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Lietzau G, Ntika S, Pintana H, Tracy L, Klein T, Nyström T, Darsalia V, Patrone C, Krizhanovskii C. A High-Fat Diet Increases Activation of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1-Producing Neurons in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii: an Effect that is Partially Reversed by Drugs Normalizing Glycemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1995-2002. [PMID: 33811589 PMCID: PMC9239971 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peripheral incretin and centrally active peptide produced in the intestine and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), respectively. GLP-1 not only regulates metabolism but also improves cognition and is neuroprotective. While intestinal GLP-1-producing cells have been well characterized, less is known about GLP-1-producing neurons in NTS. We hypothesized that obesity-induced type 2 diabetes (T2D) impairs the function of NTS GLP-1-producing neurons and glycemia normalization counteracts this effect. We used immunohistochemistry/quantitative microscopy to investigate the number, potential atrophy, and activation (cFos-expression based) of NTS GLP-1-producing neurons, in non-diabetic versus obese/T2D mice (after 12 months of high-fat diet). NTS neuroinflammation was also assessed. The same parameters were quantified in obese/T2D mice treated from month 9 to 12 with two unrelated anti-hyperglycemic drugs: the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin and the sulfonylurea glimepiride. We show no effect of T2D on the number and volume but increased activation of NTS GLP-1-producing neurons. This effect was partially normalized by both anti-diabetic treatments, concurrent with decreased neuroinflammation. Increased activation of NTS GLP-1-producing neurons could represent an aberrant metabolic demand in T2D/obesity, attenuated by glycemia normalization. Whether this effect represents a pathophysiological process preceding GLP-1 signaling impairment in the CNS, remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Lietzau
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Sodersjukhuset Internal Medicine, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Stelia Ntika
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Research, Södertälje Hospital, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Hiranya Pintana
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Sodersjukhuset Internal Medicine, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Tracy
- Department of Research, Södertälje Hospital, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Thomas Klein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Sodersjukhuset Internal Medicine, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimer Darsalia
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Sodersjukhuset Internal Medicine, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cesare Patrone
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Sodersjukhuset Internal Medicine, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Krizhanovskii
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Research, Södertälje Hospital, Södertälje, Sweden.
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Circulating GLP-1 Levels as a Potential Indicator of Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Adult Women. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030865. [PMID: 33800785 PMCID: PMC8001839 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, plays an important role in regulating glucose homeostasis. In this study, the applicability of circulating GLP-1 levels as an early indicator of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk was examined. Women without diagnosed diseases were grouped according to their number of MetS risk factors (MetS RFs) (no RFs as Super-healthy, n = 61; one or two RFs as MetS risk carriers, n = 60; 3 ≤ RFs as MetS, n = 19). The circulating GLP-1 levels and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores were significantly higher in the MetS group than in the other two groups. The GLP-1 levels correlated positively with adiposity, HOMA-IR, blood pressure, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), but not with fasting glucose and lipid profiles, whose significances were maintained after adjustments for age, smoking and drinking habits, menopausal status, and total calorie intake. The GLP-1 levels also increased proportionally with the number of MetS RFs. In the MetS group, the GLP-1 levels were much higher in individuals with obesity (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2). In conclusion, the circulating GLP-1 level may be applicable as a potential early indicator of MetS risk in women without diagnosed diseases. Further study with a large population is needed to confirm the conclusion.
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Effect of C-terminus Conjugation via Different Conjugation Chemistries on In Vivo Activity of Albumin-Conjugated Recombinant GLP-1. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020263. [PMID: 33672039 PMCID: PMC7919490 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone with tremendous therapeutic potential for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the short half-life of its native form is a significant drawback. We previously prolonged the plasma half-life of GLP-1 via site-specific conjugation of human serum albumin (HSA) at position 16 of recombinant GLP-1 using site-specific incorporation of p-azido-phenylalanine (AzF) and strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). However, the resulting conjugate GLP1_8G16AzF-HSA showed only moderate in vivo glucose-lowering activity, probably due to perturbed interactions with GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) caused by the albumin-linker. To identify albumin-conjugated GLP-1 variants with enhanced in vivo glucose-lowering activity, we investigated the conjugation of HSA to a C-terminal region of GLP-1 to reduce steric hindrance by the albumin-linker using two different conjugation chemistries. GLP-1 variants GLP1_8G37AzF-HSA and GLP1_8G37C-HSA were prepared using SPAAC and Michael addition, respectively. GLP1_8G37C-HSA exhibited a higher glucose-lowering activity in vivo than GLP1_8G16AzF-HSA, while GLP1_8G37AzF-HSA did not. Another GLP-1 variant, GLP1_8A37C-HSA, had a glycine to alanine mutation at position 8 and albumin at its C-terminus and exhibited in vivo glucose-lowering activity comparable to that of GLP1_8G37C-HSA, despite a moderately shorter plasma half-life. These results showed that site-specific HSA conjugation to the C-terminus of GLP-1 via Michael addition could be used to generate GLP-1 variants with enhanced glucose-lowering activity and prolonged plasma half-life in vivo.
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Sun H, Meng K, Hou L, Shang L, Yan J. GLP-2 decreases food intake in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) through Exendin (9-39) in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113253. [PMID: 33220330 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), a member of Glucagon peptide family involved in regulating energy metabolism, can be produced and secreted by preproglucagonergic (PPG) neurons in the brain. GLP-2 reduces food intake but at which brain sites GLP-2 exerts its feeding-suppress effects are still unclear. In this study, we used the stereological microinjection technique and behavioral test to examine the functions of locally delivered GLP-2 into DMH on feeding behavior. We compared effects of different concentration of GLP-2 on the food intake behavior in free-feeding rats and fasted-refeeding rats. We found that GLP-2 inhibited food intake in fasted rats after a short-term intervention in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, the effects of locally delivered GLP-2 can be blocked by specific GLP-1 receptor antagonist Exendin(9-39), but not the melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist SHU9119, indicating the involvement of specificity of GLP-2 signaling in regulating the feeding behavior. Taken together, our data revealed that GLP-2 peptide pharmacologically inhibited food intake in DMH and this effect could be blocked functionally by Exendin(9-39).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Research Center of Stomatology College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, P.R. China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Kai Meng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Shang
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8BD, United Kingdom.
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Research Center of Stomatology College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, P.R. China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China.
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55
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Lee YS, Song GJ, Jun HS. Betacellulin-Induced α-Cell Proliferation Is Mediated by ErbB3 and ErbB4, and May Contribute to β-Cell Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:605110. [PMID: 33553143 PMCID: PMC7859283 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.605110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Betacellulin (BTC), an epidermal growth factor family, is known to promote β-cell regeneration. Recently, pancreatic α-cells have been highlighted as a source of new β-cells. We investigated the effect of BTC on α-cells. Insulin+glucagon+ double stained bihormonal cell levels and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 expression were increased in mice treated with recombinant adenovirus-expressing BTC (rAd-BTC) and β-cell-ablated islet cells treated with BTC. In the islets of rAd-BTC-treated mice, both BrdU+glucagon+ and BrdU+insulin+ cell levels were significantly increased, with BrdU+glucagon+ cells showing the greater increase. Treatment of αTC1-9 cells with BTC significantly increased proliferation and cyclin D2 expression. BTC induced phosphorylation of ErbB receptors in αTC1-9 cells. The proliferative effect of BTC was mediated by ErbB-3 or ErbB-4 receptor kinase. BTC increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, AKT, and mTOR and PC1/3 expression and GLP-1 production in α-cells, but BTC-induced proliferation was not changed by the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin-9. We suggest that BTC has a direct role in α-cell proliferation via interaction with ErbB-3 and ErbB-4 receptors, and these increased α-cells might be a source of new β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, South Korea.,Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, South Korea.,Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Gachon Medical and Convergence Institute, Gachon Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
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56
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Pang J, Liu M, Ling W, Jin T. Friend or foe? ACE2 inhibitors and GLP-1R agonists in COVID-19 treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 22:100312. [PMID: 33426364 PMCID: PMC7785422 DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been a pandemic since WHO made the statement on March 11, 2020. The infection is causing a high mortality in old people, especially those with obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) or cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Extra cautions are needed in the treatment of those patients. The CVD drugs ACEIs and ARBs, as well as the T2D drugs GLP-1R agonists, were shown to activate angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in experimental animals. Elevated ACE2 expression may accelerate virus entrance into the host cells during the infection for its replication. However, expression of the soluble ACE2, may neutralize the virus to limit the infection and replication. Given that obese, diabetes and CVD patients often take those medicines in the treatment and prevention of blood pressure and glucose elevation, it remains to be determined whether those medicines represent friend or foe in the treatment of COVID-19. We suggest that retrospective studies should be conducted to determine the exact impact of those medicines in obese, diabetic, or CVD patients who had COVID-19. Results obtained will provide guidance whether those drugs can be utilized in COVID-19 patients with obesity, diabetic, or CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Div. of Advanced Therapeutic, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Dept of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Tianru Jin
- Div. of Advanced Therapeutic, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
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57
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Ribeiro-Parenti L, Jarry AC, Cavin JB, Willemetz A, Le Beyec J, Sannier A, Benadda S, Pelletier AL, Hourseau M, Léger T, Morlet B, Couvelard A, Anini Y, Msika S, Marmuse JP, Ledoux S, Le Gall M, Bado A. Bariatric surgery induces a new gastric mucosa phenotype with increased functional glucagon-like peptide-1 expressing cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:110. [PMID: 33397977 PMCID: PMC7782689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) undergoes rapid inactivation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) suggesting that target receptors may be activated by locally produced GLP-1. Here we describe GLP-1 positive cells in the rat and human stomach and found these cells co-expressing ghrelin or somatostatin and able to secrete active GLP-1 in the rats. In lean rats, a gastric load of glucose induces a rapid and parallel rise in GLP-1 levels in both the gastric and the portal veins. This rise in portal GLP-1 levels was abrogated in HFD obese rats but restored after vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) surgery. Finally, obese rats and individuals operated on Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and SG display a new gastric mucosa phenotype with hyperplasia of the mucus neck cells concomitant with increased density of GLP-1 positive cells. This report brings to light the contribution of gastric GLP-1 expressing cells that undergo plasticity changes after bariatric surgeries, to circulating GLP-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Ribeiro-Parenti
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
- Service de Chirurgie Générale Œsogastrique et Bariatrique, Hôpital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Charlotte Jarry
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Cavin
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Willemetz
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Johanne Le Beyec
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Sannier
- Department of Pathology Bichat Hospital, AP-HP, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Samira Benadda
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Platform, Inserm, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Pelletier
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Hourseau
- Department of Pathology Bichat Hospital, AP-HP, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Léger
- Université de Paris, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, CNRS, 75205, Paris, France
- Université Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Bastien Morlet
- Université de Paris, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, CNRS, 75205, Paris, France
| | - Anne Couvelard
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology Bichat Hospital, AP-HP, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Younes Anini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Simon Msika
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
- Service de Chirurgie Générale Œsogastrique et Bariatrique, Hôpital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marmuse
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
- Service de Chirurgie Générale Œsogastrique et Bariatrique, Hôpital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sévérine Ledoux
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Hôpital Louis Mourier, AP-HP, Centre Intégré Nord Francilien de prise en charge de l'Obésité (CINFO), 92701, Colombes, France
| | - Maude Le Gall
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France.
| | - André Bado
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France.
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EGLP-1 lowers body weight better than exendin-4 by reducing food intake and increasing basal energy expenditure in diet-induced obese mice. Exp Cell Res 2020; 399:112454. [PMID: 33359447 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that GLP-1 activates GLP-1R to reduce body weight by inhibiting eating. GLP-1 is cleaved by the neutral endopeptidase (NEP) 24.11 into a pentapeptide GLP-1 (32-36) amide, which increases basal energy expenditure and inhibits weight gain in obese mice. It is well known that GLP-1 analogs can reduce weight by suppressing eating. However, there are few reports of reducing weight through the dual effects of inhibiting eating and increasing basic energy. Here, we report the peptide EGLP-1, a GLP-1 analogue, which can reduce food intake and increase basal energy expenditure. In C2C12 myotubes, EGLP-1 can increase both phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and the ratio between phosphorylation of ACC and the total expression of ACC (pACC/ACC). In diet-induced obese mice, EGLP-1 is more effective than exendin-4 in reducing body weight, reducing fat mass and improving hepatic steatosis. At the same time, EGLP-1 can improve hyperglycemia, reduce food intake, and improve insulin resistance, just like exendin-4. In addition, EGLP-1, not exendin-4, can improve physiological parameters associated with lipid metabolism and increase oxygen consumption by increasing uncoupling proteins 3 (UCP3) expression and pACC/ACC ratio in skeletal muscle. Taken together, this data showed that EGLP-1 is able to reduce body weight by reducing food intake and increasing basal energy expenditure, suggesting it may be more effective in treating diabetic and non-diabetic overweight or obese people than pure GLP-1R agonist exendin-4.
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59
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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor sitagliptin protected against dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis by potentiating the action of GLP-2. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1446-1456. [PMID: 32398684 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), a ubiquitously expressed protease that cleaves off the N-terminal dipeptide from proline and alanine on the penultimate position, has important roles in many physiological processes. In the present study, experimental colitis was induced in mice receiving 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water. We found that mice with DSS-induced colitis had significantly increased intestinal DPP activity and decreased serum DPP activity, suggesting a probable correlation of DPP4 with experimental colitis. Then, we investigated whether sitagliptin, a specific DPP4 inhibitor could protect against DSS-induced colitis. We showed that oral administration of single dose of sitagliptin (30 mg/kg) on D7 remarkably inhibited DPP enzyme activity in both serum and intestine of DSS-induced colitic mice. Repeated administration of sitagliptin (10, 30 mg/kg, bid, from D0 to D8) significantly ameliorated DSS-induced colitis, including reduction of disease activity index (DAI) and body weight loss, improvement of histological score and colon length. Sitagliptin administration dose-dependently increased plasma concentrations of active form of GLP-1 and colonic expression of GLP-2R. Co-administration of GLP-2R antagonist GLP-23-33 (500 μg/kg, bid, sc) abolished the protective effects of sitagliptin in DSS-induced colitic mice. Moreover, sitagliptin administration significantly decreased the ratio of apoptotic cells and increased the ratio of proliferative cells in colon epithelium of DSS-induced colitic mice, and this effect was also blocked by GLP-23-33. Taken together, our results demonstrate that sitagliptin could attenuate DSS-induced experimental colitis and the effects can be attributed to the enhancement of GLP-2 action and the subsequent protective effects on intestinal barrier by inhibiting epithelial cells apoptosis and promoting their proliferation. These findings suggest sitagliptin as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
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60
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Zhang T, Ahn K, Emerick B, Modarai SR, Opdenaker LM, Palazzo J, Schleiniger G, Fields JZ, Boman BM. APC mutations in human colon lead to decreased neuroendocrine maturation of ALDH+ stem cells that alters GLP-2 and SST feedback signaling: Clue to a link between WNT and retinoic acid signalling in colon cancer development. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239601. [PMID: 33112876 PMCID: PMC7592776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
APC mutations drive human colorectal cancer (CRC) development. A major contributing factor is colonic stem cell (SC) overpopulation. But, the mechanism has not been fully identified. A possible mechanism is the dysregulation of neuroendocrine cell (NEC) maturation by APC mutations because SCs and NECs both reside together in the colonic crypt SC niche where SCs mature into NECs. So, we hypothesized that sequential inactivation of APC alleles in human colonic crypts leads to progressively delayed maturation of SCs into NECs and overpopulation of SCs. Accordingly, we used quantitative immunohistochemical mapping to measure indices and proportions of SCs and NECs in human colon tissues (normal, adenomatous, malignant), which have different APC-zygosity states. In normal crypts, many cells staining for the colonic SC marker ALDH1 co-stained for chromogranin-A (CGA) and other NEC markers. In contrast, in APC-mutant tissues from familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients, the proportion of ALDH+ SCs progressively increased while NECs markedly decreased. To explain how these cell populations change in FAP tissues, we used mathematical modelling to identify kinetic mechanisms. Computational analyses indicated that APC mutations lead to: 1) decreased maturation of ALDH+ SCs into progenitor NECs (not progenitor NECs into mature NECs); 2) diminished feedback signaling by mature NECs. Biological experiments using human CRC cell lines to test model predictions showed that mature GLP-2R+ and SSTR1+ NECs produce, via their signaling peptides, opposing effects on rates of NEC maturation via feedback regulation of progenitor NECs. However, decrease in this feedback signaling wouldn't explain the delayed maturation because both progenitor and mature NECs are depleted in CRCs. So the mechanism for delayed maturation must explain how APC mutation causes the ALDH+ SCs to remain immature. Given that ALDH is a key component of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway, that other components of the RA pathway are selectively expressed in ALDH+ SCs, and that exogenous RA ligands can induce ALDH+ cancer SCs to mature into NECs, RA signaling must be attenuated in ALDH+ SCs in CRC. Thus, attenuation of RA signaling explains why ALDH+ SCs remain immature in APC mutant tissues. Since APC mutation causes increased WNT signaling in FAP and we found that sequential inactivation of APC in FAP patient tissues leads to progressively delayed maturation of colonic ALDH+ SCs, the hypothesis is developed that human CRC evolves due to an imbalance between WNT and RA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Koree Ahn
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Brooks Emerick
- Center for Applications of Mathematics in Medicine, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Shirin R. Modarai
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Lynn M. Opdenaker
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Juan Palazzo
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Gilberto Schleiniger
- Center for Applications of Mathematics in Medicine, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | | | - Bruce M. Boman
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Applications of Mathematics in Medicine, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
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61
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Crosson SM, Marques A, Dib P, Dotson CD, Munger SD, Zolotukhin S. Taste Receptor Cells in Mice Express Receptors for the Hormone Adiponectin. Chem Senses 2020; 44:409-422. [PMID: 31125082 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic hormone adiponectin is secreted into the circulation by adipocytes and mediates key biological functions, including insulin sensitivity, adipocyte development, and fatty acid oxidation. Adiponectin is also abundant in saliva, where its functions are poorly understood. Here we report that murine taste receptor cells (TRCs) express specific adiponectin receptors and may be a target for salivary adiponectin. This is supported by the presence of all three known adiponectin receptors in transcriptomic data obtained by RNA-seq analysis of purified circumvallate (CV) taste buds. As well, immunohistochemical analysis of murine CV papillae showed that two adiponectin receptors, ADIPOR1 and T-cadherin, are localized to subsets of TRCs. Immunofluorescence for T-cadherin was primarily co-localized with the Type 2 TRC marker phospholipase C β2, suggesting that adiponectin signaling could impact sweet, bitter, or umami taste signaling. However, adiponectin null mice showed no differences in behavioral lick responsiveness compared with wild-type controls in brief-access lick testing. AAV-mediated overexpression of adiponectin in the salivary glands of adiponectin null mice did result in a small but significant increase in behavioral lick responsiveness to the fat emulsion Intralipid. Together, these results suggest that salivary adiponectin can affect TRC function, although its impact on taste responsiveness and peripheral taste coding remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Crosson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew Marques
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Peter Dib
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cedrick D Dotson
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven D Munger
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Abstract
The islet of Langerhans is a complex endocrine micro-organ consisting of a multitude of endocrine and non-endocrine cell types. The two most abundant and prominent endocrine cell types, the beta and the alpha cells, are essential for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis. While the beta cell produces insulin, the only blood glucose-lowering hormone of the body, the alpha cell releases glucagon, which elevates blood glucose. Under physiological conditions, these two cell types affect each other in a paracrine manner. While the release products of the beta cell inhibit alpha cell function, the alpha cell releases factors that are stimulatory for beta cell function and increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research into the regulation of beta cell function by alpha cells, focusing on the effect of alpha cell-secreted factors, such as glucagon and acetylcholine. The consequences of differences in islet architecture between species on the interplay between alpha and beta cells is also discussed. Finally, we give a perspective on the possibility of using an in vivo imaging approach to study the interactions between human alpha and beta cells under in vivo conditions. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Moede
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Sjukhuset L1:03, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ingo B Leibiger
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Sjukhuset L1:03, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Sjukhuset L1:03, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
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63
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King MR, Anderson NJ, Deciu M, Guernsey LS, Cundiff M, Hajizadeh S, Jolivalt CG. Insulin deficiency, but not resistance, exaggerates cognitive deficits in transgenic mice expressing human amyloid and tau proteins. Reversal by Exendin-4 treatment. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2357-2369. [PMID: 32737929 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have pointed at diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this has been supported by several studies in animal models of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, side-by-side comparison of the two types of diabetes is limited. We investigated the role of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance in the development of memory impairments and the effect of Exendin-4 (Ex4) treatment in a mouse model of AD. Three-4-month-old female wild type (WT) mice and mice overexpressing human tau and amyloid precursor protein (TAPP) were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) or fed a high-fat diet (HFD). A second study was performed in TAPP-STZ mice treated with Ex4, a long-lasting analog of GLP-1. Plasma and brain were collected at study termination for ELISA, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry analysis. Learning and memory deficits were impaired in TAPP transgenic mice compared with WT mice at the end of the study. Deficits were exaggerated by insulin deficiency in TAPP mice but 12 weeks of insulin resistance did not affect memory performances in either WT or TAPP mice. Levels of phosphorylated tau were increased in the brain of WT-STZ and TAPP-STZ mice but not in the brain of WT or TAPP mice on HFD. In the TAPP-STZ mice, treatment with Ex4 initiated after established cognitive deficits ameliorated learning, but not memory, impairments. This was accompanied by the reduction of amyloid β and phosphorylated tau expression. Theses studies support the role of Ex4 in AD, independently from its actions on diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R King
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mihaela Deciu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lucie S Guernsey
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Morgan Cundiff
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shohreh Hajizadeh
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Corinne G Jolivalt
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Abstract
Through diverse mechanisms, obesity contributes to worsened cardiometabolic health and increases rates of cardiovascular events. Effective treatment of obesity is necessary to reduce the associated burdens of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and death. Despite increasing cardiovascular outcome data on obesity interventions, only a small fraction of the population with obesity are optimally treated. This is a primary impetus for this article in which we describe the typical weight loss, as well as the associated impact on both traditional and novel cardiovascular disease risk factors, provided by the 4 primary modalities for obtaining weight loss in obesity-dietary modification, increasing physical activity, pharmacotherapy, and surgery. We also attempt to highlight instances where changes in metabolic risk are relatively specific to particular interventions and appear at least somewhat independent of weight loss. Finally, we suggest important areas for further research to reduce and prevent adverse cardiovascular consequences due to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. Heffron
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY,NYU Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY,Corresponding author: Sean P. Heffron, 227 East 30 St., #834, New York, NY 10016, 646-501-2735 ,
| | - Johnathon S. Parham
- NYU Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jay Pendse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY
| | - José O. Alemán
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Li YM, Zhang LH, Li XJ, Zhang B, Hou JN, Tong NW. Efficacy and Safety of Dulaglutide Monotherapy Compared to Glimepiride in Oral Antihyperglycemic Medication-Naïve Chinese patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of AWARD-CHN1. Diabetes Ther 2020; 11:1077-1090. [PMID: 32219675 PMCID: PMC7192982 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-020-00799-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists are glucose-lowering agents associated with weight loss, cardiovascular benefits, and low hypoglycemic risk and are recommended by recent guidelines as first-line therapy for some patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This post hoc analysis of the AWARD-CHN1 study compared the efficacy and safety of once-weekly dulaglutide with glimepiride in oral antihyperglycemic medication (OAM)-naïve Chinese patients with T2D. METHODS AWARD-CHN1 was a phase 3, double-blind study with 737 patients randomized 1:1:1 to once-weekly dulaglutide (1.5 or 0.75 mg) or glimepiride (1-3 mg/day). This is a post hoc analysis of AWARD-CHN1 based on mixed-model repeated measures using a modified intent-to-treat analysis set with only the OAM-naïve Chinese population. RESULTS There were 264 OAM-naïve Chinese patients included in this analysis (dulaglutide 1.5 mg, n = 87; dulaglutide 0.75 mg, n = 90; glimepiride, n = 87). A greater glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction from baseline was observed with dulaglutide 1.5 mg and 0.75 mg compared to glimepiride (- 2.02% and - 1.84% vs - 1.37%, respectively; both P < 0.001). Significantly more patients in dulaglutide 1.5 mg and 0.75 mg groups achieved HbA1c targets < 7.0% compared to glimepiride (86.2% and 81.1% vs 65.5%; P = 0.002 and P = 0.026, respectively). Beta cell function was significantly increased for dulaglutide groups compared to glimepiride. Mean body weight was significantly reduced for dulaglutide 1.5 mg and 0.75 mg compared to glimepiride (- 1.40 kg and - 0.96 kg vs + 0.73 kg, respectively; both P < 0.001). Through 26 weeks, 7.9%, 4.2%, and 18.2% of patients reported hypoglycemia, and 40.4%, 23.2%, and 8.0% of patients reported at least one gastrointestinal treatment emergent adverse event, in dulaglutide 1.5 mg, 0.75 mg, and glimepiride groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this post hoc analysis, dulaglutide was effective in reducing both HbA1c and weight with favorable tolerability and safety profile, which is consistent with results seen in larger international dulaglutide monotherapy studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01644500.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ming Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Li Hui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Xue Jun Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Lilly Suzhou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Shanghai Branch, No. 288 Shimen No.1 Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200041, China
| | - Jia Ning Hou
- Lilly Suzhou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Shanghai Branch, No. 288 Shimen No.1 Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200041, China.
| | - Nan Wei Tong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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66
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Campbell JR, Martchenko A, Sweeney ME, Maalouf MF, Psichas A, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Brubaker PL. Essential Role of Syntaxin-Binding Protein-1 in the Regulation of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5788420. [PMID: 32141504 PMCID: PMC7124137 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circadian secretion of the incretin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), correlates with expression of the core clock gene, Bmal1, in the intestinal L-cell. Several SNARE proteins known to be circadian in pancreatic α- and β-cells are also necessary for GLP-1 secretion. However, the role of the accessory SNARE, Syntaxin binding protein-1 (Stxbp1; also known as Munc18-1) in the L-cell is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether Stxbp1 is under circadian regulation in the L-cell and its role in the control of GLP-1 secretion. Stxbp1 was highly-enriched in L-cells, and STXBP1 was expressed in a subpopulation of L-cells in mouse and human intestinal sections. Stxbp1 transcripts and protein displayed circadian patterns in mGLUTag L-cells line, while chromatin-immunoprecipitation revealed increased interaction between BMAL1 and Stxbp1 at the peak time-point of the circadian pattern. STXBP1 recruitment to the cytosol and plasma membrane within 30 minutes of L-cell stimulation was also observed at this time-point. Loss of Stxbp1 in vitro and in vivo led to reduced stimulated GLP-1 secretion at the peak time-point of circadian release, and impaired GLP-1 secretion ex vivo. In conclusion, Stxbp1 is a circadian regulated exocytotic protein in the intestinal L-cell that is an essential regulatory component of GLP-1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maegan E Sweeney
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael F Maalouf
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arianna Psichas
- Departments of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Departments of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frank Reimann
- Departments of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science – Metabolic Research Laboratories (IMS-MRL), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Correspondence: P.L. Brubaker, Rm. 3366 Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8. E-mail:
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67
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Yoshitomi H, Zhou J, Nishigaki T, Li W, Liu T, Wu L, Gao M. Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit juice promotes vascular endothelium function in hypertension via glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-CaMKKβ-AMPK-eNOS pathway. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2341-2350. [PMID: 32298014 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Morinda citrifolia (Noni) is extensively used in herbal remedies to prevent and treat various diseases, including hypertension. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vascular effects of noni fruit juice and characterize the upstream signaling pathways. We measured the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, 24-hr urinary nitric oxide (NO) metabolite excretion, bodyweight (BW), and urine examination in SHR.Cg-Leprcp/NDmcr (SHR/cp) rats after 6 weeks noni juice (15 ml/kg) treatment. Noni juice significantly decreased blood pressure and 24-hr urinary NO metabolite without change of BW or urine volume. Furthermore, the noni juice extract (NJE) promoted endothelial vasorelaxation in rat aorta rings and NO product through an increase in phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). NJE might act on a glucagon like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) via Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ)-AMPK signaling with pretreatment of their inhibitors or antagonist in HUVECs. Deacetylasperulosidic acid (DAA) was an active compound in noni juice to improve NO release through same pathway in HUVECs. These results suggested that noni is a novel dietary plant that probably regulates GLP-1R-induced CaMKKβ-AMPK-eNOS pathway to improve endothelium-dependent relaxation, thus reduce the blood pressure probably via one of its responsible ingredient DAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Yoshitomi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jingxin Zhou
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affilated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Tongzhou, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tonghua Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Cell Life Analytics, Institute for Biosciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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68
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Irwin DM. Molecular evolution of GIP and Exendin and their receptors. Peptides 2020; 125:170158. [PMID: 31582191 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a product of the Gip gene and acts as an incretin hormone in mammals. Gip is most closely related to the proglucagon (Gcg) and Exendin genes and diverged from these very early in vertebrate evolution. In mammals, GIP acts through its specific receptor, encoded by the Gipr gene, which belongs to a subfamily of 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) genes that also includes those for the proglucagon-derived peptides (Gcgr, Glp1r, and Glp2r), and the receptor for Exendin (Grlr). Gip, Gipr, Exendin, and Grlr genes are found in species from most vertebrate classes. While most species that have a Gip gene also have a Gipr gene, two classes of vertebrates, cartilaginous fish and birds, retain conserved Gip genes but lack Gipr genes. This raises the possibility the GIP signals through other receptors in some vertebrates. Exendin genes and the gene for its receptor, Grlr, are also found in diverse vertebrates, with the notable exception of mammals. Both GIP and Exendin likely have important roles in vertebrate physiology, but their roles are either dispensable or can be replaced by other hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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69
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Long-Lasting Exendin-4 Fusion Protein Improves Memory Deficits in High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020159. [PMID: 32079069 PMCID: PMC7076426 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) mimetics have been approved as an adjunct therapy for glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients for the increased insulin secretion under hyperglycemic conditions. Recently, it is reported that such agents elicit neuroprotective effects against diabetes-associated cognitive decline. However, there is an issue of poor compliance by multiple daily subcutaneous injections for sufficient glycemic control due to their short duration, and neuroprotective actions were not fully studied, yet. In this study, using the prepared exendin-4 fusion protein agent, we investigated the pharmacokinetic profile and the role of this GLP-1 mimetics on memory deficits in a high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ) mouse model of type 2 diabetic mellitus. After induction of diabetes, mice were administered weekly by intraperitoneal injection of GLP-1 mimetics for 6 weeks. This treatment reversed HFD/STZ-induced metabolic symptoms of increased body weight, hyperglycemia, and hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, the impaired cognitive performance of diabetic mice was significantly reversed by GLP-1 mimetics. GLP-1 mimetic treatment also reversed decreases in GLP-1/GLP-1 receptor expression levels in both the pancreas and hippocampus of diabetic mice; increases in hippocampal inflammation, mitochondrial fission, and calcium-binding protein levels were also reversed. These findings suggest that GLP-1 mimetics are promising agents for both diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with increased GLP-1 expression in the brain.
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Kshirsagar RP, Kulkarni AA, Chouthe RS, Pathan SK, Une HD, Reddy GB, Diwan PV, Ansari SA, Sangshetti JN. SGLT inhibitors as antidiabetic agents: a comprehensive review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1733-1756. [PMID: 35494673 PMCID: PMC9048284 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08706k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most common disorders that substantially contributes to an increase in global health burden. As a metabolic disorder, diabetes is associated with various medical conditions and diseases such as obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and atherosclerosis. In this review, we cover the scientific studies on sodium/glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors published during the last decade. Our focus on providing an exhaustive overview of SGLT inhibitors enabled us to present their chemical classification for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rashmi S Chouthe
- Srinath Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Bajaj Nagar Waluj Aurangabad 431136 India
| | | | - Hemant D Une
- Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy Aurangabad Maharashtra India - 431001
| | - G Bhanuprakash Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR) Hyderabad Telangana India - 500007
| | - Prakash V Diwan
- Maratha Mandal Research Centre Belagavi Karnataka India - 590019
| | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Po Box 2454 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
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71
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Yanagimachi T, Fujita Y, Takeda Y, Honjo J, Yokoyama H, Haneda M. Receptor-Mediated Bioassay Reflects Dynamic Change of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide by Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor Treatment in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:214. [PMID: 32390941 PMCID: PMC7193081 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We recently observed a greater increase in plasma levels of bioactive glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) than glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) using the receptor-mediated bioassays in the subjects with normal glycemic tolerance (NGT) treated with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, which may be unappreciated using conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) during oral glucose tolerance test. Thus, we determined incretin levels in addition to glucagon level using the bioassays in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with or without treatment of DPP-4 inhibitor, to evaluate whether these assays can accurately measure bioactivity of these peptides. Methods: We performed single meal tolerance test (MTT) by using a cookie meal (carbohydrate 75.0 g, protein 8.0 g, fat 28.5 g) in the subjects with NGT (n = 9), the subjects with T2DM treated without DPP-4 inhibitor (n = 7) and the subjects with T2DM treated with DPP-4 inhibitor (n = 10). All subjects fasted for 10-12 h before the MTT, and blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min. We used the cell lines stably cotransfected with human-form GIP, GLP-1 or glucagon receptor, and a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-inducible luciferase expression construct for the bioassays. We measured active GIP, active GLP-1, and glucagon by the bioassays. To evaluate the efficacy of bioassay, we measured identical samples via ELISA kits. Results: During the single MTT study, postprandial active GIP bioassay levels of T2DM with DPP-4 inhibitor treatment were drastically higher than those of NGT and T2DM without DPP-4 inhibitor, although the DPP-4 inhibitor-treated group showed moderate increase of active GIPELISA and active GLP-1 bioassay , while active GLP-1 bioassay levels of T2DM subjects without DPP-4 inhibitor were comparable to those of NGT subjects. During the serial MTT, administration of DPP-4 inhibitor significantly increased active GIP bioassay levels, but not active GLP-1 bioassay . Conclusions: In comparison to conventional ELISA, receptor-mediated bioassay reflects dynamic change of GIP polypeptide by DPP-4 inhibitor treatment in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yanagimachi
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Fujita
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yukihiro Fujita
| | - Yasutaka Takeda
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Jun Honjo
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Jiyugaoka Medical Clinic, Internal Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | | | - Masakazu Haneda
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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72
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Aung MM, Slade K, Freeman LAR, Kos K, Whatmore JL, Shore AC, Gooding KM. Locally delivered GLP-1 analogues liraglutide and exenatide enhance microvascular perfusion in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1701-1711. [PMID: 31203378 PMCID: PMC6677680 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues reduce the risk of macrovascular disease in diabetes; however, little is known about their microvascular effects. This research examined the microvascular actions of the GLP-1 analogues liraglutide and exenatide in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes (study 1). It also explored the involvement of the GLP-1 receptor (study 2) and the nitric oxide pathway in mediating the microvascular effects of the analogues. METHODS Trial design: Studies 1 and 2 had a randomised, controlled, double-blind study design. Study 1 participants, intervention and methods: three participant groups were recruited: individuals with well-controlled type 2 diabetes, and obese and lean individuals without diabetes (21 participants per group). Liraglutide (0.06 mg), exenatide (0.5 μg) and saline (154 mmol/l NaCl; 0.9%) control were microinjected into separate sites in the dermis (forearm) in a randomised order, blinded to operator and participant. Skin microvascular perfusion was assessed by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Outcomes were stabilised response (mean skin perfusion between 7.5 and 10 min post microinjection) and total response (AUC, normalised for baseline perfusion). Perfusion response to GLP-1 analogues was compared with saline within each group as well as between groups. Study 2 participants, intervention and methods: in healthy individuals (N = 16), liraglutide (0.06 mg) and saline microinjected sites were pretreated with saline or the GLP-1 receptor blocker, exendin-(9,39), in a randomised order, blinded to participant and operator. Outcomes were as above (stabilised response and total perfusion response). Perfusion response to liraglutide was compared between the saline and the exendin-(9,39) pretreated sites. In vitro study: the effects of liraglutide and exenatide on nitrate levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation (activation) were examined using human microvascular endothelial cells. RESULTS Study 1 results: both analogues increased skin perfusion (stabilised response and total response) in all groups (n = 21 per group, p < 0.001), with the microvascular responses similar across groups (p ≥ 0.389). Study 2 results: liraglutide response (stabilised response and total response) was not influenced by pretreatment with exendin-(9,39) (70 nmol/l) (N = 15, one dataset excluded) (p ≥ 0.609). Liraglutide and exenatide increased nitrate production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation (p ≤ 0.020). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Liraglutide and exenatide increased skin microvascular perfusion in individuals with and without well-controlled diabetes, potentially mediated, at least in part, by NO. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01677104. FUNDING This work was supported by Diabetes UK (grant numbers: 09/0003955 and 12/0004600 [RW and JM Collins Legacy, Funded Studentship]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Myo Myo Aung
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - Kate Slade
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK
| | | | - Katarina Kos
- Obesity Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Angela C Shore
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Kim M Gooding
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.
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Exenatide alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment in the 5×FAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Res 2019; 370:111932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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74
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Knudsen LB. Inventing Liraglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogue, for the Treatment of Diabetes and Obesity. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:468-484. [PMID: 32259078 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been in focus since the early 1980s as a long looked for incretin hormone, released from the gastrointestinal tract and with an important effect on glucose-dependent insulin secretion, providing efficient glucose lowering, with little risk for hypoglycemia. The enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) degrades GLP-1 very fast, and the remaining metabolite is cleared rapidly by the kidneys. Liraglutide is a fatty acid acylated analogue of GLP-1 that provides efficacy for 24 h/day. The mechanism of action for liraglutide is reviewed in detail with focus on pancreatic efficacy and safety, thyroid safety, and weight loss mechanism. Evolving science hypothesizes that GLP-1 has important effects on atherosclerosis, relevant for the cardiovascular benefit seen in the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Also, GLP-1 may be relevant in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Bjerre Knudsen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
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75
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Opara EI. Culinary herbs and spices: what can human studies tell us about their role in the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases? JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4511-4517. [PMID: 30815875 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Culinary herbs and spices (CHS) are known primarily as flavour enhancers, and it is now well established that they possess bioactive properties that indicate that these foods may have a role to play in the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases (CNCDs). Human studies are now beginning to provide insights into the significance of the potential health benefits of CHS in a dietary context, particularly concerning their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and their impact on glucose homeostasis, appetite and the consumption of low/reduced fat, salt and sugar foods. However, these studies have also identified a number of factors that are very pertinent to furthering understanding of how CHS can be used for the maintenance of health and the prevention of CNCDs. The challenge for the next phase of studies will be how to incorporate, successfully, these factors into study methodology for investigating the preventative benefits of these foods. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I Opara
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
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76
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Incretin Hormones: The Link between Glycemic Index and Cardiometabolic Diseases. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081878. [PMID: 31412576 PMCID: PMC6724226 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to describe the potential mechanisms by which incretin hormones could mediate the relationship between glycemic index and cardiometabolic diseases. A body of evidence from many studies suggests that low glycemic index (GI) diets reduces the risk for type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. In fact, despite the extensive literature on this topic, the mechanisms underlying unfavorable effects of high GI foods on health remain not well defined. The postprandial and hormonal milieu could play a key role in the relationship between GI and cardiovascular risk. Incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are important regulators of postprandial homeostasis by amplifying insulin secretory responses. Response of GIP and GLP-1 to GI have been studied more in depth, also by several studies on isomaltulose, which have been taken as an ideal model to investigate the kinetics of incretin secretion in response to foods’ GI. In addition, extrapancreatic effects of these incretin hormones were also recently observed. Emerging from this have been exciting effects on several targets, such as body weight regulation, lipid metabolism, white adipose tissue, cardiovascular system, kidney, and liver, which may importantly affect the health status.
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77
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Ahmad M, He L, Perrimon N. Regulation of insulin and adipokinetic hormone/glucagon production in flies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e360. [PMID: 31379062 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is under strict regulation of humoral factors across various taxa. In particular, insulin and glucagon, referred to in Drosophila as Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs) and adipokinetic hormone (AKH), respectively, are key hormones that regulate metabolism in most metazoa. While much is known about the regulation of DILPs, the mechanisms regulating AKH/glucagon production is still poorly understood. In this review, we describe the various factors that regulate the production of DILPs and AKH and emphasize the need for future studies to decipher how energy homeostasis is governed in Drosophila. This article is categorized under: Invertebrate Organogenesis > Flies Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li He
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Zhang YL, Zhou C, Li XF, Yang MN, Tao L, Zheng XY, Jia YS. Beinaglutide showed significant weight-loss benefit and effective glycaemic control for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in a real-world setting: a 3-month, multicentre, observational, retrospective, open-label study. Obes Sci Pract 2019; 5:366-375. [PMID: 31452921 PMCID: PMC6700512 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of beinaglutide on body weight, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a real-world setting in China. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a multicentre, observational, retrospective, open-label study conducted in China. Data were collected from T2DM patients who started treatment with beinaglutide between 2017 and 2018. RESULTS A total of 314 patients were included in the study. After 3 months of treatment with beinaglutide, there were significant reductions in body weight (-10.05 kg [95% confidence interval -9.29 to -10.80]), HbA1c (-2.87% [-2.62 to -3.11]), 2-h postprandial plasma glucose (-5.46 mmol L-1 [-4.96 to -5.95]) and fasting plasma glucose (-3.04 mmol L-1 [-2.78 to -3.31]) (all p < 0.0001). In addition, 84.96% and 72.18% of the patients achieved weight loss of ≥5% and ≥10%, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that weight loss was significantly greater in patients with ≥28 kg m-2 of baseline body mass index and 0.60 mg of beinaglutide doses (p = 0.007 and p < 0.0001, respectively). HbA1c reductions were significantly greater in patients with ≥9.0% baseline HbA1c and in those administered 0.40-0.48 mg of beinaglutide doses (all p < 0.0001). Weight loss at 3 months was positively correlated with baseline BMI and the dose of beinaglutide. Positive determinants for HbA1c reduction after 3 months were baseline HbA1c and the dose of beinaglutide. CONCLUSIONS These observational results confirmed the benefits of beinaglutide in weight loss and glycaemic control and support the use of beinaglutide as an effective treatment for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. L. Zhang
- Department of EndocrinologyQianan Yanshan HospitalHebeiChina
| | - C. Zhou
- Department of EndocrinologyQinhuangdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineQinhuangdaoHebeiChina
| | - X. F. Li
- Department of EndocrinologyQianan Yanshan HospitalHebeiChina
| | - M. N. Yang
- Department of EndocrinologyQianan Yanshan HospitalHebeiChina
| | - L. Tao
- Department of EndocrinologyQinhuangdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineQinhuangdaoHebeiChina
| | - X. Y. Zheng
- Department of EndocrinologyQinhuangdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineQinhuangdaoHebeiChina
| | - Y. S. Jia
- North China University of Science and TechnologyTangshanHebeiChina
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Yu CG, Fu Y, Fang Y, Zhang N, Sun RX, Zhao D, Feng YM, Zhang BY. Fighting Type-2 Diabetes: Present and Future Perspectives. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1891-1907. [PMID: 28990512 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171009115356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type-2 diabetes mellitus accounts for 80-90% of diabetic patients. So far, the treatment of diabetes mainly aims at elevating insulin level and lowering glucose level in the peripheral blood and mitigating insulin resistance. Physiologically, insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells is delicately regulated. Thus, how insulin-related therapies could titrate blood glucose appropriately and avoid the occurrence of hypoglycemia remains an important issue for decades. Similar question is addressed on how to attenuate vascular complication in diabetic subjects. METHODS We overviewed the evolution of each class of anti-diabetic drugs that have been used in clinical practice, focusing on their mechanisms, clinical results and cautions. RESULTS Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists stimulate β cells for insulin secretion in response to diet but not in fasting stage, which make them superior than conventional insulinsecretion stimulators. DPP-4 inhibitors suppress glucagon-like peptide-1 degradation. Sodium/ glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors enhance glucose clearance through urine excretion. The appearance of these new drugs provides new information about glycemic control. We update the clinical findings of Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in glycemic control and the risk or progression of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. Stem cell therapy might be an alternative tool for diabetic patients to improve β cell regeneration and peripheral ischemia. We summarize the clinical results of mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into patients with diabetic limb and foot. CONCLUSION A stepwise intensification of dual and triple therapy for individual diabetic patient is required to achieve therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Guo Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Rong-Xin Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Ying-Mei Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Bao-Yu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
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Hussain H, Abbas G, Green IR, Ali I. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors as a potential target for diabetes: patent review (2015-2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:535-553. [PMID: 31203700 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1632290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) belongs to the family of serine proteases and is involved in the degradation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which enhance the production and release of insulin. Targeting DPP-4 inhibitors is increasingly being considered as promising paradigms to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and therefore DPP-4 inhibitors are being considered as promising antidiabetic drugs. AREAS COVERE This review provides an overview of published patents describing natural and synthetic DPP-4 inhibitors from January 2015 to December 2018. EXPERT OPINION A fair number of new synthetic and natural DPP-4 inhibitors have been reported in the last four years which describe the progress in the development of various heterocyclic scaffolds or heterocyclic hybrid compounds. As a result of this, many marketed DPP-4 inhibitors that have been approved by the appropriate governing bodies during the past decade, have been introduced as inhibitors. Molecular hybridization is an emerging idea in medicinal chemistry and therefore hybrid compounds of DPP-4 inhibitors with other DPP-4 inhibitors or with antidiabetic drugs should be formulated for a comprehensive evaluation. More detailed pharmacovigilance of DPP-4 inhibitors is required because this will address the pancreas-related adverse events as well as their impact on cardiovascular outcomes via long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- a Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- b Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry , College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa , Nizwa , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ivan R Green
- c Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , University of Stellenbosch , Matieland, Stellenbosch , South Africa
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- d Department of Chemistry , Karakoram International University , Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan , Pakistan
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Hayashi H. Enhancement of rat lymphatic lipid transport by glucose or amino acids ingestion. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14079. [PMID: 31016888 PMCID: PMC6478621 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the effect of simultaneously fed carbohydrate or protein on lipid absorption, lymphatic lipid transports in the rat intestine were observed with or without simultaneous feeding of glucose or amino acids. A lipid emulsion containing 40 μmol/h (35.4 mg/h) of triolein, 2.74 μmol/h (1.06 mg/h) of cholesterol, 7.8 μmol/h (6.08 mg/h) of egg phosphatidylcholine without any additive (the Control group), with 560 mmol/h (300 mg/h) of glucose (the Glucose group), or with 400 mmol/h (150 mg/h) of amino acids (the Amino Acids group), was infused intraduodenally at 3 mL/h for 8 h into mesenteric lymph-fistula rats. The amounts of triglyceride transported in lymph for 8 h were 185 ± 12 (mean ± SE) mg in the Amino Acids group (n = 4), 175 ± 3 mg in the Glucose group (n = 5), and 147 ± 7 mg in the Control group (n = 4), respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) among the groups. The amounts of cholesterol transported in lymph for 8 h of the Amino Acid group and the Glucose group seemed to be larger than that of the Control group. The amount of phosphatidylcholine transported in lymph for 8 h were 16.4 ± 1.0 mg in the Amino Acids group, 15.7 ± 0.4 mg in the Glucose group, and 12.4 ± 0.3 mg in the Control group, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) among the groups. Simultaneous glucose or amino acids feeding enhanced lymphatic lipid transport in the rat intestine during lipid feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hayashi
- Department of Internal MedicineTokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health SciencesKoto‐kuTokyoJapan
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82
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Teitelman G. Heterogeneous Expression of Proinsulin Processing Enzymes in Beta Cells of Non-diabetic and Type 2 Diabetic Humans. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:385-400. [PMID: 30759032 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419831641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is evidence indicating transcriptional and functional heterogeneity in human beta cells, it is unclear whether this heterogeneity extends to the expression level of the enzymes that process proinsulin to insulin in beta cells. To address this question, the expression levels of prohormone convertases (PC) 1/3, proprotein convertase 2 (PC2), and carboxypeptidase E (CPE) were determined in immune-stained sections of human pancreas. In non-diabetic donors, the level of proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) expression varied among beta cells of each islet but the average per islet was similar for all islets of each donor. Although the average PC1/3 expression of all islets examined per sample was unique for each pancreas, donors had similar levels of proinsulin/insulin expression. PC2 expression in beta cells showed less pronounced inter- and intraislet variation while CPE levels were fairly constant. The relationship between PC1/3 and PC2 expression levels was variable among different donors. Type 2 diabetes had an uneven effect on the expression levels of all three enzymes as they decrease only in some islets in a section. These findings suggest the presence of intraislet, but not interislet, variation in the expression of the proinsulin processing enzymes in non-diabetic subjects and a heterogeneous effect of type 2 diabetes on enzyme expression in islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Teitelman
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
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83
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Rahman FU, Park DR, Joe Y, Jang KY, Chung HT, Kim UH. Critical Roles of Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide in Ca 2+ Signaling for Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic Islets. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:560-576. [PMID: 29486595 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increases intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, resulting in insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells through the sequential production of Ca2+ mobilizing messengers nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) and cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR). We previously found that NAADP activates the neuronal type of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS), the product of which, NO, activates guanylyl cyclase to produce cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which, in turn, induces cADPR formation. Our aim was to explore the relationship between Ca2+ signals and gasotransmitters formation in insulin secretion in β-cells upon GLP-1 stimulation. RESULTS We show that NAADP-induced cGMP production by nNOS activation is dependent on carbon monoxide (CO) formation by heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2). Treatment with exogenous NO and CO amplifies cGMP formation, Ca2+ signal strength, and insulin secretion, whereas this signal is impeded when exposed to combined treatment with NO and CO. Furthermore, CO potentiates cGMP formation in a dose-dependent manner, but higher doses of CO inhibited cGMP formation. Our data with regard to zinc protoporphyrin, a HO inhibitor, and HO-2 knockdown, revealed that NO-induced cADPR formation and insulin secretion are dependent on HO-2. Consistent with this observation, the administration of NO or CO donors to type 2 diabetic mice improved glucose tolerance, but the same did not hold true when both were administered concurrently. INNOVATION Our research reveals the role of two gas transmitters, CO and NO, for Ca2+ second messengers formation in pancreatic β-cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that CO, the downstream regulator of NO, plays a role in bridging the gap between the Ca2+ signaling messengers during insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ur Rahman
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,2 National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Ryoung Park
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,2 National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Joe
- 2 National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yun Jang
- 4 Department of Pathology Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Uh-Hyun Kim
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,2 National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,5 Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Wang J, Yu M, Xu J, Cheng Y, Li X, Wei G, Wang H, Kong H, Xie W. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mediates the protective effects of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition on pulmonary hypertension. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:6. [PMID: 30634956 PMCID: PMC6330403 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disease leading to death ultimately. Our recently published data demonstrated that inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) alleviated pulmonary vascular remodeling in experimental PH. However, whether glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mediated the protective effect of DPP-4 inhibition (DPP-4i) on PH is unclear. Results In the present study, GLP-1 receptor antagonist (exendin-3) abolished the protective effects of DPP-4 inhibitor (sitagliptin) on right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVR) in monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg)-induced PH in rat. Notably, activation of GLP-1 receptor by GLP-1 analogue liraglutide directly attenuated RVSP and PVR in MCT-induced PH, as well as bleomycin- and chronic hypoxia-induced PH. Moreover, liraglutide potently inhibited MCT-induced inflammation and suppressed MCT-induced down-regulation of vascular endothelial marker (VE-cadherin and vWF) in lung. In vitro studies showed liraglutide reversed TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml) combining IL-1β (5 ng/ml) induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which could be abolished by GLP-1 receptor antagonist (exendin-3). Furtermore, liraglutide suppressed TGF-β1-IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of both Smad3 and ERK1/2. Conclusions Our data suggest that GLP-1 mediated the protective effects of DPP-4i on pulmonary vascular and RV remodeling in experimental PH, which may be attributed to the inhibitory effect on EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusheng Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Kong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiping Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China.
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85
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Iizuka Y, Ozeki A, Tani T, Tsuda T. Blackcurrant Extract Ameliorates Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetic Mice in Association with Increased Basal Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2019; 64:258-264. [PMID: 30175788 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.64.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Blackcurrants are berries that contain high levels of anthocyanins, particularly delphinidin 3-rutinoside (D3R). Several studies have reported that the consumption of blackcurrant extract (BCE) lowers blood glucose levels and ameliorates glucose tolerance, but the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are considered one of the most significant molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we showed that dietary BCE significantly reduced blood glucose concentration and improved glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetic mice (KK-Ay). The basal GLP-1 concentration in plasma was significantly increased in the BCE group accompanied by upregulation of prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), the enzyme that processes intestinal proglucagon. Moreover, the level of phospho-AMPKα protein in skeletal muscle was significantly increased in the BCE group, and this was increase accompanied by significant upregulation of glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) proteins in the plasma membrane of BCE group. In conclusion, dietary BCE significantly reduced blood glucose concentration and improved glucose tolerance in association with increased basal GLP-1 concentration in plasma, upregulation of PC1/3 expression, and translocation of Glut4 to the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetic mice; furthermore, these effects were accompanied by activation of AMPK. Our findings demonstrated that D3R-rich BCE may help prevent diabetes and allow the dosages of diabetes drugs to be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Iizuka
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University
| | - Aoi Ozeki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University
| | - Tsubasa Tani
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University
| | - Takanori Tsuda
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University
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86
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Lee YS, Lee C, Choung JS, Jung HS, Jun HS. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Increases β-Cell Regeneration by Promoting α- to β-Cell Transdifferentiation. Diabetes 2018; 67:2601-2614. [PMID: 30257975 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) can increase pancreatic β-cells, and α-cells could be a source for new β-cell generation. We investigated whether GLP-1 increases β-cells through α-cell transdifferentiation. New β-cells originating from non-β-cells were significantly increased in recombinant adenovirus expressing GLP-1 (rAd-GLP-1)-treated RIP-CreER;R26-YFP mice. Proliferating α-cells were increased in islets of rAd-GLP-1-treated mice and αTC1 clone 9 (αTC1-9) cells treated with exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Insulin+glucagon+ cells were significantly increased by rAd-GLP-1 or exendin-4 treatment in vivo and in vitro. Lineage tracing to label the glucagon-producing α-cells showed a higher proportion of regenerated β-cells from α-cells in rAd-GLP-1-treated Glucagon-rtTA;Tet-O-Cre;R26-YFP mice than rAd producing β-galactosidase-treated mice. In addition, exendin-4 increased the expression and secretion of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in αTC1-9 cells and β-cell-ablated islets. FGF21 treatment of β-cell-ablated islets increased the expression of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 and neurogenin-3 and significantly increased insulin+glucagon+ cells. Generation of insulin+glucagon+ cells by exendin-4 was significantly reduced in islets transfected with FGF21 small interfering RNA or islets of FGF21 knockout mice. Generation of insulin+ cells by rAd-GLP-1 treatment was significantly reduced in FGF21 knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. We suggest that GLP-1 has an important role in α-cell transdifferentiation to generate new β-cells, which might be mediated, in part, by FGF21 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Changmi Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jin-Seung Choung
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hye-Seung Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
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87
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Filippello A, Urbano F, Di Mauro S, Scamporrino A, Di Pino A, Scicali R, Rabuazzo AM, Purrello F, Piro S. Chronic Exposure to Palmitate Impairs Insulin Signaling in an Intestinal L-cell Line: A Possible Shift from GLP-1 to Glucagon Production. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3791. [PMID: 30487448 PMCID: PMC6321596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion/function. Lipotoxicity, a chronic elevation of free fatty acids in the blood, could affect insulin-signaling in many peripheral tissues. To date, the effects of lipotoxicity on the insulin receptor and insulin resistance in the intestinal L-cells need to be elucidated. Moreover, recent observations indicate that L-cells may be able to process not only GLP-1 but also glucagon from proglucagon. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic palmitate exposure on insulin pathways, GLP-1 secretion and glucagon synthesis in the GLUTag L-cell line. Cells were cultured in the presence/absence of palmitate (0.5 mM) for 24 h to mimic lipotoxicity. Palmitate treatment affected insulin-stimulated GLP-1 secretion, insulin receptor phosphorylation and IRS-1-AKT pathway signaling. In our model lipotoxicity induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 44/42) activation both in insulin stimulated and basal conditions and also up-regulated paired box 6 (PAX6) and proglucagon expression (Gcg). Interestingly, palmitate treatment caused an increased glucagon secretion through the up-regulation of prohormone convertase 2. These results indicate that a state of insulin resistance could be responsible for secretory alterations in L-cells through the impairment of insulin-signaling pathways. Our data support the hypothesis that lipotoxicity might contribute to L-cell deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Filippello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Francesca Urbano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Stefania Di Mauro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Scamporrino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Antonino Di Pino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Roberto Scicali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Agata Maria Rabuazzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Francesco Purrello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Piro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
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88
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DeVries JH, Desouza C, Bellary S, Unger J, Hansen OKH, Zacho J, Woo V. Achieving glycaemic control without weight gain, hypoglycaemia, or gastrointestinal adverse events in type 2 diabetes in the SUSTAIN clinical trial programme. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2426-2434. [PMID: 29862621 PMCID: PMC6175309 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the potential for semaglutide to help people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) achieve glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) targets while avoiding unwanted outcomes, such as weight gain, hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal (GI) side effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from the phase IIIa SUSTAIN 1 to 5 clinical trials were analysed. Participants had inadequately controlled T2D and were drug-naïve (SUSTAIN 1) or on a range of background treatments (SUSTAIN 2 to 5). The main protocol-specified composite endpoint was the proportion of participants achieving HbA1c <53 mmol/mol (7.0%) at end of treatment (30 or 56 weeks) without weight gain and with no severe or blood glucose (BG)-confirmed symptomatic hypoglycaemia. A post hoc composite endpoint was the proportion of participants achieving the primary composite endpoint without moderate or severe GI adverse events (AEs). RESULTS Across the SUSTAIN trials 1 to 5, 3918 participants with T2D were randomized to once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, or comparators (placebo, sitagliptin 100 mg, exenatide extended release 2.0 mg or insulin glargine). The proportion of participants achieving HbA1c <53 mmol/mol (7.0%) with no weight gain and no severe/BG-confirmed symptomatic hypoglycaemia was 47% to 66% (semaglutide 0.5 mg) and 57% to 74% (semaglutide 1.0 mg) vs 7% to 19% (placebo) and 16% to 29% (active comparators; all P < .0001). More participants achieved the primary composite endpoint with no moderate or severe GI AEs with semaglutide vs comparators (all P < .0001). CONCLUSION Semaglutide helped more people with T2D achieve HbA1c targets than did comparators in the SUSTAIN 1 to 5 trials, while avoiding unwanted outcomes such as weight gain, hypoglycaemia and GI side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Hans DeVries
- Department of EndocrinologyAcademic Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Profil Institute for Metabolic ResearchNeussGermany
| | - Cyrus Desouza
- Division of Diabetes Endocrinology & MetabolismUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraska
| | | | - Jeffrey Unger
- Director, Metabolic StudiesCatalina Research InstituteChino, California
| | | | | | - Vincent Woo
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Health Sciences CentreUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
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89
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Role of β Cell Precursors in the Regeneration of Insulin-Producing Pancreatic β Cells under the Influence of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 165:644-648. [PMID: 30225696 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the pegylated form of glucagon-like peptide 1 (pegGLP-1) on oligopotent β cell precursors (CD45-TER119-CD133+CD49flow) in the pancreas were studied in C57Bl/6 mice. Under conditions of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus, intraperitoneal injection of pegGLP1 increased the content of β cell precursors and dithizone-stained cells in the pancreas. β Cell precursors of mice with diabetes demonstrated high self-maintenance potential. In contrast to pegGLP-1, native GLP-1 did not affect β cell precursors in diabetic animals. Treatment of a culture of β cell precursors from mice with diabetes induced the yield of dithizone-stained mononuclears. In conditioned mediums of dithizone-positive cells obtained as a result of differentiation of β cell precursors from mice with diabetes, insulin was detected after administration of pegGLP-1 (10-7 M) and glucose (3 mmol/liter); the level of insulin increased with increasing glucose concentration (to 20 mmol/liter). The in vitro effect of pegGLP-1 did not differ from the effect of GLP-1 (10-7 M).
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90
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Hashim M, Yokoi N, Takahashi H, Gheni G, Okechi OS, Hayami T, Murao N, Hidaka S, Minami K, Mizoguchi A, Seino S. Inhibition of SNAT5 Induces Incretin-Responsive State From Incretin-Unresponsive State in Pancreatic β-Cells: Study of β-Cell Spheroid Clusters as a Model. Diabetes 2018; 67:1795-1806. [PMID: 29954738 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
β-Cell-β-cell interactions are required for normal regulation of insulin secretion. We previously found that formation of spheroid clusters (called K20-SC) from MIN6-K20 clonal β-cells lacking incretin-induced insulin secretion (IIIS) under monolayer culture (called K20-MC) drastically induced incretin responsiveness. Here we investigated the mechanism by which an incretin-unresponsive state transforms to an incretin-responsive state using K20-SC as a model. Glutamate production by glucose through the malate-aspartate shuttle and cAMP signaling, both of which are critical for IIIS, were enhanced in K20-SC. SC formed from β-cells deficient for aspartate aminotransferase 1, a critical enzyme in the malate-aspartate shuttle, exhibited reduced IIIS. Expression of the sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 5 (SNAT5), which is involved in glutamine transport, was downregulated in K20-SC and pancreatic islets of normal mice but was upregulated in K20-MC and islets of rodent models of obesity and diabetes, both of which exhibit impaired IIIS. Inhibition of SNAT5 significantly increased cellular glutamate content and improved IIIS in islets of these models and in K20-MC. These results suggest that suppression of SNAT5 activity, which results in increased glutamate production, and enhancement of cAMP signaling endows incretin-unresponsive β-cells with incretin responsiveness.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/agonists
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/antagonists & inhibitors
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/genetics
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/metabolism
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Drug Resistance/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Incretins/pharmacology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/ultrastructure
- Islets of Langerhans/drug effects
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Islets of Langerhans/ultrastructure
- Male
- Membrane Transport Modulators/pharmacology
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Models, Biological
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- RNA Interference
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Spheroids, Cellular/ultrastructure
- Tissue Culture Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahira Hashim
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Norihide Yokoi
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, Japan
| | - Harumi Takahashi
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ghupurjan Gheni
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Oduori S Okechi
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohide Hayami
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Naoya Murao
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shihomi Hidaka
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Minami
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Susumu Seino
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, Japan
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91
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Carlsson Petri KC, Ingwersen SH, Flint A, Zacho J, Overgaard RV. Semaglutide s.c. Once-Weekly in Type 2 Diabetes: A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis. Diabetes Ther 2018; 9:1533-1547. [PMID: 29907893 PMCID: PMC6064581 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-018-0458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Semaglutide, a new treatment option approved for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist to be injected subcutaneously once weekly. This analysis used a population pharmacokinetic model of semaglutide to identify clinically relevant covariates for exposure. METHODS A total of 1612 patients with up to seven pharmacokinetic observations each were included in the analysis. All subjects had type 2 diabetes mellitus and were enrolled in one of five trials in the phase III development program for subcutaneous semaglutide once weekly (the SUSTAIN program). The treatment duration of the trials varied from 30 to 104 weeks. RESULTS No clinically relevant effects on the exposure were seen for sex, age, race, ethnicity, renal function, or injection site used, and semaglutide exposure was stable over time. Of the covariates chosen, only body weight had a relevant effect on the exposure of semaglutide. Few subjects developed semaglutide antibodies, and the antibodies had no effect on exposure. Dose proportionality was shown for the 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg maintenance doses of semaglutide. CONCLUSION The population pharmacokinetic study showed that semaglutide exposure is not affected by covariates other than body weight at either a maintenance dose of 0.5 or 1.0 mg semaglutide. Therefore, we conclude that no semaglutide dose adjustments are needed in different populations. This finding is to be further explored in an exposure-response analysis. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trials were registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifiers: NCT02054897, NCT01930188, NCT01885208, NCT01720446 and NCT02207374). FUNDING Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Flint
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Vandtårnsvej 108, 2860, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Zacho
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Vandtårnsvej 108, 2860, Søborg, Denmark
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92
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Cardoso JCR, Félix RC, Costa C, Palma PFS, Canário AVM, Power DM. Evolution of the glucagon-like system across fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 264:113-130. [PMID: 29056448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In fishes, including the jawless lampreys, the most ancient lineage of extant vertebrates, plasma glucose levels are highly variable and regulation is more relaxed than in mammals. The regulation of glucose and lipid in fishes in common with mammals involves members of the glucagon (GCG)-like family of gastrointestinal peptides. In mammals, four peptides GCG, glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2 (GLP1 and GLP2) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) that activate four specific receptors exist. However, in lamprey and other fishes the glucagon-like family evolved differently and they retained additional gene family members (glucagon-related peptide, gcrp and its receptor, gcrpr) that are absent from mammals. In the present study, we analysed the evolution of the glucagon-like system in fish and characterized gene expression of the family members in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) a teleost fish. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that multiple receptors and peptides of the glucagon-like family emerged early during the vertebrate radiation and evolved via lineage specific events. Synteny analysis suggested that family member gene loss is likely to be the result of a single gene deletion event. Lamprey was the only fish where a putative glp1r persisted and the presence of the receptor gene in the genomes of the elephant shark and coelacanth remains unresolved. In the coelacanth and elephant shark, unique proglucagon genes were acquired which in the former only encoded Gcg and Glp2 and in the latter, shared a similar structure to the teleost proglucagon gene but possessed an extra exon coding for Glp-like peptide that was most similar to Glp2. The variable tissue distribution of the gene transcripts encoding the ligands and receptors of the glucagon-like system in an advanced teleost, the European sea bass, suggested that, as occurs in mammals, they have acquired distinct functions. Statistically significant (p < .05) down-regulation of teleost proglucagon a in sea bass with modified plasma glucose levels confirmed the link between these peptides and metabolism. The tissue distribution of members of the glucagon-like system in sea bass and human suggests that evolution of the brain-gut-peptide regulatory loop diverged between teleosts and mammals despite the overall conservation and similarity of glucagon-like family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C R Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Rute C Félix
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Carina Costa
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro F S Palma
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Adelino V M Canário
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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93
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Coble KF, Burnett DD, DeRouchey JM, Tokach MD, Gonzalez JM, Wu F, Dritz SS, Goodband RD, Woodworth JC, Pluske JR. Effect of diet type and added copper on growth performance, carcass characteristics, energy digestibility, gut morphology, and mucosal mRNA expression of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3288-3301. [PMID: 29762715 PMCID: PMC6095252 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 757 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 27.6 kg BW) were used in a 117-d experiment to determine the effects of added Cu from tribasic copper chloride and diet type on growth performance, carcass characteristics, energy digestibility, gut morphology, and mucosal mRNA expression of finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, balanced on average pen weight in a randomized complete block design with 26 to 28 pigs per pen and 7 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of diet type, a corn-soybean meal-based diet (corn-soy) or a high by-product diet (by-product) with 30% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and 15% bakery meal, and added Cu (0 or 150 mg/kg added Cu). There were no Cu × diet type interactions for growth performance. Overall, neither added Cu nor diet type influenced growth performance. However, caloric efficiency was decreased (P = 0.001) for pigs fed the by-product diet compared to the corn-soy diet. Pigs fed the by-product diet had decreased (P < 0.05) carcass yield and carcass G:F) and marginally decreased (P < 0.07) HCW and carcass ADG compared to pigs fed the corn-soy diet. A Cu × diet type interaction (P < 0.05) existed for DM and GE digestibility during the early finishing period as added Cu improved (P < 0.05) digestibility of DM and GE in the corn-soy diet, but not in the by-product diet. During the late finishing period, added Cu marginally increased (P = 0.060) DM and GE digestibility while pigs fed the by-product diet had decreased DM and GE digestibility (P = 0.001) compared to those fed the corn-soy diet. For gut morphology, pigs fed added Cu had decreased crypt depth (P = 0.017) in the distal small intestine compared to those fed no added Cu. Furthermore, relative mRNA expression of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (iFABP) was decreased (P = 0.032) in pigs fed added Cu compared to those fed no added Cu. In summary, adding 150 mg/kg added Cu or including 30% DDGS and 15% bakery meal into a corn-soy diet did not influence growth performance. However, HCW ADG and HCW G:F were reduced in pigs fed the by-product diet compared to the corn-soy diet. Only minor differences in gut morphology or mRNA expression were observed from feeding diets with high levels of Cu or by-products compared to a corn-soy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle F Coble
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Derris D Burnett
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - John M Gonzalez
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Fangzhou Wu
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - John R Pluske
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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Kanda R, Hiraike H, Wada-Hiraike O, Ichinose T, Nagasaka K, Sasajima Y, Ryo E, Fujii T, Osuga Y, Ayabe T. Expression of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and its role in regulating autophagy in endometrial cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:657. [PMID: 29907137 PMCID: PMC6003019 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A previous report showed that a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist (exenatide) induced apoptosis in endometrial cancer cells. However, the pathophysiological role of GLP-1R in endometrial cancer has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the effects of the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide in endometrial cancer cells and examined the association between GLP-1R expression and clinicopathological characteristics in endometrial cancer patients. Methods Human Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of liraglutide. To assess the effects of liraglutide, cell viability, colony formation, flow cytometry, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence assays were performed. Autophagy induction was examined by analyzing LC3 and p62 expression and autophagosome accumulation. Moreover, using a tissue microarray, we analyzed GLP-1R expression in 154 endometrial cancer tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. Results In accordance with the previous report, liraglutide inhibited Ishikawa cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Liraglutide significantly induced autophagy, and phosphorylated AMPK expression was elevated. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that GLP-1R expression was associated with positive estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status, and higher GLP-1R expression was significantly correlated with better progression-free survival. Conclusions The use of liraglutide to target autophagy in endometrial cancer cells may be a novel potential treatment for endometrial cancer. Furthermore, higher GLP-1R expression may be associated with better prognosis in endometrial cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4570-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranka Kanda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173 0003, Japan
| | - Haruko Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173 0003, Japan.
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ichinose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173 0003, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173 0003, Japan
| | - Yuko Sasajima
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Ryo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173 0003, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Ayabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173 0003, Japan
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95
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Wadzinski TJ, Steinauer A, Hie L, Pelletier G, Schepartz A, Miller SJ. Rapid phenolic O-glycosylation of small molecules and complex unprotected peptides in aqueous solvent. Nat Chem 2018; 10:644-652. [PMID: 29713033 PMCID: PMC5964040 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylated natural products and synthetic glycopeptides represent a significant and growing source of biochemical probes and therapeutic agents. However, methods that enable the aqueous glycosylation of endogenous amino acid functionality in peptides without the use of protecting groups are scarce. Here, we report a transformation that facilitates the efficient aqueous O-glycosylation of phenolic functionality in a wide range of small molecules, unprotected tyrosine, and tyrosine residues embedded within a range of complex, fully unprotected peptides. The transformation, which uses glycosyl fluoride donors and is promoted by Ca(OH)2, proceeds rapidly at room temperature in water, with good yields and selective formation of unique anomeric products depending on the stereochemistry of the glycosyl donor. High functional group tolerance is observed, and the phenol glycosylation occurs selectively in the presence of virtually all side chains of the proteinogenic amino acids with the singular exception of Cys. This method offers a highly selective, efficient, and operationally simple approach for the protecting-group-free synthesis of O-aryl glycosides and Tyr-O-glycosylated peptides in water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liana Hie
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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96
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Ruan S, Gu Y, Liu B, Gao H, Hu X, Hao H, Jin L, Cai T. Long-Acting Release Microspheres Containing Novel GLP-1 Analog as an Antidiabetic System. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2857-2869. [PMID: 29763559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has recently received significant attention as an efficacious way to treat diabetes mellitus. However, the short half-life of the peptide limits its clinical application in diabetes. In our previous study, a novel GLP-1 analog (PGLP-1) with a longer half-life was synthesized and evaluated. Herein, we prepared the PGLP-1-loaded poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide) microspheres to achieve long-term effects on blood glucose control. The incorporation of zinc ion into the formulation can effectively decrease the initial burst release, and a uniform drug distribution was obtained, in contrast to native PGLP-1 encapsulated microspheres. We demonstrated that the solubility of the drug encapsulated in microspheres played an important role in in vitro release behavior and drug distribution inside the microspheres. The Zn-PGLP-1 microspheres had a prominent acute glucose reduction effect in the healthy mice. A hypoglycemic effect was observed in the streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice through a 6-week treatment of Zn-PGLP-1-loaded microspheres. Meanwhile, the administration of Zn-PGLP-1 microspheres led to the β-cell protection and stimulation of insulin secretion. The novel GLP-1 analog-loaded sustained microspheres may greatly improve patient compliance along with a desirable safety feature.
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97
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Irwin DM, Mojsov S. Diversification of the functions of proglucagon and glucagon receptor genes in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 261:148-165. [PMID: 29510149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The teleost fish-specific genome duplication gave rise to a great number of species inhabiting diverse environments with different access to nutrients and life histories. This event produced duplicated gcg genes, gcga and gcgb, for proglucagon-derived peptides, glucagon and GLP-1 and duplicated gcgr receptor genes, gcgra and gcgrb, which play key roles connecting the consumption of nutrients with glucose metabolism. We conducted a systematic survey of the genomes from 28 species of fish (24 bony (Superclass Osteichthyes), 1 lobe-finned (Class Sarcoperygii), 1 cartilaginous (Superclass Chondrichthyes), and 2 jawless (Superclass Agnatha)) and find that almost all surveyed ray-finned fish contain gcga and gcgb genes with different coding potential and duplicated gcgr genes, gcgra and gcgrb that form two separate clades in the phylogenetic tree consistent with the accepted species phylogeny. All gcgb genes encoded only glucagon and GLP-1 and gcga genes encoded glucagon, GLP-1, and GLP-2, indicating that gcga was subfunctionalized to produce GLP-2. We find a single glp2r, but no glp1r suggesting that duplicated gcgrb was neofunctionalized to bind GLP-1, as demonstrated for the zebrafish gcgrb (Oren et al., 2016). In functional experiments with zebrafish gcgrb and GLP-1 from diverse fish we find that anglerfish GLP-1a, encoded by gcga, is less biologically active than the gcgb anglerfish GLP-1b paralog. But some other fish (zebrafish, salmon, and catfish) gcga GLP-1a display similar biological activities, indicating that the regulation of glucose metabolism by GLP-1 in ray-finned fish is species-specific. Searches of genomes in cartilaginous fish identified a proglucagon gene that encodes a novel GLP-3 peptide in addition to glucagon, GLP-1, and GLP-2, as well as a single gcgr, glp2r, and a new glucagon receptor-like receptor whose identity still needs to be confirmed. The sequence of the shark GLP-1 contained an N-terminal mammalian-like extension that in mammals undergoes a proteolytic cleavage to release biologically active GLP-1. Our results indicate that early in vertebrate evolution diverse regulatory mechanisms emerged for the control of glucose metabolism by proglucagon-derived peptides and their receptors and that in ray-finned fish they included subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Svetlana Mojsov
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States
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98
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Nishiyama Y, Hasegawa T, Fujita S, Iwata N, Nagao S, Hosoya T, Inagaki K, Wada J, Otsuka F. Incretins modulate progesterone biosynthesis by regulating bone morphogenetic protein activity in rat granulosa cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:82-88. [PMID: 29129645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of incretins on ovarian steroidogenesis have not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of incretins, including GIP and GLP-1, on ovarian steroidogenesis using rat primary granulosa cells. Treatment with incretins significantly suppressed progesterone synthesis in the presence of FSH, and the effect of GIP was more potent than that of GLP-1. In contrast, incretins had no significant effect on estrogen synthesis by rat granulosa cells. In accordance with the effects of incretins on steroidogenesis, GIP and GLP-1 suppressed the expression of progesterogenic factors and enzymes, including StAR, P450scc, 3βHSD, but not P450arom, and cellular cAMP synthesis induced by FSH. In addition, incretins moderately increased FSHR mRNA expression in granulosa cells. Of note, treatment with GIP, but not treatment with GLP-1, augmented Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and transcription of the BMP target gene Id-1 induced by BMP-6 stimulation, suggesting that GIP upregulates BMP receptor signaling that can inhibit FSH-induced progesterone synthesis in rat granulosa cells. On the other hand, BMP-6 treatment suppressed the expression of GIP receptor but not that of GLP-1 receptor. Expression of the BMP type-I receptor ALK-3 was upregulated by treatment with GIP and GLP-1 and that of ALK-6 was also increased by GIP, while inhibitory Smad6 expression was impaired by GIP and GLP-1 in rat granulosa cells. Collectively, the results indicate that incretins, particularly GIP, impair FSH-induced progesterone production, at least in part, by upregulating BMP signaling in rat granulosa cells. The modulatory effects of incretins on endogenous BMP activity may be applicable to treatment of dysregulated steroidogenesis such as polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nishiyama
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toru Hasegawa
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shiho Fujita
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nahoko Iwata
- Departments of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satoko Nagao
- Departments of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hosoya
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kenichi Inagaki
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Departments of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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99
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Ikushima I, Jensen L, Flint A, Nishida T, Zacho J, Irie S. A Randomized Trial Investigating the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Subcutaneous Semaglutide Once-Weekly in Healthy Male Japanese and Caucasian Subjects. Adv Ther 2018; 35:531-544. [PMID: 29536338 PMCID: PMC5910468 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-018-0677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue for once-weekly subcutaneous treatment of type 2 diabetes. This trial compared the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of semaglutide in Japanese and Caucasian subjects. METHODS In this single-center, double-blind, parallel-group, 13-week trial, 44 healthy male subjects (22 Japanese, 22 Caucasian) were randomized within each race to semaglutide 0.5 mg (n = 8), 1.0 mg (n = 8), placebo 0.5 mg (n = 3) or 1.0 mg (n = 3). The primary endpoint was semaglutide exposure at steady state [area under the curve (AUC0-168h)]. RESULTS Steady-state exposure of semaglutide was similar for both populations: AUC0-168h estimated race ratio (ERR), Japanese/Caucasian: 0.5 mg, 1.06; 1.0 mg, 0.99; maximum concentration (Cmax) ERR: 0.5 mg, 1.06; 1.0 mg, 1.02. Exposure after the first dose (0.25 mg) was slightly higher in Japanese versus Caucasian subjects (AUC0-168h ERR 1.11; Cmax ERR 1.14). Dose-dependent increases in AUC0-168h and Cmax occurred in both populations. Accumulation was as expected, based on the half-life (t1/2, ~ 1 week) and dosing interval of semaglutide. Significant body weight reductions were observed with semaglutide 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg in Japanese (both p ≤ 0.05) and Caucasian (both p ≤ 0.05) subjects versus placebo. No new safety issues were identified. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety profiles of semaglutide were similar in Japanese and Caucasian subjects, suggesting that no dose adjustment is required for the clinical use of semaglutide in Japanese subjects. FUNDING Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02146079. Japanese trial registration number JapicCTI-142550.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shin Irie
- SOUSEIKAI Global Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan
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100
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Tasyurek HM, Altunbas HA, Balci MK, Griffith TS, Sanlioglu S. Therapeutic Potential of Lentivirus-Mediated Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Gene Therapy for Diabetes. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:802-815. [PMID: 29409356 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial glucose-induced insulin secretion from the islets of Langerhans is facilitated by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-a metabolic hormone with insulinotropic properties. Among the variety of effects it mediates, GLP-1 induces delta cell secretion of somatostatin, inhibits alpha cell release of glucagon, reduces gastric emptying, and slows food intake. These events collectively contribute to weight loss over time. During type 2 diabetes (T2DM), however, the incretin response to glucose is reduced and accompanied by a moderate reduction in GLP-1 secretion. To compensate for the reduced incretin effect, a human immunodeficiency virus-based lentiviral vector was generated to deliver DNA encoding human GLP-1 (LentiGLP-1), and the anti-diabetic efficacy of LentiGLP-1 was tested in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced model of T2DM. Therapeutic administration of LentiGLP-1 reduced blood glucose levels in obese diabetic Sprague Dawley rats, along with improving insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Normoglycemia was correlated with increased blood GLP-1 and pancreatic beta cell regeneration in LentiGLP-1-treated rats. Plasma triglyceride levels were also normalized after LentiGLP-1 injection. Collectively, these data suggest the clinical potential of GLP-1 gene transfer therapy for the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale M Tasyurek
- 1 Human Gene and Cell Therapy Center of Akdeniz University Hospitals , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ali Altunbas
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Balci
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- 3 Department of Urology, University of Minnesota , School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Salih Sanlioglu
- 1 Human Gene and Cell Therapy Center of Akdeniz University Hospitals , Antalya, Turkey
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