BTC and serve as a stepping stone for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaramayya Kaavya
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore, India
| | - Iyer Mahalaxmi
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - K S Santhy
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore, India
| | - Vellingiri Balachandar
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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85
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Stacchiotti S, Morosi C, Lo Vullo S, Casale A, Palassini E, Frezza AM, Dinoi G, Messina A, Gronchi A, Cavalleri A, Venturelli E, Morelli D, Pilotti S, Collini P, Brich S, Tamborini E, Mariani L, Casali PG. Imatinib and everolimus in patients with progressing advanced chordoma: A phase 2 clinical study. Cancer 2018; 124:4056-4063. [PMID: 30216418 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present the results of an academic phase 2 study on imatinib plus everolimus in patients who have progressive advanced chordoma. METHODS In January 2011, 43 adult chordoma patients were enrolled in the study and received imatinib 400 mg/day and everolimus 2.5 mg/day until progression or limiting toxicity. Eligible patients had progressed in the 6 months before study entry. PDGFRB, S6, and 4EBP1 expression and phosphorylation were evaluated by way of immunohistochemistry and/or western blotting. The primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR) according to Choi criteria. Secondary endpoints were RECIST 1.1 response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), correlation between S6/4EBP1 phosphorylation and response. RESULTS Thirteen of 43 patients were pretreated with imatinib. Among 40 of the 43 patients who were evaluable by Choi criteria, the best responses were 9 with partial response (ORR, 20.9%), 24 with stable disease (SD) (ORR, 55.8%), and 7 with progressive disease (ORR, 16.3%). Forty-two patients were evaluable by RECIST criteria, with 1 partial response (ORR, 2.3%), 37 stable disease (ORR, 86%), and 4 progressive disease (ORR, 9.3%). The median PFS according to Choi criteria was 11.5 months (range, 4.6-17.6 months), and 58.8% and 48.1% of patients were progression-free at 9 and 12 months, respectively. The median PFS by RECIST criteria was 14 months; the median OS was 47.1 months. When assessable, S6/4EBP1 was phosphorylated in a high and moderate/low proportion of tumor cells in responsive and nonresponsive patients, respectively. Toxicity caused a temporary and definitive treatment discontinuation in 60.5% and 30.2% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Imatinib plus everolimus showed a limited activity in progressing advanced chordoma. Interestingly, the amount of tumor cells activated for mammalian target of rapamycin effectors correlated with the response. Toxicity was not negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Stacchiotti
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazione dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Morosi
- Radiology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazione dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Lo Vullo
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Trial Organization, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Casale
- Radiology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazione dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Palassini
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazione dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Frezza
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazione dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Dinoi
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazione dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Messina
- Radiology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazione dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gronchi
- Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Adalberto Cavalleri
- Research Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Morelli
- Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Pilotti
- Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Collini
- Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Brich
- Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tamborini
- Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Mariani
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Trial Organization, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo G Casali
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazione dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Oncolgy and Hemato-Oncology Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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86
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Yu Q, Yu X, Zhao W, Zhu M, Wang Z, Zhang J, Huang M, Zeng X. Inhibition of H3K27me3 demethylases attenuates asthma by reversing the shift in airway smooth muscle phenotype. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1439-1452. [PMID: 30084510 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shift in airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) phenotype between proliferation and contraction during asthma has been reported recently, highlighting a role of ASMCs plasticity in the pathophysiology of asthma. As an event involved in epigenetic post-translational modification, histone H3 lysine27 (H3K27) demethylation has attracted significant attention with respect to the epigenetic changes in diverse cells; however, little is known about its contribution to the switching of ASMCs phenotype in asthma. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of trimethylated H3K27 (H3k27me3) demethylation in ASM remodelling as well as the underling mechanism. METHODS Mice were exposed five times a week to house dust mite (HDM) extract for 5 weeks. Lung function was measured following the final HDM challenge. Airway inflammation and remodelling were then assessed in lungs of individual mice. Human ASMCs were purchased from Sciencell Research Laboratories. Proliferation, synthesis, migration and contraction of ASMCs were analysed, respectively. RESULTS We observed demethylation at H3k27me3 sites in lungs harvested from mice exposed to HDM extract. Administration of a selective inhibitor of H3K27 demethylase (GSK-J4) could ameliorate the classical hallmarks of asthma, such as airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation and remodelling. We established a proliferative as well as a contractive model of human ASMCs to explore the impacts of H3K27 demethylase inhibition on ASMCs phenotype. Our results indicated that GSK-J4 decreased ASMCs proliferation and migration elicited by PDGF through the Akt/JNK signalling; GSK-J4 also prevented the upregulation of contractile proteins in ASMCs induced by TGF-β through the Smad3 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of H3K27me3 demethylation alleviated the development of asthmatic airway disease in vivo and modulated ASMCs phenotype in vitro. Collectively, our findings highlight a role of H3K27me3 demethylation in experimental asthma and ASMCs phenotype switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxue Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Manni Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengxia Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mao Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoning Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Role of mTOR Signaling in Tumor Microenvironment: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082453. [PMID: 30126252 PMCID: PMC6121402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates major processes by integrating a variety of exogenous cues, including diverse environmental inputs in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In recent years, it has been well recognized that cancer cells co-exist and co-evolve with their TME, which is often involved in drug resistance. The mTOR pathway modulates the interactions between the stroma and the tumor, thereby affecting both the tumor immunity and angiogenesis. The activation of mTOR signaling is associated with these pro-oncogenic cellular processes, making mTOR a promising target for new combination therapies. This review highlights the role of mTOR signaling in the characterization and the activity of the TME’s elements and their implications in cancer immunotherapy.
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88
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Liu TT, Yang KX, Yu J, Cao YY, Ren JS, Hao JJ, Pan BQ, Ma S, Yang LY, Cai Y, Wang MR, Zhang Y. Co-targeting PLK1 and mTOR induces synergistic inhibitory effects against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:807-817. [PMID: 29959473 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) are attractive therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. However, the efficacy of the combined inhibition of both pathways for treating esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), an aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis, remains unknown. In this study, we found that suppression of PLK1 by specific siRNA or inhibitor attenuated mTOR activity in ESCC cells. Phosphorylated S6, a downstream effector of mTOR signaling, was significantly correlated with overexpression of PLK1 in a subset of ESCC. These data suggest that PLK1 activates mTOR signaling in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin synergized with PLK1 inhibitor BI 2536 to inhibit ESCC cell proliferation in culture and in mice. Notably, combined treatment with BI 2536 and rapamycin produced more potent inhibitory effects on the activation of S6 and AKT than either alone. Further analysis reveals that PLK1 modulates both mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) cascades. Therefore, dual inhibition of PLK1 and mTOR yields stronger antitumor effects, at least partially due to synergistic abrogated the activation of S6, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and AKT by cooperatively blocking mTORC1 and mTORC2 cascades. These results provide evidence that the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin synergistically enhances the antitumor effect of PLK1 inhibitor BI 2536 in ESCC cells. Simultaneous targeting of PLK1 and mTOR may thus be a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for ESCC. KEY MESSAGES PLK1 potentiates both mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities in ESCC cells. PLK1 expression positively correlated with mTOR activity in a subset of ESCC. Co-targeting of PLK1 and mTOR produced stronger antitumor effects partially due to synergistic inhibition of AKT, 4E-BP1 and S6 through cooperatively blocking mTORC2 and mTORC1 cascades. Combination targeting of PLK1 and mTOR may be a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for ESCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Kai-Xia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ying-Ya Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jian-Song Ren
- Program Office for Cancer Screening in Urban China, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jia-Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Bei-Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Sai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Li-Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ming-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
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89
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Cai Y, Wang W, Guo H, Li H, Xiao Y, Zhang Y. miR-9-5p, miR-124-3p, and miR-132-3p regulate BCL2L11 in tuberous sclerosis complex angiomyolipoma. J Transl Med 2018; 98:856-870. [PMID: 29540858 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder characterized by tumor formation in multiple organs, with over 80% of TSC patients developing angiomyolipomas (TSC-AMLs). However, the molecular events that contribute to TSC-AMLs are not well understood. Recent reports have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical in TSC cortical tubers. However, little is known about the role of miRNAs in TSC-AMLs. In the current study, we analyzed changes in the miRNA and mRNA profiles in TSC-AMLs and matched normal adjacent tissues. A total of 15 differentially expressed miRNAs and 2664 mRNAs were identified. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we confirmed the results of the miRNA and mRNA profile experiments. Through bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assays, we found that BCL2L11, an apoptotic activator, was the direct target of miR-9-5p, miR-124-3p, and miR-132-3p. Engineered expression of miR-9-5p, miR-124-3p, or miR-132-3p significantly regulated proliferation and apoptosis in Tsc2-/- cells. Manipulated expression of BCL2L11 also led to proliferation and apoptosis alterations in Tsc2-/- cells, in agreement with the effects of the above three miRNAs. In addition, BCL2L11 rescued the proliferation and apoptotic inhibition induced by miR-9-5p, miR-124-3p, and miR-132-3p in Tsc2-/- cells. This study provides supportive evidence that miR-9-5p, miR-124-3p, and miR-132-3p play a role in TSC-AMLs through the regulation of BCL2L11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China.,Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha City, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wenda Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Hanzhong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Yushi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China.
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90
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Grassilli S, Brugnoli F, Lattanzio R, Marchisio M, Perracchio L, Piantelli M, Bavelloni A, Capitani S, Bertagnolo V. Vav1 downmodulates Akt in different breast cancer subtypes: a new promising chance to improve breast cancer outcome. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1012-1025. [PMID: 29658179 PMCID: PMC6026867 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting different members of the Akt pathways is a promising therapeutic chance in solid tumors including breast cancer. The variable expression levels of Akt isoforms with opposite effects on tumor growth and metastasis, however, make it difficult to select the inhibitors to be used for specific breast tumor subtypes. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrated here that Vav1, ectopically expressed in invasive breast tumors derived cells, downmodulates Akt acting at expression and/or activation levels depending on tumor subtype. The decreased p‐Akt1 (Ser473) levels are a common effect of Vav1 upmodulation, suggesting that, in breast tumor‐derived cells and independently of their phenotype, Vav1 interferes with signaling pathways ended to specifically recruit Akt1. Only in ER‐negative cell lines, the silencing of Vav1 induced the expression but not the activation of Akt2. A retrospective analysis of early invasive breast tumors allowed to establish the prognostic significance of the p‐Akt/Vav1 relationship. In particular, low Vav1 levels negatively influence the follow‐up of patients with low p‐Akt in their primary tumors and subjected to adjuvant chemotherapy. As the use of specific or pan Akt inhibitors may not be sufficient or may even be detrimental, increasing the levels of Vav1 could be a new approach to improve breast cancer outcomes. This might be particularly relevant for tumors with a triple‐negative phenotype, for which target‐based therapies are not currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Grassilli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Brugnoli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy.,Center on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Center on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Alberto Bavelloni
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valeria Bertagnolo
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
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91
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Bor A, Nishijo M, Nishimaru H, Nakamura T, Tran NN, Van Le Q, Takamura Y, Matsumoto J, Nishino Y, Nishijo H. Effects of high fat diet and perinatal dioxin exposure on development of body size and expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β in the rat brain. J Integr Neurosci 2018; 16:453-470. [PMID: 28891521 DOI: 10.3233/jin-170025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposure to dioxins, consumption of a high fat diet, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β signaling in the brain affect feeding behavior, which is an important determinant of body growth. In the present study, we investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and high fact diet after weaning on body growth and expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β in the brain in rat pups. Subjects from the control and dioxin exposure groups were assigned to 1 of 3 different diet groups: standard diet, high fat diet in the juvenile period, or high fat diet in adulthood. Body weight gain rate in the juvenile high fat diet group and the length gain rate in the adult high fat diet group were greater than the corresponding values in the standard diet group only in male offspring, although the effects of dioxin exposure on growth were not significant. Consumption of a high fat diet decreased platelet-derived growth factor receptor β levels in the amygdala and hippocampus in both sexes compared to control groups, while 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin decreased platelet-derived growth factor receptor platelet-derived growth factor receptor β levels in the amygdala and striatum only in females receiving an high fat diet. Furthermore, platelet-derived growth factor receptor β levels in the hippocampus and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β striatum were inversely correlated with increases in body length, while changes in platelet-derived growth factor receptor β in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens were significantly correlated to body weight gain or body mass index. In conclusion, these findings suggest that these 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and high fat diet-induced changes in body growth and feeding behaviors might be partially mediated by changes in brain platelet-derived growth factor receptor β levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amartuvshin Bor
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan. E-mails: , , , , , ,
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan. E-mails: , ,
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan. E-mails: , , , , , ,
| | - Tomoya Nakamura
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan. E-mails: , , , , , ,
| | - Nghi Ngoc Tran
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan. E-mails: , ,
| | - Quang Van Le
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan. E-mails: , , , , , ,
| | - Yusaku Takamura
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan. E-mails: , , , , , ,
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan. E-mails: , , , , , ,
| | - Yoshikazu Nishino
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan. E-mails: , ,
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan. E-mails: , , , , , ,
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92
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Jideonwo V, Hou Y, Ahn M, Surendran S, Morral N. Impact of silencing hepatic SREBP-1 on insulin signaling. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196704. [PMID: 29723221 PMCID: PMC5933792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1 (SREBP-1) is a conserved transcription factor of the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper family (bHLH-Zip) that plays a central role in regulating expression of genes of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism in the liver. SREBP-1 activity is essential for the control of insulin-induced anabolic processes during the fed state. In addition, SREBP-1 regulates expression of key molecules in the insulin signaling pathway, including insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) and a subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) complex, PIK3R3, suggesting that feedback mechanisms exist between SREBP-1 and this pathway. Nevertheless, the overall contribution of SREBP-1 activity to maintain insulin signal transduction is unknown. Furthermore, Akt is a known activator of mTORC1, a sensor of energy availability that plays a fundamental role in metabolism, cellular growth and survival. We have silenced SREBP-1 and explored the impact on insulin signaling and mTOR in mice under fed, fasted and refed conditions. No alterations in circulating levels of insulin were observed. The studies revealed that depletion of SREBP-1 had no impact on IRS1Y612, AktS473, and downstream effectors GSK3αS21 and FoxO1S256 during the fed state. Nevertheless, reduced levels of these molecules were observed under fasting conditions. These effects were not associated with changes in phosphorylation of mTOR. Overall, our data indicate that the contribution of SREBP-1 to maintain insulin signal transduction in liver is modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Jideonwo
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yongyong Hou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Miwon Ahn
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sneha Surendran
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Núria Morral
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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93
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A PKC-MARCKS-PI3K regulatory module links Ca2+ and PIP3 signals at the leading edge of polarized macrophages. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196678. [PMID: 29715315 PMCID: PMC5929533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte chemosensory pathway detects attractant gradients and directs cell migration to sites of inflammation, infection, tissue damage, and carcinogenesis. Previous studies have revealed that local Ca2+ and PIP3 signals at the leading edge of polarized leukocytes play central roles in positive feedback loop essential to cell polarization and chemotaxis. These prior studies showed that stimulation of the leading edge Ca2+ signal can strongly activate PI3K, thereby triggering a larger PIP3 signal, but did not elucidate the mechanistic link between Ca2+ and PIP3 signaling. A hypothesis explaining this link emerged, postulating that Ca2+-activated PKC displaces the MARCKS protein from plasma membrane PIP2, thereby releasing sequestered PIP2 to serve as the target and substrate lipid of PI3K in PIP3 production. In vitro single molecule studies of the reconstituted pathway on lipid bilayers demonstrated the feasibility of this PKC-MARCKS-PI3K regulatory module linking Ca2+ and PIP3 signals in the reconstituted system. The present study tests the model predictions in live macrophages by quantifying the effects of: (a) two pathway activators—PDGF and ATP that stimulate chemoreceptors and Ca2+ influx, respectively; and (b) three pathway inhibitors—wortmannin, EGTA, and Go6976 that inhibit PI3K, Ca2+ influx, and PKC, respectively; on (c) four leading edge activity sensors—AKT-PH-mRFP, CKAR, MARCKSp-mRFP, and leading edge area that report on PIP3 density, PKC activity, MARCKS membrane binding, and leading edge expansion/contraction, respectively. The results provide additional evidence that PKC and PI3K are both essential elements of the leading edge positive feedback loop, and strongly support the existence of a PKC-MARCKS-PI3K regulatory module linking the leading edge Ca2+ and PIP3 signals. As predicted, activators stimulate leading edge PKC activity, displacement of MARCKS from the leading edge membrane and increased leading edge PIP3 levels, while inhibitors trigger the opposite effects. Comparison of the findings for the ameboid chemotaxis of leukocytes with recently published findings for the mesenchymal chemotaxis of fibroblasts suggests that some features of the emerging leukocyte leading edge core pathway (PLC-DAG-Ca2+-PKC-MARCKS-PIP2-PI3K-PIP3) may well be shared by all chemotaxing eukaryotic cells, while other elements of the leukocyte pathway may be specialized features of these highly optimized, professional gradient-seeking cells. More broadly, the findings suggest a molecular mechanism for the strong links between phospho-MARCKS and many human cancers.
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94
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Xu W, Kim JW, Jung WJ, Koh Y, Yoon SS. Crizotinib in Combination with Everolimus Synergistically Inhibits Proliferation of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase‒Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Cancer Res Treat 2018; 50:599-613. [PMID: 28675026 PMCID: PMC5912135 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2016.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare aggresive non-Hodgkin lymphoma, of which over 50% of cases have an aberrant nucleophosmin (NPM)‒anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion protein. Both mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus and ALK inhibitor crizotinib have shown promising antitumor activity in ALK-positive cancer cell lines. However, their combined effect has not yet been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-proliferative effects of everolimus and/or crizotinib in ALK-positive ALCL cell lines, Karpas 299 and SU-DHL-1, and lung adenocarcinoma cell line, NCI-H2228. RESULTS We found that individually, both everolimus and crizotinib potently inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner in both Karpas 299 and SU-DHL-1 cells. A combination of these agents synergistically inhibited proliferation in the two cell lines. Crizotinib down-regulated aberrant AKT and ERK phosphorylation induced by everolimus. Combination treatment also significantly increased G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest, DNA damage, and apoptosis compared with everolimus or crizotinib alone in ALK-positive ALCL cells. In the Karpas 299 xenograft model, the combination treatment exerted a stronger antitumor effect than monotherapies, without significant change in body weight. The synergistic effect of everolimus and crizotinib was also reproduced in the ALK-positive lung adenocarcinoma cell line NCI-H2228. The combination treatment abrogated phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT and mTOR signaling pathways with little effect on the Ras/ERK pathway in NCI-H2228 cells. CONCLUSION Crizotinib combinedwith everolimus synergistically inhibits proliferation of ALK-positive ALCL cells. Our results suggest that this novel combination is worthy of further clinical development in patients with ALK-positive ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendan Xu
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Woo June Jung
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngil Koh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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95
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Downregulation of PERK activity and eIF2α serine 51 phosphorylation by mTOR complex 1 elicits pro-oxidant and pro-death effects in tuberous sclerosis-deficient cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:254. [PMID: 29449538 PMCID: PMC5833713 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress determines cell fate through several mechanisms, among which regulation of mRNA translation by the phosphorylation of the alpha (α) subunit of the translation initiation factor eIF2α at serine 51 (eIF2αP) plays a prominent role. Increased eIF2αP can contribute to tumor progression as well as tumor suppression. While eIF2αP is increased in most cells to promote survival and adaptation to different forms of stress, we demonstrate that eIF2αP is reduced in tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)-deficient cells subjected to oxidative insults. Decreased eIF2αP in TSC2-deficient cells depends on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and is associated with a reduced activity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident kinase PERK owing to the hyper-activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Downregulation of PERK activity and eIF2αP is accompanied by increased ROS production and enhanced susceptibility of TSC2-deficient cells to extrinsic pro-oxidant stress. The decreased levels of eIF2αP delay tumor formation of TSC2-deficient cells in immune deficient mice, an effect that is significantly alleviated in mice subjected to an anti-oxidant diet. Our findings reveal a previously unidentified connection between mTORC1 and eIF2αP in TSC2-deficient cells with potential implications in tumor suppression in response to oxidative insults.
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96
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Kenny C, McDonagh N, Lazaro A, O'Meara E, Klinger R, O'Connor D, Roche F, Hokamp K, O'Sullivan MJ. Dysregulated mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling as an oncogenic basis for clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. J Pathol 2018; 244:334-345. [PMID: 29243812 DOI: 10.1002/path.5020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The oncogenic mechanisms and tumour biology underpinning clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK), the second commonest paediatric renal malignancy, are poorly understood and currently, therapy depends heavily on doxorubicin with cardiotoxic side-effects. Previously, we characterized the balanced t(10;17)(q22;p13) chromosomal translocation, identified at that time as the only recurrent genetic aberration in CCSK. This translocation results in an in-frame fusion of the genes YWHAE (encoding 14-3-3ϵ) and NUTM2, with a somatic incidence of 12%. Clinico-pathological features of that cohort suggested that this aberration might be associated with higher stage and grade disease. Since no primary CCSK cell line exists, we generated various stably transfected cell lines containing doxycycline-inducible HA-tagged YWHAE-NUTM2, in order to study the effect of expressing this transcript. 14-3-3ϵ-NUTM2-expressing cells exhibited significantly greater cell migration compared to isogenic controls. Gene and protein expression studies were indicative of dysregulated MAPK/PI3K-AKT signalling, and by blocking these pathways using neutralizing antibodies, the migratory advantage conferred by the transcript was abrogated. Importantly, CCSK tumour samples similarly show up-regulation/activation of these pathways. These results support the oncogenic role of 14-3-3ϵ-NUTM2 in CCSK and provide avenues for the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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MESH Headings
- 14-3-3 Proteins/genetics
- 14-3-3 Proteins/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Movement
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Fusion
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/enzymology
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Clear Cell/enzymology
- Sarcoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Sarcoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Kenny
- School of Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Naomi McDonagh
- School of Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antonio Lazaro
- School of Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elaine O'Meara
- School of Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rut Klinger
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darran O'Connor
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Roche
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maureen J O'Sullivan
- School of Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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97
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Phosphoglyceric acid mutase-1 contributes to oncogenic mTOR-mediated tumor growth and confers non-small cell lung cancer patients with poor prognosis. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1160-1173. [PMID: 29362480 PMCID: PMC5988759 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As a hallmark of cancer, the Warburg effect (aerobic glycolysis) confers a selective advantage for the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Due to frequent aberration of upstream proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors, hyperactive mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a potent inducer of the Warburg effect. Here, we report that overexpression of a glycolytic enzyme, phosphoglyceric acid mutase-1 (PGAM1), is critical to oncogenic mTOR-mediated Warburg effect. mTOR stimulated PGAM1 expression through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-mediated transcriptional activation. Blockage of PGAM1 suppressed mTOR-dependent glycolysis, cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis. PGAM1 expression and mTOR activity were positively correlated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and PGAM1 abundance was an adverse predictor for patient survival. PGAM1 is thus a downstream effector of mTOR signaling pathway and mTOR-PGAM1 signaling cascade may contribute to the development of Warburg effect observed in cancer. We consider PGAM1 as a novel prognostic biomarker for NSCLC and a therapeutic target for cancer.
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98
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mTOR Cross-Talk in Cancer and Potential for Combination Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10010023. [PMID: 29351204 PMCID: PMC5789373 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays an essential role in sensing and integrating a variety of exogenous cues to regulate cellular growth and metabolism, in both physiological and pathological conditions. mTOR functions through two functionally and structurally distinct multi-component complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which interact with each other and with several elements of other signaling pathways. In the past few years, many new insights into mTOR function and regulation have been gained and extensive genetic and pharmacological studies in mice have enhanced our understanding of how mTOR dysfunction contributes to several diseases, including cancer. Single-agent mTOR targeting, mostly using rapalogs, has so far met limited clinical success; however, due to the extensive cross-talk between mTOR and other pathways, combined approaches are the most promising avenues to improve clinical efficacy of available therapeutics and overcome drug resistance. This review provides a brief and up-to-date narrative on the regulation of mTOR function, the relative contributions of mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes to cancer development and progression, and prospects for mTOR inhibition as a therapeutic strategy.
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99
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He S, Wang C, Du X, Chen Y, Zhao J, Tian B, Lu H, Zhang Y, Liu J, Yang G, Li L, Li H, Cheng J, Lu Y. MSCs promote the development and improve the function of neonatal porcine islet grafts. FASEB J 2018; 32:3242-3253. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700991r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirong He
- Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyRegenerative Medicine Research CenterDepartment of Pancreatic SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of ImmunologyCollege of Basic MedicineChongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Chengshi Wang
- Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyRegenerative Medicine Research CenterDepartment of Pancreatic SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xiaojiong Du
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Younan Chen
- Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyRegenerative Medicine Research CenterDepartment of Pancreatic SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jiuming Zhao
- Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyRegenerative Medicine Research CenterDepartment of Pancreatic SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Bole Tian
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Huimin Lu
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jingping Liu
- Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyRegenerative Medicine Research CenterDepartment of Pancreatic SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Guang Yang
- Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyRegenerative Medicine Research CenterDepartment of Pancreatic SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Lan Li
- Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyRegenerative Medicine Research CenterDepartment of Pancreatic SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Hongxia Li
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyRegenerative Medicine Research CenterDepartment of Pancreatic SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyRegenerative Medicine Research CenterDepartment of Pancreatic SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
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100
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Raimondo L, D'Amato V, Servetto A, Rosa R, Marciano R, Formisano L, Di Mauro C, Orsini RC, Cascetta P, Ciciola P, De Maio AP, Di Renzo MF, Cosconati S, Bruno A, Randazzo A, Napolitano F, Montuori N, Veneziani BM, De Placido S, Bianco R. Everolimus induces Met inactivation by disrupting the FKBP12/Met complex. Oncotarget 2018; 7:40073-40084. [PMID: 27223077 PMCID: PMC5129993 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a promising treatment strategy for several cancer types. Rapamycin derivatives such as everolimus are allosteric mTOR inhibitors acting through interaction with the intracellular immunophilin FKBP12, a prolyl isomerase with different cellular functions. Although mTOR inhibitors have significantly improved survival of different cancer patients, resistance and lack of predictive factors of response remain unsolved issues. To elucidate the mechanisms of resistance to everolimus, we evaluated Met activation in everolimus-sensitive/resistant human cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo. Biochemical and computational analyses were performed. Everolimus-resistant cells were xenografted into mice (10/group) and studied for their response to everolimus and Met inhibitors. The statistical significance of the in vitro results was evaluated by Student's t test. Everolimus reduced Met phosphorylation in everolimus-sensitive cells. This event was mediated by the formation of a Met-FKBP12 complex, which in turn is disrupted by everolimus. Aberrant Met activation in everolimus-resistant cells and overexpression of wild-type/mutant Met caused everolimus resistance. Pharmacological inhibition and RNA silencing of Met are effective in condition of everolimus resistance (P<0.01). In mice xenografted with everolimus-resistant cells, the combination of everolimus with the Met inhibitor PHA665752 reduced tumor growth and induced a statistically significant survival advantage (combination vs control P=0.0005). FKBP12 binding is required for full Met activation and everolimus can inhibit Met. Persistent Met activation might sustain everolimus resistance. These results identify a novel everolimus mechanism of action and suggest the development of clinical strategies based on Met inhibitors in everolimus-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Raimondo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina D'Amato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Servetto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Rosa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Marciano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Di Mauro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Clara Orsini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Priscilla Cascetta
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Ciciola
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Ana Paula De Maio
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Flavia Di Renzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Agostino Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Napolitano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Montuori
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Veneziani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Sabino De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Bianco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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