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Molusky MM, Li S, Ma D, Yu L, Lin JD. Ubiquitin-specific protease 2 regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis and diurnal glucose metabolism through 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. Diabetes 2012; 61:1025-35. [PMID: 22447855 PMCID: PMC3331773 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic gluconeogenesis is important for maintaining steady blood glucose levels during starvation and through light/dark cycles. The regulatory network that transduces hormonal and circadian signals serves to integrate these physiological cues and adjust glucose synthesis and secretion by the liver. In this study, we identified ubiquitin-specific protease 2 (USP2) as an inducible regulator of hepatic gluconeogenesis that responds to nutritional status and clock. Adenoviral-mediated expression of USP2 in the liver promotes hepatic glucose production and exacerbates glucose intolerance in diet-induced obese mice. In contrast, in vivo RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of this factor improves systemic glycemic control. USP2 is a target gene of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a coactivator that integrates clock and energy metabolism, and is required for maintaining diurnal glucose homeostasis during restricted feeding. At the mechanistic level, USP2 regulates hepatic glucose metabolism through its induction of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD1) and glucocorticoid signaling in the liver. Pharmacological inhibition and liver-specific RNAi knockdown of HSD1 significantly impair the stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis by USP2. Together, these studies delineate a novel pathway that links hormonal and circadian signals to gluconeogenesis and glucose homeostasis.
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Martínez-García M, San-Millán J, Escobar-Morreale H. The R453Q and D151A polymorphisms of Hexose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene (H6PD) influence the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and obesity. Gene 2012; 497:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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53
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Marzolla V, Armani A, Zennaro MC, Cinti F, Mammi C, Fabbri A, Rosano GMC, Caprio M. The role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in adipocyte biology and fat metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:281-8. [PMID: 21945603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone controls blood pressure by binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a ligand-activated transcription factor which regulates critical genes controlling salt and water homeostasis in the kidney. In recent years, inappropriate MR activation has been shown to trigger deleterious responses in various tissues, including vessels, heart and brain, hence promoting vascular inflammation, cardiovascular remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Moreover, epidemiological studies have shown a clear association between aldosterone levels and the incidence of metabolic syndrome. In particular, recent work has revealed functional MRs in adipose tissue, where they mediate the effects of aldosterone and glucocorticoids, displaying important and specific functions involving adipose differentiation, expansion and proinflammatory capacity. This recent evidence finally moved MR out of the shadow of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which had previously been considered the only player mediating corticosteroid action in adipose tissue. This has opened a new era of research focusing on the complexity and selectivity of MR function in adipocyte biology. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest concepts on the role of MR in white and brown adipocytes, and to discuss the potential benefits of tissue-selective MR blockade in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Baudrand R, Domínguez JM, Carvajal CA, Riquelme A, Campino C, Macchiavello S, Bozinovic M, Morales M, Pizarro M, Solis N, Escalona A, Boza C, Arrese M, Fardella CE. Overexpression of hepatic 5α-reductase and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in visceral adipose tissue is associated with hyperinsulinemia in morbidly obese patients. Metabolism 2011; 60:1775-80. [PMID: 21704348 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
11-β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) converts cortisone to cortisol, mainly in the liver and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and has been implicated in several metabolic disorders. The absence of systemic hypercortisolism in central obesity could be due to increased inactivation of cortisol to its tetrahydrometabolites by the hepatic enzymes 5α- and 5β-reductases. Our aim was to assess the expression of the reductases in the liver and of 11β-HSD1 in the liver and VAT in morbidly obese patients and to analyze their association with clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters. Hepatic and VAT samples were obtained during bariatric surgery. 5α- and 5β-reductases, 11β-HSD1, and 18S expression was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Anthropometric and biochemical variables were analyzed. Forty-one patients were recruited (age, 41.8 ± 10.6 years; body mass index, 42.1 ± 6.6 kg/m(2); 71% women). The expression of hepatic 5α- and 5β-reductases was positively correlated (r = +0.53, P = .004), and their expression levels were correlated with hepatic 11β-HSD1 expression (r = +0.61, P < .001 for 5α-reductase and r = +0.50, P < .001 for 5β-reductase). Hepatic 5α-reductase was associated with insulin (r = +0.34, P = .015). Visceral adipose tissue 11β-HSD1 expression was associated with glucose (r = +0.37, P = .025) and insulin (r = +0.54, P = .002). Our results showed that 5α-reductase and VAT 11β-HSD1 expressions were associated with insulinemia. These findings suggest that overexpression of 5α-reductase, through a higher inactivation of cortisol in the liver, could have a protective role in preserving hepatic sensitivity to insulin. The overexpression of liver reductases in obesity could be an adaptive response to an increase in cortisol production by the liver and visceral 11β-HSD1 to avoid systemic hypercortisolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Baudrand
- Department of Endocrinology, School Of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago 8330074, Chile
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55
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Peckett AJ, Wright DC, Riddell MC. The effects of glucocorticoids on adipose tissue lipid metabolism. Metabolism 2011; 60:1500-10. [PMID: 21864867 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have long been accepted as being catabolic in nature, liberating energy substrates during times of stress to supply the increased metabolic demand of the body. The effects of GCs on adipose tissue metabolism are conflicting, however, because patients with elevated GCs present with central adiposity. We performed an extensive literature review of the effects of GCs on adipose tissue metabolism. The contradictory effects of GCs on lipid metabolism occur through a number of different mechanisms, some of which are well defined and others remain to be elucidated. Firstly, through increases in caloric and dietary fat intake, along with increased hydrolysis of circulating triglycerides (chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins) by lipoprotein lipase activity, GCs increase the amount of fatty acids in circulation, which are then available for ectopic fat distribution (liver, muscle, and central adipocytes). Glucocorticoids also increase de novo lipid production in hepatocytes through increased expression of fatty acid synthase. There is some controversy as to whether these same mechanisms occur in adipocytes, thereby contributing to adipose hypertrophy. Glucocorticoids promote preadipocyte conversion to mature adipocytes, causing hyperplasia of the adipose tissue. Glucocorticoids also have acute antilipolytic effect on adipocytes, whereas their genomic actions facilitate increased lipolysis after about 48 hours of exposure. The acute and long-term effects of GCs on adipose tissue lipolysis remain unclear. Although considerable evidence supports the notion that GCs increase lipolysis through glucocorticoid-induced increases of lipase expression, they clearly have antilipolytic effects within these same tissues and cell line models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Peckett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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56
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Li S, Liu W, Wang L, Huang R, Chen Q, Wu Y, Cai Y. Effects of menopause on hepatic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity and adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotropin in healthy non-obese women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011; 27:794-9. [PMID: 21736538 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2010.507288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Menopause is associated with central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and insulin resistance, which are also shown in the patients with excess of glucocorticoids. However, the interaction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and menopause has not been fully understood. In this study, 55 healthy non-obese women were recruited, and then divided into two groups, premenopausal group (n = 24) and postmenopausal group (n = 31). HPA axis function was evaluated by using dexamethasone suppression test (DST; 0.25 mg), and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-stimulation test. Moreover, 25 mg cortisone acetate test was applied to evaluate the hepatic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity. We found that hepatic 11β-HSD1 activity and adrenal response to ACTH were increased in the postmenopausal group compared with the premenopausal group, whereas the negative feedback effect of dexamethasone did not show significant difference between pre- and postmenopausal women. These findings suggest that the adrenal sensitivity to ACTH and hepatic 11β-HSD1 activity are increased. The increased cortisol conversion and/or synthesis may be contributed to the dysmetabolic features in the postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
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57
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Gallagher EJ, Leroith D, Karnieli E. The metabolic syndrome--from insulin resistance to obesity and diabetes. Med Clin North Am 2011; 95:855-73. [PMID: 21855696 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In today's society with the escalating levels of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, the metabolic syndrome is receiving considerable attention and is the subject of much controversy. Greater insight into the mechanism(s) behind the syndrome may improve our understanding of how to prevent and best manage this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jane Gallagher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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58
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Xu Z, Tice CM, Zhao W, Cacatian S, Ye YJ, Singh SB, Lindblom P, McKeever BM, Krosky PM, Kruk BA, Berbaum J, Harrison RK, Johnson JA, Bukhtiyarov Y, Panemangalore R, Scott BB, Zhao Y, Bruno JG, Togias J, Guo J, Guo R, Carroll PJ, McGeehan GM, Zhuang L, He W, Claremon DA. Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of 1,3-Oxazinan-2-one Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6050-62. [PMID: 21786805 DOI: 10.1021/jm2005354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrong Xu
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Colin M. Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Wei Zhao
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Salvacion Cacatian
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Yuan-Jie Ye
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Suresh B. Singh
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Peter Lindblom
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Brian M. McKeever
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Paula M. Krosky
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Barbara A. Kruk
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Jennifer Berbaum
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Richard K. Harrison
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Judith A. Johnson
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Yuri Bukhtiyarov
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Reshma Panemangalore
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Boyd B. Scott
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Yi Zhao
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Joseph G. Bruno
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Jennifer Togias
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Joan Guo
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Rong Guo
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 250 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Gerard M. McGeehan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Wei He
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - David A. Claremon
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
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59
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Wyrwoll CS, Holmes MC, Seckl JR. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and the brain: from zero to hero, a decade of progress. Front Neuroendocrinol 2011; 32:265-86. [PMID: 21144857 PMCID: PMC3149101 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have profound effects on brain development and adult CNS function. Excess or insufficient glucocorticoids cause myriad abnormalities from development to ageing. The actions of glucocorticoids within cells are determined not only by blood steroid levels and target cell receptor density, but also by intracellular metabolism by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSD). 11β-HSD1 regenerates active glucocorticoids from their inactive 11-keto derivatives and is widely expressed throughout the adult CNS. Elevated hippocampal and neocortical 11β-HSD1 is observed with ageing and causes cognitive decline; its deficiency prevents the emergence of cognitive defects with age. Conversely, 11β-HSD2 is a dehydrogenase, inactivating glucocorticoids. The major central effects of 11β-HSD2 occur in development, as expression of 11β-HSD2 is high in fetal brain and placenta. Deficient feto-placental 11β-HSD2 results in a life-long phenotype of anxiety and cardiometabolic disorders, consistent with early life glucocorticoid programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Wyrwoll
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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60
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Wang H, Robl JA, Hamann LG, Simpkins L, Golla R, Li YX, Seethala R, Zvyaga T, Gordon DA, Li JJ. Generation of 3,8-substituted 1,2,4-triazolopyridines as potent inhibitors of human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD-1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4146-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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61
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Meltser I, Canlon B. Protecting the auditory system with glucocorticoids. Hear Res 2011; 281:47-55. [PMID: 21718769 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are hormones released following stress-related events and function to maintain homeostasis. Glucocorticoid receptors localize, among others, to hair cells, spiral ligament and spiral ganglion neurons. Glucocorticoid receptor-induced protection against acoustic trauma is found by i) pretreatment with glucocorticoid agonists; ii) acute restraint stress; and iii) sound conditioning. In contrast, glucocorticoid receptor antagonists exacerbate hearing loss. These findings have important clinical significance since synthetic glucocorticoids are commonly used to treat hearing loss. However, this treatment has limited success since hearing improvement is often not maintained once the treatment has ended, a fact that reduces the overall appeal for this treatment. It must be realized that despite the widespread use of glucocorticoids to treat hearing disorders, the molecular mechanisms underlying this treatment are not well characterized. This review will give insight into some physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying glucocorticoid treatment for preventing hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Meltser
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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62
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Li G, Hernandez-Ono A, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Ginsberg HN. Effects of antisense-mediated inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 on hepatic lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:971-81. [PMID: 21364201 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m013748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) converts inactive 11-keto derivatives to active glucocorticoids within tissues and may play a role in the metabolic syndrome (MS). We used an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) to knock down 11β-HSD1 in livers of C57BL/6J mice consuming a Western-type diet (WTD). 11β-HSD1 ASO-treated mice consumed less food, so we compared them to ad libitum-fed mice and to food-matched mice receiving control ASO. Knockdown of 11β-HSD1 directly protected mice from WTD-induced steatosis and dyslipidemia by reducing synthesis and secretion of triglyceride (TG) and increasing hepatic fatty acid oxidation. These changes in hepatic and plasma lipids were not associated with reductions in genes involved in de novo lipogenesis. However, protein levels of both sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 1 and fatty acid synthase were significantly reduced in mice treated with 11β-HSD1 ASO. There was no change in hepatic secretion of apolipoprotein (apo)B, indicating assembly and secretion of smaller apoB-containing lipoproteins by the liver in the 11β-HSD1-treated mice. Our results indicate that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by ASO treatment of WTD-fed mice resulted in improved plasma and hepatic lipid levels, reduced lipogenesis by posttranslational regulation, and secretion of similar numbers of apoB-containing lipoproteins containing less TG per particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Li
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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63
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Moon SS, Lee YS, Kim JG, Kim SW, Jeong JY, Jeon EJ, Seo HA, Kwak SH, Park KS, Lee IK. Relationship of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Endocr J 2011; 58:949-59. [PMID: 21869537 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej11-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1), which converts inactive glucocorticoid to active glucocorticoid, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of visceral obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) supplies a crucial cofactor, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which allows HSD11B1 to maintain reductase activity. The association of common SNPs in HSD11B1 [IVS3-29G/T (rs12086634), IVS4-11120A/G (rs1000283)] and H6PD [R453Q (rs6688832), P554L (rs17368528)], either separately or combined, with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome was examined in 427 Korean subjects with type 2 diabetes and in 358 nondiabetic Korean subjects. HSD11B1 polymorphisms (rs12086634 and rs1000283) were associated with metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetic subjects and an H6PD polymorphism (rs17368528) was a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic subjects. However, no significant association of these SNPs with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome was found after considering the multiple comparisons in the total study population. In conclusion, HSD11B1 and H6PD polymorphisms may not be associated with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Further investigation of the role of these gene polymorphisms on the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Moon
- Department of Internal medicine, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, South Korea
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64
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Kim CH, Cho YS. Selection and optimization of MCF-7 cell line for screening selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:440-7. [PMID: 20629036 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) produces glucocorticoid (GC) from 11-keto metabolite, and its modulation has been suggested as a novel approach to treat metabolic diseases. In contrast, type 2 isozyme 11beta-HSD2 is involved in the inactivation of glucocorticoids (GCs), protecting the non-selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) from GCs in kidney. Therefore, when 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors are pursued to treat the metabolic syndrome, preferential selectivity of inhibitors for type 1 over type 2 isozyme is rather important than inhibitory potency. Primarily, to search for cell lines with 11beta-HSD2 activity, we investigated the expression profiles of enzymes or receptors relevant to GC metabolism in breast, colon, and bone-derived cell lines. We demonstrated that MCF-7 cells had high expression for 11beta-HSD2, but not for 11beta-HSD1 with its cognate receptor. Next, for the determination of enzyme activity indirectly, we adopted homogeneous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF) cortisol assay. Obviously, the feasibility of HTRF to cellular 11beta-HSD2 was corroborated by constructing inhibitory response to an 11b-HSD2 inhibitor glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). Taken together, MCF-7 that overexpresses type 2 but not type 1 enzyme is chosen for cellular 11beta-HSD2 assay, and our results show that a nonradioactive HTRF assay is applicable for type 2 as well as type 1 isozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hyun Kim
- Division of Electron Microscopic Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, 113 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
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65
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Hyatt T, Chen R, Wang X, Mick G, McCormick K. Effect of diabetes on enzymes involved in rat hepatic corticosterone production. J Diabetes 2010; 2:275-81. [PMID: 20923496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have explored the etiologic or permissive role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) in obesity and Type 2 diabetes, biochemical conditions often with concurrent hyperinsulinism. In contrast, there are limited data on the effect of insulin deficiency (i.e. Type 1 diabetes) on 11β-HSD1 or endoplasmic reticulum enzymes that generate the reduced pyridine cofactor NADPH. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of insulin-deficient, streptozotozin diabetes on key microsomal enzymes involved in rat hepatic corticosterone production. METHODS After rats had been rendered diabetic with streptozotocin and some had been treated with insulin (2-6 units, s.c., long-acting insulin once daily) for 7 days, hepatic microsomes were isolated. Serum corticosterone and fructosamine were obtained premortem. Intact microsomes were incubated in vitro and 11β-HSD1, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) measured. RESULTS Although diabetes markedly altered body weight gain and serum protein glycosylation (assessed by fructosamine), there was no significant change in hepatic 11β-HSD1 reductase activity, with or without insulin treatment. However, serum corticosterone levels were significantly correlated with 11β-HSD1 reductase activity when all groups were analyzed together (P < 0.05). Untreated diabetes modified (P < 0.01) two hepatic microsomal NADPH-generating enzymes, namely H6PDH and IDH, resulting in a 37% decrease and 14% increase in enzyme levels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with most in vivo studies, chronic insulin deficiency with attendant hyperglycemia does not significantly modify hepatic 11β-HSD1 reductase activity, but does alter the activity of two microsomal enzymes coupled with pyridine cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Hyatt
- Department of Pediatrics University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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66
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Discovery and optimization of adamantyl carbamate inhibitors of 11β-HSD1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6725-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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67
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Rose AJ, Vegiopoulos A, Herzig S. Role of glucocorticoids and the glucocorticoid receptor in metabolism: insights from genetic manipulations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122:10-20. [PMID: 20170729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the beneficial effects of adrenocortical extracts for treating adrenal insufficiency more than 80 years ago, glucocorticoids and their cognate, intracellular receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor have been characterized as critical checkpoints in the delicate hormonal control of energy homeostasis in mammals. Whereas physiological levels of glucocorticoids are required for proper metabolic control, aberrant glucocorticoid action has been linked to a variety of pandemic metabolic diseases, such as type II diabetes and obesity. Based on its importance for human health, studies of the molecular mechanisms of within the glucocorticoid signaling axis have become a major focus in biomedical research. In particular, the understanding of tissue-specific functions of the glucocorticoid receptor pathway has been proven to be of substantial value for the development of novel therapies in the treatment of chronic metabolic disorders. Therefore, this review focuses on the consequences of endogenous and experimental modulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression for metabolic homeostasis and dysregulation, particularly emphasizing tissue-specific contributions of the glucocorticoid pathway to the control of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Rose
- Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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68
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Adipose tissue and reproduction in women. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:795-825. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Holmes ME, Ekkekakis P, Eisenmann JC. The physical activity, stress and metabolic syndrome triangle: a guide to unfamiliar territory for the obesity researcher. Obes Rev 2010; 11:492-507. [PMID: 19895413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Research aimed at deciphering the aetiology of obesity and the metabolic syndrome remains focused on two behavioural factors, namely diet and physical activity, even though epidemiologic research suggests that these two cornerstones of treatment and prevention account for only a small-to-moderate portion of the variance in these phenotypes. In recent years, this observation has prompted the intensified investigation of the pathogenic potential of factors that extend beyond the traditional concept of energy imbalance and examine the putative causes of this imbalance. Psychosocial stress has emerged as one such factor, raising the need for researchers to be informed about this expansive and complex literature. The purpose of this review is twofold (i) To introduce obesity researchers to fundamental concepts and historically important theoretical developments in the stress field and (ii) To outline the dyadic and triadic interactions between stress, physical activity and the metabolic syndrome. Although the expansion of the research focus to multiple, diverse and interacting putative causal agents will certainly increase the complexity of the research enterprise, this step seems essential for the comprehension and effective response to the continuing rise in the prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Holmes
- Department of Kinesiology, Center for Physical Activity and Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA.
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Buhl ES, Jensen TK, Jessen N, Elfving B, Buhl CS, Kristiansen SB, Pold R, Solskov L, Schmitz O, Wegener G, Lund S, Petersen KF. Treatment with an SSRI antidepressant restores hippocampo-hypothalamic corticosteroid feedback and reverses insulin resistance in low-birth-weight rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E920-9. [PMID: 20103738 PMCID: PMC2867376 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00606.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with type 2 diabetes and depression, which may be related to prenatal stress and insulin resistance as a result of chronic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity. We examined whether treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor [escitalopram (ESC)] could downregulate HPA axis activity and restore insulin sensitivity in LBW rats. After 4-5 wk of treatment, ESC-exposed LBW (SSRI-LBW) and saline-treated control and LBW rats (Cx and LBW) underwent an oral glucose tolerance test or a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp to assess whole body insulin sensitivity. Hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA expression and red skeletal muscle PKB Ser(473) phosphorylation were used to assess tissue-specific insulin sensitivity. mRNA expression of the hypothalamic mineralocorticoid receptor was fivefold upregulated in LBW (P < 0.05 vs. Cx), accompanied by increased corticosterone release during restraint stress and total 24-h urinary excretion (P < 0.05 vs. Cx), whole body insulin resistance (P < 0.001 vs. Cx), and impaired insulin suppression of hepatic PEPCK mRNA expression (P < 0.05 vs. Cx). Additionally, there was a tendency for reduced red muscle PKB Ser(473) phosphorylation. The ESC treatment normalized corticosterone secretion (P < 0.05 vs. LBW), whole body insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01) as well as postprandial suppression of hepatic mRNA PEPCK expression (P < 0.05), and red muscle PKB Ser(473) phosphorylation (P < 0.01 vs. LBW). We conclude that these data suggest that the insulin resistance and chronic HPA axis hyperactivity in LBW rats can be reversed by treatment with an ESC, which downregulates HPA axis activity, lowers glucocorticoid exposure, and restores insulin sensitivity in LBW rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben S Buhl
- Department of Pharmacology, Wilhelm Meyers Allé, Bldg. 1240, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Staab CA, Maser E. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is an important regulator at the interface of obesity and inflammation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 119:56-72. [PMID: 20045052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic glucocorticoid excess, as exemplified by the Cushing syndrome, leads to obesity and all further symptoms of the metabolic syndrome. The current obesity epidemic, however, is not characterized by increased plasma cortisol concentrations, but instead comes along with chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue and concomitant increased levels of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1, gene HSD11B1), a parameter known to cause obesity in a mouse model. 11beta-HSD1 represents an intracellular amplifier of active glucocorticoid, thus enhances the associated effects on the inflammatory response as well as on nutrient and energy metabolism, and may therefore cause and exacerbate obesity by local increase of glucocorticoid concentrations. Obtained by extensive literature and database searching, the present review includes comprehensive lists of primary glucocorticoid-sensitive genes and gene products as well as of the thus far known regulators of HSD11B1 expression with implication in inflammation and metabolic disease. Collectively, the data clearly show that, in addition to amplifying active glucocorticoid and thus profoundly modulating inflammation and nutrient metabolism, 11beta-HSD1 is subject to tight control of multiple additional immunomodulatory and metabolic regulators. Hence, 11beta-HSD1 acts at the interface of inflammation and obesity and represents an efficient integrator and effector of local inflammatory and metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Staab
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Andersson T, Söderström I, Simonyté K, Olsson T. Estrogen reduces 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in liver and visceral, but not subcutaneous, adipose tissue in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:470-5. [PMID: 19763091 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Following menopause, body fat is redistributed from peripheral to central depots. This may be linked to the age related decrease in estrogen levels. We hypothesized that estrogen supplementation could counteract this fat redistribution through tissue-specific modulation of glucocorticoid exposure. We measured fat depot masses and the expression and activity of the glucocorticoid-activating enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1) in fat and liver of ovariectomized female rats treated with or without 17beta-estradiol. 11betaHSD1 converts inert cortisone, or 11-dehydrocorticosterone in rats into active cortisol and corticosterone. Estradiol-treated rats gained less weight and had significantly lower visceral adipose tissue weight than nontreated rats (P < 0.01); subcutaneous adipose weight was unaltered. In addition, 11betaHSD1 activity/expression was downregulated in liver and visceral, but not subcutaneous, fat of estradiol-treated rats (P < 0.001 for both). This downregulation altered the balance of 11betaHSD1 expression and activity between adipose tissue depots, with higher levels in subcutaneous than visceral adipose tissue of estradiol-treated animals (P < 0.05 for both), opposite the pattern in ovariectomized rats not treated with estradiol (P < 0.001 for mRNA expression). Thus, estrogen modulates fat distribution, at least in part, through effects on tissue-specific glucocorticoid metabolism, suggesting that estrogen replacement therapy could influence obesity related morbidity in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therése Andersson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
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73
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Spirocyclic ureas: Orally bioavailable 11β-HSD1 inhibitors identified by computer-aided drug design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:881-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Campino C, Carvajal CA, Cornejo J, San Martín B, Olivieri O, Guidi G, Faccini G, Pasini F, Sateler J, Baudrand R, Mosso L, Owen GI, Kalergis AM, Padilla O, Fardella CE. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-2 and type-1 (11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1) and 5β-reductase activities in the pathogenia of essential hypertension. Endocrine 2010; 37:106-14. [PMID: 19882252 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-009-9269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol availability is modulated by several enzymes: 11β-HSD2, which transforms cortisol (F) to cortisone (E) and 11β-HSD1 which predominantly converts inactive E to active F. Additionally, the A-ring reductases (5α- and 5β-reductase) inactivate cortisol (together with 3α-HSD) to tetrahydrometabolites: 5αTHF, 5βTHF, and THE. The aim was to assess 11β-HSD2, 11β-HSD1, and 5β-reductase activity in hypertensive patients. Free urinary F, E, THF, and THE were measured by HPLC-MS/MS in 102 essential hypertensive patients and 18 normotensive controls. 11β-HSD2 enzyme activity was estimated by the F/E ratio, the activity of 11β-HSD1 in compare to 11β-HSD2 was inferred by the (5αTHF + 5βTHF)/THE ratio and 5β-reductase activity assessed using the E/THE ratio. Activity was considered altered when respective ratios exceeded the maximum value observed in the normotensive controls. A 15.7% of patients presented high F/E ratio suggesting a deficit of 11β-HSD2 activity. Of the remaining 86 hypertensive patients, two possessed high (5αTHF + 5βTHF)/THE ratios and 12.8% had high E/THE ratios. We observed a high percentage of alterations in cortisol metabolism at pre-receptor level in hypertensive patients, previously misclassified as essential. 11β-HSD2 and 5β-reductase decreased activity and imbalance of 11β-HSDs should be considered in the future management of hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Campino
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Lira 85, 5° Piso, Santiago, Chile
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75
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Tissue-specific increases in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in normal weight postmenopausal women. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8475. [PMID: 20041117 PMCID: PMC2795198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With age and menopause there is a shift in adipose distribution from gluteo-femoral to abdominal depots in women. Associated with this redistribution of fat are increased risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Glucocorticoids influence body composition, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) which converts inert cortisone to active cortisol is a putative key mediator of metabolic complications in obesity. Increased 11βHSD1 in adipose tissue may contribute to postmenopausal central obesity. We hypothesized that tissue-specific 11βHSD1 gene expression and activity are up-regulated in the older, postmenopausal women compared to young, premenopausal women. Twenty-three pre- and 23 postmenopausal, healthy, normal weight women were recruited. The participants underwent a urine collection, a subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy and the hepatic 11βHSD1 activity was estimated by the serum cortisol response after an oral dose of cortisone. Urinary (5α-tetrahydrocortisol+5β-tetrahydrocortisol)/tetrahydrocortisone ratios were higher in postmenopausal women versus premenopausal women in luteal phase (P<0.05), indicating an increased whole-body 11βHSD1 activity. Postmenopausal women had higher 11βHSD1 gene expression in subcutaneous fat (P<0.05). Hepatic first pass conversion of oral cortisone to cortisol was also increased in postmenopausal women versus premenopausal women in follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (P<0.01, at 30 min post cortisone ingestion), suggesting higher hepatic 11βHSD1 activity. In conclusion, our results indicate that postmenopausal normal weight women have increased 11βHSD1 activity in adipose tissue and liver. This may contribute to metabolic dysfunctions with menopause and ageing in women.
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76
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Tomlinson JJ, Boudreau A, Wu D, Abdou Salem H, Carrigan A, Gagnon A, Mears AJ, Sorisky A, Atlas E, Haché RJG. Insulin sensitization of human preadipocytes through glucocorticoid hormone induction of forkhead transcription factors. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 24:104-13. [PMID: 19887648 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are synthesized locally in adipose tissue and contribute to metabolic disease through the facilitation of adipose tissue expansion. Here we report that exposure of human primary preadipocytes to glucocorticoids increases their sensitivity to insulin and enhances their subsequent response to stimuli that promote differentiation. This effect was observed in primary human preadipocytes but not in immortalized 3T3-L1 murine preadipocytes or in fully differentiated primary human adipocytes. Stimulation of insulin signaling was mediated through induction of insulin receptor (IR), IR substrate protein 1 (IRS1), IRS2, and the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide-3-3-kinase, which led to enhanced insulin-mediated activation of Akt. Although induction of IRS2 was direct, induction of IR and IRS1 by glucocorticoids occurred subsequent to primary induction of the forkhead family transcription factors FoxO1A and FoxO3A. These results reveal a new role for glucocorticoids in preparing preadipocytes for differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna J Tomlinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Gross C, Blasey CM, Roe RL, Allen K, Block TS, Belanoff JK. Mifepristone treatment of olanzapine-induced weight gain in healthy men. Adv Ther 2009; 26:959-69. [PMID: 19888560 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-009-0070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antipsychotic medications are associated with significant weight gain, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and increased cardiovascular risk. Suggested mechanisms of weight gain from antipsychotic medication include antagonism of histamine and serotonin receptors, and effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The objective of this study was to determine if mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, could prevent olanzapine-induced weight gain. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind trial. Fifty-seven lean, healthy men (body mass index 18-25 kg/m(2)) aged 19-38 years were randomized to olanzapine (7.5 mg) (n=22), olanzapine (7.5 mg) plus mifepristone (600 mg) (n=24), or mifepristone (600 mg) (n=11) daily for 2 weeks in an institutional setting. Subjects were provided food ad libitum to accentuate weight gain. Body weight was measured daily. RESULTS The mean change in baseline weight was +3.2+/-0.9 kg in subjects receiving olanzapine versus +2.0+/-1.2 kg in those receiving olanzapine plus mifepristone (P<0.0001). Subjects receiving mifepristone alone had a similar degree of weight gain compared to those receiving olanzapine plus mifepristone. The olanzapine group had significant increases in waist circumference when compared with the olanzapine plus mifepristone group (3.7+/-1.3 cm vs. 2.2+/-1.9 cm, respectively; P=0.006). Fasting insulin and triglycerides increased more in the olanzapine group, although differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Mifepristone was effective in attenuating the increase in weight associated with olanzapine treatment over a 2-week period. Longer-term studies are required to examine the durability and full magnitude of this response.
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78
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Baudrand R, Carvajal CA, Riquelme A, Morales M, Solis N, Pizarro M, Escalona A, Boza C, Pérez G, Domínguez A, Arrese M, Fardella CE. Overexpression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in hepatic and visceral adipose tissue is associated with metabolic disorders in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg 2009; 20:77-83. [PMID: 19690925 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-009-9937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) catalyzes intracellular glucocorticoid reactivation by conversion of cortisone to cortisol in different tissues and have been implicated in several metabolic disorders associated with obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 11beta-HSD1 expression in liver, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and its correlations with clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables. METHODS A prospective study was conducted over a 27-month period. Hepatic, VAT, and SAT samples were obtained at the time of surgery. 11beta-HSD1 and 18S gene expression was measured using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Forty nine patients met the inclusion criteria [mean age: 42.2 +/- 10 years, body mass index (BMI): 42 +/- 6 kg/m(2), 71% women and 63% with metabolic syndrome (MS)]. 11beta-HSD1 mRNA levels were higher in liver than fat tissue (p < 0.001), being higher in SAT than in VAT (p < 0.001) without gender-specific differences. Hepatic expression of 11beta-HSD1 correlated positively with SAT and VAT, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and serum glucose and was inversely associated with BMI. 11beta-HSD1 mRNA in VAT correlated positively with insulinemia, ALT, and LDL cholesterol. There were no associations between 11beta-HSD1 mRNA in SAT and the variables analyzed. CONCLUSIONS 11beta-HSD1 expression is higher in liver in comparison to adipose tissue in obese patients. The observed correlations between hepatic and VAT 11beta-HSD1 expression with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance suggest that this enzyme might have a pathogenic role in obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Baudrand
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty Of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Lira 85, 5 Masculine Piso, Santiago, Chile
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Hirata A, Maeda N, Hiuge A, Hibuse T, Fujita K, Okada T, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Shimomura I. Blockade of mineralocorticoid receptor reverses adipocyte dysfunction and insulin resistance in obese mice. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 84:164-72. [PMID: 19505930 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In obesity, chronic low-grade inflammation and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in fat contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome. Suppression of inflammation and ROS production in fat may attenuate the metabolic syndrome. Activation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) promotes inflammation in heart, kidney, and vasculature via ROS generation. However, the significance of MR in fat remains elusive. Here we investigated whether MR blockade attenuates obesity-related insulin resistance and improves adipocyte dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS Obese ob/ob and db/db mice were treated with eplerenone, a MR antagonist, for 3 weeks. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with aldosterone or H2O2, with and without eplerenone or MR-siRNA. High levels of MR mRNA were detected in adipose tissue of obese ob/ob and db/db mice. Eplerenone treatment significantly reduced insulin resistance, suppressed macrophage infiltration and ROS production in adipose tissues, and corrected the mRNA levels of obesity-related genes in obese mice. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, aldosterone and H2O2 increased intracellular ROS levels and MR blockade inhibited such increases. H2O2 and aldosterone resulted in dysregulation of mRNAs of various genes related to ROS and cytokines, whereas MR blockade corrected such changes. CONCLUSION MR blockade attenuates obesity-related insulin resistance partly through reduction of fat ROS production, inflammatory process, and induction of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Hirata
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-B5 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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80
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Veilleux A, Blouin K, Tchernof A. Mechanisms of androgenic action in adipose tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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81
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Zemanova Z, Strnadova M, Jirsova Z, Klusonova P. Occurrence of lipids in the liver of the hypertriglyceridemic rats. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2009; 153:37-9. [PMID: 19365524 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2009.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the accumulation and distribution of lipids in the liver of the adult Prague hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (HHTg) rats. They reveal an increased expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11HSD1), which locally increases concentration of corticosterone in the liver. We studied the effect of the 11HSD1 inhibition on the lipid content. METHODS Samples of liver of three groups of adult female rats--HHTg, HHTg treated for 14 days with 50 mg/kg/day carbenoxolone (HHTg+CBX) and control Wistar rats, were examined histochemically. Cryosections of the samples were stained with Oil red O or Sudan black B to demonstrate different kinds of lipids. Extent and intensity of staining was evaluated semiquantitatively. RESULTS The orientational analysis showed a higher extent and intensity of the staining of the liver of HHTg and HHTg+CBX rats (equal in both hypertriglyceridemic groups) than that of the control Wistar rats. Oil red O stained unsaturated fatty acids and neutral fats, mainly triglycerides. The difference was on average 30 per cent. Staining of phospholipids with Sudan black B showed similarly the higher positivity in the hypertriglyceridemic groups than in controls. CONCLUSIONS Staining for triglycerides and phospholipids demonstrated a higher amount of lipids in the liver of HHTg and HHTg+CBX female rats than in controls. The inhibition of 11HSD1 activity had no effect on the lipid content in the liver of the HHTg rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Zemanova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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82
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Robinzon B, Prough RA. A novel NADP(+)-dependent dehydrogenase activity for 7alpha/beta- and 11beta-hydroxysteroids in human liver nuclei: A third 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 486:170-6. [PMID: 19416720 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human tissue from uninvolved liver of cancer patients was fractionated using differential centrifugation and characterized for 11betaHSD enzyme activity against corticosterone, dehydrocorticosterone, 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone, and 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone. An enzyme activity was observed in nuclear protein fractions that utilized either NADP(+) or NAD(+), but not NADPH and NADH, as pyridine nucleotide cofactor with K(m) values of 12+/-2 and 390+/-2microM, compared to the K(m) for microsomal 11betaHSD1 of 43+/-8 and 264+/-24microM, respectively. The K(m) for corticosterone in the NADP(+)-dependent nuclear oxidation reaction was 102+/-16nM, compared to 4.3+/-0.8microM for 11betaHSD1. The K(cat) values for nuclear activity with NADP(+) was 1687nmol/min/mg/micromol, compared to 755nmol/min/mg/micromol for microsomal 11betaHSD1 activity. Inhibitors of 11betaHSD1 decreased both nuclear and microsomal enzyme activities, suggesting that the nuclear activity may be due to an enzyme similar to 11betaHSD Type 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Robinzon
- Department of Animal Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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83
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Livingstone DEW, Grassick SL, Currie GL, Walker BR, Andrew R. Dysregulation of glucocorticoid metabolism in murine obesity: comparable effects of leptin resistance and deficiency. J Endocrinol 2009; 201:211-8. [PMID: 19223399 PMCID: PMC2674682 DOI: 10.1677/joe-09-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In obese humans, metabolism of glucocorticoids by 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11 beta-HSD1) and A-ring reduction (by 5 alpha- and 5 beta-reductases) is dysregulated in a tissue specific manner. These changes have been recapitulated in leptin resistant obese Zucker rats but were not observed in high-fat fed Wistar rats. Recent data from mouse models suggest that such discrepancies may reflect differences in leptin signalling. We therefore compared glucocorticoid metabolism in murine models of leptin deficiency and resistance. Male ob/ob and db/db mice and their respective littermate controls (n=10-12/group) were studied at the age of 12 weeks. Enzyme activities and mRNA expression were quantified in snap-frozen tissues. The patterns of altered pathways of steroid metabolism in obesity were similar in ob/ob and db/db mice. In liver, 5 beta-reductase activity and mRNA were increased and 11 beta-HSD1 decreased in obese mice, whereas 5 alpha-reductase 1 (5 alpha R1) mRNA was not altered. In visceral adipose depots, 5 beta-reductase was not expressed, 11 beta-HSD1 activity was increased and 5 alpha R1 mRNA was not altered in obesity. By contrast, in subcutaneous adipose tissue 11 beta-HSD1 and 5 alpha R1 mRNA were decreased. Systematic differences were not found between ob/ob and db/db murine models of obesity, suggesting that variations in leptin signalling through the short splice variant of the Ob receptor do not contribute to dysregulation of glucocorticoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Andrew
- (Correspondence should be addressed to R Andrew; )
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84
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Blouin K, Veilleux A, Luu-The V, Tchernof A. Androgen metabolism in adipose tissue: recent advances. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:97-103. [PMID: 19022338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Androgens modulate adipocyte function and affect the size of adipose tissue compartments in humans. Aldo-keto reductase 1C (AKR1C) enzymes, especially AKR1C2 and AKR1C3, through local synthesis and inactivation of androgens, may be involved in the fine regulation of androgen availability in adipose tissue. This review article summarizes recent findings on androgen metabolism in adipose tissue. Primary culture models and whole tissue specimens of human adipose tissue obtained from the abdominal subcutaneous and intra-abdominal (omental) fat compartments were used in our studies. The non-aromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibits adipocyte differentiation in subcutaneous and omental adipocytes in humans. This inhibitory effect is partially reversed by anti-androgens. Activity and mRNA expression of AKR1C1, 2 and 3 were detected in SC and OM adipose tissue, in men and women, with higher levels in the SC depot than the omental depot of both sexes. The abundance of AKR1C enzyme mRNAs was particularly elevated compared to other steroid-converting enzymes. Significant positive associations were observed between AKR1C enzyme mRNA levels or DHT inactivation rates and visceral fat accumulation as well as OM adipocyte size in women and in men, at least in the normal weight to moderately obese range. Mature adipocytes had significantly higher DHT inactivation rates compared to preadipocytes. Accordingly, adipocyte differentiation significantly increased AKR1C enzyme expression and DHT inactivation rates. Treatment of preadipocytes with dexamethasone alone led to significant increases in the formation of 5alpha-androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol. This stimulation was completely abolished by RU486, suggesting that androgen inactivation is stimulated by a glucocorticoid receptor-dependent mechanism. In conclusion, higher AKR1C activity and expression in mature adipocytes may explain the associations between these enzymes and obesity. We speculate that glucocorticoid-induced androgen inactivation could locally decrease the exposure of adipose cells to active androgens and partially remove their inhibitory effect on adipogenesis. We hypothesize that body fat distribution patterns likely emerge from the local adipose tissue balance between active androgens and glucocorticoids in each fat compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Blouin
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Research Center, Laval University Medical Research Center, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Laval University, Canada
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85
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Zhang M, Lv XY, Li J, Xu ZG, Chen L. Alteration of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in skeletal muscle in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 324:147-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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86
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Zhang YL, Zhong X, Gjoka Z, Li Y, Stochaj W, Stahl M, Kriz R, Tobin JF, Erbe D, Suri V. H6PDH interacts directly with 11beta-HSD1: implications for determining the directionality of glucocorticoid catalysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 483:45-54. [PMID: 19121282 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tissue specific amplification of glucocorticoid action through NADPH-dependent reduction of inactive glucocorticoid precursors by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD1) contributes to the development of visceral obesity, insulin resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) is believed to supply NADPH for the reductase activity of 11beta-HSD1 in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where the two enzymes are co-localized. We report here expression and purification of full-length and truncated N-terminal domain (NTD) of H6PDH in a mammalian expression system. Interestingly, both full-length H6PDH and the truncated NTD are secreted into the culture medium in the absence of 11beta-HSD1. Purified full-length H6PDH is a bi-functional enzyme with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity as well as 6-phosphogluconolactonase (6PGL) activity. Using co-immunoprecipitation experiments with purified H6PDH and 11beta-HSD1, and with cell lysates expressing H6PDH and 11beta-HSD1, we observe direct physical interaction between the two enzymes. We also show the modulation of 11beta-HSD1 directionality by H6PDH using overexpression and siRNA knockdown systems. The NTD retains the ability to interact with 11beta-HSD1 physically as well as modulate 11beta-HSD1 directionality indicating that the NTD of H6PDH is sufficient for the regulation of the 11beta-HSD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-ling Zhang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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87
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Gross KL, Cidlowski JA. Tissue-specific glucocorticoid action: a family affair. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008; 19:331-9. [PMID: 18805703 PMCID: PMC2720031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids exert a wide variety of physiological and pathological responses, most of which are mediated by the ubiquitously expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The glucocorticoid response varies among individuals, as well as within tissues from the same individual, and this phenomenon can be partially explained through understanding the process of generating bioavailable ligand and the molecular heterogeneity of GR. This review focuses on the recent advances in our understanding of prereceptor ligand metabolism, GR subtypes and GR polymorphisms. Furthermore, we evaluate the impact of tissue- and individual-specific diversity in the glucocorticoid pathway on human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Gross
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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88
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Sujets « métaboliquement obèses » de poids normal. Première partie: diagnostic, physiopathologie et prévalence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11690-008-0137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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89
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Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D, Karnieli E. The metabolic syndrome--from insulin resistance to obesity and diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008; 37:559-79, vii. [PMID: 18775352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In today's society with the escalating levels of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, the metabolic syndrome is receiving considerable attention and is the subject of much controversy. Greater insight into the mechanism(s) behind the syndrome may improve our understanding of how to prevent and best manage this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jane Gallagher
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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90
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Al Bakir M, Butt AN, Swaminathan R. Circulating 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 mRNA and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1137:283-9. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1448.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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91
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Taylor A, Irwin N, McKillop AM, Flatt PR, Gault VA. Sub-chronic administration of the 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, carbenoxolone, improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice with diet-induced obesity. Biol Chem 2008; 389:441-5. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe have examined the metabolic effects of daily administration of carbenoxolone (CBX), a naturally occurring 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) inhibitor, in mice with high fat diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity. Eight-week-old male SwissTOmice placed on a synthetic high fat diet received daily intraperitoneal injections of either saline vehicle or CBX over a 16-day period. Daily administration of CBX had no effect on food intake, but significantly lowered body weight (1.1- to 1.2-fold) compared to saline-treated controls. Non-fasting plasma glucose levels were significantly decreased (1.6-fold) by CBX treatment on day 4 and remained lower throughout the treatment period. Circulating plasma corticosterone levels were not significantly altered by CBX treatment. Plasma glucose concentrations of CBX-treated mice were significantly reduced (1.4-fold) following an intraperitoneal glucose load compared with saline controls. Similarly, after 16-day treatment with CBX, exogenous insulin evoked a significantly greater reduction in glucose concentrations (1.4- to 1.8-fold). 11β-HSD1 gene expression was significantly down-regulated in liver, whereas glucocorticoid receptor gene expression was increased in both liver and adipose tissue following CBX treatment. The reduced body weight and improved metabolic control in mice with high fat diet-induced obesity upon daily CBX administration highlights the potential value of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition as a new route for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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92
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Hughes KA, Webster SP, Walker BR. 11-Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitors in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:481-96. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.4.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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93
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Katz A, Heiblum R, Meidan R, Robinzon B. Corticosterone oxidative neutralization by 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in kidney and colon of the domestic fowl. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 155:814-20. [PMID: 18022174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian organs involved in sodium reabsorption, the 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11betaHSDs) oxidize glucocorticoids (GC) from their 11-alcohol form to their 11-keto state and therefore prevent their binding to mineralocorticoid (MC) receptors (MR) and the development of a MC excess syndrome. In birds the information about 11betaHSDs and GC metabolism in such organs is scarce. Herein, we report the expression and enzymatic activity of 11betaHSDs in the kidney and colon of chickens. Both organs express 11betaHSD2-like mRNA. With NAD(+), microsomes from both tissues oxidized corticosterone (CS) into 11-dehydrocorticosterone (DHC) with K(m) of 200 and 20nM and V(max) of 13 and 2pmol/mg protein/min in the kidney and colon, respectively. Thiram, a specific 11betaHSD2 inhibitor, suppressed this oxidation in kidney. The expression and action of the putative 11betaHSD3 were also tested. The chicken colon, and to a greater extent the kidney, expressed 11betaHSD3-like mRNA. Microsomal fractions from both tissues oxidized CS into DHC in the presence of NADP(+) with K(m) of 150 and 4nM and V(max) of 5 and 0.3pmol/mg protein/min for the kidney and the colon, respectively. This oxidation was not affected when NADP(+) conversion into NAD(+) was inhibited by excess pyrophosphate or a phosphatase inhibitor cocktail. In microsomes of chicken's duodenum, where 11betaHSD1-like mRNA expression is high, NADP(+)-dependent oxidation of CS into DHC has a low-affinity K(m) of 1130nM. This study documented the expression and activity of two enzymes that convert CS into DHC, one is 11betaHSD2-like and the other is similar to the putative mammalian 11betaHSD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Katz
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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94
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Wabitsch M, Fischer-Posovszky P. Grundlagen der Fettgewebsforschung und Adipozytokine. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-007-0226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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95
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Roberge C, Carpentier AC, Langlois MF, Baillargeon JP, Ardilouze JL, Maheux P, Gallo-Payet N. Adrenocortical dysregulation as a major player in insulin resistance and onset of obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:E1465-78. [PMID: 17911338 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00516.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to explore the dysregulation of adrenocortical secretions as a major contributor in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Disturbance of adipose tissue physiology is one of the primary events in the development of pathologies associated with the metabolic syndrome, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Several studies indicate that alterations in metabolism of glucocorticoids (GC) and androgens, as well as aldosterone in excess, are involved in the emergence of metabolic syndrome. Cross talk among adipose tissue, the hypothalamo-pituitary complex, and adrenal gland activity plays a major role in the control of food intake, glucose metabolism, lipid storage, and energy balance. Perturbation of this cross talk induces alterations in the regulatory mechanisms of adrenocortical steroid synthesis, secretion, degradation, and/or recycling, at the level of the zonae glomerulosa (aldosterone), fasciculata (GC and GC metabolites), and reticularis (androgens and androgen precursors DHEA and DHEAS). As a whole, these adrenocortical perturbations contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome at both the paracrine and systemic level by favoring the physiological dysregulation of organs responsive to aldosterone, GC, and/or androgens, including adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Roberge
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave. North, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
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96
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NR) are a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate development, reproduction, and metabolism of lipids, drugs and energy. The importance of this family of proteins in metabolic disease is exemplified by NR ligands used in the clinic or under exploratory development for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, or other metabolic abnormalities. Genetic studies in humans and rodents support the notion that NRs control a wide variety of metabolic processes by regulating the expression of genes encoding key enzymes, transporters and other proteins involved in metabolic homeostasis. Current knowledge of complex NR metabolic networks is summarized here.
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97
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Vegiopoulos A, Herzig S. Glucocorticoids, metabolism and metabolic diseases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 275:43-61. [PMID: 17624658 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the beneficial effects of adrenocortical extracts for treating adrenal insufficiency more than 80 years ago, glucocorticoids (GC) and their cognate, intracellular receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) have been characterized as critical components of the delicate hormonal control system that determines energy homeostasis in mammals. Whereas physiological levels of GCs are required for proper metabolic control, excessive GC action has been tied to a variety of pandemic metabolic diseases, such as type II diabetes and obesity. Highlighted by its importance for human health, the investigation of molecular mechanisms of GC/GR action has become a major focus in biomedical research. In particular, the understanding of tissue-specific functions of the GC-GR pathway has been proven to be of substantial value for the identification of novel therapeutic options in the treatment of severe metabolic disorders. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of the GC-GR axis for metabolic homeostasis and dysregulation, emphasizing tissue-specific functions of GCs in the control of energy metabolism.
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98
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Karuparthi PR, Yerram P, Gupta D, Hayden MR. High-cortisol states can masquerade as the cardiometabolic syndrome. JOURNAL OF THE CARDIOMETABOLIC SYNDROME 2007; 2:223-6. [PMID: 17804949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-4564.2007.07304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poorna R Karuparthi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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99
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Marcolongo P, Piccirella S, Senesi S, Wunderlich L, Gerin I, Mandl J, Fulceri R, Bánhegyi G, Benedetti A. The glucose-6-phosphate transporter-hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 system of the adipose tissue. Endocrinology 2007; 148:2487-95. [PMID: 17303657 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, expressed mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum of adipocytes and hepatocytes, plays an important role in the prereceptorial activation of glucocorticoids. In liver endoplasmic reticulum-derived microsomal vesicles, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced supply to the enzyme is guaranteed by a tight functional connection with hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT). In adipose tissue, the proteins and their activities supporting the action of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 have not been explored yet. Here we report the occurrence of the hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat epididymal fat, as detected at the level of mRNA, protein, and activity. In the isolated microsomes, the activity was evident only on the permeabilization of the membrane because of the poor permeability to the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dineucleotide phosphate (NADP(+)), which is consistent with the intralumenal compartmentation of both the enzyme and a pool of pyridine nucleotides. In fat cells, the access of the substrate, glucose-6-phosphate to the intralumenal hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase appeared to be mediated by the liver-type G6PT. In fact, the G6PT expression was revealed at the level of mRNA and protein. Accordingly, the transport of glucose-6-phosphate was demonstrated in microsomal vesicles, and it was inhibited by S3483, a prototypic inhibitor of G6PT. Furthermore, isolated adipocytes produced cortisol on addition of cortisone, and the production was markedly inhibited by S3483. The results show that adipocytes are equipped with a functional G6PT-hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 system and indicate that all three components are potential pharmacological targets for modulating local glucocorticoid activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Marcolongo
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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