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Demirci E. Non suicidal self-injury, emotional eating and insomnia after child sexual abuse: Are those symptoms related to emotion regulation? J Forensic Leg Med 2018; 53:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ihongbe TO, Masho SW. Child Sexual Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization in Adulthood: Sex-Differences in the Mediating Influence of Age of Sexual Initiation. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2018; 27:53-69. [PMID: 28972456 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2017.1361496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse is a major public health concern in the United States with devastating sequelae. Although the relationship between child sexual abuse and intimate partner violence victimization in adulthood is known, little is known about the mediating influence of the age of sexual initiation on the association, or whether sex differences exist. Using data from waves I, III, and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 1,163), we aimed to examine the mediating influence of age of sexual initiation on the association between child sexual abuse and intimate partner violence victimization in adulthood and identify sex differences. Findings reveal that in female survivors, age of sexual initiation partially mediated the association between child sexual abuse and physical intimate partner violence victimization in adulthood. In male survivors, no mediational effect was observed. Public health practitioners should be aware of sex differences in the effect of early sexual initiation on intimate partner violence victimization in adulthood among child sexual abuse survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy O Ihongbe
- a Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, School of Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
| | - Saba W Masho
- a Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, School of Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
- c Institute for Women's Health , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
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Solakoglu O, Driver N, Belshaw SH. The Effect of Sexual Abuse on Deviant Behaviors Among Turkish Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Emotions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:24-49. [PMID: 27076406 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x16642810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Drawing from Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of sexual abuse on deviant behaviors, such as suicide, smoking, drinking, drug use, violent crime, and property crime, among Turkish adolescents. The article also aims to understand the mediating role of negative emotions, including depression and anger, as well as gender differences in this relationship. Findings from a series of analyses demonstrate that the experience of sexual abuse is significantly related to the likelihood of engaging in most of the deviant behaviors. In addition, the mediating role of negative emotions, particularly anger, was highlighted in the findings. Furthermore, the effect of sexual abuse on deviant behaviors was relatively greater for Turkish males compared with Turkish females. The current study contributes to the literature on the consequences of sexual abuse by considering them within the unique Islamic-Western cultural context of Turkey. Overall, findings suggest that this particular form of strain has a substantial impact on deviant behaviors among Turkish adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nichola Driver
- 2 Sociology Department, University of North Texas, Denton, USA
| | - Scott H Belshaw
- 3 Criminal Justice Department, University of North Texas, Denton, USA
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Childhood maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2018; 5:51-64. [PMID: 29196062 PMCID: PMC5743605 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-suicidal self-injury is being increasingly recognised as a prominent public health concern. Identification of early and modifiable risk factors is necessary to advance the screening and intervention efforts, particularly early detection of at-risk individuals. We aimed to examine childhood maltreatment, including its specific subtypes, in relation to non-suicidal self-injury. METHODS We did a comprehensive meta-analysis of childhood maltreatment (overall, sexual abuse, physical abuse and neglect, and emotional abuse and neglect) in association with non-suicidal self-injury. We also provided a qualitative review of mediators and moderators of this association. We identified relevant articles published from inception to Sept 25, 2017, through a systematic search of Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. We extracted continuous and categorical data and assessed for potential moderators using ten study characteristics. We generated random-effects models for analysis and evaluated for publication bias. FINDINGS We identified 71 publications that met eligibility criteria. Overall childhood maltreatment was associated with non-suicidal self-injury (odds ratio 3·42, 95% CI 2·74-4·26), and effect sizes for maltreatment subtypes ranged from 1·84 (1·45-2·34) for childhood emotional neglect to 3·03 (2·56-3·54) for childhood emotional abuse. Publication bias was not evident, except in the case of childhood emotional neglect. Across multiple maltreatment subtypes, we found stronger associations with non-suicidal self-injury in non-clinical samples. INTERPRETATION With the exception of childhood emotional neglect, childhood maltreatment and its subtypes are associated with non-suicidal self-injury. Screening of childhood maltreatment history in non-suicidal self-injury risk assessments might hold particular value in community settings, and increased attention to childhood emotional abuse is warranted. FUNDING National Institute of Mental Health.
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Titelius EN, Cook E, Spas J, Orchowski L, Kivisto K, O'Brien KHM, Frazier E, Wolff JC, Dickstein DP, Kim KL, Seymour K. Emotion Dysregulation Mediates the Relationship Between Child Maltreatment and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury. JOURNAL OF AGGRESSION, MALTREATMENT & TRAUMA 2018; 27:323-331. [PMID: 30369785 PMCID: PMC6108548 DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2017.1338814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
One risk factor for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents is exposure to traumatic experiences, particularly child maltreatment. However, the mechanisms through which childhood maltreatment predicts NSSI are largely unknown. Emotion dysregulation (ED) is likely an important mechanism in this relationship. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between childhood maltreatment, ED, and NSSI in a sample of adolescent inpatients (n= 53). Results demonstrated that child physical and emotional maltreatment, but not child sexual abuse, was significantly associated with NSSI frequency. More specifically, ED mediated the relationship between child physical and emotional maltreatment and NSSI frequency. Findings support the importance of ED as a mediating factor in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and NSSI behaviors and highlight the need for teaching emotion regulation skills to youth affected by trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Cook
- Department of Psychology, Rhode Island College
| | - Jayson Spas
- Department of Psychology, Rhode Island College
| | - Lindsay Orchowski
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital
| | - Katie Kivisto
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital and Bradley Hospital
| | | | - Elisabeth Frazier
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital and Bradley Hospital
| | - Jennifer C Wolff
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital and Bradley Hospital
| | - Daniel P Dickstein
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital and Bradley Hospital
| | - Kerri L Kim
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital and Bradley Hospital
| | - Karen Seymour
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital and Bradley Hospital
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McReynolds LS, Wasserman G, Ozbardakci E. Contributors to nonsuicidal self-injury in incarcerated youth. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2017; 5:13. [PMID: 29236188 PMCID: PMC5729176 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-017-0058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite elevations in risks associated with self-injurious behavior among community adolescents, the degree to which these features are associated with self-injury among incarcerated youth has rarely been examined. Although the DSM-5 recently proposed a distinct category of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), most studies of youths in forensic settings have not distinguished between subtypes of self-harming individuals. METHODS Demographic, offense, and disorder contributors to NSSI in incarcerated youths of both genders (N = 358) were examined via a computerized self-report instrument (VISA), largely consistent with DSM-5. RESULTS Nonsuicidal self-injurers (vs. non-injurers) were almost three times as likely to be white, slightly younger, and more than seven times as likely to have also made a suicide attempt. While males and females reported different rates of exposure to different types of assaultive violence, both nonsexual assault and forced sexual activity were approximately twice as likely among those reporting NSSI in both genders. CONCLUSION Finding support standardized, universal screening for nonsuicidal self-injury in juvenile justice secure care facilities.
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57
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Plener PL, Fegert JM, Kaess M, Kapusta ND, Brunner R, Groschwitz RC, In-Albon T, Resch F, Becker K. Nicht-suizidales selbstverletzendes Verhalten (NSSV) im Jugendalter: Klinische Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2017; 45:463-474. [DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Nicht-suizidales selbstverletzendes Verhalten (NSSV) ist ein häufiges, klinisch relevantes Phänomen im Jugendalter, das sich in Zusammenhang mit verschiedenen psychischen Störungen beobachten lässt. Deutschland gehört mit einer Lebenszeitprävalenz von 25–35 % bei Jugendlichen innerhalb Europas zu den Ländern mit den höchsten Prävalenzraten an NSSV. Bislang existierte eine zuletzt im Jahr 2006 überarbeitete AWMF-Leitlinie zu selbstverletzendem Verhalten und stereotypen Bewegungsstörungen, deren Gültigkeit 2011 abgelaufen war. Methoden: Die Leitliniengruppe setzte sich aus elf medizinisch, psychologisch bzw. psychotherapeutischen Fachgesellschaften und zwei Interessensvertretungen aus Angehörigen- bzw. Präventionsprojekten zusammen. Die Leitlinie wurde in zwei Konferenzen, darauf aufbauenden Literaturrecherchen und einer abschließenden Konsensuskonferenz erarbeitet. Der Algorithmus wurde in drei Delphi-Runden verabschiedet. Ergebnisse: Während die Datenlage zur Epidemiologie und zur Diagnostik von NSSV gut ist, sind noch immer wenige Studien zum Langzeitverlauf und zur psychotherapeutischen sowie zum Stellenwert einer psychopharmakologischen, adjuvanten Behandlung von NSSV im Jugendalter verfügbar. Berufsgruppenübergreifend wurde auch das Vorgehen im Falle der Notwendigkeit einer somatischen Versorgung bei NSSV thematisiert. Schlussfolgerungen: In Anbetracht der heterogenen Evidenzlage wurden, um die klinische Anwendbarkeit der Leitlinie zu gewährleisten, die wesentlichen Punkte zur Behandlung von NSSV im Jugendalter in einer Konsensuskonferenz abgestimmt. Forschungsdefizite zeigen sich sowohl im Bereich präventiver als auch klinischer Interventionen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Plener
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim
| | - Jörg M. Fegert
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Ulm
| | - Michael Kaess
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universität Heidelberg
| | - Nestor D. Kapusta
- Klinik für Psychoanalyse und Psychotherapie, Medizinische Universität Wien
| | - Romuald Brunner
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universität Heidelberg
| | | | - Tina In-Albon
- Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universität Koblenz-Landau
| | - Franz Resch
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universität Heidelberg
| | - Katja Becker
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg und Philipps-Universität Marburg
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Pérez-González A, Guilera G, Pereda N, Jarne A. Protective factors promoting resilience in the relation between child sexual victimization and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 72:393-403. [PMID: 28917189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sexual victimization has been one of the most frequently studied forms of child victimization. Its effects are common and diverse; however, not all children and youth exposed to sexual victimization eventually develop adjustment problems. A total of 1105 children and youth (590 male and 515 female) aged between 12 and 17 from northeastern Spain were assessed regarding their experiences of sexual victimization, symptoms of psychopathology, and protective factors. The results showed that all forms of sexual victimization were associated with higher levels of emotional and behavioral problems. However, the presence of a low Negative Cognition, high Social Skills and high Confidence seem to act buffering internalizing problems. Additionally, a significant interaction between Sexual Victimization and low Negative Cognition was observed (p<0.5), so that, low Negative Cognition was related to a lower risk of being in the clinical range for internalizing problems. Likewise, high scores on Empathy/Tolerance, Connectedness to School, Connectedness to Family and low Negative Cognition acted as promotive factors in relation to externalizing symptoms, in this case without any interaction effect. The strong relationship found with emotional and behavioral problems highlights the importance of continuing the research on the protective factors underlying resilience in the relationship between sexual victimization and psychopathological symptoms. The findings also support the multi-dimensional and specific nature of resilience and identify some of the protective factors that should be regarded as key intervention targets in adolescents with a history of sexual victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Pérez-González
- Grup de Recerca en Victimització Infantil i Adolescent (GReVIA), University of Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Tècniques Estadístiques Avançades Aplicades a la Psicología (GTEAAP), University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Georgina Guilera
- Grup de Recerca en Victimització Infantil i Adolescent (GReVIA), University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pereda
- Grup de Recerca en Victimització Infantil i Adolescent (GReVIA), University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adolfo Jarne
- Grup de Tècniques Estadístiques Avançades Aplicades a la Psicología (GTEAAP), University of Barcelona, Spain
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Tatnell R, Hasking P, Newman L, Taffe J, Martin G. Attachment, Emotion Regulation, Childhood Abuse and Assault: Examining Predictors of NSSI Among Adolescents. Arch Suicide Res 2017; 21:610-620. [PMID: 27726519 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2016.1246267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined the relative risk of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) associated with a history of physical and sexual abuse/assault, poor attachment relationships, and poor emotion regulation among adolescents. A total of 2,637 adolescents (aged 12-15 years) completed questionnaires at 3 time-points: baseline, 12, and 24 months later. Across the study, 9.4% reported a history of NSSI. Each of past or recent abuse/assault, poor attachment relationships, and poor emotion regulation was associated with NSSI. We also observed a potential "high-risk" group among those reporting recent sexual abuse or assault. Knowledge of abuse history, recent sexual assault, attachment, and emotion regulatory ability will enable clinicians to assist adolescents in avoiding some of the more negative outcomes of these, including NSSI.
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Few LR, Grant JD, Nelson EC, Trull TJ, Grucza RA, Bucholz KK, Verweij KJH, Martin NG, Statham DJ, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Lynskey MT, Agrawal A. Cannabis Involvement and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Discordant Twin Approach. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 77:873-880. [PMID: 27797688 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis use, particularly at an early age, has been linked to suicidal thoughts and behavior, but minimal work has examined the association between cannabis use and lifetime nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The current study aims to characterize the overlap between lifetime and early cannabis use and NSSI and to examine genetic and environmental mechanisms of this association. METHOD Adult male and female twins from the Australian Twin Registry (N = 9,583) were used to examine the odds of NSSI associated with lifetime cannabis use and early cannabis use (i.e., <17 years of age). These associations were also examined within monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for cannabis use and MZ twins discordant for early cannabis use. Analyses were replicated in an independent sample of female twins (n = 3,787) accounting for the age at onset of cannabis use and NSSI. RESULTS Lifetime cannabis use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.84, 95% CI [2.23, 3.61]) and early cannabis use were associated with increased odds of NSSI (OR = 2.15, 95% CI [1.75, 2.65]), and this association remained when accounting for covariates. The association was only significant, however, in MZ twin pairs discordant for early cannabis use (OR = 3.20, 95% CI [1.17, 8.73]). Replication analyses accounting for the temporal ordering of cannabis use and NSSI yielded similar findings of nominal significance. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that NSSI is associated with cannabis involvement via differing mechanisms. For lifetime cannabis use, the lack of association in discordant pairs suggests the role of shared genes and family environment. However, in addition to such shared familial influences, person-specific and putatively causal factors contribute to the relationship between early cannabis use and NSSI. Therefore, delaying the onset of cannabis use may reduce exposure to influences that exacerbate vulnerabilities to NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Julia D Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Richard A Grucza
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dixie J Statham
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael T Lynskey
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Nobakht HN, Dale KY. The prevalence of deliberate self-harm and its relationships to trauma and dissociation among Iranian young adults. J Trauma Dissociation 2017; 18:610-623. [PMID: 27736465 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2016.1246397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the prevalence of deliberate self-harm and its relationships to childhood and recent trauma and different patterns of dissociative features. A total of 100 male and 100 female college students were administered a 58-item questionnaire designed to detect the extent of dissociation, deliberate self-harm, and trauma history. Participants with deliberate self-harm behaviors reported more traumatic experiences and dissociative features than participants without such behaviors. Furthermore, the prevalence of deliberate self-harm (i.e., 40.5%) was similar to previous studies on college student populations. However, and contrary to earlier research, deliberate self-harm was significantly more prevalent among men (48%) than women (33%). The findings support the notion that trauma, pathological dissociation, and depersonalization/derealization play important functional roles in self-harm behaviors. From this perspective, it is feasible to understand individuals who engage in self-harm as either escaping from uncomfortable dissociative states or experiencing an infra-psychological conflict in which one dissociative part of the self is being abusive toward another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Niyaraq Nobakht
- a Department of Engineering and Humanities , Islamic Azad University , Babol Branch, Babol , Iran
| | - Karl Yngvar Dale
- b Department of Health and Social Sciences , Molde University College , Molde , Norway
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Falgares G, Marchetti D, De Santis S, Carrozzino D, Kopala-Sibley DC, Fulcheri M, Verrocchio MC. Attachment Styles and Suicide-Related Behaviors in Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Self-Criticism and Dependency. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:36. [PMID: 28344562 PMCID: PMC5344916 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecure attachment and the personality dimensions of self-criticism and dependency have been proposed as risk factors for suicide in adolescents. The present study examines whether self-criticism and dependency mediate the relationship between insecure attachment styles and suicidality. A sample of 340 high-school students (73.2% females), ranging in age from 13 to 20 years (M = 16.47, SD = 1.52), completed the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire for Adolescents, the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire for Adolescents, the Attachment Style Questionnaire, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. The results partially support the expected mediation effects. Self-criticism, but not dependency, mediates the link between insecure attachment (anxiety and avoidance) and suicide-related behaviors. Implications for suicide risk assessment and management are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Falgares
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Marchetti
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sandro De Santis
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Danilo Carrozzino
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Mario Fulcheri
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Verrocchio
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Fredlund C, Svedin CG, Priebe G, Jonsson L, Wadsby M. Self-reported frequency of sex as self-injury (SASI) in a national study of Swedish adolescents and association to sociodemographic factors, sexual behaviors, abuse and mental health. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2017; 11:9. [PMID: 28265299 PMCID: PMC5331746 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-017-0146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex as self-injury has become a concept in Swedish society; however it is a largely unexplored area of research, not yet conceptualized and far from accepted in the research field. The use of sex as a way of affect regulation is known in the literature and has, in interviews with young women who sell sex, been compared to direct self-injury, such as cutting or burning the skin. The aim of this study was to investigate the self-reported frequency of sex as self-injury and the association to sociodemographic factors, sexual orientation, voluntary sexual experiences, sexual risk-taking behaviors, sexual, physical and mental abuse, trauma symptoms, healthcare for psychiatric disorders and non-suicidal self-injury. METHODS A representative national sample of 5750 students in the 3rd year of Swedish high school, with a mean age of 18 years was included in the study. The study was questionnaire-based and the response rate was 59.7%. Mostly descriptive statistics were used and a final logistic regression model was made. RESULTS Sex as self-injury was reported by 100 (3.2%) of the girls and 20 (.8%) of the boys. Few correlations to sociodemographic factors were noted, but the group was burdened with more experiences of sexual, physical and emotional abuse. Non-heterosexual orientation, trauma symptoms, non-suicidal self-injury and healthcare for suicide attempts, depression and eating disorders were common. CONCLUSIONS Sex used as self-injury seems to be highly associated with earlier traumas such as sexual abuse and poor mental health. It is a behavior that needs to be conceptualized in order to provide proper help and support to a highly vulnerable group of adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Fredlund
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carl Göran Svedin
- Barnafrid, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gisela Priebe
- Barnafrid, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Linda Jonsson
- Barnafrid, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Wadsby
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Serafini G, Canepa G, Adavastro G, Nebbia J, Belvederi Murri M, Erbuto D, Pocai B, Fiorillo A, Pompili M, Flouri E, Amore M. The Relationship between Childhood Maltreatment and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:149. [PMID: 28970807 PMCID: PMC5609590 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood maltreatment (CM) has been associated with an increased risk of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal behaviors. However, the exact nature of the association between CM and NSSI is currently unclear. The present review aimed to systematically investigate the association between CM and NSSI in adolescence and early adulthood. METHODS A systematic search of four major electronic databases covering both medical and social science research (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and PsycINFO) was conducted. RESULTS Overall, 20 cross-sectional studies including a total of 22,517 individuals, 3 longitudinal follow-up studies including 1,728 individuals, and 3 retrospective studies including 62,089 individuals were selected. It appears that CM is a significant risk factor for both NSSI and suicide attempts. The increased vulnerability to NSSI seems to be related to experiences of CM, particularly sexual abuse. Gender differences were also found. Generally, when compared to males, females who experienced CM seem to be more vulnerable to presenting with NSSI and suicidal behaviors. CONCLUSION There is a positive association between CM and NSSI. The importance of early detection and risk reduction of self-injurious behavior for adolescents is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Canepa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Adavastro
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jacopo Nebbia
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martino Belvederi Murri
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Denise Erbuto
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pocai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eirini Flouri
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Amore
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Shrivastava AK, Karia SB, Sonavane SS, De Sousa AA. Child sexual abuse and the development of psychiatric disorders: a neurobiological trajectory of pathogenesis. Ind Psychiatry J 2017; 26:4-12. [PMID: 29456314 PMCID: PMC5810166 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_38_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is an important public health problem with long-standing neurobiological, developmental, and psychiatric abnormalities. The present review analyzes the long-term effects of CSA from a developmental, psychiatric morbidity, neurochemical and neurobiological perspective and then tries to posit a developmental neurobiological trajectory from CSA to the genesis of psychopathology in later life. The role of various neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine affected by CSA are discussed. Serotonin abnormalities have been reported in various studies among participants exposed to CSA. Structures such as the prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, corpus callosum, parietal lobes, hippocampus, and cerebellum all demonstrate volumetric and structural changes in response to the trauma of CSA. Neurocognitive studies demonstrate memory and spatial awareness as well as decrements in general cognitive performance and memory when compared to normal individuals. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has also been implicated in CSA, and there is an alteration in corticotropin-releasing hormone response due to the continuous cumulative trauma of CSA. This paper also reviews a section on the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in the development of psychiatric disorders as a result of exposure to episodes of CSA where studies have demonstrated changes in DNA methylation in response to CSA. This review tries to hypothesize a developmental trajectory framework which is individual for every case where exposure to CSA may lead to psychopathology and psychiatric morbidity later in life. Rapid and emerging fields such as developmental traumatology in relation to CSA are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amresh K. Shrivastava
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Western Ontario, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Sagar B. Karia
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushma S. Sonavane
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avinash A. De Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a common mental health threat among adolescents. This review aims to present the current literature on epidemiology, etiology, and therapeutic approaches with a focus on the period of adolescence. RECENT FINDINGS NSSI is widespread among adolescents both in community as well as in clinical settings with lifetime prevalence rates between 17 and 60% in recent studies. It is influenced by multiple factors including social contagion, interpersonal stressors, neurobiological background, as well as emotional dysregulation and adverse experiences in childhood. There is still a lack of studies regarding the psychotherapeutic as well as the psychopharmacological treatment of NSSI in adolescence. Furthermore, sufficient evidence for prevention programs is missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Brown
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhoevelstr. 5, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul L Plener
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhoevelstr. 5, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
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Crowell SE. Biting the hand that feeds: current opinion on the interpersonal causes, correlates, and consequences of borderline personality disorder. F1000Res 2016; 5:2796. [PMID: 27990277 PMCID: PMC5133686 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9392.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex psychiatric diagnosis characterized by dysregulated behaviors, emotions, cognitions, and interpersonal relationships. In recent years, developmental psychopathologists have sought to identify early origins of BPD, with the ultimate goal of developing and providing effective preventative interventions for those at highest risk. In addition to heritable biological sensitivities, many scholars assert that environmental and interpersonal risk factors contribute to the emergence and maintenance of key borderline traits. Nonetheless, many BPD researchers examine only affected individuals, neglecting the family, peer, couple, and other dynamic contextual forces that impinge upon individual-level behavior. In the past decade, however, theoretical and empirical research has increasingly explored the interpersonal causes, correlates, and consequences of BPD. Such work has resulted in novel research and clinical theories intended to better understand and improve interpersonal dynamics among those with borderline traits. A major objective for the field is to better characterize how interpersonal dynamics affect (and are affected by) the behaviors, emotions, and thoughts of vulnerable individuals to either reduce or heighten risk for BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila E. Crowell
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 380 South 1530 East, Room 502, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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Howard R, Karatzias T, Power K, Mahoney A. From Childhood Trauma to Self-Harm: An Investigation of Theoretical Pathways among Female Prisoners. Clin Psychol Psychother 2016; 24:942-951. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Howard
- Edinburgh Napier University, School of Health and Social Care; Edinburgh UK
| | - Thanos Karatzias
- Edinburgh Napier University, School of Health and Social Care; Edinburgh UK
- NHS Lothian, Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress; Edinburgh UK
| | - Kevin Power
- NHS Tayside, Psychological Therapies Service; Dundee UK
- Stirling University, School of Natural Sciences; Stirling UK
| | - Adam Mahoney
- HMP YOI Cornton Vale, Scottish Prison Service; Stirling UK
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Thomassin K, Shaffer A, Madden A, Londino DL. Specificity of childhood maltreatment and emotion deficit in nonsuicidal self-injury in an inpatient sample of youth. Psychiatry Res 2016; 244:103-8. [PMID: 27479099 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the function of two specific emotion-related skills, emotion expressivity and emotion coping, as potential mediators in the relations between childhood sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and NSSI. A robust body of work supports the role of emotion regulation in nonsuicidal self-injury, but additional research is warranted to tease apart the role of specific emotion regulation deficits as predictors of NSSI. Participants included 95 youth (Mage=14.22, SDage=1.67; 58% female) hospitalized on one of two acute care psychiatric inpatient units. Participants completed self-report questionnaires related to childhood experiences of trauma, current emotion expressivity and coping, and lifetime frequency of NSSI. Path analytic models indicated that only child emotional abuse was directly associated with NSSI when all abuse subtypes were examined simultaneously. Results also indicated that poor emotion expressivity, but not emotion coping, mediated the relation between childhood experiences of emotional abuse and NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Thomassin
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 4085 Vanier Hall, 136 Jean Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
| | - Anne Shaffer
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amber Madden
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Donna L Londino
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Dhingra K, Boduszek D, Sharratt K. Victimization Profiles, Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, Suicide Attempt, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptomology: Application of Latent Class Analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2016; 31:2412-2429. [PMID: 25818860 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515576967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have incorporated multiple dimensions of victimization or examined whether victimization profiles differ by gender. Consequently, the present study sought to extend prior research by using latent class analysis (LCA) to identify naturally occurring subgroups of individuals who have experienced victimization, and to test for sex differences. Data from 4,016 females and 3,032 males in the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) were analyzed. Evidence of the existence of similar victimization subtypes for both males and females emerged, with a three-class solution providing the best fit to the data for both sexes. Furthermore, the classes were labeled "low victimization" (the baseline class; Class 3), the "high victimization class" (Class 1), and "the bullying and domestic violence class" (Class 2) for both males and females. Multinomial logistic regression was used to interpret the nature of the latent classes, or groups, by estimating the associations with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) dimensions, suicide attempt, and non-suicidal self-injury. Although different constellations of victimization experiences did not emerge through the gender-specific analyses, the nature of the associations between class membership and external variables differed between males and females. Findings highlight the heterogeneity of victimization experiences and their relations to functioning, and have implications for policy and practice implications.
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71
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Baiden P, Fuller-Thomson E. Factors Associated with Achieving Complete Mental Health among Individuals with Lifetime Suicidal Ideation. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2016; 46:427-46. [PMID: 26811142 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with complete mental health among Canadians who had ever seriously considered suicide. Data for this study were obtained from Statistics Canada's 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health (N = 2,844). The outcome variable examined in this study was complete mental health and was analyzed using binary logistic regression. Of the 2,844 respondents with lifetime suicidal ideation, 1,088 (38.2%) had complete mental health (i.e., had flourishing mental health, no mental illness, and no suicidal ideation in the past 12 months). Those who had a confidant were seven times more likely to have complete mental health. Other factors associated with achieving complete mental health among formerly suicidal respondents include being older, being a woman, having higher income, use of religious coping, and never previously having a mental illness. Considering the importance of these protective factors in formulating public health policies will allow for a more wide-reaching approach to suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baiden
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Esme Fuller-Thomson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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72
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Armiento J, Hamza CA, Stewart SL, Leschied A. Direct and indirect forms of childhood maltreatment and nonsuicidal self-injury among clinically-referred children and youth. J Affect Disord 2016; 200:212-7. [PMID: 27136420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although exposure to direct forms of childhood maltreatment is among the most widely studied risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), research on NSSI has largely overlooked the role of exposure to indirect forms of child maltreatment (i.e., witnessing domestic violence). To address this gap in the literature, the present study examined associations among both direct and indirect forms of child maltreatment and NSSI among clinically-referred children and youth. METHODS Data was collected using the interRAI Child and Youth Mental Health Assessment (ChYMH) at ten mental health agencies. The ChYMH is a comprehensive standardized clinical assessment tool completed by trained assessors using multiple sources. The study included a convenience sample of 747 children and youth (68% male) between ages 8-18 with complex mental health histories referred for inpatient or outpatient care in Ontario, Canada. RESULTS Univariate chi-square analyses indicated positive associations with NSSI and both direct (i.e., physical, sexual) and indirect child maltreatment (i.e., witnessing domestic violence). In a binary multivariate logistic regression analysis controlling for participant age and sex, only exposure to indirect child maltreatment emerged as multivariate predictor of NSSI. LIMITATIONS The sample was limited to only 10 mental health agencies and only consenting parents/guardians referred to mental health services suggesting the study may not be generalizable to all clinical samples. CONCLUSION The present study provides evidence that witnessing domestic violence in childhood is an important risk factor for NSSI. Clinical relevance includes implications for clinicians to develop targeted intervention and prevention strategies for NSSI for children who have witnessed domestic violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Armiento
- Faculty of Education, Western University, 1137 Western Road, Canada, N6G 1G7.
| | - Chloe A Hamza
- Faculty of Education, Western University, 1137 Western Road, Canada, N6G 1G7
| | - Shannon L Stewart
- Faculty of Education, Western University, 1137 Western Road, Canada, N6G 1G7
| | - Alan Leschied
- Faculty of Education, Western University, 1137 Western Road, Canada, N6G 1G7
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74
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Karrouri R. [Self-injury in hospitalized patients: Concerning 19 cases]. Encephale 2016; 43:212-216. [PMID: 27349582 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-mutilating behaviour is expanding, especially among adolescents and patients with a psychiatric disorder. CLINICAL MATERIAL We have tried to describe the self-mutilating behaviour in Moroccan inpatients of the psychiatric department of Mohammed V Military Hospital of Rabat, through a prospective and descriptive longitudinal study over a period of four months, based on a questionnaire prepared according to the literature data to allow discussing its results. RESULTS The rate of participation was 90.4%, or 19 patients. All patients were male. The age of onset of self-injury was between 14 and 62 years with an average of 26.3 years. Only two patients had an age of onset in adolescence, before age 20, the majority (57.8%) in a young adult age. Eight patients (42.1%) report having experienced physical abuse while only four patients were sexually abused, especially by relatives. The number of episodes varied from one episode in twelve cases (63.15%), to seven cases (37%) with repetitive self-mutilation. The most common type of self-injury was cuts (16 cases), twelve patients inflicted burns, and two patients inflicted fist blows. The forearm was the most common location. All patients were unable to resist the pressing need to self-harm after various reasons, often in a relational or professional frustration state. The use of concomitant substances to self-mutilation was reported in nine episodes, alcohol in seven episodes (24.1%) and cannabis in three episodes (10.3%). Only five patients reported receiving medical care for physical consequences of self-harm. Only two patients underwent a psychiatric care following their self-mutilation and admitted to our service. Personality disorders was the psychiatric disorder most diagnosed in our sample, followed by mood disorders. Borderline personality disorder was the pathological personality disorder most commonly diagnosed in our study with nearly two thirds of cases, followed by antisocial personality. DISCUSSION The size of our population and the prevalence of self-harm are comparable to most studies on self-mutilation in clinical populations. The low prevalence of patients beginning this behaviour early was low in our population, explained by the pre-commitment visits, which limit their integration into the military body. The role of physical and sexual abuse in childhood in the development of self-harm behaviour in adolescence is still a subject of discussion, but shame and fear of the breakdown of the family union have significantly limited the mention of such a history by our patients. The use of self-harm to relieve an intolerable anger thus the absence of suicidal intent, confirms the difference between self-harm and suicide. The intolerant nature of the military environment to self-behaviour limits its repetition and allows their early management. The high frequency of personality disorders in our sample is consistent with studies indicating high levels in patients who self-harm, including borderline personality, and supports that the DSM-IV considers self-harm to be a diagnostic criterion of this personality disorder. CONCLUSION Self-injury is a common pathological behaviour and serious in its relational impact. Our present data collected mainly similarities with that of the literature. For cultural reasons, the self-mutilation in our sample is more linked to an impulse control problem than to childhood abuse. So the establishment of a system of care adapted to preserve the privacy of patients, understanding of self-harm, informing the general public and the early treatment of victims of abusive families seems essential to reduce expansion of this behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Karrouri
- Hôpital militaire Moulay Ismail, BP 16185, 50070 Meknès-kortoba, Meknès, Maroc.
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75
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Doğangün B, Gönültaş BM, Uzun-Oğuz E, Oral G, Öztürk M. Psychological complaints reported by sexually abused children during criminal investigations: Istanbul example. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 56:54-61. [PMID: 27149176 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims at describing the psychological complaints reported, as a part of the criminal investigation process, by the victims of sexual abuse as a part of the criminal investigation process, without attempting at reaching a medical diagnosis; and it discusses the relation of these reports with variables such as victim's gender, age and relation to the offender, type and duration of abuse, and parental marital status of the victim. Data is obtained from the statements of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) victims under the age of 15, as taken by Istanbul Juvenile Justice Department between the years 2009 and 2012. The sample consists of 175 cases with a total of 202 victim statements. Through the use of content analysis, the main and sub-categories of themes of the statements were determined. By means of the evaluation of the psychological condition of victims, we evaluated them in two categories: psychological complaints including self-harm and risk taking behaviors and psychological complaints with no self-harm and risk taking behaviors. The statistical analyses yield significant relations between the psychological complaints and children's parental marital status. Analysis of initial statements of sexual abuse victims is important as it may greatly contribute to professionals diagnosing and treating psychological complaints of these victims. It is essential that victims of sexual abuse should receive immediate psychological support starting with the criminal investigation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Doğangün
- İstanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Disorders, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Burak M Gönültaş
- Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Social Work, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Esin Uzun-Oğuz
- Yeditepe University, Department of Psychology, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gökhan Oral
- İstanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Department of Forensic Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Meral Öztürk
- Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Social Work, Sivas, Turkey.
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Liu RT, Cheek SM, Nestor BA. Non-suicidal self-injury and life stress: A systematic meta-analysis and theoretical elaboration. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 47:1-14. [PMID: 27267345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a considerable growth of interest in the study of life stress and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The current article presents a systematic review of the empirical literature on this association. In addition to providing a comprehensive meta-analysis, the current article includes a qualitative review of the findings for which there were too few cases (i.e., <3) for reliable approximations of effect sizes. Across the studies included in the meta-analysis, a significant but modest relation between life stress and NSSI was found (pooled OR=1.81 [95% CI=1.49-2.21]). After an adjustment was made for publication bias, the estimated effect size was smaller but still significant (pooled OR=1.33 [95% CI=1.08-1.63]). This relation was moderated by sample type, NSSI measure type, and length of period covered by the NSSI measure. The empirical literature is characterized by several methodological limitations, particularly the frequent use of cross-sectional analyses involving temporal overlap between assessments of life stress and NSSI, leaving unclear the precise nature of the relation between these two phenomena (e.g., whether life stress may be a cause, concomitant, or consequence of NSSI). Theoretically informed research utilizing multi-wave designs, assessing life stress and NSSI over relatively brief intervals, and featuring interview-based assessments of these constructs holds promise for advancing our understanding of their relation. The current review concludes with a theoretical elaboration of the association between NSSI and life stress, with the aim of providing a conceptual framework to guide future study in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States.
| | - Shayna M Cheek
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States
| | - Bridget A Nestor
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States
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77
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Family-based risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury: Considering influences of maltreatment, adverse family-life experiences, and parent-child relational risk. J Adolesc 2016; 49:170-80. [PMID: 27086083 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation addressed the potential for unique influences of perceived childhood maltreatment, adverse family-life events, and parent-child relational trauma on the lifetime occurrence and addictive features of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Participants included 957 undergraduate students (747 females; M = 20.14 years, SD = 3.88) who completed online questionnaires regarding the key variables under study. Although self-injuring youth reported more experiences with each family-based risk factor, different patterns of association were found when lifetime engagement in NSSI or its addictive features were under study. Perceived parent-child relational trauma was uniquely linked with NSSI behavior after accounting for perceived childhood maltreatment; adverse family-life events had an additional unique association. In contrast, perceived paternal maltreatment was uniquely related with NSSI's addictive features. Findings underline the importance of studying inter-related family-based risk factors of NSSI simultaneously for a comprehensive understanding of familial correlates of NSSI behavior and its underlying features.
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Seymour KE, Jones RN, Cushman GK, Galvan T, Puzia ME, Kim KL, Spirito A, Dickstein DP. Emotional face recognition in adolescent suicide attempters and adolescents engaging in non-suicidal self-injury. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:247-59. [PMID: 26048103 PMCID: PMC6642805 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the bio-behavioral mechanisms underlying and differentiating suicide attempts from non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents. Adolescents who attempt suicide or engage in NSSI often report significant interpersonal and social difficulties. Emotional face recognition ability is a fundamental skill required for successful social interactions, and deficits in this ability may provide insight into the unique brain-behavior interactions underlying suicide attempts versus NSSI in adolescents. Therefore, we examined emotional face recognition ability among three mutually exclusive groups: (1) inpatient adolescents who attempted suicide (SA, n = 30); (2) inpatient adolescents engaged in NSSI (NSSI, n = 30); and (3) typically developing controls (TDC, n = 30) without psychiatric illness. Participants included adolescents aged 13-17 years, matched on age, gender and full-scale IQ. Emotional face recognition was evaluated using the diagnostic assessment of nonverbal accuracy (DANVA-2). Compared to TDC youth, adolescents with NSSI made more errors on child fearful and adult sad face recognition while controlling for psychopathology and medication status (ps < 0.05). No differences were found on emotional face recognition between NSSI and SA groups. Secondary analyses showed that compared to inpatients without major depression, those with major depression made fewer errors on adult sad face recognition even when controlling for group status (p < 0.05). Further, compared to inpatients without generalized anxiety, those with generalized anxiety made fewer recognition errors on adult happy faces even when controlling for group status (p < 0.05). Adolescent inpatients engaged in NSSI showed greater deficits in emotional face recognition than TDC, but not inpatient adolescents who attempted suicide. Further results suggest the importance of psychopathology in emotional face recognition. Replication of these preliminary results and examination of the role of context-dependent emotional processing are needed moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Seymour
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 550 North Broadway, Suite 943, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Richard N Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Grace K Cushman
- Bradley Hospital's Pediatric, Mood, Imaging and NeuroDevelopment (PediMIND) Program, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Thania Galvan
- Bradley Hospital's Pediatric, Mood, Imaging and NeuroDevelopment (PediMIND) Program, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Megan E Puzia
- Bradley Hospital's Pediatric, Mood, Imaging and NeuroDevelopment (PediMIND) Program, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Kerri L Kim
- Bradley Hospital's Pediatric, Mood, Imaging and NeuroDevelopment (PediMIND) Program, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Anthony Spirito
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Daniel P Dickstein
- Bradley Hospital's Pediatric, Mood, Imaging and NeuroDevelopment (PediMIND) Program, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
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79
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Johnstone JM, Carter JD, Luty SE, Mulder RT, Frampton CM, Joyce PR. Childhood predictors of lifetime suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury in depressed adults. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2016; 50:135-44. [PMID: 25999526 DOI: 10.1177/0004867415585581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adverse childhood experiences are well-recognized risk factors for a variety of mental health issues, including depression, suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury. However, less is known about whether childhood adversity, in the form of low parental care, overprotection and abuse, is associated with suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-injury within a sample of depressed adults. METHOD The sample of outpatients (n = 372) was drawn from two randomized depression trials. Childhood adversity variables, depression severity, age of first depressive episode (major depression episode onset), lifetime suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-injury were recorded at baseline. The association between variables and outcome measures was examined using partial correlations, univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. RESULTS Low maternal care was significantly associated with suicide attempt; low paternal care was associated with non-suicidal self-injury; overprotection was not associated with either outcome. Other risk factors for suicide attempt were major depression episode onset and baseline depression severity. Major depression episode onset was also a risk factor for non-suicidal self-injury. Abuse, regardless of how it was measured, was not significantly associated with either behaviour after adjusting for its correlations with low maternal or paternal care. CONCLUSION In this sample of depressed adults, the quality of ongoing, intra-familial relationships, as measured by levels of parental care, had a greater impact on suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-injury than abuse. As the findings were not a priori hypotheses, they require replication. Although the cross-sectional study design limits causal determination, the findings suggest different childhood risk factors for suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-injury and underscore the impact of low parental care on these two behaviours. These findings signal to clinicians the importance of asking specifically about suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury, as well as levels of parental care in childhood. When endorsed, low parental care may be considered an important factor in contextualizing a patient's depression and potential risk for suicide and non-suicidal self-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette M Johnstone
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Janet D Carter
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne E Luty
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Roger T Mulder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Frampton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Joyce
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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80
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McElroy E, Shevlin M, Elklit A, Hyland P, Murphy S, Murphy J. Prevalence and predictors of Axis I disorders in a large sample of treatment-seeking victims of sexual abuse and incest. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2016; 7:30686. [PMID: 27064976 PMCID: PMC4827144 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.30686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a common occurrence and a robust, yet non-specific, predictor of adult psychopathology. While many demographic and abuse factors have been shown to impact this relationship, their common and specific effects remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE This study sought to assess the prevalence of Axis I disorders in a large sample of help-seeking victims of sexual trauma, and to examine the common and specific effects of demographic and abuse characteristics across these different diagnoses. METHOD The participants were attendees at four treatment centres in Denmark that provide psychological therapy for victims of CSA (N=434). Axis I disorders were assessed using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between CSA characteristics (age of onset, duration, number of abusers, number of abusive acts) and 10 adult clinical syndromes. RESULTS There was significant variation in the prevalence of disorders and the abuse characteristics were differentially associated with the outcome variables. Having experienced sexual abuse from more than one perpetrator was the strongest predictor of psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between CSA and adult psychopathology is complex. Abuse characteristics have both unique and shared effects across different diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin McElroy
- School of Psychology and Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK;
| | - Mark Shevlin
- School of Psychology and Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Ask Elklit
- National Center of Psychotraumatology, Institute of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Philip Hyland
- Department of Psychology, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Murphy
- National Center of Psychotraumatology, Institute of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jamie Murphy
- School of Psychology and Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
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81
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Unlu G, Cakaloz B. Effects of perpetrator identity on suicidality and nonsuicidal self-injury in sexually victimized female adolescents. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:1489-97. [PMID: 27382291 PMCID: PMC4922799 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Child sexual abuse and sexual dating violence victimization are common problems that are known to have long-term negative consequences. This study aimed to compare the sociodemographic, abuse-related, and clinical features of female adolescents who were sexually abused by different perpetrators, and identify the factors associated with suicidality and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in these cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data of 254 sexually abused female adolescents between the ages of 12-18 years were evaluated. The cases were classified into three groups, namely "sexual dating violence", "incest", and "other child sexual abuse", according to the identity of the perpetrator. The three groups were compared in terms of sociodemographic, abuse-related, and clinical features. RESULTS Major depressive disorder was the most common psychiatric diagnosis, which was present in 44.9% of the cases. Among all victims, 25.6% had attempted suicide, 52.0% had suicidal ideation, and 23.6% had NSSI during the postabuse period. A logistic regression analysis revealed that attempted suicide was predicted by dating violence victimization (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =3.053; 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.473, 6.330) and depression (AOR =2.238; 95% CI =1.226, 4.086). Dating violence victimization was also the strongest predictor of subsequent suicidal ideation (AOR =3.500; 95% CI =1.817, 6.741). In addition, revictimization was determined to be an important risk factor for both suicidal ideation (AOR =2.897; 95% CI =1.276, 6.574) and NSSI (AOR =3.847; 95% CI =1.899, 7.794). CONCLUSION Perpetrator identity and revictimization are associated with negative mental health outcomes in sexually victimized female adolescents. Increased risk of suicidality and NSSI should be borne in mind while assessing cases with dating violence and revictimization histories, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsen Unlu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Burcu Cakaloz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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82
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The mediating role of sleep disturbances in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and self-injurious behavior. J Anxiety Disord 2015; 35:68-74. [PMID: 26398304 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with self-injurious behavior, it is currently unclear what mechanisms may account for this relationship. Sleep disturbances may be relevant as they are common among those with PTSD and are associated with emotion regulation difficulties, which may increase vulnerability to self-injurious behavior. As such, we investigated the relationship between PTSD and self-injurious behaviors, and the mediating roles of nightmares and insomnia. Hypotheses were tested cross-sectionally in a sample of psychology clinic outpatients (N=255). Participants completed a structured clinical interview assessing PTSD and self-report questionnaires measuring insomnia, nightmares, and self-injurious behaviors (i.e., Have you ever cut, burned, or scratched yourself on purpose?). PTSD was associated with self-injurious behavior after covarying for depression, and nightmare severity mediated the relationship between PTSD and self-injurious behavior. Findings are consistent with research indicating that sleep disturbances, specifically nightmares, are important predictors of poor outcomes among those with PTSD, and extend this research to suggest their role in self-injurious behaviors as well.
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83
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Lyons-Ruth K, Brumariu LE, Bureau JF, Hennighausen K, Holmes B. Role Confusion and Disorientation in Young Adult-Parent Interaction Among Individuals With Borderline Symptomatology. J Pers Disord 2015; 29:641-62. [PMID: 25248019 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2014_28_165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Borderline symptoms are thought to emerge from the interaction of temperamental factors and environmental stressors. Both parental invalidation and attachment disorganization have been hypothesized to play an etiological role. However, to date the quality of parent-child interaction has not been observed directly. In this study, 120 young adults were assessed for features of borderline personality disorder on the SCID II, for severity of childhood maltreatment on interview and self-report measures, and for disturbance in parent-child interaction during a videotaped conflict discussion task. Borderline traits, as well as suicidality/self-injury specifically, were associated with more role confusion and more disoriented behavior in interaction with the parent. Among young adults with recurrent suicidality/self-injury, 40% displayed high levels of role confusion compared to 16% of those who were not suicidal. Neither form of disturbed interaction mediated the independent effect of childhood abuse on borderline symptoms. A parent-child transactional model is proposed to account for the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlen Lyons-Ruth
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Laura E Brumariu
- Department of Psychology, Derner Institute, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
| | | | | | - Bjarne Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Champlain College, Burlington, Vermont
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84
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Ozdemir O, Boysan M, Guzel Ozdemir P, Yilmaz E. Relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociation, quality of life, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation among earthquake survivors. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:598-605. [PMID: 26106056 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Researches have demonstrated that Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most common stress reactions in the face of disasters and significantly associated with a broad range of trauma-induced sequelaes including anxiety, depression, suicidality as well as functional impairments. To date, though many aspects of risk factors with respect to the development and maintenance of PTSD have been addressed, mediating role of dissociation has received relatively less attention. In the present study, we examined relations of PTSD with quality of life, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, and mediational effect of pathological dissociation in these connections. 583 subjects most of whom experienced a severe earthquake participated in the study after two years of the disaster. We found that being female, being single, earthquake exposure, and having greater suicidal ideation were significant predictors of PTSD symptom severity. Role-Physical, Bodily-Pain, General Health and Role-Emotional subscales of the SF-36 were inversely associated with PTSD symptom severity. Pathological dissociation significantly mediated the substantial associations between predictors and PTSD symptom clusters. Chronic dissociation appears to put trauma exposed individuals in jeopardy of prolonged posttraumatic reactions by mediating the negative influences of risk factors in the face of experienced earthquake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Ozdemir
- Yüzüncü Yıl University, Department of Psychiatry, Dursun Odabas Medical Center, Van, Turkey
| | - Murat Boysan
- Yüzüncü Yıl University, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Van, Turkey
| | - Pinar Guzel Ozdemir
- Yüzüncü Yıl University, Department of Psychiatry, Dursun Odabas Medical Center, Van, Turkey.
| | - Ekrem Yilmaz
- Yüzüncü Yıl University, Department of Psychiatry, Dursun Odabas Medical Center, Van, Turkey
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85
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Maniglio R. Significance, Nature, and Direction of the Association Between Child Sexual Abuse and Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2015; 16:241-257. [PMID: 24626460 DOI: 10.1177/1524838014526068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the significance, nature, and direction of the potential relationship between child sexual abuse and conduct disorder, all the pertinent studies were reviewed. Ten databases were searched. Blind assessments of study eligibility and quality were performed by two independent researchers. Thirty-six studies including 185,358 participants and meeting minimum quality criteria that were enough to ensure objectivity and to not invalidate results were analyzed. Across the majority of studies, conduct disorder was significantly and directly related to child sexual abuse, especially repeated sexual molestation and abuse involving penetration, even after controlling for various sociodemographic, family, and clinical variables. The association between child sexual abuse and conduct disorder was not confounded by other risk factors, such as gender, socioeconomic status, school achievement, substance problems, physical abuse, parental antisocial behavior or substance problems, parent-child relationships, and family disruption, conflict, or violence. Evidence for a significant interactive effect between child sexual abuse and monoamine oxidase A gene on conduct disorder was scant. Early sexual abuse might predispose to the subsequent onset of conduct disorder which, in turn, may lead to further sexual victimization through association with sexually abusive peers or involvement in dangerous situations or sexual survival strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Maniglio
- Department of History, Society, and Human Studies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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86
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Karanović J, Šviković S, Pantović M, Durica S, Brajušković G, Damjanović A, Jovanović V, Ivković M, Romac S, Savić Pavićević D. Joint effect of ADARB1 gene, HTR2C gene and stressful life events on suicide attempt risk in patients with major psychiatric disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015; 16:261-71. [PMID: 25732952 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2014.1000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adenosine to inosine RNA editing, serotonin 2C receptor (HTR2C), and stressful life events (SLEs) have all been implicated in suicidal behaviour. We examined the main and moderating effects of RNA editing (ADAR, ADARB1) and HTR2C genes, childhood trauma (CT), recent SLEs and psychiatric disorders as contributors to suicide attempt (SA) vulnerability. METHODS Study included 165 suicide attempters and 188 suicide non-attempters, all diagnosed with one of major psychiatric disorders. CT and recent SLEs were assessed using Early Trauma Inventory-Self Report and List of Threatening Experiences Questionnaire, respectively. Selected ADAR and ADARB1 tag-variants, and HTR2C rs6318 were pre-screened for association with SA, while generalized linear models and backward selection were applied to identify individual and interacting SA risk factors. RESULTS ADARB1 rs9983925 and rs4819035 and HTR2C rs6318 were associated with SA. The best minimal model found emotional abuse, recent SLEs, rs9983925 and rs6318 as independent SA risk factors, and general traumas as a factor moderating the effect of psychiatric disorders and emotional abuse. CONCLUSIONS SA vulnerability in psychiatric patients is related to the joint effect of ADARB1 and HTR2C variants, the existing mood disorder and the cumulative exposures to a various childhood and recent stressful experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Karanović
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
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87
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Venta A, Sharp C. Attachment organization in suicide prevention research: preliminary findings and future directions in a sample of inpatient adolescents. CRISIS 2015; 35:60-6. [PMID: 24197486 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying risk factors for suicide-related thoughts and behaviors (SRTB) is essential among adolescents in whom SRTB remain a leading cause of death. Although many risk factors have already been identified, influential theories now suggest that the domain of interpersonal relationships may play a critical role in the emergence of SRTB. Because attachment has long been seen as the foundation of interpersonal functioning, we suggest that attachment insecurity warrants attention as a risk factor for SRTB. AIMS This study sought to explore relations between attachment organization and suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and self-harm in an inpatient adolescent sample, controlling for demographic and psychopathological covariates. METHOD We recruited 194 adolescents from an inpatient unit and assigned them to one of four attachment groups (secure, preoccupied, dismissing, or disorganized attachment). Interview and self-report measures were used to create four variables reflecting the presence or absence of suicidal ideation in the last year, single lifetime suicide attempt, multiple lifetime suicide attempts, and lifetime self-harm. RESULTS Chi-square and regression analyses did not reveal significant relations between attachment organization and SRTB, although findings did confirm previously established relations between psychopathology and SRTB, such that internalizing disorder was associated with increased self-harm, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt and externalizing disorder was associated with increased self-harm. CONCLUSION The severity of this sample and methodological differences from previous studies may explain the nonsignificant findings. Nonsignificant findings may indicate that the relation between attachment organization and SRTB is moderated by other factors that should be explored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Venta
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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88
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Hamza CA, Willoughby T, Heffer T. Impulsivity and nonsuicidal self-injury: A review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2015; 38:13-24. [PMID: 25779460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI; direct self-injury without lethal intent) often is thought to be associated with impulse control problems. Recent research, however, offers conflicting results about whether impulsivity is a risk factor for NSSI engagement. To disentangle findings on the link between impulsivity and NSSI, an extensive review of the literature was conducted using several electronic databases (i.e., PsychInfo, PsychArticles, ERIC, CINAHL, and MEDLINE). In total, 27 studies that met the specific inclusion criteria were identified. Results of a meta-analysis revealed that individuals who engaged in NSSI self-reported greater impulsivity than individuals who did not engage in NSSI, and that this effect was most consistent for measures of negative urgency. In contrast, there was little evidence of an association between lab-based measures of impulsivity (e.g., Go/No-Go, Stop/Signal Task) and NSSI. Moreover, the link between impulsivity and NSSI found for self-report measures was sometimes eliminated when other risk factors for NSSI were controlled (e.g., abuse, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder). In addition to integrating findings, the present review provides several explanations for the discrepancies in findings between studies employing self-report versus lab-based measures of impulsivity. To conclude, several specific recommendations for future research directions to extend the literature on impulsivity and NSSI are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A Hamza
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Teena Willoughby
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Taylor Heffer
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
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89
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Lewis SP, Heath NL. Nonsuicidal self-injury among youth. J Pediatr 2015; 166:526-30. [PMID: 25596101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Lewis
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Nancy L Heath
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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90
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Karagöz B, Dağ İ. The Relationship between Childhood Maltreatment and Emotional Dysregulation in Self Mutilation: An Investigation among Substance Dependent Patients. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2015; 52:8-14. [PMID: 28360668 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2015.6769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study aims to examine the role of emotion dysregulation and childhood maltreatment in self mutilation (SM) of substance dependent patients. Specifically, the present study examined whether emotion dysregulation and its dimensions, and childhood maltreatment and its dimensions were associated with SM. The relationship between emotion dysregulation and childhood maltreatment was also investigated. METHODS The sample of study consisted of 55 alcohol dependent and 24 opiate dependent patients (n=79). Substance dependence was diagnosed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID-I), Turkish version. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) were used. RESULTS Findings indicated that substance dependents with SM and without SM were differentiated in terms of overall emotion dysregulation. Results also suggest the relevance of three specific dimensions of emotion dysregulation to SM: Difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors when experiencing negative emotions, difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors when experiencing negative emotions, and limited access to effective emotion regulation strategies. These dimensions were predicted from childhood emotional maltreatment and neglect. It is also revealed that substance dependents with SM had higher points than those without SM on emotional childhood maltreatment and neglect, physical childhood maltreatment. CONCLUSION Results were supported by the literature suggested that self-mutilation functions as a emotional regulation strategy. Findings also suggested that self- mutilation is related to early relationships take place in family environment in which individuals grow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Karagöz
- Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Arts, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İhsan Dağ
- Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Arts, Ankara, Turkey
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91
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Mansbach-Kleinfeld I, Ifrah A, Apter A, Farbstein I. Child sexual abuse as reported by Israeli adolescents: social and health related correlates. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2015; 40:68-80. [PMID: 25542832 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of child sexual abuse (CSA) in a nation-wide representative sample of 14-17 year old Israeli adolescents, and to examine the associations between CSA, socio-demographic correlates and various measures of physical and mental health. The study population consisted of 906 mother-adolescent dyads, belonging to a community based, representative sample of Israeli 14-17 year olds, interviewed in 2004-5. Response rate was 68%. Subjects provided demographic data, and information about CSA, physical symptoms, body image, well-being and use of mental health services. DAWBA was used to obtain information regarding mental disorders and suicidality. SDQ was used to obtain data on bullying. Statistical analyses were conducted using an SPSS-17 complex sample analysis module and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the associations between CSA and risk factors and social and health related correlates. Findings show that CSA was reported by 3.3% of adolescents. Higher risk of exposure to CSA was found among girls, among adolescents living in a one-parent household and among adolescents with a chronic disability. In multivariate models adjusting for gender, learning disabilities and depression, CSA was associated with suicidal attempts, stomach ache, dizziness, sleep problems, well being at home and bullying behaviors. No association was found with suicidal ideation or other physical symptoms. Our findings confirm that the associations between CSA and different outcomes vary depending on the socio-psychological context, and underline the importance of addressing the complexity of variables associated with CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anneke Ifrah
- The Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Alan Apter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Schneider Medical Center for Children in Israel, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Ilana Farbstein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ziv Hospital, Zfat, Israel
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92
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Smith NB, Steele AM, Weitzman ML, Trueba AF, Meuret AE. Investigating the role of self-disgust in nonsuicidal self-injury. Arch Suicide Res 2015; 19:60-74. [PMID: 25010258 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2013.850135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Self-directed disgust, a component of self-criticism, may present an important, yet unexplored emotion in the context of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The aim of this study was to examine the role of self-disgust in NSSI, specifically as a potential mediator in the relations between depression and NSSI as well as sexual abuse and NSSI, and to also better understand characteristics that might differentiate recent and past self-injurers. A total of 549 college students completed measures assessing NSSI, self-disgust, depression, anxiety sensitivity, and physical and sexual abuse. Results indicated self-disgust fully mediated the relation between depressive symptoms and NSSI status and partially mediated the relation between sexual abuse and NSSI status. Additionally, compared to past self-injurers (4.6%; n = 25), recent self-injurers (6.4%; n = 35) endorsed significantly higher self-disgust and depressive symptoms. Self-disgust may be an important component in NSSI and should be addressed in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle B Smith
- a Department of Psychology , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas , USA
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93
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Chaplo SD, Kerig PK, Bennett DC, Modrowski CA. The roles of emotion dysregulation and dissociation in the association between sexual abuse and self-injury among juvenile justice-involved youth. J Trauma Dissociation 2015; 16:272-85. [PMID: 25759937 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2015.989647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To date, scholars have established associations among nonsuicidal self-injury and sexual abuse, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and dissociation. However, leading theoretical models of the mechanisms underlying the association between trauma and negative outcomes suggest a more parsimonious explanation in that deficits in emotion regulation may underlie these various risk factors for self-injury. This study examined whether sexual abuse was differentially associated with nonsuicidal self-injury over and above other forms of traumatic experiences and whether the association between sexual abuse and self-injury was statistically mediated by emotion dysregulation and dissociation. Participants included 525 youth (392 boys, 133 girls) recruited from the U.S. juvenile justice system who completed measures of self-reported trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, dissociation, and emotion dysregulation. Results of a hierarchical regression demonstrated that sexual abuse predicted posttraumatic stress symptoms and self-injury over and above other forms of traumatic experiences. Results of bootstrapped mediation analyses indicated that emotion dysregulation and dissociation in combination were implicated in self-injury among youth. The results suggest that youth in the juvenile justice system who experience sexual abuse may be at risk for higher rates of posttraumatic stress symptoms and that self-injury may be particularly salient for youth who experience sexual abuse. Furthermore, the results shed light on the role that dissociation and emotion dysregulation play in the relation between sexual abuse and self-injury, suggesting that a larger framework of self-regulation may have both empirical and clinical utility in helping to understand the underlying processes at play in these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon D Chaplo
- a Department of Psychology , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
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94
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Franzke I, Wabnitz P, Catani C. Dissociation as a mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma and nonsuicidal self-injury in females: a path analytic approach. J Trauma Dissociation 2015; 16:286-302. [PMID: 25761222 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2015.989646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
New theoretical models of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) postulate that symptoms subsequent to childhood maltreatment rather than childhood maltreatment itself may lead to engagement in NSSI. However, little is known concerning which specific syndromes serve as underlying mechanisms. In this study we sought to examine the mediating effects of dissociative, posttraumatic, and depressive symptoms, 3 often comorbid syndromes following childhood trauma. In addition, we aimed to assess differences between women with and without NSSI. A sample of 87 female inpatients with a history of childhood abuse and neglect was divided into 2 subgroups (NSSI: n = 42, no NSSI: n = 45). The assessment included measures of NSSI characteristics; adverse childhood experiences; and posttraumatic, dissociative, and depressive symptoms. The NSSI group reported significantly more cases of childhood maltreatment and higher levels of current dissociative, posttraumatic, and depressive symptoms than patients without NSSI. The results of a path analysis showed that only dissociation mediated the relationship between a history of child maltreatment and NSSI when all 3 psychopathological variables were included in the model. The findings point toward a strong and rather specific association between dissociative experiences and NSSI and therefore have important implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Franzke
- a Evangelisches Krankenhaus Bielefeld , Clinic for Psychotherapeutic and Psychosomatic Medicine , Bielefeld , Germany
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95
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Forsman M, Johansson A, Santtila P, Sandnabba K, Långström N. Sexually coercive behavior following childhood maltreatment. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2015; 44:149-156. [PMID: 24752790 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is associated with adult sexually coercive behavior. The association may be causal or confounders that increase the risk of both childhood victimization and sexually coercive behavior might explain the observed links. We examined if childhood maltreatment was related to sexual coercion independently of familial (genetic or common family environment) risk factors, thereby addressing potential causality. Participants were 6,255 18 to 33-year-old twins from the Finnish population-based study "Genetics of Sex and Aggression" who responded to self-report questionnaires of child maltreatment and sexually coercive behavior. We used generalized estimating equations to elucidate risk of sexual coercion in maltreated compared to unrelated, non-maltreated individuals. To adjust for unmeasured familial factors, we used the co-twin control method and compared sexual coercion risk within maltreatment-discordant twin pairs. Further, we examined possible differential effects of maltreatment subtypes and compared mean differences in maltreatment summary scores between sexually coercive individuals and controls. Sexual coercion was moderately more common among individuals maltreated as children versus unrelated controls (38.3 vs. 22.8 %; age- and gender-adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 2.31, 95 % CI 1.75-3.05) and the risk increase remained similar within maltreatment-discordant twins (OR = 2.82, 95 % CI 1.42-5.61). Moreover, different maltreatment subtypes predicted sexual coercion equally well and effect sizes remained similar within discordant twin pairs. We conclude that associations between child maltreatment and sexual coercion are largely independent of shared familial confounds, consistent with a causal inference. Importantly, detection and targeted interventions for maltreated children should remain a priority to reduce societal sexually coercive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Forsman
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, R&D Unit, POB 12055, 102 22, Stockholm, Sweden,
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96
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Ford JD, Gómez JM. The relationship of psychological trauma and dissociative and posttraumatic stress disorders to nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidality: a review. J Trauma Dissociation 2015; 16:232-71. [PMID: 25758363 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2015.989563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed research on the relationship between (a) exposure to psychological trauma and (b) nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidality (suicidal ideation [SI] and suicide attempts [SA]) in individuals with dissociative disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The review provides a context for the special issue of the Journal of Trauma & Dissociation on these topics. Exposure to childhood sexual abuse is the most consistent traumatic antecedent of self-harm, although traumatic violence in childhood (particularly physical abuse) and adulthood (particularly domestic violence) and exposure to multiple types of traumatic stressors also are associated with NSSI and SI/SA. Dissociative disorders and PTSD are consistently associated with increased NSSI and SA/SI. There is preliminary cross-sectional evidence that dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorders may mediate the relationship between psychological trauma and NSSI and SI/SA. Research on emotion dysregulation as a potential cross-cutting mechanism linking dissociation, PTSD, and self-harm is also reviewed. We conclude with a discussion of implications for clinical practice and future directions for scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D Ford
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Connecticut School of Medicine , Farmington , Connecticut , USA
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97
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Autoaggression und Kindheitstraumatisierungen bei Patienten mit Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörungen. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-014-1096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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98
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Klonsky ED, Victor SE, Saffer BY. Nonsuicidal self-injury: what we know, and what we need to know. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2014; 59:565-8. [PMID: 25565471 PMCID: PMC4244874 DOI: 10.1177/070674371405901101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E David Klonsky
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Sarah E Victor
- Graduate Student, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Boaz Y Saffer
- Graduate Student, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
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99
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Reichl C, Kaess M, Resch F, Brunner R. [The role of genotype in the intergenerational transmission of experiences of childhood adversity]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2014; 42:349-59. [PMID: 25163997 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood abuse and maltreatment is estimated to lie at about 15% in the overall German population. Previous research suggested that about one third of all individuals who had experienced childhood adversity subsequently maltreated their own children or responded insensitively to their children's needs. Empirical studies imply that interindividual differences in the responsiveness to childhood adversity can partially be explained by gene-environment interactions. This article discusses the potential interplay of genes and environment in the context of transmitting maltreating behavior and (in)sensitive parenting against the background of current challenges in genetic research. Selected studies on gene × environment interactions are presented and relevant gene polymorphisms are identified. Overall, previous studies reported interactions between polymorphisms of the serotonergic, dopaminergic, oxytocin-related, and arginine vasopressin-related systems and childhood experiences of care and abuse in the prediction of social behaviors during mother-child interactions. The results indicate a differential susceptibility toward both negative and positive environments which is dependent on genetic characteristics. Future research should thus investigate the effects of children's presumed risk gene variants toward negative as well as positive parenting. This could contribute to a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission of abusive and beneficial parenting behavior and help to avoid false stigmatizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Reichl
- Sektion Störungen der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
| | - Michael Kaess
- Sektion Störungen der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
| | - Franz Resch
- Sektion Störungen der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
| | - Romuald Brunner
- Sektion Störungen der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
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100
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Mitchell KJ, Wells M, Priebe G, Ybarra ML. Exposure to websites that encourage self-harm and suicide: prevalence rates and association with actual thoughts of self-harm and thoughts of suicide in the United States. J Adolesc 2014; 37:1335-44. [PMID: 25313930 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article provides 12-month prevalence rates of youth exposure to websites which encourage self-harm or suicide and examines whether such exposure is related to thoughts of self-harm and thoughts of suicide in the past 30 days. Data were collected via telephone from a nationally representative survey of 1560 Internet-using youth, ages 10-17 residing in the United States. One percent (95% CI: 0.5%, 1.5%) of youth reported visiting a website that encouraged self-harm or suicide. Youth who visited such websites were seven times more likely to say they had thought about killing themselves; and 11 times more likely to think about hurting themselves, even after adjusting for several known risk factors for thoughts of self-harm and thoughts of suicide. Given that youth thinking about self-harm and suicide are more likely to visit these sites, they may represent an opportunity for identification of youth in need of crisis intervention.
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