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Zhao GP, Wang YX, Fan ZW, Ji Y, Liu MJ, Zhang WH, Li XL, Zhou SX, Li H, Liang S, Liu W, Yang Y, Fang LQ. Mapping ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1075. [PMID: 33597544 PMCID: PMC7889899 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding ecological niches of major tick species and prevalent tick-borne pathogens is crucial for efficient surveillance and control of tick-borne diseases. Here we provide an up-to-date review on the spatial distributions of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China. We map at the county level 124 tick species, 103 tick-borne agents, and human cases infected with 29 species (subspecies) of tick-borne pathogens that were reported in China during 1950-2018. Haemaphysalis longicornis is found to harbor the highest variety of tick-borne agents, followed by Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor nutalli and Rhipicephalus microplus. Using a machine learning algorithm, we assess ecoclimatic and socioenvironmental drivers for the distributions of 19 predominant vector ticks and two tick-borne pathogens associated with the highest disease burden. The model-predicted suitable habitats for the 19 tick species are 14‒476% larger in size than the geographic areas where these species were detected, indicating severe under-detection. Tick species harboring pathogens of imminent threats to public health should be prioritized for more active field surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Jin Liu
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Lou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Song Liang
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China.
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Wang D, Xu X, Lv L, Wu P, Dong H, Xiao S, Liu J, Hu Y. Gene cloning, analysis and effect of a new lipocalin homologue from Haemaphysalis longicornis as a protective antigen for an anti-tick vaccine. Vet Parasitol 2021; 290:109358. [PMID: 33482427 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis is distributed worldwide and transmits a variety of pathogens, causing human and animal disease. Use of chemical acaricides, as a primary tick control method, has several disadvantages, including acaricide resistance, environmental damage and residue accumulation in livestock. Development of a livestock vaccination aimed at a tick protective antigen could be an effective, labor-saving and environmentally-friendly method of reducing tick infestation and transmission of tick-borne pathogens. Lipocalins are low molecular weight proteins that play important roles in blood feeding, immune response and reproduction in ticks. In our study, the open reading frame (ORF) of a lipocalin homologue from H. longicornis (HlLIP) was successfully cloned, which consisted of 387 bp encoding a protein of 128 amino acids. The HlLIP protein sequence showed a close sequence homology with Ixodes persulcatus lipocalin. The HlLIP gene was constitutively detected in all developmental stages and in all tissues of the unfed female tick. The ORF of the HlLIP gene was sub-cloned into pET-32a (+) to obtain the recombinant protein (rHlLIP) and its immunogenicity was comfirmed by western blot. A vaccination trial on rabbits against H. longicornis infestation demonstrated that the rHlLIP protein could significantly prolong the period of tick blood feeding, and reduce tick engorged weight, oviposition and egg hatching rate. The vaccination efficacy of the rHlLIP protein was 60.17 % based on engorged weight, oviposition and egg hatching rate of ticks. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that rHlLIP protein is a promising antigen that could potentially be developed as a vaccine against H. longicornis infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050024, PR China
| | - Xiaocan Xu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050024, PR China
| | - Lihong Lv
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050024, PR China
| | - Pinxing Wu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050024, PR China
| | - Hongmeng Dong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050024, PR China
| | - Shuwen Xiao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050024, PR China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050024, PR China.
| | - Yonghong Hu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050024, PR China.
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Wang Q, Pan YS, Jiang BG, Ye RZ, Chang QC, Shao HZ, Cui XM, Xu DL, Li LF, Wei W, Xia LY, Li J, Zhao L, Guo WB, Zhou YH, Jiang JF, Jia N, Cao WC. Prevalence of Multiple Tick-Borne Pathogens in Various Tick Vectors in Northeastern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:162-171. [PMID: 33347789 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tick-borne bacteria and protozoa can cause a variety of human and animal diseases in China. It is of great importance to monitor the prevalence and dynamic variation of these pathogens in ticks in ever-changing natural and social environment. Materials and Methods: Ticks were collected from Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces of northeastern China during 2018-2019 followed by morphological identification. The presence of Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., and Theileria spp. was examined by PCR and Sanger sequencing. The obtained sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis through Mega 7.0. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0. Results: A total of 250 ticks from 5 species of 3 genera were collected. Ixodes and Haemaphysalis ticks carried more species of pathogens than Dermacentor, and the pathogens detected in Haemaphysalis japonica varied significantly among different sampling sites. The infection rates of Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., and Theileria spp. were 41.2%, 0, 2.0%, 7.2%, 1.2%, and 7.2%, respectively. Twelve pathogens were identified, among which Rickettsia raoultii (29.6%), Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae (9.2%), and Theileria equi (4.4%) were the three most common ones. Rickettsia had its dominant vector, that is, R. raoultii had high infection rates in Dermacentor nuttalli and Dermacentor silvarum, Ca. R. tarasevichiae in Ixodes persulcatus, and Rickettsia heilongjiangensis in H. japonica. Interestingly, unclassified species were observed, including a Rickettsia sp., an Ehrlichia sp., a Borrelia sp., and a Babesia sp. Coinfections with different pathogens were identified in 9.2% of all tested ticks, with I. persulcatus most likely to be coinfected (23.8%) and Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia spp. as the most common combination (16.7%). Conclusions: The results of this study reflect high diversity and complexity of pathogens in ticks, which are useful for designing more targeted and effective control measures for tick-borne diseases in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Sheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Gui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Run-Ze Ye
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Cheng Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ze Shao
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Da-Li Xu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- Shanghai Institute for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Center for Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Luo-Yuan Xia
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Fu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Na Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
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Ni J, Lin H, Xu X, Ren Q, Aizezi M, Luo J, Luo Y, Ma Z, Chen Z, Tan Y, Guo J, Liu W, Qu Z, Wu Z, Wang J, Li Y, Guan G, Luo J, Yin H, Liu G. Coxiella burnetii is widespread in ticks (Ixodidae) in the Xinjiang areas of China. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:317. [PMID: 32859190 PMCID: PMC7455992 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gram-negative Coxiella burnetii bacterium is the pathogen that causes Q fever. The bacterium is transmitted to animals via ticks, and manure, air, dead infected animals, etc. and can cause infection in domestic animals, wild animals, and humans. Xinjiang, the provincial-level administrative region with the largest land area in China, has many endemic tick species. The infection rate of C. burnetii in ticks in Xinjiang border areas has not been studied in detail. Results For the current study, 1507 ticks were collected from livestock at 22 sampling sites in ten border regions of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region from 2018 to 2019. C. burnetii was detected in 205/348 (58.91%) Dermacentor nuttalli; in 110/146 (75.34%) D. pavlovskyi; in 66/80 (82.50%) D. silvarum; in 15/32 (46.90%) D. niveus; in 28/132 (21.21%) Hyalomma rufipes; in 24/25 (96.00%) H. anatolicum; in 219/312 (70.19%) H. asiaticum; in 252/338 (74.56%) Rhipicephalus sanguineus; and in 54/92 (58.70%) Haemaphysalis punctata. Among these samples, C. burnetii was detected in D. pavlovskyi for the first time. The infection rate of Rhipicephalus was 74.56% (252/338), which was the highest among the four tick genera sampled, whereas the infection rate of H. anatolicum was 96% (24/25), which was the highest among the nine tick species sampled. A sequence analysis indicated that 63 16S rRNA sequences could be found in four newly established genotypes: MT498683.1 (n = 18), MT498684.1 (n = 33), MT498685.1 (n = 6), and MT498686.1 (n = 6). Conclusions This study indicates that MT498684.1 might represent the main C. burnetii genotype in the ticks in Xinjiang because it was detected in eight of the tick species studied. The high infection rate of C. burnetii detected in the ticks found in domestic animals may indicate a high likelihood of Q fever infection in both domestic animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China
| | - Hanliang Lin
- Animal health supervision institute of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Malike Aizezi
- Animal health supervision institute of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Jin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Animal health supervision institute of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Ma
- Animal health supervision institute of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Ze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China
| | - Yangchun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China
| | - Junhui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China
| | - Wenge Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China
| | - Zegong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
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Liu M, Li T, Yang J, Li SS, Yu ZJ, Liu JZ. Seasonal abundance and activity of the tick Dermacentor everestianus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Tibetan Plateau, China. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 81:609-619. [PMID: 32740688 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dermacentor everestianus is an important vector for several pathogens endemic in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, knowledge of its seasonal activity and abundance is limited. Hence, the seasonal dynamics of questing and host-feeding D. everestianus were investigated from March 2014 to February 2016 in Damxung County, north of Lhasa City in Tibet. During the 2-year period, questing ticks were collected weekly from two habitats (grassland and shrubs) by flag-dragging. Host-feeding ticks were removed weekly from sheep and their attachment sites were recorded. Plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) captured by traps were examined for immature ticks from May to September 2014. Results revealed that questing D. everestianus were primarily distributed in grassland, whereas host-feeding adults and nymphs were mainly found on sheep, and larvae usually were on plateau pikas. Dermacentor everestianus can complete one generation per year with population overlap between the larvae and nymphs. Adults were mainly observed from February to April with the major peak occurring in late March. Additionally, unfed adults were detected on sheep from August to next February. Nymphs were found from late May to July and reached their peak in late June. Larvae collected during May and June reached peak numbers in late May.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Tuo Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
- International Education School, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Si-Si Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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Heath ACG. A history of the introduction, establishment, dispersal and management of Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in New Zealand. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2020.1772326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen C. G. Heath
- AgResearch Ltd., c/o Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Wang Y, Hu S, Tuerdi M, Yu X, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Cao J, da Silva Vaz I, Zhou J. Initiator and executioner caspases in salivary gland apoptosis of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:288. [PMID: 32503655 PMCID: PMC7275347 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis is fundamental in maintaining cell balance in multicellular organisms, and caspases play a crucial role in apoptosis pathways. It is reported that apoptosis plays an important role in tick salivary gland degeneration. Several different caspases have been found in ticks, but the interactions between them are currently unknown. Here, we report three new caspases, isolated from the salivary glands of the tick Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides. Methods The full-length cDNA of the RhCaspases 7, 8 and 9 genes were obtained by transcriptome, and RhCaspases 7, 8 and 9 were expressed in E. coli; after protein purification and immunization in mice, specific polyclonal antibodies (PcAb) were created in response to the recombinant protein. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot were used to detect the existence of RhCaspases 7, 8 and 9 in ticks. TUNEL assays were used to determine the apoptosis level in salivary glands at different feeding times after gene silencing. The interaction between RhCaspases 7, 8 and 9 were identified by co-transfection assays. Results The transcription of apoptosis-related genes in R. haemaphysaloides salivary glands increased significantly after tick engorgement. Three caspase-like molecules containing conserved caspase domains were identified and named RhCaspases 7, 8 and 9. RhCaspase8 and RhCaspase9 contain a long pro-domain at their N-terminals. An RT-qPCR assay demonstrated that the transcription of these three caspase genes increased significantly during the engorged periods of the tick developmental stages (engorged larval, nymph, and adult female ticks). Transcriptional levels of RhCaspases 7, 8 and 9 in salivary glands increased more significantly than other tissues post-engorgement. RhCaspase9-RNAi treatment significantly inhibited tick feeding. In contrast, knockdown of RhCaspase7 and RhCaspase8 had no influence on tick feeding. Compared to the control group, apoptosis levels were significantly reduced after interfering with RhCaspase 7, 8 and 9 expressions. Co-transfection assays showed RhCaspase7 was cleaved by RhCaspases 8 and 9, demonstrating that RhCaspases 8 and 9 are initiator caspases and RhCaspase7 is an executioner caspase. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify initiator and executioner caspases in ticks, confirm the interaction among them, and associate caspase activation with tick salivary gland degeneration.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shanming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mayinuer Tuerdi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xinmao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Agwunobi DO, Pei T, Wang K, Yu Z, Liu J. Effects of the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus on mortality and morphology of the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 81:37-50. [PMID: 32246382 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis is one of the most prevalent tick species across eastern Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, and has been implicated as a vector of several pathogenic agents. This study evaluated the in vitro acaricidal efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) essential oil on unfed H. longicornis using the adult and nymph immersion test, and the larval packet test. Six concentrations with three replications each of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg/mL (adults and nymphs) were used, and 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/mL (larvae), with control group (50% ethanol). The adult and nymph mortality rates were 98 and 100% at 50 mg/mL, and 95 and 100% at 60 mg/mL, respectively, whereas the larval mortality rate was 94 and 96% at 40 and 80 mg/mL, respectively. Mortality of adult, nymph and larva increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. The LC50 for adult, nymph, and larva, were 29.21 (95% confidence interval 25.90-32.58), 28.18 (23.78-32.25), and 28.06 (25.57-30.90) mg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy revealed a disjointed sensilla base from the sockets, cuticular cracks, blocked aeropyles, and shrinking of the midgut. These results showed that C. citratus essential oil could be a good eco-friendly alternative control strategy against ectoparasites like ticks due to its high acaricidal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond O Agwunobi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Tingwei Pei
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Kuang Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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Nwanade CF, Wang M, Wang T, Yu Z, Liu J. Botanical acaricides and repellents in tick control: current status and future directions. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 81:1-35. [PMID: 32291551 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites and notorious as vectors of a great diversity of, in many instances, zoonotic pathogens which can cause considerable damage to animal and human health. The most commonly used approach for the control of ticks is the application of synthetic acaricides. However, the negative impacts of synthetic acaricides on the treated animals and the environment, in addition to its documented role in the development of resistance has led to the search for safer and more environmentally friendly alternative methods without compromising efficacy. An emerging promising approach for the control of ticks which has attracted much attention in recent years is the use of botanicals. Indeed, botanicals have been widely reported to show diverse effects and great potential as tick repellent and control. Although several excellent reviews have previously focused on this topic, studies on the exploration and application of botanicals to control ticks have expanded rapidly. Herein, we provide an update on the current understanding and status of botanical acaricides and repellents in tick control using recently published articles between 2017 and 2019. We also discuss the challenges and future directions in the application of botanicals in tick control, with a view of providing important clues for designing new integrated tick control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuks F Nwanade
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Min Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Tianhong Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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Liu W, Guo J, Luo J, Ren Q, Chen Z, Qu Z, Wu Z, Ni J, Xu X, Rashid M, Luo J, Yin H, Yang Z, Liu G. Analysis of microRNA expression profiles dynamic in different life stages of Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks by deep sequencing of small RNA libraries. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101427. [PMID: 32370927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The three-host tick Haemaphysalis longicornis is an obligate blood-sucking ectoparasite. In life-stage transitions, microRNAs (miRNAs) show a variety of expression changes. To investigate these changes, deep sequencing technology was applied to identify the conserved and potentially novel miRNAs expressed during the different life stages of H. longicornis. Total RNA from eggs, unfed larvae, unfed nymphs and unfed adults was extracted for deep sequence analysis. Deep sequencing on a Hiseq 4000 generated a total of 111,192,069 reads, grouped into four small RNA (sRNA) libraries, one for each of the four developmental stages of H. longicornis. Among these sequences, 78 conserved and 55 potentially novel miRNAs were identified, including stage-specific and differentially expressed miRNAs. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated significantly enriched GO terms related to cell proliferation and differentiation, including specific terms for the processes of development, growth, metabolism, regulation of biological functions, reproduction, and membrane enzyme regular activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed a significant enrichment of the insulin, notch, Hippo, and Wnt signaling pathways for growth and development. Our data highlight the abundance of miRNA changes (conserved and potentially novel) in the different life stages of H. longicornis. In particular, stage-specific miRNAs, as observed, are essential regulators for the development of H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenge Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China; College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Junhui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Jin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Qiaoyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Ze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Zegong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Jun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Muhammad Rashid
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China.
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Zhao L, Lv J, Li F, Li K, He B, Zhang L, Han X, Wang H, Johnson N, Lin X, Wu S, Liu Y. Identification and Molecular Analysis of Ixodid Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Infesting Domestic Animals and Tick-Borne Pathogens at the Tarim Basin of Southern Xinjiang, China. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:37-46. [PMID: 32145725 PMCID: PMC7066438 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Livestock husbandry is vital to economy of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China. However, there have been few surveys of the distribution of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and tick-borne pathogens affecting domestic animals at these locations. In this study, 3,916 adult ixodid ticks infesting domestic animals were collected from 23 sampling sites during 2012-2016. Ticks were identified to species based on morphology, and the identification was confirmed based on mitochondrial 16S and 12S rRNA sequences. Ten tick species belonging to 4 genera were identified, including Rhipicephalus turanicus, Hyalomma anatolicum, Rh. bursa, H. asiaticum asiaticum, and Rh. sanguineus. DNA sequences of Rickettsia spp. (spotted fever group) and Anaplasma spp. were detected in these ticks. Phylogenetic analyses revealed possible existence of undescribed Babesia spp. and Borrelia spp. This study illustrates potential threat to domestic animals and humans from tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizhou Lv
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Kairui Li
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo He
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqing Han
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyu Wang
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Surrey, KT15 3NB UK
| | - Xiangmei Lin
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China
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Lee S, Lee H, Park JW, Yoon SS, Seo HJ, Noh J, Yoo MS, Kim KH, Park Y, Cho YS, So BJ. Prevalence of antibodies against Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Babesia gibsoni, and Ehrlichia spp. in dogs in the Republic of Korea. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101412. [PMID: 32173299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of comprehensive studies on the seroprevalence of tick-borne pathogens in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalences of Anaplasma spp. (A. phagocytophilum/A. platys), Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Babesia gibsoni, Ehrlichia spp. (E. canis/E. ewingii), and Ehrlichia chaffeensis in dogs across the Republic of Korea in 2017 and 2018. A total of 2215 serum samples collected from 938 companion dogs, 969 shelter dogs, and 308 military working dogs were examined using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect fluorescence immunoassay (IFA) kits. Data collected for each animal, including breed, sex, age, region, season, and dog type, were used for statistical analysis. The overall seroprevalence was highest for Anaplasma spp. (15.1 %), followed by Ehrlichia spp. (10.3 %), B. burgdorferi sensu lato (6.4 %), E. chaffeensis (2.3 %), and B. gibsoni (1.7 %). One hundred and sixty-one dogs had antibodies against two or three different pathogens. The most common combinations were Anaplasma spp. - Ehrlichia spp. (2.1 %), Anaplasma spp. - E. chaffeensis (1.4 %), and Anaplasma spp. - B. burgdorferi sensu lato (1.2 %). Season was significantly associated with the seroprevalences of B. burgdorferi sensu lato and Ehrlichia spp., with dogs presenting the highest percentage of positive results during summer. Anaplasma spp. and B. gibsoni were significantly more prevalent in the northern and southern regions, respectively. The seroprevalences of Anaplasma spp., B. burgdorferi sensu lato, and Ehrlichia spp. were significantly higher in military working dogs, while the seroprevalence of E. chaffeensis was higher in companion dogs. The current findings are important for future surveillance of canine tick-borne pathogens and designing appropriate approaches for the diagnosis and control of these pathogens in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Lee
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ji Seo
- Parasitic and Insect Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinhyeong Noh
- Parasitic and Insect Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Sun Yoo
- Parasitic and Insect Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keun-Ho Kim
- Parasitic and Insect Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeojin Park
- Parasitic and Insect Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Sang Cho
- Parasitic and Insect Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Jae So
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
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64
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Qiu ZX, Li Y, Li MM, Wang WY, Zhang TT, Liu JZ. Investigation of three enzymes and their roles in the embryonic development of parthenogenetic Haemaphysalis longicornis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:46. [PMID: 32005284 PMCID: PMC6995198 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tick Haemaphysalis longicornis exhibits two separate reproductive populations: bisexual and parthenogenetic, which have diploid and triploid karyotypes, respectively. The parthenogenetic population can undergo engorgement without copulation and produce viable female-only offspring with a longer incubation period than the bisexual population. Three enzymes, cathepsin B, cathepsin D and acid phosphatase, were found to be involved in vitellin degradation during the embryonic development of bisexual H. longicornis. However, the expression and activity profiles of these enzymes during the embryonic development of parthenogenetic ticks remain unknown. In the present study, the transcriptional expression profile, enzyme activity and roles in embryogenesis of the three enzymes during the embryonic development of parthenogenetic H. longicornis were investigated. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and fluorescence detection were used to analyze the dynamic changes in the three enzymes during embryogenesis. The roles of the three enzymes during embryogenesis were also explored using RNA interference (RNAi). RESULTS The three enzymes were all expressed during embryonic development in parthenogenetic H. longicornis. The expression of cathepsin B was highest on day 15, whereas that of cathepsin D was highest on day 3 and the peak of acid phosphatase expression occurred on day 9. The activity of cathepsin B was highest on day 3 and lowest on day 5, then gradually increased and remained stable. Cathepsin D activity was highest on day 1 and showed a gradually decreasing trend, whereas acid phosphatase showed the opposite trend and reached a peak on day 23. RNA interference experiments in engorged female ticks revealed that there was no significant difference in the number of eggs laid, but the hatching rate of the eggs was significantly decreased. CONCLUSION The three enzymes all play important roles in embryonic development of H. longicornis, but the expression patterns and changes in the activity of the enzymes in the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations are different. The results will help a better understanding of the similarities and differences underlying embryonic development in the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations and contribute to the future exploration of the development of the parthenogenetic population of H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xi Qiu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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65
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De Novo RNA-seq and Functional Annotation of Haemaphysalis longicornis. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:807-820. [PMID: 31418165 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann) is a hematophagous tick widely distributed in northern China. It not only causes enormous economic loss to animal husbandry, but also as a vector and reservoir of various zoonotic pathogens, it spreads natural focal diseases, such as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, seriously threatening human health. Lack of transcriptomic and genomic data from H. longicornis limits the study of this important medical vector. METHODS The engorged female H. longicornis from Gansu, China, was used for RNA extraction, de novo RNA-seq, functional annotation, and ORF prediction. RESULTS As a result, 53.09 million clean reads (98.88%) with a GC content of 54.29% were obtained. A total of 65,916 Unigenes were assembled, of which 34.59% (23,330) were successfully annotated. Of these Unigenes, 22,587 (34.27%) were annotated to species by NCBI non-redundant protein (nr). Ixodes scapularis, Limulus polyphemus, Parasteatoda tepidariorum, Stegodyphus mimosarum, and Metaseiulus occidentalis were the top BLAST hit species, accounting for 47.23%, 9.58%, 4.11%, 3.50%, and 2.69%, respectively. A total of 29,182 ORFs were predicted, and 35 complete ORFs for functional genes were identified, including ORFs involved in digestion (14), stress responses (8), anticoagulation (3), reproduction (3), antimicrobial (2), drug resistance (2), movement (2), autophagy (1), and immunity (1), respectively. The Unigene ORFs encoding cathepsin and heat shock proteins were further analyzed phylogenetically. CONCLUSION De novo RNA-seq and functional annotation of H. longicornis were successfully completed for the first time, providing a molecular data resource for further research on blood-sucking, pathogen transmission mechanisms, and effective prevention and control strategies.
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Lu G, Pan J, Zhang G. African swine fever virus in Asia: Its rapid spread and potential threat to unaffected countries. J Infect 2019; 80:350-371. [PMID: 31758954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialiang Pan
- General Station of Forest and Grassland Pest Management, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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67
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Zhang R, Yu G, Huang Z, Zhang Z. Microbiota assessment across different developmental stages of Dermacentor silvarum (Acari: Ixodidae) revealed stage-specific signatures. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101321. [PMID: 31708377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dermacentor silvarum is an important vector of tick-borne pathogens. The microbiota of ticks has been recognized to influence their development, fitness, and reproduction as well as the acquisition, establishment and transmission of pathogens. Eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults (females and males) of D. silvarum were used in this study to evaluate microbial community and diversity across different developmental stages. The results demonstrated that some developmental stages host different bacterial species, confirming that each stage of development could have a specific associated microbiota. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in most stages, while Actinobacteria was the most abundant in nymphs. The abundance of Brevibacterium significantly increased from the egg stage to the following stages, and there was a sharp increase in the abundance of this genus among nymphs. Eggs showed the highest microbial richness and diversity, and the microbial community of eggs exhibited high similarity to that of females. Moreover, the high abundance of Coxiella in eggs and females further indicated that members of this genus are vertically transmitted symbionts. Nymphs showed a microbial composition distinct from those of the other stages, and the microbial community associated with males possessed higher species richness and greater bacterial diversity than that of females. Further investigations are needed to determine the functions of the microbiota and provide information enabling a better understanding of the diversity of the microbial community at different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China.
| | - Guangfu Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China
| | - Zhendong Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China.
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu J. Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) in China: Geographical distribution, host diversity, and specificity. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 102:e21544. [PMID: 30859631 PMCID: PMC6850514 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites, which not only directly damage through bites but also transmit many pathogens. China has a high diversity of tick species, 125 species have been reported, including 111 hard tick and 14 soft tick species. Many of the ticks are important vectors of pathogens, resulting in zoonoses. The dynamics of ticks are affected by both the host and habitat environment. However, systematic studies on the geographical distribution, host diversity, and specificity of ticks are limited in China. To achieve this goal, the relevant available data were summarized and analyzed in this study. Ticks are distributed in all parts of China and Xinjiang has the most records of ticks. The distribution of ticks in adjacent areas is similar, indicating that the habitat environment affects their distribution. Most ticks are widely distributed, whereas some species are endemic to their distributed regions. Ticks are parasitic on mammals, birds, and reptiles, of which mammals are the main host species. Overall, most ticks parasitize different hosts, only a few ticks have strict host specificity, such as ticks that are specifically parasitic on reptiles and bats. In addition, environmental changes and control efforts also influence the dynamics of ticks. These results can better reveal tick biological traits and are valuable for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Kai Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life SciencesHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Xiao‐Yu Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life SciencesHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Jing‐Ze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life SciencesHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
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Malik MI, Nawaz M, Wang Y, Zhang H, Cao J, Zhou Y, Hassan IA, Islam MN, Anwar MN, Zhou J. Localized expression and inhibition effect of miR-184 on blood digestion and oviposition in Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:500. [PMID: 31653232 PMCID: PMC6814974 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodidae) is widely distributed in East Asia, China, Australia and New Zealand. It can transmit many infectious pathogens, including the causative agents of human rickettsiosis, bovine theileriosis, bovine babesiosis and canine babesiosis. Therefore, a greater understanding of H. longicornis biology might aid in the development of more effective control measures against the tick and tick-borne pathogens. METHODS We analyzed the expression of miR-184 in different developmental stages and various tissues of H. longicornis using real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Antagomir (Ant-184) was used to knock-down miR-184, whilst Ms-Ant and non-injected ticks were used as the negative and blank controls, respectively. We used online software tools (RNAhybrid and TargetScan) to predict the putative target genes of miR-184. RESULTS The expression of miR-184 was highest in unfed nymphs and lowest in unfed larvae. The tissue distribution of miR-184 showed abundant expression in the midgut. To investigate the probable roles of miR-184, antagomir (Ant-184) was used to knock-down miR-184 (t(4) = 12.32, P = 0.0002). After inhibiting miR-184, other biological factors were examined in each group. The engorged body weight was significantly reduced in the treated group (Ant-184) in contrast to control groups (t(22) = 2.19, P = 0.0388). The mean duration of the egg-laying days was significantly increased (33.5 ± 1.91) and the number of eggs (t(10) = 3.147, P = 0.0137), and egg mass (t(10) = 3.4472, P = 0.0063) were significantly reduced in the treated group. During oviposition, eggs were monitored and in half of the ticks of the Ant-184 group the eggs were completely desiccated, lacked embryo development and did not hatch. We analyzed the expression of Vg proteins (Vg1, Vg2, Vg3) in semi-engorged ticks, engorged ticks, ticks at day 2 after engorgement and egg stage in Ant-184, non-injected and Ms-Ant groups, and found significant variation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides information on the role of miR-184 in H. longicornis ticks. The data suggest that miR-184 targets Vg proteins and affects blood digestion and oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Malik
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Mohsin Nawaz
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Ibrahim A. Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Md. Nazrul Islam
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China
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Yan P, Qiu Z, Zhang T, Li Y, Wang W, Li M, Yu Z, Liu J. Microbial diversity in the tick Argas japonicus (Acari: Argasidae) with a focus on Rickettsia pathogens. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 33:327-335. [PMID: 30839128 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The soft tick Argas japonicus mainly infests birds and can cause human dermatitis; however, no pathogen has been identified from this tick species in China. In the present study, the microbiota in A. japonicus collected from an epidemic community was explored, and some putative Rickettsia pathogens were further characterized. The results obtained indicated that bacteria in A. japonicus were mainly ascribed to the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, the male A. japonicus harboured more diverse bacteria than the females and nymphs. The bacteria Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Rickettsia and Staphylococcus were common in nymphs and adults. The abundance of bacteria belonging to the Rickettsia genus in females and males was 7.27% and 10.42%, respectively. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA gene of Rickettsia was amplified and sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that 13 sequences were clustered with the spotted fever group rickettsiae (Rickettsia heilongjiangensis and Rickettsia japonica) and three were clustered with Rickettsia limoniae, which suggested that the characterized Rickettsia in A. japonicus were novel putative pathogens and also that the residents were at considerable risk for infection by tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Z Qiu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - T Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Y Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - W Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - M Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Z Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - J Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Wang T, Zhang S, Pei T, Yu Z, Liu J. The Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Expression Profile of Mitochondrial Protein-Coding Genes in the Bisexual and Parthenogenetic Haemaphysalis longicornis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:982. [PMID: 31417433 PMCID: PMC6682753 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick Haemaphysalis longicornis is widely distributed in eastern Asia, New Zealand and Australia, and is well-known as a vector of multiple zoonotic pathogens. This species exhibits two reproductive strategies, bisexual and obligate parthenogenetic reproduction. Hence, in the current study, the complete mitochondrial genomes of the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations were assembled and analyzed, and the expression of the mitochondrial protein-coding genes was evaluated and compared between the two reproductive populations. The results indicated that the length of the mitochondrial genomes of the two reproductive populations is 14,694 and 14,693 bp in the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations, respectively. The AT content in the mitochondrial genome of the bisexual and obligate parthenogenetic population reached 77.22 and 77.34%, respectively. The phylogenetic tree was constructed combining 13 protein-coding genes, which showed that the genetic distance between the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations was less than that between the subspecies. The expression of the mitochondrial protein-coding genes was quantitatively analyzed at different feeding status for the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations, and the results showed significant differences in the expression patterns of these genes, suggesting that they might trigger specific energy utilization mechanisms due to their different reproductive strategies and environmental pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tingwei Pei
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Ali A, Khan MA, Zahid H, Yaseen PM, Qayash Khan M, Nawab J, Ur Rehman Z, Ateeq M, Khan S, Ibrahim M. Seasonal Dynamics, Record of Ticks Infesting Humans, Wild and Domestic Animals and Molecular Phylogeny of Rhipicephalus microplus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Front Physiol 2019; 10:793. [PMID: 31379587 PMCID: PMC6646419 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ticks prevalent in various agro-systems of Pakistan are associated with economic losses, information is still missing about the tick's diversity, hosts they infest, seasonal dynamics and molecular phylogeny of Rhipicephalus microplus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan. This study for the first time enlisted ticks infesting diverse hosts including humans in various regions of KP. A total of 8,641 ticks were collected across the northern, southern and central regions of KP and were morpho-taxonomically categorized into six genera comprising 17 species, R. microplus (n = 3,584, 42%), Hyalomma anatolicum (n = 2,253, 27%), Argas persicus (n = 1,342, 16%), Hya. impeltatum (n = 586, 7%), R. turanicus (n = 161, 2%), R. haemaphysaloides (n = 142, 2%), R. annulatus (n = 132, 2%), Hae. montgomeryi (n = 123, 1.4%), Hya. marginatum (n = 110, 1.3%), R. sanguineus (n = 34, 0.4%), and Hae. longicornis (n = 31, 0.4%). Ticks infesting wild animals included Amblyomma gervaisi, Amb. exornatum, Amb. latum, Dermacentor marginatus, and Hae. indica, while ticks collected from humans included R. microplus, R. annulatus, Hya. anatolicum, Hya. marginatum, and Hae. punctata. The overall prevalence of ticks infesting domestic animals was 69.4% (536/772). Among animal hosts, cattle were found highly infested (87.2%, 157/180) followed by buffalos (79%, 91/114), domestic fowls (74.7%, 112/150), goats (68.3%, 82/120), dogs (66.7%, 32/48), horses (61.3%, 49/80), and sheep (16.3%, 13/80). Analysis revealed that the tick burden significantly differed among domestic animals and was found to be high in cattle, followed by buffalos, goats, sheep, domestic fowl, dogs, and horses. Seasonal patterns of ticks distribution showed highest prevalance in July, August, and September due to the prevailing high temperature and humidity during these months. The phylogenetic analysis of cattle tick R. microplus based on partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX1), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences, revealed that R. microplus prevalent in this region belongs to clade C which include ticks originating from Bangladesh, Malaysia, and India. Further large scale studies across the country are necessary to explore the molecular and cross breeding aspects at the geographical overlapping of various tick species and their associated pathogens to facilitate designing control strategies as well as awareness against tick infestation in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Munsif Ali Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Zahid
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Pir Muhammad Yaseen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qayash Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ateeq
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Zhou Z, Li K, Sun Y, Shi J, Li H, Chen Y, Yang H, Li X, Wu B, Li X, Wang Z, Cheng F, Hu S. Molecular epidemiology and risk factors of Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. infection in cattle in Chongqing, China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215585. [PMID: 31306422 PMCID: PMC6629066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) seriously affect cattle production and can be economically damaging. The epidemiology of these organisms in the Chongqing municipality of China is not well described. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of TBPs including Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. in cattle in Chongqing municipality. The results showed that 43.48% (150/345) of cattle were infected with at least one TBP, of which single infections were detected in 104 (30.14%), double infections in 34 cattle (9.86%) and triple infections in 12 (3.48%) of the cattle. The overall prevalence of Anaplasma spp., Theileria spp. and B. bigemina were 22.32%, 23.19% and 7.24%, respectively. Among these, the prevalence of A. bovis, A. central, A. phagocytophilum, A. platys, A. marginale, T. sinensisi and T. orientalis were 8.41%, 7.83%, 4.93%, 4.35%, 2.61%, 22.32% and 2.60%, respectively. We could not detect B. bovis, T. annulata, T. luwenshuni or T. uilenbergi in cattle. Cattle ≥1-year-old were more likely to be infected with Theileria spp. [adjusted odd ratio (AOR) = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.12-6.56)] compared with younger cattle, while cattle ≥1-year-old had reduced susceptibility to B. bigemina (AOR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.03-0.60). Cattle living at higher altitude (≥500 m) were more susceptible to B. bigemina (AOR = 6.97, 95% CI = 2.08-23.35) and Theileria spp. infection (AOR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.06-3.32). The prevalence of Theileria spp. on farms with cats was significantly higher than that without cats (AOR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.12-5.88). Infection with A. bovis and A. central were significantly associated with A. phagocytophilum infection. Furthermore, there were significant associations between A. bovis and A. central infection, T. sinensisi and A. marginale infection, and B. bigemina and T. orientalis infection. This study provides new data on the prevalence of Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. in cattle in Chongqing, and for the first time we reveal a possible relationship between the afore-mentioned pathogens, which will help in formulating appropriate control strategies for these pathogens in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoyong Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingying Sun
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junge Shi
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hexian Li
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoyue Yang
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi Wu
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangjun Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (FC); (SH)
| | - Shijun Hu
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (FC); (SH)
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Chae JB, Cho YS, Cho YK, Kang JG, Shin NS, Chae JS. Epidemiological Investigation of Tick Species from Near Domestic Animal Farms and Cattle, Goat, and Wild Boar in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:319-324. [PMID: 31284358 PMCID: PMC6616163 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the tick species and give background for tick-borne investigations in Korea. Ticks were collected from the area within 2 km radius of the 4 domestic animal farms, where they were located in mountainous areas and raising animals on pasture, and from animal bodies in 2014 and 2015. In total, 7,973 nymphal and adult ticks were collected from the farms - 7,758 Haemaphysalis longicornis, 198 Haemaphysalis flava, and 17 Ixodes nipponensis, and 1,763 were collected from animals - 729 H. longicornis from cattle; 569 H. longicornis from goats; and 297 H. longicornis, 118 H. flava, 1 I. nipponensis, and 49 Amblyomma testudinarium from wild boars. As more species of ticks were collected from wild boars than domesticated animals and their habitats, various animal hosts should be considered while investigating tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Byoung Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Nam-Shik Shin
- Laboratory of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Zhang YK, Yu ZJ, Wang D, Bronislava V, Branislav P, Liu JZ. The bacterial microbiome of field-collected Dermacentor marginatus and Dermacentor reticulatus from Slovakia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:325. [PMID: 31248443 PMCID: PMC6598266 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The important roles of microbial flora in tick biology and ecology have received much attention. Dermacentor marginatus and Dermacentor reticulatus are known vectors of various pathogens across Europe, including Slovakia. However, their bacterial microbiomes are poorly explored. Methods In this study, bacterial microbiomes of field-collected D. marginatus and D. reticulatus from Slovakia were characterized using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results Different analyses demonstrated that the D. marginatus and D. reticulatus microbiomes differ in their diversity and taxonomic structures. Furthermore, species- and sex-specific bacteria were detected in the two species. A possible bacterial pathogen “Candidatus Rhabdochlamydia sp.” was detected from D. marginatus males. Among the observed bacteria, Rickettsia showed high abundance in the two species. Several maternally inherited bacteria such as Coxiella, Arsenophonus, Spiroplasma, Francisella and Rickettsiella, were abundant, and their relative abundance varied depending on tick species and sex, suggesting their biological roles in the two species. Conclusions The bacterial microbiomes of field-collected D. marginatus and D. reticulatus were shaped by tick phylogeny and sex. Maternally inherited bacteria were abundant in the two species. These findings are valuable for understanding tick-bacteria interactions, biology and vector competence of ticks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3582-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Kai Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Duo Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Víchová Bronislava
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Peťko Branislav
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001, Kosice, Slovak Republic.,University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 04185, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, China.
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76
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Wang F, Wang D, Guo G, Hu Y, Wei J, Liu J. Species delimitation of the Dermacentor ticks based on phylogenetic clustering and niche modeling. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6911. [PMID: 31123639 PMCID: PMC6512763 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three species belonging to the genus Dermacentor (Acari: Ixodidae), D. marginatus, D. nuttalli and D. silvarum are well known as vectors for a great variety of infection pathogens. All three of them are host ticks, which are very similar in morphology characteristics, life cycle, seasonal variation and ecological conditions, making it difficult to distinguish the three species. In the present study, these three species were delimitated based on molecular data and ecological niche. The molecular analysis showed that the three species can be distinguished by COI and ITS2 sequences. We created future potential distribution maps for the three species under climate changes with MaxEnt, which highlighted the different levels of the suitable habitats for each tick species. In addition, niche comparisons among the three species in Dermacentor were conducted, and the analysis suggested that niche overlap was relatively high with D. nuttalli and D. silvarum compared to the other species pairs, which was consistent with the molecular data. Niche equivalency and similarity test confirmed that these Dermacentor species were closely related but distinct species. In conclusion, delimitation of these three species within Dermacentor was supported by molecular phylogeny and quantitative ecological space. This study will provide deep insights into the biology, ecology, and diversification processes within Dermacentor species, and for the development of effective control for ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Duo Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Ge Guo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Hu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Jiufeng Wei
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
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High Incidence of a Novel Rickettsia Genotype in Parasitic Haemaphysalis longicornis from China-North Korea Border. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5373. [PMID: 30926896 PMCID: PMC6440996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are notorious vectors for various pathogens that cause infections in animals and humans worldwide. Rickettsia spp., a zoonotic tick-borne pathogen that could be used as a weapon agent, is widely spread in China. In the present study, ticks were collected for species identification and Rickettsia screening. PCR amplification targeting the tick 18s rRNA gene was first conducted for species validation, and then, amplification was conducted for the Rickettsia housekeeping gene for the infection rate and phylogenetic analysis. The collected ticks were identified as Haemaphysalis longicornis, 7.36% of which were Rickettsia-positive. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Rickettsia in the parasitic ticks belonged to a novel genotype, whose closest genetic relationship was with Rickettsia heilongjiangenesis. The samples were collected in Dandong, a city on the border between China and North Korea. Considering the geographical and biological situations of the sampling sites, more extensive surveillance and risk evaluation of the tick species and tick-borne diseases are required.
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Zhang TT, Qiu ZX, Li Y, Wang WY, Li MM, Guo P, Liu JZ. The mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of three enzymes during embryonic development of the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:96. [PMID: 30867025 PMCID: PMC6416942 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three main enzymes including cathepsin B, cathepsin D and acid phosphatase are involved in vitellin degradation, which is a major biochemical event of the embryonic development and can provide nutrients and metabolites for tick embryos. In the present study, the mRNA expression profiles and enzymatic activity of cathepsin B, cathepsin D and acid phosphatase were investigated during embryonic development in the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Results The results revealed that all three enzymes were expressed throughout embryonic development. Both cathepsin B and acid phosphatase transcripts were accumulated during the first four days. Cathepsin B reached its highest expression on day 5, whereas the peak expression of acid phosphatase and cathepsin D occurred on day 11. The highest activity of cathepsin B was observed on the first day of egg development, whereas cathepsin D reached its highest activity on day 13. Acid phosphatase activity increased gradually during the first five days and then remained stable until the end of egg development. Conclusions Three enzymes were expressed and activated in eggs, and also presented different dynamic changes with the development of embryos. The profiles of both mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of these enzymes indicate that they are controlled orderly and play multiple roles during embryonic development in ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Zhao-Xi Qiu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Pei Guo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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79
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Zheng W, Xuan X, Fu R, Tao H, Xu R, Liu Y, Liu X, Jiang J, Wu H, Ma H, Sun Y, Chen H. Preliminary investigation of ixodid ticks in Jiangxi Province of Eastern China. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 77:93-104. [PMID: 30542968 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0324-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a large effort has been made for tick surveys for public health importance around China, especially after outbreaks of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) occurred in humans in 2009. In this paper, the preliminary species composition and population distribution of ticks in Jiangxi Province of Eastern China is reported. Ticks were collected in three habitats (grassland, shrubs and woodland) and from nine host groups in 12 sampling sites throughout Jiangxi Province between 2011 and 2018. Six tick species including Haemaphysalis longicornis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, Haemaphysalis yeni, Haemaphysalis kitaoka, Ixodes sinensis and Dermacentor auratus were collected from the vegetation. Haemaphysalis longicornis was most abundant tick species, accounting for 90.6% of the total ticks. Haemaphysalis yeni and H. kitaoka were newly recorded tick species in Jiangxi Province. Tick presence was remarkably greater in grassland (89.4%) than in woodland (9.4%) and shrubs (1.2%), and nymphs (68.2%) and larvae (19.1%) were more frequently found than adult females (6.6%) and males (6.0%). On hosts, a total of 1513 ticks, from 13 species and four genera, were collected. These were H. longicornis, Haemaphysalis campanulata, Haemaphysalis flava, Haemaphysalis phasiana, H. yeni, H. kitaoka, Haemaphysalis hystricis, R. sanguineus (s.l.), Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, Rhipicephalus microplus, Ixodes granulatus, I. sinensis and Amblyomma testudinarium. Amblyomma testudinarium was a newly recorded tick species in Jiangxi Province. Based on this investigation, H. longicornis was the most frequently collected species (30.5%) and widely distributed tick species of the total collection ticks (in 11 sampling sites). Haemaphysalislongicornis had a broad host range and its presence (hosts with at least one tick) was significantly greater on Lepus sinensis (33.3%) than on Canis familiaris (2.3%) (χ2 = 23.68, p = 0.0013). In addition, the number of H. longicornis collected on L. sinensis (64.0%) was higher than on other host groups. Of all ticks collected on hosts, different developmental stages were obtained, which included 347 larvae (22.9%), 249 nymphs (16.5%), 404 adult males (26.7%) and 513 females (33.9%) and sex distribution was relatively uniform. These data indicate that a broad range of tick species is widely distributed throughout Jiangxi Province in Eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Zheng
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Renlong Fu
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Tao
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongman Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Dajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangqing Liu
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Dajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102200, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Ma
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Dajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Chen
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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80
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Zhao L, Lin XM, Li F, Li KR, He B, Zhang LY, Pan JJ, Wang QR, Gao JM, Johnson N, Yuan XF, Lv JZ, Wu SQ, Liu YH. A survey of argasid ticks and tick-associated pathogens in the Peripheral Oases around Tarim Basin and the first record of Argas japonicus in Xinjiang, China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208615. [PMID: 30586406 PMCID: PMC6306169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Argasid ticks (Acari: Argasidae) carry and transmit a variety of pathogens of animals and humans, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. There are several studies reporting ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and associated tick-borne pathogens in Xinjiang, China. However, little is known about the argasid ticks and argasid tick-associated pathogens in this area. In this study, a total of 3829 adult argasid ticks infesting livestock were collected at 12 sampling sites of 10 counties in the Peripheral Oases, which carry 90% of the livestock and humans population, around the Tarim Basin (southern Xinjiang) from 2013 to 2016. Tick specimens were identified to two species from different genera by morphology and sequences of mitochondrial 16S rRNA and 12S rRNA were derived to confirm the species designation. The results showed that the dominant argasid ticks infesting livestock in southern Xinjiang were Ornithodoros lahorensis (87.86%, 3364/3829). Ornithodoros lahorensis was distributed widely and were collected from 10 counties of southern Xinjiang. Argas japonicus was collected from Xinjiang for the first time. In addition, we screened these ticks for tick-associated pathogens and showed the presence of DNA sequences of Rickettsia spp. of Spotted fever group and Anaplasma spp. in the argasid ticks. This finding suggests the potential role for Argas japonicus as a vector of pathogens to livestock and humans.
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MESH Headings
- Anaplasma/classification
- Anaplasma/genetics
- Anaplasma/isolation & purification
- Anaplasma/pathogenicity
- Animals
- Argas/classification
- Argas/genetics
- Argas/microbiology
- Cattle
- China
- Disease Vectors
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Ornithodoros/classification
- Ornithodoros/genetics
- Ornithodoros/microbiology
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal/classification
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/classification
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- Rickettsia/classification
- Rickettsia/genetics
- Rickettsia/isolation & purification
- Rickettsia/pathogenicity
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sheep
- Tick Infestations/parasitology
- Tick Infestations/pathology
- Tick Infestations/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Mei Lin
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People’s Republic of China
- Animal Loimia Controlling and Diagnostic Center of Aksu Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai-Rui Li
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo He
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu-Yao Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Pan
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang-Rong Wang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Min Gao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Xiang-Fen Yuan
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji-Zhou Lv
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (Liu Y); (Wu S); (Lv J)
| | - Shao-Qiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (Liu Y); (Wu S); (Lv J)
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (Liu Y); (Wu S); (Lv J)
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Li T, Liu M, Zhang TT, Li Y, Wang WY, Li MM, Yu ZJ, Liu JZ. The life cycle and development characteristics of Dermacentor everestianus (Acari: Ixodidae) under field conditions in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 76:513-522. [PMID: 30413990 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The tick Dermacentor everestianus mainly distributed in Tibet, China and Nepal, and can transmit some pathogens causing great damages in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study investigated the life cycle and development characteristics of D. everestianus under field conditions. The average duration of the whole life cycle of D. everestianus was 124.4 days, with the host available in the field plot. Under natural conditions, the mean feeding, preoviposition and oviposition period of female ticks were 6.1, 17.9 and 21.2 days, respectively. The incubation time of eggs was the longest phase in the life cycle of the ticks (26 days on average). Moreover, the weight of engorged females was highly positively correlated with the number of the eggs that were laid (r = 0.81, P < 0.05). The reproductive efficiency index and reproductive fitness index in females were 7.3 and 5.9, respectively. The above findings suggest that the tick D. everestianus have evolved well adaptability to the highland areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, People's Republic of China.
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82
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High genetic diversity in hard ticks from a China-Myanmar border county. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:469. [PMID: 30107820 PMCID: PMC6092835 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many tick species have great morphological similarity and are thus grouped into species complexes. Molecular methods are therefore useful in the classification and identification of ticks. However, little is known about the genetic diversity of hard ticks in China, especially at the subspecies level. Tengchong is one of the epidemic foci of tick-borne diseases in China, but the tick species inhabiting the local area are still unknown. Methods Eighteen villages in Tengchong County, China, were selected for sampling carried out from September to October 2014. Infesting hard ticks were removed from the body surface of domestic animals and questing ticks were collected from grazing fields. After morphological identification, molecular characteristics of each tick species were analyzed based on both 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene fragments. Results Six tick species were identified based on morphology: Rhipicephalus microplus, R. haemaphysaloides, Ixodes ovatus, Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. shimoga and H. kitaokai. Phylogenetic analysis using the cox1 gene revealed that R. microplus ticks from the present study belong to clade C. For tick samples of both R. haemaphysaloides and I. ovatus, three phylogenetic groups were recognized, and the intergroup genetic distances exceeded the usual tick species boundaries. Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks were clustered into two separate clades based on the cox1 gene. For ticks from both H. shimoga and H. kitaokai, two phylogenetic groups were recognized based on the phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, and the intergroup genetic distances also exceeded the known boundaries for closely related tick species. Conclusions According to molecular analyses, new species or subspecies closely related to R. haemaphysaloides, I. ovatus, H. shimoga and H. kitaokai probably exist in the China-Myanmar border Tengchong County, or these ticks form species complexes with highly divergent mitochondrial lineages. Morphological comparisons are warranted to further confirm the taxonomic status of these tick species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3048-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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83
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Li LH, Zhang Y, Zhu D, Zhou XN. Endosymbionts Alter Larva-to-Nymph Transstadial Transmission of Babesia microti in Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides Ticks. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1415. [PMID: 30013530 PMCID: PMC6036257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternally inherited endosymbionts inhabit a variety of arthropods. Some of them can protect the arthropod host against a wide range of pathogens. However, very little is known about the association between endosymbionts and pathogen susceptibility in ticks. The present study investigated the effect of endosymbionts on larva-to-nymph transstadial transmission of Babesia microti by Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks. Engorged female ticks were injected with PBS, ciprofloxacin or kanamycin. The offspring larvae were used to infest B. microti-positive mice. Prevalence of B. microti among the nymphs in different treatment groups and its association with endosymbiont density in the larvae were analyzed. The results showed that the prevalence of B. microti in the kanamycin-treated group (63.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 52.8–75.0%) was higher than that in the PBS (23.6%, 95% CI: 13.8–33.4%) or ciprofloxacin-treated (25.0%, 95% CI: 15.0–35.0%) groups. This increased prevalence was associated with reduced density of Coxiella-like endosymbiont but was not related to the density of Rickettsia-like endosymbiont. No direct evidence has previously been reported about the impact of Coxiella-like endosymbiont on pathogen susceptibility in ticks. This study reveals that endosymbionts are potentially important defensive symbionts of R. haemaphysaloides which may influence the colonization or susceptibility of B. microti in the tick host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Hua Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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84
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Shah SZ, Jabbar B, Ahmed N, Rehman A, Nasir H, Nadeem S, Jabbar I, Rahman ZU, Azam S. Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of a Tick-Borne Disease- Kyasanur Forest Disease: Current Status and Future Directions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:149. [PMID: 29868505 PMCID: PMC5954086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Asia, Haemaphysalis spinigera tick transmits Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV), a flavivirus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with neurological manifestations such as mental disturbances, severe headache, tremors, and vision deficits in infected human beings with a fatality rate of 3-10%. The disease was first reported in March 1957 from Kyasanur forest of Karnataka (India) from sick and dying monkeys. Since then, between 400 and 500 humans cases per year have been recorded; monkeys and small mammals are common hosts of this virus. KFDV can cause epizootics with high fatality in primates and is a level-4 virus according to the international biosafety rules. The density of tick vectors in a given year correlates with the incidence of human disease. The virus is a positive strand RNA virus and its genome was discovered to code for one polyprotein that is cleaved post-translationally into 3 structural proteins (Capsid protein, Envelope Glycoprotein M and Envelope Glycoprotein E) and 7 non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5). KFDV has a high degree of sequence homology with most members of the TBEV serocomplex. Alkhurma virus is a KFDV variant sharing a sequence similarity of 97%. KFDV is classified as a NIAID Category C priority pathogen due to its extreme pathogenicity and lack of US FDA approved vaccines and therapeutics; also, the infectious dose is currently unknown for KFD. In India, formalin-inactivated KFDV vaccine produced in chick embryo fibroblast is being used. Nevertheless, further efforts are required to enhance its long-term efficacy. KFDV remains an understudied virus and there remains a lack of insight into its pathogenesis; moreover, specific treatment to the disease is not available to date. Environmental and climatic factors involved in disseminating Kyasanur Forest Disease are required to be fully explored. There should be a mapping of endemic areas and cross-border veterinary surveillance needs to be developed in high-risk regions. The involvement of both animal and health sector is pivotal for circumscribing the spread of this disease to new areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Z. Shah
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Basit Jabbar
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Ahmed
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anum Rehman
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Hira Nasir
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sarooj Nadeem
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Jabbar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zia ur Rahman
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Azam
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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85
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Tissue Localization and Variation of Major Symbionts in Haemaphysalis longicornis, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, and Dermacentor silvarum in China. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29523550 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00029-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are important disease vectors, as they transmit a variety of human and animal pathogens worldwide. Symbionts that coevolved with ticks confer crucial benefits to their host in nutrition metabolism, fecundity, and vector competence. Although over 100 tick species have been identified in China, general information on tick symbiosis is limited. Here, we visualized the tissue distribution of Coxiella sp. and Rickettsia sp. in lab-reared Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides by fluorescent in situ hybridization. We found that Coxiella sp. colonized exclusively the Malpighian tubules and ovaries of H. longicornis, while Rickettsia sp. additionally colonized the midgut of R. haemaphysaloides We also investigated the population structure of microbiota in Dermacentor silvarum ticks collected from Inner Mongolia, China, and found that Coxiella, Rickettsia, and Pseudomonas are the three dominant genera. No significant difference in microbiota composition was found between male and female D. silvarum ticks. We again analyzed the tissue localization of Coxiella sp. and Rickettsia sp. and found that they displayed tissue tropisms similar to those in R. haemaphysaloides, except that Rickettsia sp. colonized the nuclei of spermatids instead of ovaries in D. silvarum Altogether, our results suggest that Coxiella sp. and Rickettsia sp. are the main symbionts in the three ticks and reside primarily in midgut, Malpighian tubules, and reproductive tissues, but their tissue distribution varies in association with species and sexes.IMPORTANCE Tick-borne diseases constitute a major public health burden, as they are increasing in frequency and severity worldwide. The presence of symbionts helps ticks to metabolize nutrients, promotes fecundity, and influences pathogen infections. Increasing numbers of tick-borne pathogens have been identified in China; however, knowledge of native ticks, especially tick symbiosis, is limited. In this study, we analyze the distribution of Coxiella sp. and Rickettsia sp. in tissues of laboratory-reared Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and field-collected Dermacentor silvarum We found that the localization patterns of Coxiella sp. in three Chinese tick species were similar to those of other tick species. We also found a previously undefined intracellular localization of Rickettsia sp. in tick midgut and spermatids. In addition, we demonstrate that tissue tropisms of symbionts vary between species and sexes. Our findings provide new insights into the tissue localization of symbionts in native Chinese ticks and pave the way for further understanding of their functional capabilities and symbiotic interactions with ticks.
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86
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Li LH, Zhang Y, Zhu D. Effects of antibiotic treatment on the fecundity of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:242. [PMID: 29653599 PMCID: PMC5899350 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endosymbiotic bacteria inhabit a variety of arthropods including ticks and may have multiple effects on the host's survival, reproduction or pathogen acquisition and transmission. Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides is one of the most widely distributed tick species in China. The symbiotic bacteria composition and their impacts to R. haemaphysaloides ticks have not been studied. The present study investigated the composition of microbial community in R. haemaphysaloides ticks and then assessed the effects of endosymbionts on the host's fecundity by antibiotic treatment experiments. METHODS The microbial population of female and male R. haemaphysaloides ticks was analyzed using Illumina Miseq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Thirty engorged female ticks were then randomly divided into five groups and injected with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, tetracycline, or phosphate-buffered solution (PBS), respectively. Effects of antibiotic treatments on maternal oviposition, egg hatching and density of endosymbionts were evaluated. RESULTS Illumina Miseq sequencing showed that Coxiella and Rickettsia were the predominant bacterial genera inhabiting R. haemaphysaloides ticks. Antibiotic treatment experiments found that kanamycin reduced the density of Coxiella-like endosymbiont (Coxiella-LE hereafter) in eggs, ciprofloxacin reduced the density of Rickettsia-like endosymbiont (Rickettsia-LE), and tetracycline had effect on both endosymbionts, while ampicillin affected neither. Meanwhile hatching rates of eggs were observed to decrease greatly in the kanamycin or tetracycline-treated group but maintained in the ampicillin or ciprofloxacin-treated group. Furthermore, the reduced hatching rates were found to be associated with density of Coxiella-LE in eggs. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that Coxiella-LE is essential for the reproduction of R. haemaphysaloides ticks, and that kanamycin can be used to study the role of Coxiella-LE on ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Hua Li
- School of Publish Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite & Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite & Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite & Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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87
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Koh FX, Kho KL, Kisomi MG, Wong LP, Bulgiba A, Tan PE, Lim YAL, Nizam QNH, Panchadcharam C, Tay ST. Ehrlichia and Anaplasma Infections: Serological Evidence and Tick Surveillance in Peninsular Malaysia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:269-276. [PMID: 29202206 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Little information is available on human anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis in Southeast Asia despite increasing reports of the detection of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. in the ticks. We report herein the serological findings against the tick-borne pathogens in a group of animal farm workers (n = 87) and indigenous people (n = 102) in Peninsular Malaysia. IgG antibodies against Ehrlichia chaffeensis were detected from 29.9% and 34.3% of farm workers and indigenous people, respectively, using commercial indirect immunofluorescence assays. Comparatively, only 6.9% of the indigenous people but none of the animal farm workers were seropositive to Anaplasma phagocytophilum. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Anaplasmataceae was used to identify Anaplastamataceae in ticks collected from various locations adjacent to the areas where the serological survey was conducted. In this study, a total of 61.5% of ticks infesting farm animals, 37.5% of ticks infesting peri-domestic animals in rural villages, 27.3% of ticks collected from wildlife animals, and 29.1% of questing ticks collected from forest vegetation were positive for Anaplasmataceae DNA. Sequence analyses of 16S rRNA gene region (238 bp) provide the identification for Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma platys, A. phagocytophilum, and Anaplasma spp. closely related to Candidatus Cryptoplasma californiense in ticks. E. chaffeensis DNA was not detected from any ticks, instead, Ehrlichia sp. strain EBm52, Ehrlichia mineirensis and Candidatus Ehrlichia shimanensis are the only Ehrlichia sp. identified from cattle ticks in this study. Further investigation is required to ascertain the occurrence of zoonotic transmission of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma infections in Peninsular Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fui Xian Koh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kai Ling Kho
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Masoumeh Ghane Kisomi
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li Ping Wong
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Awang Bulgiba
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Poai Ean Tan
- Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Ai Lian Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Quaza Nizamuddin Hassan Nizam
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Malaysia, Federal Government Administrative Center, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Chandrawathani Panchadcharam
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Malaysia, Federal Government Administrative Center, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Sun Tee Tay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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88
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Liu L, Liu YS, Liu GH, Cheng TY. Proteomics analysis of faecal proteins in the tick Haemaphysalis flava. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:89. [PMID: 29422072 PMCID: PMC5806362 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks and tick-borne diseases are of major public health concern. Currently, development of vaccines against ticks is considered crucial for their control. A critical step in this process is the screening of viable antigens. Faeces are byproducts of digestion and blood meal utilization, and partly reflect the vitality and vector potential of ticks. However, an integrated analysis of proteins in tick faeces is lacking. The present study explored the protein components in the faeces of the tick Haemaphysalis flava, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) to identify potential protein antigens for vaccine development against ticks. METHODS Faeces from adult H. flava engorged females were collected. Proteins were extracted from faeces, and the trypsin-digested peptides were analyzed by LC/MS-MS. High confidence proteins were identified based on unique peptides revealed by MS. Potential faecal protein genes, as well as their sources, were also characterized by searching previous transcriptome datasets from the salivary glands and midgut of H. flava. RESULTS In total, 21 were recognized with confidence. Amongst these, 18 were of likely tick origin, while three proteins (serum albumin, haemoglobin α and β subunits) were likely from hosts. Seventeen unigenes corresponding to these proteins were retrieved by searching our previous H. flava salivary glands and midgut transcriptomic datasets. Some proteins were reported to prevent blood clotting, play a role in immunity and antibiosis, and formation of musculature. The functions of the remaining proteins are unknown. CONCLUSIONS Identifying antigens for tick vaccine development is feasible by analyzing the faecal proteome as well as the transcriptomes of salivary glands and midguts. The vast number of proteins detected in tick faeces highlights the complexity of blood digestion in ticks, a field that needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Safety Production of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Song Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Safety Production of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Safety Production of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yin Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Safety Production of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, People's Republic of China.
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89
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Zhang CM, Li NX, Zhang TT, Qiu ZX, Li Y, Li LW, Liu JZ. Endosymbiont CLS-HI plays a role in reproduction and development of Haemaphysalis longicornis. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 73:429-438. [PMID: 29197022 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Coxiella-like endosymbiont (CLS-Hl) is a primary endosymbiont of Haemaphysalis longicornis. CLS-Hl infects tick special tissues and its prevalence is 100% in ovaries and Malpighian tubules. Tetracycline was injected into females, which then fed on rabbits also treated with tetracycline. The densities of CLS-Hl were measured by semi-quantitative PCR. CLS-Hl densities in ovaries and Malpighian tubes of H. longicornis had significant effects on engorged weight, feeding time, number of eggs, oviposition period, and hatching period. These findings suggested that CLS-Hl plays a role in the reproduction and development of H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Ning-Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Zhao-Xi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Li-Wu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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90
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Kamani J, Apanaskevich DA, Gutiérrez R, Nachum-Biala Y, Baneth G, Harrus S. Morphological and molecular identification of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Nigeria, West Africa: a threat to livestock health. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 73:283-296. [PMID: 28887701 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was first reported in West Africa in Ivory Coast, in 2007. Since then it has made an aggressive eastward advancement having been reported in four other West African countries: Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo and Benin. We herein report the first molecular identification of this tick species in Nigeria, West Africa, and highlight the threat it poses to livestock health. A nation-wide tick survey was conducted in 12 out of 36 states across the various agro ecological zones of Nigeria over a 1 year period (April 2014-March 2015). In total 1498 ticks belonging to three genera collected from cattle were morphologically identified. Overall, Amblyomma species constituted the highest percentage of sampled ticks, 50.2% (752/1498), followed by Rhipicephalus (including the subgenus Boophilus) species, 29.4% (440/1498) and Hyalomma species, 20.4% (306/1498). The presence of Rh. (B.) microplus was identified morphologically from four out of the 12 states. This finding was confirmed for the first time in Nigeria using a molecular method targeting the ITS-2 region of the ticks in three of the 12 states. This study ascertained the presence of Rh. (B.) microplus in Nigeria in addition to a broad variety of cattle tick species, most of which are of veterinary importance. The implication of this finding is that there may be additional economic burden to livestock farmers due to increased cost of tick control occasioned by the acaricide resistance by this tick species widely reported from different climes. Additionally, there may be a potential upsurge in incidence of hemoparasitic infections in cattle leading to increased morbidity, cost of treatment and mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kamani
- Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - D A Apanaskevich
- United States National Tick Collection, The James H. Oliver, Jr. Institute for Coastal Plain Science, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460-8056, USA
| | - R Gutiérrez
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Y Nachum-Biala
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - G Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Harrus
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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91
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Zhang R, Zhao A, Wang X, Zhang Z. Diversity of tick species on domestic animals in Shandong Province, China, using DNA barcoding. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 73:79-89. [PMID: 28849536 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are considered to be second only to mosquitoes as vectors of diseases. In recent years, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, a new emerging tick-borne disease has been detected in many areas of China, including Shandong Province, Eastern China. Here, we report the tick species diversity based on surveys between 2014 and 2016 covering 16 locations in seven cities of Shandong. Based on DNA barcoding, 1859 ticks belonging to three species were identified: Haemaphysalis longicornis, Rhipicephalus turanicus and Haemaphysalis verticalis. Samples of the same species clustered together in a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree, with intraspecific distances between 0 and 3.0% and interspecific distances ranged between 15.5 and 24.3%. Goats and dogs were the major hosts of ticks and H. longicornis was regarded as predominant tick species of Shandong. In order to reduce tick populations and prevent tick-borne diseases, effective control measures should be implemented on human and domestic animals, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Zhao
- Taian Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, 271000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, People's Republic of China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, People's Republic of China.
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92
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Davari B, Alam FN, Nasirian H, Nazari M, Abdigoudarzi M, Salehzadeh A. Seasonal distribution and faunistic of ticks in the Alashtar county (Lorestan Province), Iran. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 27:284. [PMID: 29187953 PMCID: PMC5660903 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2017.27.284.10341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ticks are non-permanent obligate parasites that have considerable medical-veterinary and zoonosis importance. In this regard a study designed to investigate the distribution and fauna of ticks in the Alashtar county in Iran from April and March 2014. Methods Ticks were collected from livestock farms and facilities from selected rural and geographically location in the Alashtar county. Based morphological characteristics and reference identification keys, ticks were identified. Results A total of 549 ticks including 411 hard and 138 soft ticks were found. Ten tick species including Haemaphysalis concinna (0.36%), Haemaphysalis sulcata (0.36%), Hyalomma anatolicum (0.18%), Hyalomma dromedarii (0.18%), Hyalomma marginatum (1.45 %), Hyalomma schulzei (0.36%), Rhipicephalus annulatus (0.18%), Rhipicephalus bursa (28.1%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (43.63%) and Argas persicus (25.2%) were identified. Tick seasonal distribution were 47.26%, 22.63%, 14.96% and 15.15% in the spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The tick distribution was more from plain areas (64.96%) than the mountainous areas (35.04%). The rates of the tick contamination were 97.3% and 2.7% in the traditional and industrial livestock's, respectively. The livestock contamination ranks to the hard ticks were cattle (39.51%), sheep (34.15%) and goats (26.34 %), respectively. Chi-square analysis showed a significant difference among the seasonal distribution of the ticks in the spring, summer and autumn or winter; between the tick distribution in the plain and mountainous areas; and between the traditional and industrial livestock's tick contamination (P < 0.05). Conclusion Present study proves to change the traditional livestock's to the industrial livestock's. These findings highlight the importance of ticks and shows need to their control and tick pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behroz Davari
- Department of Medical Entomology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Firoz Nazari Alam
- Department of Medical Entomology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hassan Nasirian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Nazari
- Department of Medical Entomology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdigoudarzi
- Reference Lab For tick Study, Department of Parasitology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Salehzadeh
- Department of Medical Entomology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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93
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Zhang TT, Zhang JC, Cui XJ, Zheng JJ, Li R, Wang F, Liu JZ, Hu YH. Evaluation of immune protection induced by DNA vaccines from Haemaphysalis longicornis paramyosin in rabbits. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:325. [PMID: 28683807 PMCID: PMC5501075 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemaphysalis longicornis is a blood-sucking ectoparasite that can cause diseases by transmitting some pathogens to humans and animals. Paramyosin (Pmy) is an immunomodulatory protein, which plays an important role in immune reactions against parasites. In this study, we evaluated the immune protection elicited by recombinant plasmids encoding H. longicornis Pmy in rabbits. Results Rabbits vaccinated with pcDNA3.1(+)-Pmy developed high level of IgG compared to control group, suggesting that humoral immune response was induced by vaccination. On the fourth day after fed on the rabbit, some female adults died and the mortality rate from pcDNA3.1(+)-Pmy group (27.31%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.0001). Other female ticks were attached to the rabbits until detachment, and the average engorgement weight, oviposition of female adult from pcDNA3.1(+)-Pmy group were 109.61 ± 4.24 mg and 48.39 ± 4.06 mg, respectively, which correspondingly resulted in 36 and 39% reduction compared with that of the control group (P < 0.0001). In brief, vaccination with Pmy plasmid DNA provided an overall efficacy of 50% in immune protection of rabbits. Conclusions This study suggested that Pmy DNA vaccine can induce effective humoral immune response and partially protected rabbit against H. longicornis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jin-Cheng Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Posts and Telecommunications Technical College, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Ru Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Yong-Hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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Abdallah MO, Niu Q, Yang J, Hassan MA, Yu P, Guan G, Chen Z, Liu G, Luo J, Yin H. Identification of 12 Piroplasms Infecting Ten Tick Species in China Using Reverse Line Blot Hybridization. J Parasitol 2017; 103:221-227. [DOI: 10.1645/16-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Omar Abdallah
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Qingli Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Muhammad Adeel Hassan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Peifa Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Ze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
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95
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Cold tolerance and biochemical response of unfed Dermacentor silvarum ticks to low temperature. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:757-763. [PMID: 28578851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The important pathogen vector Dermacentor silvarum is widely distributed in China. However, the tick's adaptation to low winter temperatures remains poorly understood. We therefore investigated the cold hardiness and physiological and biochemical responses of D. silvarum ticks exposed to low temperatures. The results indicated that the lower lethal temperatures (LT50s) for larvae, nymphs, females and males were -16.9°C, -15.8°C, -20.0°C and -20.1°C, respectively. The discriminating temperatures (resulting in 20% survival) for larvae, nymphs, females and males were -18.5°C, -20.0°C, -21.7°C and -22.6°C, respectively. The supercooling temperature points (at which body fluids spontaneously freeze) of larvae, nymphs, females and males averaged -20.0°C, -23.5°C, -24.2°C and -23.9°C, respectively. These results indicate that adult ticks are more tolerant to cold than the immatures. Low-temperature stress can enhance adult cold hardiness and trigger decreases in glycogen and protein in both females and males, whereas nymphs displayed different biochemical responses, including an increase in water and total fat content. An increase of glycerol observed in nymphs and females suggests that glycerol is important for cold hardiness. The findings of this study will help to define the dispersal limits for D. silvarum and thus inform the need for tick control efforts.
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96
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Jin S, Wang T, Li T, Liu M, Jia Q, Yang X, Wang H, Yu Z, Liu J. Life Cycle of Dermacentor everestianus Hirst, 1926 (Acari: Ixodidae) under Laboratory Conditions. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:193-196. [PMID: 28506042 PMCID: PMC5450962 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the development characteristics of Dermacentor everestianus under laboratory conditions. The time taken for D. everestianus to complete the whole life cycle was 110.2 days on average, and the average developmental durations of larvae and nymphs were 17.1 days and 29.5 days, respectively. The summation of the prefeeding, feeding, and preoviposition periods of females was 17.8 days, and the oviposition and egg incubation lasted for 18.1 days and 27.7 days, respectively. A highly positive correlation was observed between the weight of engorged female and the number of egg mass laid (r=0.947). The reproductive efficiency index and the reproductive fitness index were 7.1 and 6.1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Tianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Tuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Qingying Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.,Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jingze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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97
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Khoo JJ, Chen F, Kho KL, Ahmad Shanizza AI, Lim FS, Tan KK, Chang LY, AbuBakar S. Bacterial community in Haemaphysalis ticks of domesticated animals from the Orang Asli communities in Malaysia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:929-937. [PMID: 27132518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are vectors in the transmission of many important infectious diseases in human and animals. Ticks can be readily found in the semi-forested areas such as the settlements of the indigenous people in Malaysia, the Orang Asli. There is still minimal information available on the bacterial agents associated with ticks found in Malaysia. We performed a survey of the bacterial communities associated with ticks collected from domestic animals found in two Orang Asli villages in Malaysia. We collected 62 ticks, microscopically and molecularly identified as related to Haemaphysalis wellingtoni, Haemaphysalis hystricis and Haemaphysalis bispinosa. Bacterial 16s rRNA hypervariable region (V6) amplicon libraries prepared from the tick samples were sequenced on the Ion Torrent PGM platform. We detected a total of 392 possible bacterial genera after pooling and sequencing 20 samples, indicating a diverse bacterial community profile. Dominant taxa include the potential tick endosymbiont, Coxiella. Other dominant taxa include the tick-associated pathogen, Rickettsia, and environmental bacteria such as Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Sphingomonas and Pseudomonas. Other known tick-associated bacteria were also detected, including Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsiella and Wolbachia, albeit at very low abundance. Specific PCR was performed on selected samples to identify Rickettsia and Coxiella. Sequence of Rickettsia felis, which causes spotted fever in human and cats, was identified in one sample. Coxiella endosymbionts were detected in three samples. This study provides the baseline knowledge of the microbiome of ticks in Malaysia, focusing on tick-associated bacteria affecting the Orang Asli communities. The role of the herein found Coxiella and Rickettsia in tick physiology or disease transmission merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Khoo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Fezshin Chen
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Kai Ling Kho
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Azzy Iyzati Ahmad Shanizza
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Fang-Shiang Lim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Kim-Kee Tan
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Li-Yen Chang
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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98
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Identification of piroplasm infection in questing ticks by RLB: a broad range extension of tick-borne piroplasm in China? Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2035-44. [PMID: 26896077 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and specific diagnostic method for rapid and simultaneous detection and discrimination of the different species is needed for an effective control of piroplasmosis. Here, a reverse line blot (RLB) assay was developed for piroplasm detection. A general pair of primer based on 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was used to amplify V4 region of 18S rRNA gene. General and specific probes for 13 piroplasm species were cited from previous publications or designed according to the alignment of 18S rRNA gene sequences. For sensitivity test of RLB assay, serially diluted plasmids of the different species were used to access the sensitivity of the RLB. Four hundred and fifty tick samples collected from grass from different provinces of China were then detected. The result indicated that the RLB assay is highly specific and sensitive, detecting up to 10(2) copies/μl of recombinant plasmid DNA. Multiple piroplasms were detected as single or mixed infection from tick species. Eight piroplasm species, most of which were Theileria annulata (33/450, 7.3 %) or Babesia sp. Xinjiang (30/450, 6.7 %), were found to infect with 89 tick samples in four tick species; no infections with Babesia major, Babesia ovata, Babesia bigemina, Theileria sergenti, or Theileria equi were detected. The piroplasms species-specific RLB assay may have potential clinical application in the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Babesia and Theileria species.
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99
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Wang D, Wang Y, Yang G, Liu H, Xin Z. Ticks and tick-borne novel bunyavirus collected from the natural environment and domestic animals in Jinan city, East China. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2016; 68:213-221. [PMID: 26589806 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9992-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Since 2011, 73 cases of the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, a novel tick-borne disease, have been reported in Jinan city through information system for disease control and prevention. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the species, distribution, host animals of ticks and tick-borne pathogens. A total of 722 ticks were collected from two types of natural environment and six kinds of domestic animal in Jinan city. All the sampled ticks belonged to the same species, namely Haemaphysalis longicornis, and 94.7% of them were adult. The density of free-living ticks in grassland was nearly six times that in shrub. The prevalence of the goat (53.3%) was highest among the domestic animals. The host body region most frequently parasitized by H. longicornis was the head (77.8%), especially ears and periocular region. Novel bunyavirus was detected on the free-ranging goats in Jinan city. Acaricide treatment with a higher concentration on the ears, periocular region and the groin of domestic animals should be recommended to control the ticks effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 2, Weiliu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongming Wang
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 2, Weiliu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Yang
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 2, Weiliu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyuan Liu
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 2, Weiliu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Xin
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 2, Weiliu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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100
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Meng H, Xu S, Yu Z, Li N, Wang R, Gao X, Yang X, Liu J. Abundance and seasonal activity of Haemaphysalis concinna (Acari: Ixodidae) at the border between China and Russia in Northern Inner Mongolia, China. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:1. [PMID: 26728523 PMCID: PMC4700674 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemaphysalis concinna, a three-host tick vector of several pathogens, poses a high risk to the health of humans and livestock. However, knowledge of the seasonal activities, relative density and other ecological characteristics of this tick is quite limited and fragmentary. This knowledge gap represents a bottleneck in our understanding of the health risks associated with tick-borne pathogens. Methods We conducted a two-year study from April 2012 to March 2014 in Northern Inner Mongolia situated on the China-Russia border, China, to investigate the seasonal activities and relative density of the three developmental stages of H. concinna. During the study period, feeding ticks were removed weekly from domestic sheep and their attachment sites were recorded. Questing ticks were collected weekly from five habitats (broadleaf forest, coniferous forest, shrubs, grassland and mixed coniferous forest) using the flagging-dragging method of capture. Rodents were captured and examined on two consecutive nights each week from June to September in 2012. Results H. concinna ticks were found mainly in shrubs and grasslands habitats. Adults were encountered from February to October with the major peak occurring in June. Larvae, which were observed mainly from late April to late September, reached peak numbers in late July. Nymphs were observed mainly from March to October, and their numbers peaked in early July. H. concinna adults and nymphs were found attached to sheep and their most favored sites of attachment were the face and ears. H. concinna larvae were found on two rodent species, Apodemus peninsulae and Eutamias sibiricus. Conclusion The relative density and seasonal activities of H. concinna have been systematically reported for Northern Inner Mongolia, China. The information about the hosts infested by H. concinna and its preferred attachment sites on sheep will help efforts to control this tick and the tick-borne diseases carried by it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China. .,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Shiqi Xu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China.
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Ningxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Xiaohe Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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