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Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, Bilsborough J, Jeukendrup A, Morton JP, Phillips SM, Armstrong L, Burke LM, Close GL, Duffield R, Larson-Meyer E, Louis J, Medina D, Meyer F, Rollo I, Sundgot-Borgen J, Wall BT, Boullosa B, Dupont G, Lizarraga A, Res P, Bizzini M, Castagna C, Cowie CM, D'Hooghe M, Geyer H, Meyer T, Papadimitriou N, Vouillamoz M, McCall A. UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:416. [PMID: 33097528 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Football is a global game which is constantly evolving, showing substantial increases in physical and technical demands. Nutrition plays a valuable integrated role in optimising performance of elite players during training and match-play, and maintaining their overall health throughout the season. An evidence-based approach to nutrition emphasising, a 'food first' philosophy (ie, food over supplements), is fundamental to ensure effective player support. This requires relevant scientific evidence to be applied according to the constraints of what is practical and feasible in the football setting. The science underpinning sports nutrition is evolving fast, and practitioners must be alert to new developments. In response to these developments, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) has gathered experts in applied sports nutrition research as well as practitioners working with elite football clubs and national associations/federations to issue an expert statement on a range of topics relevant to elite football nutrition: (1) match day nutrition, (2) training day nutrition, (3) body composition, (4) stressful environments and travel, (5) cultural diversity and dietary considerations, (6) dietary supplements, (7) rehabilitation, (8) referees and (9) junior high-level players. The expert group provide a narrative synthesis of the scientific background relating to these topics based on their knowledge and experience of the scientific research literature, as well as practical experience of applying knowledge within an elite sports setting. Our intention is to provide readers with content to help drive their own practical recommendations. In addition, to provide guidance to applied researchers where to focus future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Collins
- Intra Performance Group, London, UK.,Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Johann Bilsborough
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New England Patriots, Foxboro, MA, USA
| | - Asker Jeukendrup
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,MySport Science, Birmingham, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S M Phillips
- Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Duffield
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Medina
- Athlete Care and Performance, Monumental Sports & Entertainment, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Flavia Meyer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ian Rollo
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gregory Dupont
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Peter Res
- Dutch Olympic Team, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mario Bizzini
- Research and Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Castagna
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Florence, Italy.,Italian Football Referees Association, Bologna, Italy
| | - Charlotte M Cowie
- Technical Directorate, Football Association, Burton upon Trent, UK.,Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Michel D'Hooghe
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Medical Centre of Excelence, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Alan McCall
- Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK .,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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52
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Naclerio PhD F, Seijo PhD M, Earnest PhD CP, Puente-Fernández MSc J, Larumbe-Zabala PhD E. Ingesting a Post-Workout Vegan-Protein Multi-Ingredient Expedites Recovery after Resistance Training in Trained Young Males. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:698-713. [PMID: 33063541 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1832640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Post workout multi-ingredient admixtures are commonly used to maximize recovery after exercise. The present double-blind, cross-over study compared the acute effects of ingesting a protein-vegan multi-ingredient (VGMT) vs. maltodextrin (MALT) on indices of muscle function. Ten trained males, (26.8 ± 1.9 years) performed two identical, 3-day resistance training periods (one workout-session per day) while receiving either VGMT or MALT (10 min after the completion of each workout). Following a baseline evaluation, we conducted assessments at, 1-h, 24-h and 48-h after the 3-day training period. Primary outcome included the evoked tensiomyography contraction velocity (Vc) of vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris long head (BFLH) and anterior deltoids (AD). Secondary outcomes involved strength and power performance while the other tensiomyography variables [muscle displacement (Dm), contraction time (Tc)] were considered as exploratory. After 1-h, all the tensiomyography variables measured at VM and BFLH were similarly depressed in both treatments. Only MALT showed a significantly lower Vc (-0.02 m.s-1, 95% CI, -0.04, -0.01) in the AD. After 24-h, the VGMT treatment normalized all tensiomyography values. Conversely, impaired scores were observed in Vc for the VM (-0.03 m.s-1, 95% CI, -0.06, -0.01) and BFLH (-0.02 m.s-1, 95% CI, -0.05, 0.01) in the MALT treatment. Particularly, the Vc in VM was lower (p = 0.043) in MALT compared to VGMT. Overall, both treatments required 48-h to regain their performance capacity; however, VGMT produced better vertical jump and squat performance at 24-h vs. MALT. Compared to MALT, a vegan-protein multi-ingredient appears to hasten the recovery of muscular function over a 24-h period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Naclerio PhD
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Institute for Lifecourse Development, Centre for Chronic Illness and Ageing, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Seijo PhD
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Institute for Lifecourse Development, Centre for Chronic Illness and Ageing, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom
| | - Conrad P Earnest PhD
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joel Puente-Fernández MSc
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Institute for Lifecourse Development, Centre for Chronic Illness and Ageing, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom
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53
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Protein metabolism and related body function: mechanistic approaches and health consequences. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 80:243-251. [PMID: 33050961 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of body composition and functions require an adequate protein intake with a continuous supply of amino acids (AA) to tissues. Body pool and AA cellular concentrations are tightly controlled and maintained through AA supply (dietary intake, recycled from proteolysis and de novo synthesis), AA disposal (protein synthesis and other AA-derived molecules) and AA losses (deamination and oxidation). Different molecular regulatory pathways are involved in the control of AA sufficiency including the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, the general control non-derepressible 2/activating transcription factor 4 system or the fibroblast growth factor 21. There is a tight control of protein intake, and human subjects and animals appear capable of detecting and adapting food and protein intake and metabolism in face of foods or diets with different protein contents. A severely protein deficient diet induces lean body mass losses and ingestion of sufficient dietary energy and protein is a prerequisite for body protein synthesis and maintenance of muscle, bone and other lean tissues and functions. Maintaining adequate protein intake with age may help preserve muscle mass and strength but there is an ongoing debate as to the optimal protein intake in older adults. The protein synthesis response to protein intake can also be enhanced by prior completion of resistance exercise but this effect could be somewhat reduced in older compared to young individuals and gain in muscle mass and function due to exercise require regular training over an extended period.
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54
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Nutrient-dense protein as a primary dietary strategy in healthy ageing: please sir, may we have more? Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 80:264-277. [PMID: 33050965 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A progressive decrement in muscle mass and muscle function, sarcopoenia, accompanies ageing. The loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is the main feature of sarcopoenia. Preventing the loss of muscle mass is relevant since sarcopoenia can have a significant impact on mobility and the quality of life of older people. Dietary protein and physical activity have an essential role in slowing muscle mass loss and helping to maintain muscle function. However, the current recommendations for daily protein ingestion for older persons appear to be too low and are in need of adjustment. In this review, we discuss the skeletal muscle response to protein ingestion, and review the data examining current dietary protein recommendations in the older subjects. Furthermore, we review the concept of protein quality and the important role that nutrient-dense protein (NDP) sources play in meeting overall nutrient requirements and improving dietary quality. Overall, the current evidence endorses an increase in the daily ingestion of protein with emphasis on the ingestion of NDP choices by older adults.
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55
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Animal, Plant, Collagen and Blended Dietary Proteins: Effects on Musculoskeletal Outcomes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092670. [PMID: 32883033 PMCID: PMC7551889 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein is critical for the maintenance of musculoskeletal health, where appropriate intake (i.e., source, dose, timing) can mitigate declines in muscle and bone mass and/or function. Animal-derived protein is a potent anabolic source due to rapid digestion and absorption kinetics stimulating robust increases in muscle protein synthesis and promoting bone accretion and maintenance. However, global concerns surrounding environmental sustainability has led to an increasing interest in plant- and collagen-derived protein as alternative or adjunct dietary sources. This is despite the lower anabolic profile of plant and collagen protein due to the inferior essential amino acid profile (e.g., lower leucine content) and subordinate digestibility (versus animal). This review evaluates the efficacy of animal-, plant- and collagen-derived proteins in isolation, and as protein blends, for augmenting muscle and bone metabolism and health in the context of ageing, exercise and energy restriction.
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Nieman DC, Zwetsloot KA, Simonson AJ, Hoyle AT, Wang X, Nelson HK, Lefranc-Millot C, Guérin-Deremaux L. Effects of Whey and Pea Protein Supplementation on Post-Eccentric Exercise Muscle Damage: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082382. [PMID: 32784847 PMCID: PMC7468723 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This randomized trial compared pea protein, whey protein, and water-only supplementation on muscle damage, inflammation, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), and physical fitness test performance during a 5-day period after a 90-min eccentric exercise bout in non-athletic non-obese males (n = 92, ages 18–55 years). The two protein sources (0.9 g protein/kg divided into three doses/day) were administered under double blind procedures. The eccentric exercise protocol induced significant muscle damage and soreness, and reduced bench press and 30-s Wingate performance. Whey protein supplementation significantly attenuated post-exercise blood levels for biomarkers of muscle damage compared to water-only, with large effect sizes for creatine kinase and myoglobin during the fourth and fifth days of recovery (Cohen’s d > 0.80); pea protein versus water supplementation had an intermediate non-significant effect (Cohen’s d < 0.50); and no significant differences between whey and pea protein were found. Whey and pea protein compared to water supplementation had no significant effects on post-exercise DOMS and the fitness tests. In conclusion, high intake of whey protein for 5 days after intensive eccentric exercise mitigated the efflux of muscle damage biomarkers, with the intake of pea protein having an intermediate effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28608, USA; (A.J.S.); (A.T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(828)-773-0056
| | - Kevin A. Zwetsloot
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA;
| | - Andrew J. Simonson
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28608, USA; (A.J.S.); (A.T.H.)
| | - Andrew T. Hoyle
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28608, USA; (A.J.S.); (A.T.H.)
| | - Xintang Wang
- China Academy of Sport and Health Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Heather K. Nelson
- Nutrition and Health Research & Development, Roquette, Geneva, IL 60134, USA;
| | - Catherine Lefranc-Millot
- Nutrition and Health Research & Development, Roquette, 62136 Lestrem, France; (C.L.-M.); (L.G.-D.)
| | - Laetitia Guérin-Deremaux
- Nutrition and Health Research & Development, Roquette, 62136 Lestrem, France; (C.L.-M.); (L.G.-D.)
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57
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Monteyne AJ, Coelho MOC, Porter C, Abdelrahman DR, Jameson TSO, Jackman SR, Blackwell JR, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Dirks ML, Wall BT. Mycoprotein ingestion stimulates protein synthesis rates to a greater extent than milk protein in rested and exercised skeletal muscle of healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:318-333. [PMID: 32438401 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoprotein is a fungal-derived sustainable protein-rich food source, and its ingestion results in systemic amino acid and leucine concentrations similar to that following milk protein ingestion. OBJECTIVE We assessed the mixed skeletal muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of a single bolus of mycoprotein compared with a leucine-matched bolus of milk protein, in rested and exercised muscle of resistance-trained young men. METHODS Twenty resistance-trained healthy young males (age: 22 ± 1 y, body mass: 82 ± 2 kg, BMI: 25 ± 1 kg·m-2) took part in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Participants received primed, continuous infusions of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and ingested either 31 g (26.2 g protein: 2.5 g leucine) milk protein (MILK) or 70 g (31.5 g protein: 2.5 g leucine) mycoprotein (MYCO) following a bout of unilateral resistance-type exercise (contralateral leg acting as resting control). Blood and m. vastus lateralis muscle samples were collected before exercise and protein ingestion, and following a 4-h postprandial period to assess mixed muscle fractional protein synthetic rates (FSRs) and myocellular signaling in response to the protein beverages in resting and exercised muscle. RESULTS Mixed muscle FSRs increased following MILK ingestion (from 0.036 ± 0.008 to 0.052 ± 0.006%·h-1 in rested, and 0.035 ± 0.008 to 0.056 ± 0.005%·h-1 in exercised muscle; P <0.01) but to a greater extent following MYCO ingestion (from 0.025 ± 0.006 to 0.057 ± 0.004%·h-1 in rested, and 0.024 ± 0.007 to 0.072 ± 0.005%·h-1 in exercised muscle; P <0.0001) (treatment × time interaction effect; P <0.05). Postprandial FSRs trended to be greater in MYCO compared with MILK (0.065 ± 0.004 compared with 0.054 ± 0.004%·h-1, respectively; P = 0.093) and the postprandial rise in FSRs was greater in MYCO compared with MILK (Delta 0.040 ± 0.006 compared with Delta 0.018 ± 0.005%·h-1, respectively; P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of a single bolus of mycoprotein stimulates resting and postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates, and to a greater extent than a leucine-matched bolus of milk protein, in resistance-trained young men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as 660065600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mariana O C Coelho
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas S O Jameson
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah R Jackman
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jamie R Blackwell
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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West DWD, Mitchell CJ. Tracking the Fate of Milk Proteins: Better in Whole or in Part? J Nutr 2020; 150:2001-2002. [PMID: 32556262 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W D West
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cameron J Mitchell
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Opyd PM, Jurgoński A, Fotschki B, Juśkiewicz J. Dietary Hemp Seeds More Effectively Attenuate Disorders in Genetically Obese Rats than Their Lipid Fraction. J Nutr 2020; 150:1425-1433. [PMID: 32275310 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemp seeds are rich in PUFAs and other bioactives that can attenuate the development of obesity-related disorders; however, the extent to which their lipid fraction is responsible for this effect is unknown. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that hemp seed or hemp oil supplementation can attenuate genetically determined disorders and that the former are more effective in doing so. METHODS Lean and obese male Zucker rats, aged 8 wk, weighing 174 ± 4.2 g and 223 ± 3.8 g, respectively, were allocated to 4 groups. The lean (LC) and obese controls (OC) were fed a standard diet, whereas the other 2 obese groups were fed a modified diet in which hemp oil (4% diet; O + HO) or hemp seeds (12% diet; O + HS) were included. All diets had the same proportions of protein (18%), fat (8%), and fiber (5%) and a similar carbohydrate proportion (∼52%). Diets fed to O + HO and O + HS had similar fatty acid profiles. After 4 wk, markers of gut and liver function, antioxidant status, and lipid metabolism were measured. RESULTS The total SCFA concentration in the cecal digesta was lower in OC (64.8 ± 4.21 µmol/g) compared with LC (78.1 ± 2.83 µmol/g) (P ≤ 0.05), whereas it was greater in O + HS (89 ± 4.41 µmol/g) compared with LC, OC, and O + HO (69.7 ± 2.68 µmol/g) (P ≤ 0.05). Plasma total cholesterol was greater in OC (6.20 ± 0.198 mmol/L) and O + HO (5.60 ± 0.084 mmol/L) compared with LC (2.71 ± 0.094 mmol/L) (P ≤ 0.05); in O + HS, the concentration did not differ from the other groups (5.16 ± 0.278 mmol/L). The liver cholesterol concentration was greater in OC (1.79 ± 0.379 mg/g) compared with the other groups (1.28-1.43 mg/g) (P ≤ 0.05). Hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ was lower in OC (11.9 ± 0.93 units) compared with LC (17.3 ± 1.3 units) (P ≤ 0.05), whereas it was greater in O + HS (19.2 ± 1.04 units) compared with OC and O + HO (14.0 ± 1.33 units) (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dietary hemp seeds more effectively attenuate metabolic disorders in genetically obese rats than the oil extracted from them, which suggests that the lipid fraction is only partly responsible for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M Opyd
- Department of Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Adam Jurgoński
- Department of Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bartosz Fotschki
- Department of Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Department of Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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Smeuninx B, Greig CA, Breen L. Amount, Source and Pattern of Dietary Protein Intake Across the Adult Lifespan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Nutr 2020; 7:25. [PMID: 32232047 PMCID: PMC7086014 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Sub-optimal dietary protein consumption may partially underlie the age-related loss of muscle mass and function (sarcopenia). Specifically, dose, timing, source and distribution of dietary protein across the day might influence muscle anabolism in individuals from across the lifespan. Design: The present study aimed to assess daily and meal-specific protein intake, protein source and protein intake pattern in 40 young (23.8 ± 4.3 years), 40 middle-aged (51.6 ± 4.1 years), and 40 old (77.4 ± 7.4 years) individuals using 3-day weighed food diaries. Results: Old individuals consumed on average 83.4 ± 24.6 g of daily protein, which was significantly lower compared with young but not middle-aged individuals who consumed, respectively, 105.1 ± 43.0 g and 97.0 ± 31.1 g of daily protein (P = 0.013). No significant difference in daily protein intake was found with middle-aged individuals. Dietary protein intake pattern was uneven across meals for all groups (P < 0.001 for all). Sources of protein consumption were similar between groups except at lunch where old individuals ingested lower quality proteins compared with middle aged and young individuals. Conclusion: Although total daily protein intake was sufficient in the majority of participants, per-meal protein intake and protein distribution contend the current knowledge regarding optimal protein intakes. Increasing protein intake, especially at breakfast and lunch, could mitigate age-related muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Townsend JR, Morimune JE, Jones MD, Beuning CN, Haase AA, Boot CM, Heffington SH, Littlefield LA, Henry RN, Marshall AC, VanDusseldorp TA, Feito Y, Mangine GT. The Effect of ProHydrolase ® on the Amino Acid and Intramuscular Anabolic Signaling Response to Resistance Exercise in Trained Males. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8020013. [PMID: 31978998 PMCID: PMC7077235 DOI: 10.3390/sports8020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This double-blind study examined effects of a protease enzyme blend (Prohydrolase®) added to whey protein on post-resistance exercise aminoacidemia and intramuscular anabolic signaling were investigated in ten resistance-trained males. Participants completed 4 sets of 8-10 repetitions in the leg press and leg extension exercises at 75% of 1-repetition maximum. Participants then consumed either 250 mg of Prohydrolase® + 26 g of whey protein (PW), 26 g whey alone (W), or non-nutritive control (CON) in counterbalanced order. Blood samples were obtained prior to exercise (baseline) and then immediately-post (IP), 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, and 180-min post-exercise. Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline, 1-h (1H), and 3-h (3H) post-exercise. Phosphorylation of AKTSer437 was decreased (3H only: p < 0.001), mTORSer2448 was increased (1H: p = 0.025; 3H: p = 0.009), and p70S6KThr412 remained unchanged similarly for each condition. Plasma leucine, branch-chained amino acids, and essential amino acid concentrations for PW were significantly higher than CON (p < 0.05) at 30 min and similar to W. Compared to IP, PW was the only treatment with elevated plasma leucine levels at 30 min (p = 0.007; ∆ = 57.8 mmol/L, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 20.0, 95.6) and EAA levels at 180 min (p = 0.003; ∆ = 179.1 mmol/L, 95% CI: 77.5, 280.7). Area under the curve amino acid analysis revealed no differences between PW and W. While no different than W, these data indicate that PW was the only group to produce elevated amino acid concentrations 30-min and 180-min post-ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaclyn E. Morimune
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Megan D. Jones
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Cheryle N. Beuning
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.N.B.); (A.A.H.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Allison A. Haase
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.N.B.); (A.A.H.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Claudia M. Boot
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.N.B.); (A.A.H.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Stephen H. Heffington
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Laurel A. Littlefield
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Ruth N. Henry
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Autumn C. Marshall
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (T.A.V.); (Y.F.); (G.T.M.)
| | - Yuri Feito
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (T.A.V.); (Y.F.); (G.T.M.)
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (T.A.V.); (Y.F.); (G.T.M.)
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Patel B, Pauk M, Amigo-Benavent M, Nongonierma AB, Fitzgerald RJ, Jakeman PM, Carson BP. A cell-based evaluation of a non-essential amino acid formulation as a non-bioactive control for activation and stimulation of muscle protein synthesis using ex vivo human serum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220757. [PMID: 31743341 PMCID: PMC6863517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of treating skeletal muscle cells with media conditioned by postprandial ex vivo human serum fed with either isonitrogenous Non-Essential Amino Acid (NEAA) or a whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) on stimulating Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS) in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. METHODS Blood was taken from six young healthy males following overnight fast (fasted) and 60 min postprandial (fed) ingestion of either WPH or NEAA (0.33 g.kg-1 Body Mass). C2C12 myotubes were treated with media conditioned by ex vivo human serum (20%) for 4 h. Activation of MPS signalling (phosphorylation of mTOR, P70S6K and 4E-BP1) were determined in vitro by Western Blot and subsequent MPS were determined in vitro by Western Blot and surface sensing of translation technique (SUnSET) techniques, respectively. RESULTS Media conditioned by NEAA fed serum had no effect on protein signalling or MPS compared to fasted, whereas media conditioned by WPH fed serum significantly increased mTOR (Ser2448), P70S6K and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation (p<0.01, p<0.05) compared to fasted serum. Furthermore, the effect of media conditioned by WPH fed serum on protein signalling and MPS was significantly increased (p<0.01, p<0.05) compared to NEAA fed serum. CONCLUSION In summary, media conditioned by NEAA fed serum did not result in activation of MPS. Therefore, these in vitro findings suggest the use of isonitrogenous NEAA acts as an effective control for comparing bioactivity of different proteins on activation of MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijal Patel
- Food for Health Ireland, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Human Sciences Research Unit, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Martina Pauk
- Food for Health Ireland, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Human Sciences Research Unit, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Miryam Amigo-Benavent
- Food for Health Ireland, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Human Sciences Research Unit, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Centre for Intervention in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Alice B. Nongonierma
- Food for Health Ireland, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Richard J. Fitzgerald
- Food for Health Ireland, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Philip M. Jakeman
- Food for Health Ireland, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Human Sciences Research Unit, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Centre for Intervention in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brian P. Carson
- Food for Health Ireland, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Human Sciences Research Unit, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Centre for Intervention in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Butterworth M, Lees M, Harlow P, Hind K, Duckworth L, Ispoglou T. Αcute effects of essential amino acid gel-based and whey protein supplements on appetite and energy intake in older women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1141-1149. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies in protein and energy intakes are partly responsible for age-related sarcopenia. We investigated the effects of supplements matched in essential amino acid (EAA) content (7.5 g) on energy intake and appetite. Ten women aged 69.2 ± 2.7 years completed 3 trials in a randomised, crossover design. Composite appetite scores, peptide-YY (PYY), and insulin responses to a 200-mL whey protein (WP) isolate (275 kJ), a 50-mL EAA gel (GEL, 478 kJ), or nothing as the control (CON) condition were investigated over 1 h, followed by an ad libitum breakfast. Energy intake at breakfast (CON, 1957 ± 713; WP, 1413 ± 623; GEL, 1963 ± 611 kJ) was higher in CON and GEL than in WP (both P = 0.006). After accounting for supplement energy content, energy intake in GEL was higher than in CON (P = 0.0006) and WP (P = 0.0008). Time-averaged area under the curve for composite appetite scores (CON, 74 ± 20; WP, 50 ± 22; GEL, 60 ± 16 mm) was higher in CON than WP (P = 0.015). Time-averaged area under the curve for PYY (CON, 87 ± 13; WP, 119 ± 27; GEL, 97 ± 22 pg·mL−1) was higher in WP than CON (P = 0.009) and GEL (P = 0.012). In conclusion, supplementation with WP facilitated an increase in protein intake, whereas supplementation with GEL increases in both energy and protein intakes, when consumed before an ad libitum breakfast. Such findings highlight potential gel-based EAA supplementation intake for addressing age-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Butterworth
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Matthew Lees
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Paul Harlow
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Karen Hind
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, 42 Old Elvet, Durham, DH1 3HN, UK
| | - Lauren Duckworth
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Theocharis Ispoglou
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
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Whey Protein Supplementation Compared to Collagen Increases Blood Nesfatin Concentrations and Decreases Android Fat in Overweight Women: A Randomized Double-Blind Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092051. [PMID: 31480676 PMCID: PMC6770102 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein supplements are usually used to control body weight, however, the impact of protein quality on body fat attenuation is unknown. We investigated the effects of isocaloric isoproteic supplementation of either whey protein (WG) or hydrolysed collagen supplementation (CG) on dietary intake, adiposity and biochemical markers in overweight women. Methods: In this randomized double-blind study, 37 women, [mean ± SE, age 40.6 ± 1.7 year; BMI (kg/m2) 30.9 ± 0.6], consumed sachets containing 40 g/day of concentrated whey protein (25 g total protein, 2.4 leucine, 1.0 valine, 1.5 isoleucine, n = 17) or 38 g/day of hydrolysed collagen (26 g total protein, 1.02 leucine, 0.91 valine, 0.53 isoleucine, n = 20) in the afternoon snack. The compliance was set at >70% of the total theoretical doses. The dietary intake was evaluated by a 6-day food record questionnaire. At the beginning and after eight weeks of follow-up, body composition was evaluated by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and lipid profile, insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin and nesfastin plasma concentrations were analyzed. Results: Supplements were isocaloric and isoproteic. There were no differences in caloric intake (p = 0.103), protein (p = 0.085), carbohydrate (p = 0.797) and lipids (p = 0.109) intakes. The branched chain amino acids (BCAA) (GC: 1.8 ± 0.1 g vs. WG: 5.5 ± 0.3 g, p < 0.001) and leucine intake (CG: 0.1 ± 0.1 g vs. WG: 2.6 ± 0.1 g, p < 0.001) were higher in WG compared to CG. BMI increased in the CG (0.2 ± 1.1 kg/m2, p = 0.044) but did not change in WG. WG decreased the android fat (−0.1 ± 0.3 kg, p = 0.031) and increased nesfatin concentrations (4.9 ± 3.2 ng/mL, p = 0.014) compared to CG. Conclusions: Whey protein supplementation in overweight women increased nesfatin concentrations and could promote increase of resting metabolic rate as part of body composition improvement programs compared to collagen supplementation for 8 weeks. Additionally, our findings suggest that collagen may not be an effective supplement for overweight women who are attempting to alter body composition.
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Machek SB, Willoughby DS. Non-nutritive Sweeteners: Implications for Consumption in Athletic Populations. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Davies RW, Bass JJ, Carson BP, Norton C, Kozior M, Amigo-Benavent M, Wilkinson DJ, Brook MS, Atherton PJ, Smith K, Jakeman PM. Differential Stimulation of Post-Exercise Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis in Humans Following Isonitrogenous, Isocaloric Pre-Exercise Feeding. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1657. [PMID: 31331099 PMCID: PMC6682876 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the effects of two disparate isonitrogenous, isocaloric pre-exercise feeds on deuterium-oxide (D2O) derived measures of myofibrillar protein synthesis (myoPS) in humans. Methods: In a double-blind parallel group design, 22 resistance-trained men aged 18 to 35 years ingested a meal (6 kcal·kg-1, 0.8 g·kg-1 carbohydrate, 0.2 g·kg-1 fat) with 0.33 g·kg-1 nonessential amino acids blend (NEAA) or whey protein (WHEY), prior to resistance exercise (70% 1RM back-squats, 10 reps per set to failure, 25% duty cycle). Biopsies of M. vastus lateralis were obtained pre-ingestion (PRE) and +3 h post-exercise (POST). The myofibrillar fractional synthetic rate (myoFSR) was calculated via deuterium labelling of myofibrillar-bound alanine, measured by gas chromatography-pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-Pyr-IRMS). Data are a mean percentage change (95% CI). Results: There was no discernable change in myoFSR following NEAA (10(-5, 25) %, p = 0.235), whereas an increase in myoFSR was observed after WHEY (28 (13, 43) %, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Measured by a D2O tracer technique, a disparate myoPS response was observed between NEAA and WHEY. Pre-exercise ingestion of whey protein increased post-exercise myoPS, whereas a NEAA blend did not, supporting the use of NEAA as a viable isonitrogenous negative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Davies
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Joseph J Bass
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Brian P Carson
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Catherine Norton
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Marta Kozior
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Miryam Amigo-Benavent
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Matthew S Brook
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip M Jakeman
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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Buckinx F, Gaudreau P, Marcangeli V, Boutros GEH, Dulac MC, Morais JA, Aubertin-Leheudre M. Muscle adaptation in response to a high-intensity interval training in obese older adults: effect of daily protein intake distribution. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:863-874. [PMID: 30806907 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with declines in muscle mass, strength and quality, leading to physical impairments. An even protein distribution in daily meals has recently been proposed along with adequate total protein intake as important modulators of muscle mass. In addition, due to its short duration, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been highlighted as a promising intervention to prevent physical deterioration. However, the interaction between daily protein intake distribution and HIIT intervention in elderlies remain unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate muscle adaptation following HIIT in older adults according to daily protein intake distribution. METHODS Thirty sedentary obese subjects who completed a 12-week elliptical HIIT program were matched [criteria: age (± 2 years), sex, BMI (± 2 kg/m2)] and divided a posteriori into 2 groups according to the amount of protein ingested at each meal: < 20 g in at least one meal (P20-, n = 15, 66.8 ± 3.7 years) and ≥ 20 g in each meal (P20+, n = 15, 68.1 ± 4.1 years). Body composition, functional capacity, muscle strength, muscle power, physical activity level, and nutritional intakes were measured pre- and post-intervention. A two way repeated ANOVA was used to determine the effect of the intervention (HIIT) and protein distribution (P20- vs P20+, p < 0.05). RESULTS No difference was observed at baseline between groups. Following the HIIT intervention, we observed a significant decrease in waist and hip circumferences and improvements in functional capacities in both P20- and P20 + group (p < 0.05). However, no protein distribution effect was observed. CONCLUSION A 12-week HIIT program is achievable and efficient to improve functional capacities as well as body composition in obese older adults. However, consuming at least 20 g of proteins in every meal does not further enhance muscle performance in response to a 12-week HIIT intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Buckinx
- Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Pavillon Sciences Biologiques, SB-4615, 141, Avenue du Président Kennedy, Montréal, QC, H2X 1Y4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Canada
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Ageing, Liège, Belgium
| | - P Gaudreau
- Département de médecine de l'Université de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - V Marcangeli
- Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Pavillon Sciences Biologiques, SB-4615, 141, Avenue du Président Kennedy, Montréal, QC, H2X 1Y4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Canada
| | - G El Hajj Boutros
- Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Pavillon Sciences Biologiques, SB-4615, 141, Avenue du Président Kennedy, Montréal, QC, H2X 1Y4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Canada
| | - M C Dulac
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Canada
| | - J A Morais
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M Aubertin-Leheudre
- Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Pavillon Sciences Biologiques, SB-4615, 141, Avenue du Président Kennedy, Montréal, QC, H2X 1Y4, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Canada.
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Churchward-Venne TA, Pinckaers PJM, Smeets JSJ, Peeters WM, Zorenc AH, Schierbeek H, Rollo I, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Myofibrillar and Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates Do Not Differ in Young Men Following the Ingestion of Carbohydrate with Milk Protein, Whey, or Micellar Casein after Concurrent Resistance- and Endurance-Type Exercise. J Nutr 2019; 149:198-209. [PMID: 30698725 PMCID: PMC6561606 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whey and micellar casein are high-quality dairy proteins that can stimulate postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. How whey and casein compare with milk protein in their capacity to stimulate postprandial myofibrillar (MyoPS) and mitochondrial (MitoPS) protein synthesis rates during postexercise recovery is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare postprandial MyoPS and MitoPS rates after protein-carbohydrate co-ingestion with milk protein, whey, or micellar casein during recovery from a single bout of concurrent resistance- and endurance-type exercise in young healthy men. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design, 48 healthy, young, recreationally active men (mean ± SEM age: 23 ± 0.3 y) received a primed continuous infusion of L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine and L-[ring-3,5-2H2]-tyrosine and ingested 45 g carbohydrate with 0 g protein (CHO), 20 g milk protein (MILK), 20 g whey protein (WHEY), or 20 g micellar casein protein (CASEIN) after a sequential bout of resistance- and endurance-type exercise (i.e., concurrent exercise). Blood and muscle biopsies were collected over 360 min during recovery from exercise to assess MyoPS and MitoPS rates and signaling through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). RESULTS Despite temporal differences in postprandial plasma leucine concentrations between treatments (P < 0.001), MyoPS rates over 360 min of recovery did not differ between treatments (CHO: 0.049% ± 0.003%/h; MILK: 0.059% ± 0.003%/h; WHEY: 0.054% ± 0.002%/h; CASEIN: 0.059% ± 0.005%/h; P = 0.11). When MILK, WHEY, and CASEIN were pooled into a single group (PROTEIN), protein co-ingestion resulted in greater MyoPS rates compared with CHO (PROTEIN: 0.057% ± 0.002%/h; CHO: 0.049% ± 0.003%/h; P = 0.04). MitoPS rates and signaling through the mTORC1 pathway were similar between treatments. CONCLUSION MyoPS and MitoPS rates do not differ after co-ingestion of either milk protein, whey protein, or micellar casein protein with carbohydrate during recovery from a single bout of concurrent resistance- and endurance-type exercise in recreationally active young men. Co-ingestion of protein with carbohydrate results in greater MyoPS, but not MitoPS rates, when compared with the ingestion of carbohydrate only during recovery from concurrent exercise. This trial was registered at Nederlands Trial Register: NTR5098.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department
of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Philippe J M Pinckaers
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department
of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department
of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter M Peeters
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department
of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Antoine H Zorenc
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department
of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Henk Schierbeek
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital,
Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department
of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department
of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Address correspondence to LJCvL (e-mail: )
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de Branco FMS, Carneiro MAS, Rossato LT, Nahas PC, Teixeira KRC, de Oliveira GN, Orsatti FL, de Oliveira EP. Protein timing has no effect on lean mass, strength and functional capacity gains induced by resistance exercise in postmenopausal women: A randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:57-66. [PMID: 30691866 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Short-term studies have shown that protein intake immediately post-exercise increases muscle protein synthesis. However, the effect of protein timing (comparing protein intake post-exercise vs. several hours after exercise) on lean mass and strength gains in long-term studies is still not fully elucidated. Thus, the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of protein timing on lean mass, strength and functional capacity gains induced by resistance exercise in postmenopausal women. METHODS Thirty-four postmenopausal women (60.9 ± 6.7 years) participated in this double-blind, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial. All individuals performed the same resistance training protocol in the morning, 3 times a week, at 70% of 1-maximum repetition (1-RM), over 8 weeks. Participants were randomly assigned to protein-carbohydrate group (PC) (n = 17), that ingested 30 g of whey protein immediately after exercise and 30 g of maltodextrin in the afternoon; and to carbohydrate-protein group (CP) (n = 17), that ingested 30 g of maltodextrin immediately after exercise and 30 g of whey protein in the afternoon. Lean mass was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, handgrip strength by a dynamometer, and strength was evaluated by 1-RM of bench press and leg extension. One mile walk test was performed to assess the functional capacity. RESULTS Both the PC group (37.3 [35.0-39.7] to 38.1 [35.9-40.5] kg) and the CP group (38.2 [36.0-40.5] to 38.8 [36.5-41.3] kg) increased the total lean mass (p < 0.001). An increase was also observed in both groups for 1-RM bench press, 1-RM leg extension and handgrip strength (p < 0.001). In addition, the time of 1-mile walk test decreased in both groups (p = 0.019). No differences were noted for group and time interaction for these variables (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Protein timing has no effect on lean mass, strength and functional capacity gains induced by resistance exercise in postmenopausal women. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT03372876.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia M S de Branco
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A S Carneiro
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Luana T Rossato
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula C Nahas
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kely R C Teixeira
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gersiel N de Oliveira
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio L Orsatti
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Erick P de Oliveira
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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The Effects of Whey vs. Pea Protein on Physical Adaptations Following 8-Weeks of High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT): A Pilot Study. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7010012. [PMID: 30621129 PMCID: PMC6358922 DOI: 10.3390/sports7010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of whey and pea protein supplementation on physiological adaptations following 8-weeks of high-intensity functional training (HIFT). Fifteen HIFT men (n = 8; 38.6 ± 12.7 y, 1.8 ± 0.1 m, 87.7 ± 15.8 kg) and women (n = 7; 38.9 ± 10.9 y, 1.7 ± 0.10 m, 73.3 ± 10.5 kg) participated in this study. Participants completed an 8-week HIFT program consisting of 4 training sessions per week. Participants consumed 24 g of either whey (n = 8) or pea (n = 7) protein before and after exercise on training days, and in-between meals on non-training days. Before and after training, participants underwent ultrasonography muscle thickness measurement, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), two benchmark WODs (workout of the day), 1-Repetition Maximum (1RM) squat and deadlift testing, and Isometric Mid-thigh Pull (IMTP) performance. Separate analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were performed on all measures collected at POST. Both groups experienced increased strength for 1RM back squat (p = 0.006) and deadlift (p = 0.008). No training effect (p > 0.05) was found for body composition, muscle thickness, IMTP peak force, IMTP rate of force development, or performance in either WOD. Using PRE values as the covariate, there were no group differences for any measured variable. We conclude that ingestion of whey and pea protein produce similar outcomes in measurements of body composition, muscle thickness, force production, WOD performance and strength following 8-weeks of HIFT.
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Jakubowski JS, Wong EPT, Nunes EA, Noguchi KS, Vandeweerd JK, Murphy KT, Morton RW, McGlory C, Phillips SM. Equivalent Hypertrophy and Strength Gains in β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate- or Leucine-supplemented Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:65-74. [PMID: 30113522 PMCID: PMC6303132 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of proteins with high leucine content during resistance training (RT) can augment hypertrophy. Some data suggest that a leucine metabolite, β-hydroxy, β-methylbutyrate (HMB), is substantially more anabolically efficacious than leucine. PURPOSE We aimed to test whether supplementation with HMB versus leucine, added to whey protein, would result in differential muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in young men performing RT. METHODS Twenty-six resistance-trained men (23 ± 2 yr) performed 12 wk of RT with three phases. Phase 1: 8 wk of periodized RT (three training sessions per week). Phase 2: 2 wk overreaching period (five sessions per week). Phase 3: 2 wk taper (three sessions per week). Participants were randomly assigned to twice daily ingestion of: whey protein (25 g) plus HMB (1.5 g) (whey+HMB; n = 13) or whey protein (25 g) plus leucine (1.5 g) (whey+leu; n = 13). Skeletal muscle biopsies were performed before and after RT. Measures of fat- and bone-free mass, vastus lateralis (VL) muscle thickness and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) (both by ultrasound), muscle fiber CSA, and 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) strength tests were determined. RESULTS We observed increases in fat- and bone-free mass, VL muscle thickness, muscle CSA and fiber type CSA and 1-RM strength with no differences between groups at any phase. We observed no differences between groups or time-group interactions in hormone concentrations at any phase of the RT program. CONCLUSIONS β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate added to whey did not result in greater increases in any measure of muscle mass, strength, or hormonal concentration compared to leucine added to whey. Our results show that HMB is no more effective in stimulating RT-induced hypertrophy and strength gains than leucine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin P T Wong
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Everson A Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopólis, BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Kevin T Murphy
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Robert W Morton
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, CANADA
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Whey Protein Augments Leucinemia and Postexercise p70S6K1 Activity Compared With a Hydrolyzed Collagen Blend When in Recovery From Training With Low Carbohydrate Availability. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:651-659. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Oikawa SY, McGlory C, D'Souza LK, Morgan AK, Saddler NI, Baker SK, Parise G, Phillips SM. A randomized controlled trial of the impact of protein supplementation on leg lean mass and integrated muscle protein synthesis during inactivity and energy restriction in older persons. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:1060-1068. [PMID: 30289425 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In older persons, muscle loss is accelerated during physical inactivity and hypoenergetic states, both of which are features of hospitalization. Protein supplementation may represent a strategy to offset the loss of muscle during inactivity, and enhance recovery on resumption of activity. Objective We aimed to determine if protein supplementation, with proteins of substantially different quality, would alleviate the loss of lean mass by augmenting muscle protein synthesis (MPS) while inactive during a hypoenergetic state. Design Participants (16 men, mean ± SD age: 69 ± 3 y; 15 women, mean ± SD age: 68 ± 4 y) consumed a diet containing 1.6 g protein · kg-1 · d-1, with 55% ± 9% of protein from foods and 45% ± 9% from supplements, namely, whey protein (WP) or collagen peptides (CP): 30 g each, consumed 2 times/d. Participants were in energy balance (EB) for 1 wk, then began a period of energy restriction (ER; -500 kcal/d) for 1 wk, followed by ER with step reduction (ER + SR; <750 steps/d) for 2 wk, before a return to habitual activity in recovery (RC) for 1 wk. Results There were significant reductions in leg lean mass (LLM) from EB to ER, and from ER to ER + SR in both groups (P < 0.001) with no differences between WP and CP or when comparing the change from phase to phase. During RC, LLM increased from ER + SR, but in the WP group only. Rates of integrated muscle protein synthesis decreased during ER and ER + SR in both groups (P < 0.01), but increased during RC only in the WP group (P = 0.05). Conclusions Protein supplementation did not confer a benefit in protecting LLM, but only supplemental WP augmented LLM and muscle protein synthesis during recovery from inactivity and a hypoenergetic state. This trial was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03285737.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Y Oikawa
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa K D'Souza
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Adrienne K Morgan
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nelson I Saddler
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Steven K Baker
- Department of Neurology, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Babajafari S, Hojhabrimanesh A, Sohrabi Z, Ayaz M, Noorafshan A, Akrami A. Comparing isolated soy protein with flaxseed oil vs isolated soy protein with corn oil and wheat flour with corn oil consumption on muscle catabolism, liver function, blood lipid, and sugar in burn patients: a randomized clinical trial. Trials 2018; 19:308. [PMID: 29866187 PMCID: PMC5987465 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is controversy regarding whether increasing isolated soy protein (ISP) with or without flaxseed oil (FO), as functional foods, would lead to reduce muscle catabolism and cachexia in burn patients. METHODS One hundred and eighty-eight patients were assessed for eligibility in this randomized controlled trial. Of these, seventy-three eligible patients (total burn surface area 20-50%) were randomly assigned to three groups, labeled as Control (wheat flour [WF] + corn oil [CO]), ISP + FO, and ISP + CO, to receive these nutrients for three weeks. Weight, body mass index (BMI), serum hepatic enzymes (alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP]), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 24-h urinary urea nitrogen excretion (UUN), serum creatinine, 24-h urinary creatinine (UUC) excretion, fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol were measured. RESULTS Using analysis of covariance models in the intention-to-treat population (n = 73), we found that at three weeks, patients in the ISP groups had lost significantly less in weight and BMI compared to those in the control group (all P < 0.01). Nitrogen retention and serum creatinine (primary outcomes) increased significantly in the ISP groups compared with the control group. Even after controlling for potential covariates in ANCOVA models, changes in these indices were still statistically significant (P = 0.008 and P = 0.005 for nitrogen balance and serum creatinine, respectively). However, no such significant differences were found between the ISP groups. On the other hand, 24-h UUN, and UUC excretion, serum hepatic enzymes, FBS, TG, and cholesterol were not significant between the groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION ISP and FO compared to WF and CO reduced muscle catabolism and increased body weight in burn patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT2014051817740N1 . Registered on 27 June 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Babajafari
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdollah Hojhabrimanesh
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Sohrabi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ayaz
- Burn Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Noorafshan
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Atefeh Akrami
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Traylor DA, Gorissen SHM, Phillips SM. Perspective: Protein Requirements and Optimal Intakes in Aging: Are We Ready to Recommend More Than the Recommended Daily Allowance? Adv Nutr 2018; 9:171-182. [PMID: 29635313 PMCID: PMC5952928 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dietary Reference Intakes set the protein RDA for persons >19 y of age at 0.8 g protein ⋅ kg body weight-1 ⋅ d-1. A growing body of evidence suggests, however, that the protein RDA may be inadequate for older individuals. The evidence for recommending a protein intake greater than the RDA comes from a variety of metabolic approaches. Methodologies centered on skeletal muscle are of paramount importance given the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) and the degree to which dietary protein could mitigate these declines. In addition to evidence from short-term experimental trials, observational data show that higher protein intakes are associated with greater muscle mass and, more importantly, better muscle function with aging. We are in dire need of more evidence from longer-term intervention trials showing the efficacy of protein intakes that are higher than the RDA in older persons to support skeletal muscle health. We propose that it should be recommended that older individuals consume ≥1.2 g protein · kg-1 · d-1 and that there should be an emphasis on the intake of the amino acid leucine, which plays a central role in stimulating skeletal muscle anabolism. Critically, the often-cited potential negative effects of consuming higher protein intakes on renal and bone health are without a scientific foundation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Traylor
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan H M Gorissen
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada,Address correspondence to SMP (e-mail: )
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Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Muscle Damage and Function. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050552. [PMID: 29710835 PMCID: PMC5986432 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional supplementation not only helps in improving and maintaining performance in sports and exercise, but also contributes in reducing exercise fatigue and in recovery from exhaustion. Fish oil contains large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3). It is widely known that omega-3 fatty acids are effective for improving cardiac function, depression, cognitive function, and blood as well as lowering blood pressure. In the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and exercise performance, previous studies have been predicted improved endurance performance, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, and effectivity against delayed-onset muscle soreness. However, the optimal dose, duration, and timing remain unclear. This review focuses on the effects of omega-3 fatty acid on muscle damage and function as evaluated by human and animal studies and summarizes its effects on muscle and nerve damage, and muscle mass and strength.
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77
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Shamim B, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Protein Availability and Satellite Cell Dynamics in Skeletal Muscle. Sports Med 2018; 48:1329-1343. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Smith CE, Follis JL, Dashti HS, Tanaka T, Graff M, Fretts AM, Kilpeläinen TO, Wojczynski MK, Richardson K, Nalls MA, Schulz CA, Liu Y, Frazier-Wood AC, van Eekelen E, Wang C, de Vries PS, Mikkilä V, Rohde R, Psaty BM, Hansen T, Feitosa MF, Lai CQ, Houston DK, Ferruci L, Ericson U, Wang Z, de Mutsert R, Oddy WH, de Jonge EAL, Seppälä I, Justice AE, Lemaitre RN, Sørensen TIA, Province MA, Parnell LD, Garcia ME, Bandinelli S, Orho-Melander M, Rich SS, Rosendaal FR, Pennell CE, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Kähönen M, Young KL, Pedersen O, Aslibekyan S, Rotter JI, Mook-Kanamori DO, Zillikens MC, Raitakari OT, North KE, Overvad K, Arnett DK, Hofman A, Lehtimäki T, Tjønneland A, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Franco OH, German JB, Siscovick DS, Cupples LA, Ordovás JM. Genome-Wide Interactions with Dairy Intake for Body Mass Index in Adults of European Descent. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:10.1002/mnfr.201700347. [PMID: 28941034 PMCID: PMC5803424 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Body weight responds variably to the intake of dairy foods. Genetic variation may contribute to inter-individual variability in associations between body weight and dairy consumption. METHODS AND RESULTS A genome-wide interaction study to discover genetic variants that account for variation in BMI in the context of low-fat, high-fat and total dairy intake in cross-sectional analysis was conducted. Data from nine discovery studies (up to 25 513 European descent individuals) were meta-analyzed. Twenty-six genetic variants reached the selected significance threshold (p-interaction <10-7) , and six independent variants (LINC01512-rs7751666, PALM2/AKAP2-rs914359, ACTA2-rs1388, PPP1R12A-rs7961195, LINC00333-rs9635058, AC098847.1-rs1791355) were evaluated meta-analytically for replication of interaction in up to 17 675 individuals. Variant rs9635058 (128 kb 3' of LINC00333) was replicated (p-interaction = 0.004). In the discovery cohorts, rs9635058 interacted with dairy (p-interaction = 7.36 × 10-8) such that each serving of low-fat dairy was associated with 0.225 kg m-2 lower BMI per each additional copy of the effect allele (A). A second genetic variant (ACTA2-rs1388) approached interaction replication significance for low-fat dairy exposure. CONCLUSION Body weight responses to dairy intake may be modified by genotype, in that greater dairy intake may protect a genetic subgroup from higher body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren E Smith
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Hassan S Dashti
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda M Fretts
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kris Richardson
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Contractor/consultant with Kelly Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Alexis C Frazier-Wood
- USDA / ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Esther van Eekelen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carol Wang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Mikkilä
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Rebecca Rohde
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- USDA ARS, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denise K Houston
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Luigi Ferruci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ulrika Ericson
- LUDC, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Zhe Wang
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy H Oddy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ester A L de Jonge
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, 2000, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit & School of Social and community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS82BN, UK
| | - Michael A Province
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laurence D Parnell
- USDA ARS, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Donna K Arnett
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - José M Ordovás
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
- The Department of Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centro Nacional Investigación Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food, Madrid, Spain
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79
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Bassa BV, Brown OR. The Paradoxical Effect of Paraquat on Leucyl-tRNA Levels in <i>E. coli</i> Provides New Insights for Amino Acid Therapy in Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2018.74005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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80
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Bradlee ML, Mustafa J, Singer MR, Moore LL. High-Protein Foods and Physical Activity Protect Against Age-Related Muscle Loss and Functional Decline. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 73:88-94. [PMID: 28549098 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Some clinical trials suggest that protein supplementation enhances the effects of resistance exercise on skeletal muscle mass (SMM); fewer studies examine the effects of diets rich in protein-source foods on SMM and functional status among community-dwelling adults. Methods Data from the Framingham Offspring study including diet (three-day records, exams 3 and 5), physical activity (exams 2 and 4), percent SMM (%SMM) (exams 6 and 7), and functional performance (exams 5 through 8) were used to evaluate independent and combined effects of physical activity and high-protein foods on adjusted mean %SMM (using analysis of covariance) and risk of functional decline (using Cox proportional hazard's models). Analyses were adjusted for such factors as age, education, height, smoking, and fruit and grain consumption). Results Higher intakes of protein-source foods (red meat, poultry, fish, dairy, and soy, nuts, seeds and legumes) were associated with higher %SMM over 9 years, particularly among women. Men and women with higher intakes of foods from animal sources had a higher % SMM regardless of activity; beneficial effects of plant-based protein foods were only evident in physically active adults. Active subjects with higher intakes of animal or plant protein-source foods had 35% lowest risks of functional decline. Among less active individuals, only those consuming more animal protein-source foods had reduced risks of functional decline (HR: 0.7l; 95% CI: 0.50-1.01). Conclusion Higher intake of animal-protein foods, alone and especially in combination with a physically active lifestyle, was associated with preservation of muscle mass and functional performance in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loring Bradlee
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
| | - Jabed Mustafa
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
| | - Martha R Singer
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
| | - Lynn L Moore
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
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81
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Gingrich A, Spiegel A, Kob R, Schoene D, Skurk T, Hauner H, Sieber CC, Volkert D, Kiesswetter E. Amount, Distribution, and Quality of Protein Intake Are Not Associated with Muscle Mass, Strength, and Power in Healthy Older Adults without Functional Limitations-An enable Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121358. [PMID: 29240672 PMCID: PMC5748808 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain muscle mass in older age, several aspects regarding the amount and distribution of protein intake have been suggested. Our objective was to investigate single and combined associations of daily protein intake, evenness of protein distribution across the three main meals, number of meals providing ≥0.4 g protein/kg body weight (BW), and number of meals providing ≥2.5 g leucine, with muscle mass, strength, and power in successful agers. In this cross-sectional study in 97 healthy community-dwelling adults without functional limitations aged 75-85 years, protein intake was assessed using 7-day food records. Muscle mass, leg muscle strength, leg muscle power, and handgrip strength were measured according to standardized protocols. Mean daily protein intake was 0.97 ± 0.28 g/kg BW and the coefficient of variance between main meals was 0.53 ± 0.19. Per day, 0.72 ± 0.50 meals providing ≥0.4 g protein/kg BW and 1.11 ± 0.76 meals providing ≥2.5 g leucine were consumed. No correlations between single or combined aspects of protein intake and skeletal muscle index, leg muscle power, leg muscle strength, or handgrip strength were observed (Spearman's r of -0.280 to 0.291). In this sample of healthy older adults without functional limitations, aspects of protein intake were not associated with muscle mass, strength, or power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gingrich
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kobergerstraße 60, 90408 Nürnberg, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Spiegel
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kobergerstraße 60, 90408 Nürnberg, Germany.
| | - Robert Kob
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kobergerstraße 60, 90408 Nürnberg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Schoene
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kobergerstraße 60, 90408 Nürnberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Skurk
- Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str., 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
| | - Hans Hauner
- Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str., 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 62, 80992 Munich, Germany.
| | - Cornel C Sieber
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kobergerstraße 60, 90408 Nürnberg, Germany.
- Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder Regensburg, Prüfeninger Straße 86, 93049 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Dorothee Volkert
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kobergerstraße 60, 90408 Nürnberg, Germany.
| | - Eva Kiesswetter
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kobergerstraße 60, 90408 Nürnberg, Germany.
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82
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Cogan KE, Evans M, Iuliano E, Melvin A, Susta D, Neff K, De Vito G, Egan B. Co-ingestion of protein or a protein hydrolysate with carbohydrate enhances anabolic signaling, but not glycogen resynthesis, following recovery from prolonged aerobic exercise in trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:349-359. [PMID: 29214461 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of carbohydrate (CHO), or CHO supplemented with either sodium caseinate protein (CHO-C) or a sodium caseinate protein hydrolysate (CHO-H) on the recovery of skeletal muscle glycogen and anabolic signaling following prolonged aerobic exercise was determined in trained male cyclists [n = 11, mean ± SEM age 28.8 ± 2.3 years; body mass (BM) 75.0 ± 2.3 kg; VO2peak 61.3 ± 1.6 ml kg-1 min-1]. METHODS On three separate occasions, participants cycled for 2 h at ~ 70% VO2peak followed by a 4-h recovery period. Isoenergetic drinks were consumed at + 0 and + 2 h of recovery containing either (1) CHO (1.2 g kg -1 BM), (2) CHO-C, or (3) CHO-H (1.04 and 0.16 g kg-1 BM, respectively) in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were taken prior to commencement of each trial, and at + 0 and + 4 h of recovery for determination of skeletal muscle glycogen, and intracellular signaling associated with protein synthesis. RESULTS Despite an augmented insulin response following CHO-H ingestion, there was no significant difference in skeletal muscle glycogen resynthesis following recovery between trials. CHO-C and CHO-H co-ingestion significantly increased phospho-mTOR Ser2448 and 4EBP1 Thr37/46 versus CHO, with CHO-H displaying the greatest change in phospho-4EBP1 Thr37/46. Protein co-ingestion, compared to CHO alone, during recovery did not augment glycogen resynthesis. CONCLUSION Supplementing CHO with intact sodium caseinate or an insulinotropic hydrolysate derivative augmented intracellular signaling associated with skeletal muscle protein synthesis following prolonged aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Cogan
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Evans
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Enzo Iuliano
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Audrey Melvin
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Davide Susta
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Karl Neff
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Egan
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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83
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Churchward-Venne TA, Pinckaers PJM, van Loon JJA, van Loon LJC. Consideration of insects as a source of dietary protein for human consumption. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:1035-1045. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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84
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Ispoglou T, Deighton K, King RF, White H, Lees M. Novel essential amino acid supplements enriched with L-leucine facilitate increased protein and energy intakes in older women: a randomised controlled trial. Nutr J 2017; 16:75. [PMID: 29183324 PMCID: PMC5704600 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inadequate protein intake (PI), containing a sub-optimal source of essential amino acids (EAAs), and reduced appetite are contributing factors to age-related sarcopenia. The satiating effects of dietary protein per se may negatively affect energy intake (EI), thus there is a need to explore alternative strategies to facilitate PI without compromising appetite and subsequent EI. Methods Older women completed two experiments (EXP1 and EXP2) where they consumed either a Bar (565 kJ), a Gel (477 kJ), both rich in EAAs (7.5 g, 40% L-leucine), or nothing (Control). In EXP1, participants (n = 10, 68 ± 5 years, mean ± SD) consumed Bar, Gel or Control with appetite sensations and appetite-related hormonal responses monitored for one hour, followed by consumption of an ad libitum breakfast (ALB). In EXP2, participants (n = 11, 69 ± 5 years) ingested Bar, Gel or Control alongside an ALB. Results In EXP1, EI at ALB was not different (P = 0.674) between conditions (1179 ± 566, 1254 ± 511, 1206 ± 550 kJ for the Control, Bar, and Gel respectively). However, total EI was significantly higher in the Bar and Gel compared to the Control after accounting for the energy content of the supplements (P < 0.0005). Analysis revealed significantly higher appetite Area under the Curve (AUC) (P < 0.007), a tendency for higher acylated ghrelin AUC (P = 0.087), and significantly lower pancreatic polypeptide AUC (P = 0.02) in the Control compared with the Bar and Gel. In EXP2, EI at ALB was significantly higher (P = 0.028) in the Control (1282 ± 513 kJ) compared to the Bar (1026 ± 565 kJ) and Gel (1064 ± 495 kJ). However, total EI was significantly higher in the Bar and Gel after accounting for the energy content of the supplements (P < 0.007). Conclusions Supplementation with either the Bar or Gel increased total energy intake whether consumed one hour before or during breakfast. This may represent an effective nutritional means for addressing protein and total energy deficiencies in older women. Trial registration Clinical trial register: retrospectively registered, ISRCTN12977929 on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theocharis Ispoglou
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Fairfax Hall, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK. .,Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Fairfax Hall, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Fairfax Hall, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Roderick Fgj King
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Fairfax Hall, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Helen White
- School of Applied and Clinical Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, CL413 Calverley Building Civic Quarter, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Matthew Lees
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Fairfax Hall, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
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85
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Rogerson D. Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:36. [PMID: 28924423 PMCID: PMC5598028 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growth of social media as a platform to share information, veganism is becoming more visible, and could be becoming more accepted in sports and in the health and fitness industry. However, to date, there appears to be a lack of literature that discusses how to manage vegan diets for athletic purposes. This article attempted to review literature in order to provide recommendations for how to construct a vegan diet for athletes and exercisers. While little data could be found in the sports nutrition literature specifically, it was revealed elsewhere that veganism creates challenges that need to be accounted for when designing a nutritious diet. This included the sufficiency of energy and protein; the adequacy of vitamin B12, iron, zinc, calcium, iodine and vitamin D; and the lack of the long-chain n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in most plant-based sources. However, via the strategic management of food and appropriate supplementation, it is the contention of this article that a nutritive vegan diet can be designed to achieve the dietary needs of most athletes satisfactorily. Further, it was suggested here that creatine and β-alanine supplementation might be of particular use to vegan athletes, owing to vegetarian diets promoting lower muscle creatine and lower muscle carnosine levels in consumers. Empirical research is needed to examine the effects of vegan diets in athletic populations however, especially if this movement grows in popularity, to ensure that the health and performance of athletic vegans is optimised in accordance with developments in sports nutrition knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rogerson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, S10 2BP, Sheffield, UK
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86
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Characterising the muscle anabolic potential of dairy, meat and plant-based protein sources in older adults. Proc Nutr Soc 2017; 77:20-31. [DOI: 10.1017/s002966511700194x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is caused, at least in part, by a reduced muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to ingested protein is dependent on the quantity and quality of the protein consumed. This review characterises the anabolic properties of animal-derived and plant-based dietary protein sources in older adults. While approximately 60 % of dietary protein consumed worldwide is derived from plant sources, plant-based proteins generally exhibit lower digestibility, lower leucine content and deficiencies in certain essential amino acids such as lysine and methionine, which compromise the availability of a complete amino acid profile required for muscle protein synthesis. Based on currently available scientific evidence, animal-derived proteins may be considered more anabolic than plant-based protein sources. However, the production and consumption of animal-derived protein sources is associated with higher greenhouse gas emissions, while plant-based protein sources may be considered more environmentally sustainable. Theoretically, the lower anabolic capacity of plant-based proteins can be compensated for by ingesting a greater dose of protein or by combining various plant-based proteins to provide a more favourable amino acid profile. In addition, leucine co-ingestion can further augment the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response. Finally, prior exercise or n-3 fatty acid supplementation have been shown to sensitise skeletal muscle to the anabolic properties of dietary protein. Applying one or more of these strategies may support the maintenance of muscle mass with ageing when diets rich in plant-based protein are consumed.
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87
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Jadczak AD, Luscombe-Marsh N, Taylor P, Barnard R, Makwana N, Visvanathan R. The EXPRESS Study: Exercise and Protein Effectiveness Supplementation Study supporting autonomy in community dwelling frail older people-study protocol for a randomized controlled pilot and feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2017; 4:8. [PMID: 28694987 PMCID: PMC5500992 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-017-0156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Research has repeatedly demonstrated that exercise has a positive impact on physical function and is beneficial in the treatment of physical frailty. However, an even more effective strategy for managing physical frailty might be the combination of multicomponent exercise with the intake of high-quality protein supplements, but the efficacy remains unclear for older adults who are already pre-frail and frail. The aim is to examine the feasibility of recruiting frail older adults to participate in a trial designed to determine the potential effects of a 6-month exercise and nutrition intervention on physical function. The feasibility objectives will include frail older peoples’ compliance, the safety and tolerability of the trial, the estimation of estimates to aid sample size calculation, and the potential efficacy. Primary outcomes for the main trial will include gait speed, grip strength and physical performance. Secondary outcomes will include frailty status, muscle mass, nutritional intake, physical activity levels, cognitive performance and quality of life. Methods/design A randomised, parallel, control pilot and feasibility study will be conducted. All participants will be randomly assigned to either (a) an exercise program + high-quality protein supplement or (b) an exercise program + low-quality protein supplement. Both protein supplements will be matched closely in colour, flavour and packaging so that both the participants and the research staff are blinded. The exercise program will be the same in both groups. Assessments will be conducted at baseline and at 3 and 6 months and include gait speed, grip strength, the Short Physical Performance Battery, Timed Up and Go Test, FRAIL Screen, bioelectrical impedance analyses, 24-h dietary recall, Katz Activities of Daily Living, Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, the Trail Making Test, Short Form Health Survey-36, and 1 week accelerometer quantification. The data will be analysed using an ANCOVA model. Discussion This study is expected to provide much needed insight into the feasibility of recruiting and retaining frail older adults into community-based intervention programs, while providing knowledge relating to the safety, tolerability and benefits of a combined exercise and protein supplement program designed to halt or reverse the transition of physical frailty in the community. If shown to be effective, this strategy could be included in the best practice clinical guidelines for community-dwelling older adults who are pre-frail or frail. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12616000521426
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Daria Jadczak
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence Frailty and Healthy Ageing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.,Adelaide Geriatrics Training and Research with Aged Care (G-TRAC) Centre, Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.,Aged and Extended Care Services, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, 28 Woodville Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5011 Australia
| | - Natalie Luscombe-Marsh
- Nutrition and Health Program, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Penelope Taylor
- Nutrition and Health Program, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert Barnard
- Centre for Physical Activity in Ageing (CPAA), Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Naresh Makwana
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence Frailty and Healthy Ageing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.,Adelaide Geriatrics Training and Research with Aged Care (G-TRAC) Centre, Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Renuka Visvanathan
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence Frailty and Healthy Ageing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.,Adelaide Geriatrics Training and Research with Aged Care (G-TRAC) Centre, Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.,Aged and Extended Care Services, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, 28 Woodville Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5011 Australia
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Hurt RT, McClave SA, Martindale RG, Ochoa Gautier JB, Coss-Bu JA, Dickerson RN, Heyland DK, Hoffer LJ, Moore FA, Morris CR, Paddon-Jones D, Patel JJ, Phillips SM, Rugeles SJ, Sarav, MD M, Weijs PJM, Wernerman J, Hamilton-Reeves J, McClain CJ, Taylor B. Summary Points and Consensus Recommendations From the International Protein Summit. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32:142S-151S. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533617693610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Hurt
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Stephen A. McClave
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Robert G. Martindale
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Juan B. Ochoa Gautier
- Nestlé HealthCare Nutrition, Inc, Florham Park, New Jersey, USA, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jorge A. Coss-Bu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Roland N. Dickerson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daren K. Heyland
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - L. John Hoffer
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Claudia R. Morris
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jayshil J. Patel
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saúl J. Rugeles
- Department of Surgery, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Medical School, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Menaka Sarav, MD
- Department of Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter J. M. Weijs
- Department of Medicine, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Wernerman
- Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jill Hamilton-Reeves
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Beth Taylor
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Tavares LD, de Souza EO, Ugrinowitsch C, Laurentino GC, Roschel H, Aihara AY, Cardoso FN, Tricoli V. Effects of different strength training frequencies during reduced training period on strength and muscle cross-sectional area. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:665-672. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1298673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Duarte Tavares
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Oliveira de Souza
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Candido Laurentino
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of health, exercise science and recreation management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valmor Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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90
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Afonso J, Nikolaidis PT, Sousa P, Mesquita I. Is Empirical Research on Periodization Trustworthy? A Comprehensive Review of Conceptual and Methodological Issues. J Sports Sci Med 2017; 16:27-34. [PMID: 28344448 PMCID: PMC5358028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodization is a core concept in training. Recently, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have attempted to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic, but theoretical criticisms have arisen with regard to how such research has been conducted. The purpose of the study was to review comprehensively the conceptual and methodological issues surrounding empirical research on periodization in training with human subjects. A search was conducted late in February 2016 on Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Plus, MedicLatina, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science. Forty-two randomized or randomized controlled trials were retrieved. Problems emerged in three domains: (a) Conceptually, periodization and variation were applied differently in research, while no empirical research tested predictions concerning direction, timing or magnitude of the adaptations; (b) Study design: More than 95% of papers investigated the 'physical' factor (mainly strength). Research on long-term effects was absent (no study lasted more than nine months). Controlling for confounding factors such as nutrition, supplementation and medication was largely ignored; (c) Data analysis was biased as dispersion in responsiveness was ignored when discussing the findings. Overall, research on periodization fails to analyze the conceptual premises proposed by these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Formation, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport. Faculty of Sport - University of Porto , Portugal
| | - Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical and Cultural Education - Hellenic Army Academy , Athens, Greece
| | - Patrícia Sousa
- Centre for Research, Formation, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport. Faculty of Sport - University of Porto , Portugal
| | - Isabel Mesquita
- Centre for Research, Formation, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport. Faculty of Sport - University of Porto , Portugal
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91
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Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that adaptations, initiated by exercise, can be amplified or reduced by nutrition. Various methods have been discussed to optimize training adaptations and some of these methods have been subject to extensive study. To date, most methods have focused on skeletal muscle, but it is important to note that training effects also include adaptations in other tissues (e.g., brain, vasculature), improvements in the absorptive capacity of the intestine, increases in tolerance to dehydration, and other effects that have received less attention in the literature. The purpose of this review is to define the concept of periodized nutrition (also referred to as nutritional training) and summarize the wide variety of methods available to athletes. The reader is referred to several other recent review articles that have discussed aspects of periodized nutrition in much more detail with primarily a focus on adaptations in the muscle. The purpose of this review is not to discuss the literature in great detail but to clearly define the concept and to give a complete overview of the methods available, with an emphasis on adaptations that are not in the muscle. Whilst there is good evidence for some methods, other proposed methods are mere theories that remain to be tested. 'Periodized nutrition' refers to the strategic combined use of exercise training and nutrition, or nutrition only, with the overall aim to obtain adaptations that support exercise performance. The term nutritional training is sometimes used to describe the same methods and these terms can be used interchangeably. In this review, an overview is given of some of the most common methods of periodized nutrition including 'training low' and 'training high', and training with low- and high-carbohydrate availability, respectively. 'Training low' in particular has received considerable attention and several variations of 'train low' have been proposed. 'Training-low' studies have generally shown beneficial effects in terms of signaling and transcription, but to date, few studies have been able to show any effects on performance. In addition to 'train low' and 'train high', methods have been developed to 'train the gut', train hypohydrated (to reduce the negative effects of dehydration), and train with various supplements that may increase the training adaptations longer term. Which of these methods should be used depends on the specific goals of the individual and there is no method (or diet) that will address all needs of an individual in all situations. Therefore, appropriate practical application lies in the optimal combination of different nutritional training methods. Some of these methods have already found their way into training practices of athletes, even though evidence for their efficacy is sometimes scarce at best. Many pragmatic questions remain unanswered and another goal of this review is to identify some of the remaining questions that may have great practical relevance and should be the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asker E Jeukendrup
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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