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Iszatt N, Stigum H, Govarts E, Murinova LP, Schoeters G, Trnovec T, Legler J, Thomsen C, Koppen G, Eggesbø M. Perinatal exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds and infant growth and body mass index at seven years: A pooled analysis of three European birth cohorts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:399-407. [PMID: 27311652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Experimental studies suggest perinatal exposure to EDCs results in later obesity. However, the few epidemiological investigations on dioxins are inconclusive. We investigated perinatal exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, infant growth and body mass index (BMI) in childhood. METHODS We pooled data from 3 European birth cohorts (Belgian, Norwegian, Slovak) with exposure assessment in cord blood or breast milk. Two cohorts had dioxin-like toxicity assessed using dioxin-responsive chemical-activated luciferase expression (DR-CALUX) bioassay and one cohort had measured concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenols with CALUX relative potency values applied. Growth was cohort- and sex-specific change in weight-for-age z-score between birth and 24months (N=367). BMI was calculated at around 7years (median 7.17, interquartile range [IQR] 7.00-7.37years, N=251), and overweight defined according to international standards for children equivalent to adult BMI >25kg/m(2) (Cole and Lobstein, 2012). We fitted multivariate models using generalized estimating equations, and tested effect modification by sex, breastfeeding and cohort. Results per 10pgCALUXTEQ/g lipid increase in exposure. RESULTS Dioxin exposure was highest in the Belgian and lowest in the Norwegian cohort; median (IQR) of the pooled sample 13 (12.0) pgCALUXTEQ/g lipid. Perinatal exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds appeared associated with increased growth between 0 and 24months (adjusted estimate for change in z-score: β=0.07, 95% CI: -0.01, 0.14). At 7years, dioxins exposure was associated with a statistically significant increase in BMI in girls (adjusted estimate for BMI units β=0.49, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.91) but not in boys (β=-0.03, 95% CI: -0.55, 0.49) (p-interaction=0.044). Furthermore, girls had a 54% (-6%, 151%) increased risk of overweight at 7years (p-interaction=0.023). CONCLUSION Perinatal exposure to dioxin and dioxin-like compounds was associated with increased early infant growth, and increased BMI in school age girls. Studies in larger sample sizes are required to confirm these sex-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Iszatt
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hein Stigum
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO, Unit of Environmental Risk and Health, Mol, Belgium
| | - Lubica Palkovicova Murinova
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO, Unit of Environmental Risk and Health, Mol, Belgium; University of Southern Denmark, Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense, Denmark; University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tomas Trnovec
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juliette Legler
- VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- VITO, Unit of Environmental Risk and Health, Mol, Belgium
| | - Merete Eggesbø
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Remy S, Govarts E, Wens B, De Boever P, Den Hond E, Croes K, Sioen I, Baeyens W, van Larebeke N, Koppe J, Covaci A, Schettgen T, Nelen V, Legler J, Schoeters G. Metabolic targets of endocrine disrupting chemicals assessed by cord blood transcriptome profiling. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:307-320. [PMID: 27589886 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early life exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been frequently associated with impaired perinatal growth, an important risk factor for later onset of metabolic disorders. We analyzed whether the cord blood transcriptome showed early indications of alterations in metabolic processes in 195 human samples in relation to cord blood levels of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), polychlorinated biphenyl-153 (PCB-153), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Overall, 39 metabolically relevant transcription factors were significantly enriched (31 by p,p'-DDE, 10 by PCB-153, 8 by PFOA, and 2 by PFOS). These included the glucocorticoid receptor (p,p'-DDE and PCB-153) and the progesterone receptor (PFOA and PFOS). The 'insulin receptor signaling', 'acute phase response signaling', 'Interleukin(IL)-6 signaling', and 'prolactin signaling' pathways were significantly enriched in relation to p,p'-DDE. Transcriptional changes at birth suggest a role for specific metabolic targets as a link between prenatal EDC exposure and metabolic disorders later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Remy
- Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.
| | - Eva Govarts
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Britt Wens
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan gebouw D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Directorate of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kim Croes
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AEGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 33, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; FWO Research Foundation, Egmontstraat 5, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AEGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas van Larebeke
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AEGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Radiotherapy and Experimental cancer research, Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 33, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Janna Koppe
- EKZ-AMC, University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vera Nelen
- Department of Health, Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Campusvej 55, 5000, Odense, Denmark
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Karlsen M, Grandjean P, Weihe P, Steuerwald U, Oulhote Y, Valvi D. Early-life exposures to persistent organic pollutants in relation to overweight in preschool children. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 68:145-153. [PMID: 27496715 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge on obesogenic effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is equivocal. We therefore evaluated the associations between early-life POP exposures and body mass index (BMI) in 444 Faroese children born in 2007-2009. POPs were measured in maternal 2-week postpartum serum and child age-5 serum. Linear regression and generalised linear models assessed the associations with continuous and dichotomous BMI z-scores, respectively, at ages 18 months and/or 5 years. Maternal serum concentrations of HCB, PFOS and PFOA were associated with increased BMI z-scores and/or overweight risk (i.e. BMI z-score≥85th WHO percentile). No clear association was found for maternal serum-PCBs, p,p'-DDE, PFHxS, PFNA and PFDA. In cross-sectional analyses, we observed a pattern of inverse associations between child serum-POPs and BMI z-scores at age 5, perhaps due to reverse causation that requires attention in future prospective analyses. Findings in this recent cohort support a role of maternal exposure to endocrine disruptors in the childhood obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Karlsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Pal Weihe
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Ulrike Steuerwald
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Youssef Oulhote
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Developmental Exposure to Environmental Chemicals and Metabolic Changes in Children. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2016; 46:255-85. [PMID: 27401018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other forms of metabolic disease have been rising over the past several decades. Although diet and physical activity play important roles in these trends, other environmental factors also may contribute to this significant public health issue. In this article, we discuss the possibility that widespread exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may contribute to the development of metabolic diseases in children. We summarize the epidemiological evidence on exposure to environmental chemicals during early development and metabolic outcomes in infants and children. Prenatal exposure to EDCs, particularly the persistent organic pollutant DDT and its metabolite DDE, may influence growth patterns during infancy and childhood. The altered growth patterns associated with EDCs vary according to exposure level, sex, exposure timing, pubertal status, and age at which growth is measured. Early exposure to air pollutants also is linked to impaired metabolism in infants and children. As a result of these and other studies, professional health provider societies have called for a reduction in environmental chemical exposures. We summarize the resources available to health care providers to counsel patients on how to reduce chemical exposures. We conclude with a discussion of environmental policies that address chemical exposures and ultimately aim to improve public health.
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Emotional, behavioral and social difficulties among high-IQ children during the preschool period: Results of the EDEN mother–child cohort. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Vafeiadi M, Roumeliotaki T, Myridakis A, Chalkiadaki G, Fthenou E, Dermitzaki E, Karachaliou M, Sarri K, Vassilaki M, Stephanou EG, Kogevinas M, Chatzi L. Association of early life exposure to bisphenol A with obesity and cardiometabolic traits in childhood. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 146:379-387. [PMID: 26821262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used extensively worldwide in the manufacture of plastic polymers. The environmental obesogen hypothesis suggests that early life exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as BPA may increase the risk for wt gain later in childhood but few prospective epidemiological studies have investigated this relationship. OBJECTIVES We examined the association of early life BPA exposure with offspring obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in 500 mother-child pairs from the RHEA pregnancy cohort in Crete, Greece. METHODS BPA concentrations were measured in spot urine samples collected at the 1st trimester of pregnancy) and from children at 2.5 and 4 years of age. We measured birth wt, body mass index (BMI) from 6 months to 4 years of age, waist circumference, skinfold thickness, blood pressure, serum lipids, C-reactive protein, and adipokines at 4 years of age. BMI growth trajectories from birth to 4 years were estimated by mixed effects models with fractional polynomials of age. Adjusted associations were obtained via multivariable regression analyses. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 9% at 2, 13% at 3% and 17% at 4 years of age. Geometric mean BPA concentrations were 1.2μg/g creatinine±7.9 in 1st trimester, 5.1μg/g±13.3 in 2.5 years and 1.9μg/g±4.9 in 4 years. After confounder adjustment, each 10-fold increase in BPA at 4 years was associated with a higher BMI z-score (adj. β=0.2; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.4), waist circumference (adj. β=1.2; 95% CI: 0.1, 2.2) and sum of skinfold thickness (adj. β=3.7mm; 95% CI: 0.7, 6.7) at 4 years. Prenatal BPA was negatively associated with BMI and adiposity measures in girls and positively in boys. We found no associations of early life exposure to BPA with other offspring cardiometabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal BPA exposure was not consistently associated with offspring growth and adiposity measures but higher early childhood BPA was associated with excess child adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgia Chalkiadaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eleni Fthenou
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eirini Dermitzaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Marianna Karachaliou
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katerina Sarri
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Vassilaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Euripides G Stephanou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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de Cock M, Quaak I, Sugeng EJ, Legler J, van de Bor M. LInking EDCs in maternal Nutrition to Child health (LINC study) - protocol for prospective cohort to study early life exposure to environmental chemicals and child health. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:147. [PMID: 26873073 PMCID: PMC4752804 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of chemicals in the environment is ubiquitous. Human biomonitoring studies have shown that various chemicals can be detected in the majority of the population, including pregnant women. These compounds may pass the placenta, and reach the fetus. This early life exposure in particular may be detrimental as some chemicals may disrupt the endocrine system, which is involved in various processes during development. The LINC study is a prospective birth cohort designed to study associations between early life environmental exposures and child health, including growth and neurodevelopment. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of this cohort. Methods and design Recruitment for this cohort has started in 2011 in three Dutch areas and is still ongoing. To date over 300 mother-child pairs have been included. Women are preferably included during the first trimester of pregnancy. Major congenital anomalies and twin births are reasons for exclusion. To assess exposure to environmental chemicals, cord blood, placenta, meconium and vernix are collected. Parents collect urine of the child shortly after birth and breast milk in the second month of life. Exposure to a broad range of environmental chemicals are determined in cord plasma and breast milk. Furthermore various hormones, including leptin and cortisone, are determined in cord plasma, and in heel prick blood spots (thyroxine). Data on anthropometry of the child is collected through midwives and youth health care centres on various time points until the child is 18 months of age. Furthermore cognitive development is monitored by means of the van Wiechen scheme, and information on behavioral development is collected by means of the infant behavior questionnaire and the child behavior checklist. When the child is 12 months of age, a house visit is scheduled to assess various housing characteristics, as well as hand-to-mouth behavior of the child. At this visit exposure of the child to flame retardants (with endocrine disrupting properties) in house dust is determined by means of body wipes. They are furthermore also measured in a saliva sample of the child. Next to these measurements, women receive questionnaires each trimester regarding amongst others lifestyle of the parents, general health of the parents and the child, and mental state of the mother. Discussion This study was approved by the medical ethics committee of the VU University Medical Centre. Consent for the infant is given by the mother, who is specifically required to give consent for both herself as well as her child. Results will be published regardless of the findings of this study, and will be widely disseminated among related medical stakeholders (e.g. midwives and pediatricians), policy makers, and the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke de Cock
- VU University, Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ilona Quaak
- VU University, Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva J Sugeng
- VU University, Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juliette Legler
- Brunel University London, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, room HALB 144, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.,VU University, Institute for Environmental Studies, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margot van de Bor
- VU University, Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Le Magueresse-Battistoni B, Vidal H, Naville D. [Impact of in utero exposure to pollutants on metabolic health in adults]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:51-6. [PMID: 26850607 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163201009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem because it is a risk factor for metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Notably, pollutants endowed with endocrine disrupting activities have been charged to contribute to the etiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes, especially if exposure occurs during the early life shown to be a highly vulnerable window of time. An overview on endocrine disrupters in relation with the obesogen and metabolic disruption hypothesis is presented. Convincing data support the plausibility of such hypothesis. They also highlight the limits of the current threshold model used in risk assessment which focused on single chemicals and does not take into account potential effects of mixtures containing pollutants at environmental doses, e.g. the real life exposure. Certainly, the principle of precaution should guide the making of decisions especially when considering early life exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Le Magueresse-Battistoni
- Laboratoire de recherche en cardiovasculaire, métabolisme, diabétologie et nutrition, CarMeN, université Lyon 1, Inserm U1060, UMR Inra 1397, Insa-Lyon, faculté de médecine Lyon-sud-BP12, 165, chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69921 Oullins Cedex, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- Laboratoire de recherche en cardiovasculaire, métabolisme, diabétologie et nutrition, CarMeN, université Lyon 1, Inserm U1060, UMR Inra 1397, Insa-Lyon, faculté de médecine Lyon-sud-BP12, 165, chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69921 Oullins Cedex, France
| | - Danielle Naville
- Laboratoire de recherche en cardiovasculaire, métabolisme, diabétologie et nutrition, CarMeN, université Lyon 1, Inserm U1060, UMR Inra 1397, Insa-Lyon, faculté de médecine Lyon-sud-BP12, 165, chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69921 Oullins Cedex, France
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Perkins JT, Petriello MC, Newsome BJ, Hennig B. Polychlorinated biphenyls and links to cardiovascular disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2160-72. [PMID: 25877901 PMCID: PMC4609220 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The pathology of cardiovascular disease is multi-faceted, with links to many modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Epidemiological evidence now implicates exposure to persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with an increased risk of developing diabetes, hypertension, and obesity; all of which are clinically relevant to the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease. PCBs exert their cardiovascular toxicity either directly or indirectly via multiple mechanisms, which are highly dependent on the type and concentration of PCBs present. However, many PCBs may modulate cellular signaling pathways leading to common detrimental outcomes including induction of chronic oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine disruption. With the abundance of potential toxic pollutants increasing globally, it is critical to identify sensible means of decreasing associated disease risks. Emerging evidence now implicates a protective role of lifestyle modifications such as increased exercise and/or nutritional modulation via anti-inflammatory foods, which may help to decrease the vascular toxicity of PCBs. This review will outline the current state of knowledge linking coplanar and non-coplanar PCBs to cardiovascular disease and describe the possible molecular mechanism of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Perkins
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, 900 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Michael C Petriello
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, 900 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Bradley J Newsome
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, 900 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Bernhard Hennig
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, 900 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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Kania-Korwel I, Lehmler HJ. Toxicokinetics of chiral polychlorinated biphenyls across different species--a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2058-80. [PMID: 25824003 PMCID: PMC4591098 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen polychlorinated biphenyls (chiral or C-PCBs) exist as two stable rotational isomers (atropisomers) that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. C-PCBs are released into the environment as racemic (i.e., equal) mixtures of both atropisomers and undergo atropisomeric enrichment due to biological, but not abiotic, processes. In particular, toxicokinetic studies provide important initial insights into atropselective processes involved in the disposition (i.e., absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion) of C-PCBs. The toxicokinetic of C-PCBs is highly congener and species dependent. In particular, at lower trophic levels, abiotic processes play a predominant role in C-PCB toxicokinetics. Biotransformation plays an important role in the elimination of C-PCBs in mammals. The elimination of C-PCB follows the approximate order mammals > birds > amphibians > fish, mostly due to a corresponding decrease in metabolic capacity. A few studies have shown differences in the toxicokinetics of C-PCB atropisomers; however, more work is needed to understand the toxicokinetics of C-PCBs and the underlying biological processes. Such studies will not only contribute to our understanding of the fate of C-PCBs in aquatic and terrestrial food webs but also facilitate our understanding of human exposures to C-PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, UI Research Park, #221 IREH, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, UI Research Park, #221 IREH, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Hui LL, Chan MHM, Lam HS, Chan PHY, Kwok KM, Chan IHS, Li AM, Fok TF. Impact of fetal and childhood mercury exposure on immune status in children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 144:66-72. [PMID: 26562044 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mercury exposure have been shown to affect immune status in animals as reflected by cytokine expression. It is unclear whether low levels of exposure during fetal and/or childhood periods could impact on immune status in humans. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that fetal and childhood mercury exposure is associated with childhood cytokine profiles and to investigate whether childhood selenium levels interact with any of the associations found. METHODS Children were recruited from a previously established birth cohort between the ages of 6-9 years for assessment and measurement of blood mercury, selenium and cytokine profile (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13 and TNF-alpha). Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the adjusted association of cord blood mercury concentration and current mercury concentrations with levels of the cytokine levels. We tested whether the association with current mercury level varied by current selenium level and cord blood mercury level. RESULTS IL-10 was negatively associated with current blood mercury concentration. The effect was greatest in cases with low cord blood mercury and low current selenium concentrations. None of the other cytokine levels were associated with either cord blood or current blood mercury concentrations, except that cord blood mercury was negatively associated with IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Childhood mercury exposure was negatively associated with childhood IL-10 levels. It is postulated that while selenium is protective, low levels of fetal mercury exposure may increase the degree of this negative association during childhood. Further studies into the clinical significance of these findings are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Ling Hui
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Ho Ming Chan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hugh Simon Lam
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Peggy Hiu Ying Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Ming Kwok
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Iris Hiu Shuen Chan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Albert Martin Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tai Fai Fok
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Stigum H, Iszatt N, Polder A, Mandal S, Eggesbø M. A novel model to characterize postnatal exposure to lipophilic environmental toxicants and application in the study of hexachlorobenzene and infant growth. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:156-162. [PMID: 26398043 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants are exposed to persistent environmental contaminants through breast milk, yet studies assessing the health effects of postnatal exposure are lacking. Existing postnatal exposure assessment is either too simple (lactation exposure model, LEM) or requires complex physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. OBJECTIVES We present equations for postnatal exposure calculations. We applied these equations to study the effect of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on infant growth in the two first years of life. METHODS HCB was measured in breast milk samples in 449 mother-child pairs participating in the Norwegian birth cohort study HUMIS. We used these concentrations, mother's weight, height and age, together with child's weight at 8 age points, and proportion of milk consumed each month, to calculate HCB concentrations in the infant over age. We then estimated the association between HCB and infant growth using a linear mixed model. RESULTS Children exposed to HCB via mother's milk reached concentrations 1-5 times higher than the mother. HCB was associated with lower weight gain in the first 2years (-33g per unit HCB and month, 95% CI: -38, -27 at 6months). Associations were stronger during the first 3months (-57g per unit HCB and month, 95% CI: -67, -49 at 1month), indicating a critical window of effect. Our equations gave more precise estimates than the LEM. CONCLUSION Our equations for postnatal exposure of lipophilic environmental toxicants give better results than the LEM and are easier to implement than the complex PBPK models. HCB exposure, especially during the first three months of life, has a negative effect on infant growth up to 2years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hein Stigum
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nina Iszatt
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anuschka Polder
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway; National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siddhartha Mandal
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete Eggesbø
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
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Vafeiadi M, Georgiou V, Chalkiadaki G, Rantakokko P, Kiviranta H, Karachaliou M, Fthenou E, Venihaki M, Sarri K, Vassilaki M, Kyrtopoulos SA, Oken E, Kogevinas M, Chatzi L. Association of Prenatal Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants with Obesity and Cardiometabolic Traits in Early Childhood: The Rhea Mother-Child Cohort (Crete, Greece). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:1015-21. [PMID: 25910281 PMCID: PMC4590761 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may increase risk of obesity later in life. OBJECTIVE We examined the relation of in utero POPs exposure to offspring obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors at 4 years of age in the Rhea mother-child cohort in Crete, Greece (n = 689). METHODS We determined concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in first-trimester maternal serum. We measured child weight, height, waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, blood pressure (BP), blood levels of lipids, C-reactive protein, and adipokines at 4 years of age. Childhood obesity was defined using age- and sex-specific cut points for body mass index (BMI) as recommended by the International Obesity Task Force. RESULTS On multivariable regression analyses, a 10-fold increase in HCB was associated with a higher BMI z-score (adjusted β = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.86), obesity [relative risk (RR) = 8.14; 95% CI: 1.85, 35.81], abdominal obesity (RR = 3.49; 95% CI: 1.08, 11.28), greater sum of skinfold thickness (β = 7.71 mm; 95% CI: 2.04, 13.39), and higher systolic BP (β = 4.34 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.63, 8.05) at 4 years of age. Prenatal DDE exposure was associated with higher BMI z-score (β = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.5), abdominal obesity (RR = 3.76; 95% CI: 1.70, 8.30), and higher diastolic BP (β = 1.79 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.13, 3.46). PCBs were not significantly associated with offspring obesity or cardiometabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to DDE and HCB was associated with excess adiposity and higher blood pressure levels in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Costet N, Pelé F, Comets E, Rouget F, Monfort C, Bodeau-Livinec F, Linganiza EM, Bataille H, Kadhel P, Multigner L, Cordier S. Perinatal exposure to chlordecone and infant growth. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 142:123-34. [PMID: 26133809 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intensive use of chlordecone (an organochlorine insecticide) in the French West Indies until 1993 resulted in a long-term soil and water contamination. Chlordecone has known hormonal properties and exposure through contaminated food during critical periods of development (gestation and early infancy) may affect growth. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the impact of prenatal and postnatal exposure to chlordecone on the growth of children from the TIMOUN mother-child cohort. METHODS Chlordecone was determined in cord plasma at birth (N=222) and in breast milk samples (at 3 months). Dietary chlordecone intake was estimated at 7 and 18 months, with food-frequency questionnaires and food-specific contamination data. Anthropometric measurements were taken at the 3-, 7- and 18-month visits and measurements reported in the infants' health records were noted. Structured Jenss-Bayley growth models were fitted to individual height and weight growth trajectories. The impact of exposure on growth curve parameters was estimated directly with adjusted mixed non-linear models. Weight, height and body mass index (BMI), and instantaneous height and weight growth velocities at specific ages were also analyzed relative to exposure. RESULTS Chlordecone in cord blood was associated with a higher BMI in boys at 3 months, due to greater weight and lower height, and in girls at 8 and 18 months, mostly due to lower height. Postnatal exposure was associated with lower height, weight and BMI at 3, 8 and 18 months, particularly in girls. CONCLUSION Chlordecone exposure may affect growth trajectories in children aged 0 to 18 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Costet
- INSERM, IRSET, UMR 1085, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
| | - Fabienne Pelé
- INSERM, IRSET, UMR 1085, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes 1, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine Générale, Rennes, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Comets
- Univ Rennes 1, Rennes, France; INSERM, CIC 1414, 35700 Rennes, France; INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France.
| | - Florence Rouget
- INSERM, IRSET, UMR 1085, Rennes, France; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Rennes, France.
| | - Christine Monfort
- INSERM, IRSET, UMR 1085, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
| | - Florence Bodeau-Livinec
- EHESP, Département Épidémiologie et Biostatistiques, Rennes, France; INSERM, EPOPé, UMR1153, Center for Epidemiology and Statistics, DHU Risks in Pregnancy, Paris, France; Univ Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Elsie M Linganiza
- EHESP, Département Épidémiologie et Biostatistiques, Rennes, France.
| | | | - Philippe Kadhel
- INSERM, IRSET, UMR 1085, Rennes, France; Pôle Parent-Enfant, Service de Gynécologie et Obstétrique, CHU Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - Luc Multigner
- INSERM, IRSET, UMR 1085, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- INSERM, IRSET, UMR 1085, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
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Agay-Shay K, Martinez D, Valvi D, Garcia-Esteban R, Basagaña X, Robinson O, Casas M, Sunyer J, Vrijheid M. Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals during Pregnancy and Weight at 7 Years of Age: A Multi-pollutant Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:1030-7. [PMID: 25956007 PMCID: PMC4590760 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may induce weight gain and obesity in children, but the obesogenic effects of mixtures have not been studied. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the associations between pre- and perinatal biomarker concentrations of 27 EDCs and child weight status at 7 years of age. METHODS In pregnant women enrolled in a Spanish birth cohort study between 2004 and 2006, we measured the concentrations of 10 phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A, cadmium, arsenic, and lead in two maternal pregnancy urine samples; 6 organochlorine compounds in maternal pregnancy serum; mercury in cord blood; and 6 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in colostrum. Among 470 children at 7 years, body mass index (BMI) z-scores were calculated, and overweight was defined as BMI > 85th percentile. We estimated associations with EDCs in single-pollutant models and applied principal-component analysis (PCA) on the 27 pollutant concentrations. RESULTS In single-pollutant models, HCB (hexachlorobenzene), βHCH (β-hexachlorocyclohexane), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners 138 and 180 were associated with increased child BMI z-scores; and HCB, βHCH, PCB-138, and DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) with overweight risk. PCA generated four factors that accounted for 43.4% of the total variance. The organochlorine factor was positively associated with BMI z-scores and with overweight (adjusted RR, tertile 3 vs. 1: 2.59; 95% CI: 1.19, 5.63), and these associations were robust to adjustment for other EDCs. Exposure in the second tertile of the phthalate factor was inversely associated with overweight. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to organochlorines was positively associated with overweight at age 7 years in our study population. Other EDCs exposures did not confound this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Agay-Shay
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
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Iszatt N, Stigum H, Verner MA, White RA, Govarts E, Murinova LP, Schoeters G, Trnovec T, Legler J, Pelé F, Botton J, Chevrier C, Wittsiepe J, Ranft U, Vandentorren S, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Klümper C, Weisglas-Kuperus N, Polder A, Eggesbø M. Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Infant Growth: A Pooled Analysis of Seven European Birth Cohorts. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:730-6. [PMID: 25742056 PMCID: PMC4492262 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1308005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may contribute to obesity. However, many studies so far have been small, focused on transplacental exposure, used an inappropriate measure to assess postnatal exposure through breastfeeding if any, or did not discern between prenatal and postnatal effects. OBJECTIVES We investigated prenatal and postnatal exposure to POPs and infant growth (a predictor of obesity). METHODS We pooled data from seven European birth cohorts with biomarker concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl 153 (PCB-153) (n = 2,487), and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) (n = 1,864), estimating prenatal and postnatal POPs exposure using a validated pharmacokinetic model. Growth was change in weight-for-age z-score between birth and 24 months. Per compound, multilevel models were fitted with either POPs total exposure from conception to 24 months or prenatal or postnatal exposure. RESULTS We found a significant increase in growth associated with p,p'-DDE, seemingly due to prenatal exposure (per interquartile increase in exposure, adjusted β = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.22). Due to heterogeneity across cohorts, this estimate cannot be considered precise, but does indicate that an association with infant growth is present on average. In contrast, a significant decrease in growth was associated with postnatal PCB-153 exposure (β = -0.10; 95% CI: -0.19, -0.01). CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the largest study to date of POPs exposure and infant growth, and it contains state-of-the-art exposure modeling. Prenatal p,p'-DDE was associated with increased infant growth, and postnatal PCB-153 with decreased growth at European exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Iszatt
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Heggeseth B, Harley K, Warner M, Jewell N, Eskenazi B. Detecting Associations between Early-Life DDT Exposures and Childhood Growth Patterns: A Novel Statistical Approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131443. [PMID: 26125556 PMCID: PMC4488365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that environmental exposures at key development periods such as in utero play a role in childhood growth and obesity. To investigate whether in utero exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDE), is associated with childhood physical growth, we took a novel statistical approach to analyze data from the CHAMACOS cohort study. To model heterogeneity in the growth patterns, we used a finite mixture model in combination with a data transformation to characterize body mass index (BMI) with four groups and estimated the association between exposure and group membership. In boys, higher maternal concentrations of DDT and DDE during pregnancy are associated with a BMI growth pattern that is stable until about age five followed by increased growth through age nine. In contrast, higher maternal DDT exposure during pregnancy is associated with a flat, relatively stable growth pattern in girls. This study suggests that in utero exposure to DDT and DDE may be associated with childhood BMI growth patterns, not just BMI level, and both the magnitude of exposure and sex may impact the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Heggeseth
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kim Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Marcella Warner
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Jewell
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Mourtakos SP, Tambalis KD, Panagiotakos DB, Antonogeorgos G, Arnaoutis G, Karteroliotis K, Sidossis LS. Maternal lifestyle characteristics during pregnancy, and the risk of obesity in the offspring: a study of 5,125 children. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15:66. [PMID: 25885759 PMCID: PMC4373521 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-015-0498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the association between gestational weight gain, maternal age and lifestyle habits (e.g., physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption) during pregnancy, with Body Mass Index of the offspring at the age of 8. METHODS Α random sample of 5,125 children was extracted from a national database and matched with their mothers. With the use of a standardised questionnaire, telephone interviews were carried out for the collection of information like: maternal age at pregnancy, gestational weight gain (GWG), exercise levels, smoking and alcohol consumption. The Body Mass Index (BMI) status of the offspring at the age of 8 was calculated from data retrieved from the national database (e.g., height and weight). RESULTS The odds for being overweight/obese at the age of 8 for 1 kg GWG, for smoking, and for mild exercise during pregnancy compared to sedentary was 1.01 (95%CI: 1.00, 1.02), 1.23 (95%CI: 1.03, 1.47) and 0.77 (95%CI: 0.65, 0.91), respectively. Further analysis revealed that offspring of women who exceeded the Institute of Medicine (IOM) maternal weight gain recommendations were at an increased risk of obesity (OR: 1.45; 95%CI, 1.26, 1.67) compared with offspring of women with GWG within the recommended range. Maternal age and alcohol consumption were not associated with the outcome (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION GWG, physical activity and smoking status during pregnancy were significantly associated with obesity for the offspring at the age of 8. Health care professionals should strongly advise women to not smoke and to perform moderate exercise during pregnancy to prevent obesity in the offspring in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatis P Mourtakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos D Tambalis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. .,Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Demosthenes B Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - George Antonogeorgos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Giannis Arnaoutis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Labros S Sidossis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Sealy Center on Aging, Institute for Translational Sciences and Shriners Hospital for Children, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Tang-Péronard JL, Jensen TK, Andersen HR, Ried-Larsen M, Grøntved A, Andersen LB, Timmermann CA, Nielsen F, Heitmann BL. Associations between Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants in Childhood and Overweight up to 12 Years Later in a Low Exposed Danish Population. Obes Facts 2015; 8:282-92. [PMID: 26228100 PMCID: PMC5644795 DOI: 10.1159/000438834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have metabolic disrupting abilities and are suggested to contribute to the obesity epidemic. We investigated whether serum concentrations of POPs at 8-10 years of age were associated with subsequent development of overweight at age 14-16 and 20-22 years. METHODS The study was based on data from the European Youth Heart Study, Danish component (1997). Concentrations of several polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the organochlorine pesticides p,p-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were measured in serum from children aged 8-10 years (n = 509). Information on BMI z-scores, waist circumference and % body fat were collected at clinical examinations at ages 8-10, 14-16 and 20-22 years. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed taking potential confounders into account. RESULTS Overall, POP serum concentrations were low: median ΣPCB 0.18 µg/g lipid, DDE 0.04 µg/g lipid and HCB 0.03 µg/g lipid. POPs were generally not associated with weight gain at 14-16 and 20-22 years of age, except for an inverse association among the highest exposed girls at 20-22 years of age, which might possibly be explained by multiple testing or residual confounding. CONCLUSION This study suggests that, in a low exposed population, childhood serum concentrations of PCB, DDE, and HCB are not associated with subsequent weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanett L. Tang-Péronard
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute and Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tina K. Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle R. Andersen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mathias Ried-Larsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Grøntved
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre for Research in Childhood Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars B. Andersen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre for Research in Childhood Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Clara A.G. Timmermann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Berit L. Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute and Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, Australia
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Berit L. Heitmann, Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute and Institute of, Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Nordre Fasanvej 57, Hovedvejen, entrance 5, ground floor, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark,
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Chacko A, Carpenter DO, Callaway L, Sly PD. Early-life risk factors for chronic nonrespiratory diseases. Eur Respir J 2014; 45:244-59. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00070214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have witnessed a change in disease patterns contributing to the global burden of disease, with a shift from early childhood deaths due to the classic infectious communicable diseases to years lived with disability from chronic noncommunicable diseases. In both developing and developed countries, the years lived with disability attributable to chronic disease have increased: cardiovascular diseases by 17.7%; chronic respiratory disease by 8.5%; neurological conditions by 12.2%; diabetes by 30.0%; and mental and behavioural disorders by 5.0% over the past 20 years. Recognition of the contribution made by adverse environmental exposures in early life to noncommunicable diseases in later life is increasing. These early-life exposures appear to contribute to both chronic respiratory and chronic nonrespiratory diseases. In this State of the Art article, we aim to examine early-life environmental exposures that have an epidemiological association with chronic nonrespiratory diseases, such as obesity and type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurocognitive and behavioural problems. We will highlight the potential overlap in environmental risks with respiratory diseases, and point out knowledge gaps and research opportunities.
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Lopes B, Arrebola JP, Serafim A, Company R, Rosa J, Olea N. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord serum in a human cohort from South Portugal. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 114:291-302. [PMID: 25113215 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine compounds as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pp'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (pp'DDE) are ubiquitous, resistant to degradation and lipophilic compounds, commonly found in the general population. Prenatal exposure to these compounds has been associated to adverse developmental effects. Levels of PCBs and pp'DDE were investigated in maternal and umbilical cord serum of 68 women/newborns pairs from Algarve, South Portugal. Mean sum PCBs congeners and pp'DDE concentrations were 1.62 ± 0.39 ng mL(-1)and 1.11 ± 0.69 ng mL(-1)-for maternal and 1.45 ± 0.25 ng mL(-1) and 0.85 ± 0.50 ng mL(-1)for cord serum, respectively. Congeners distribution pattern followed the order PCB 153>180>130, both for maternal and cord serum). Significant correlations (p<0.05) were found between maternal and cord serum concentrations. The umbilical cord/maternal serum ratio were 0.90 and 0.76, respectively for ΣPCB and pp'DDE Multivariate analyses relate women in urban centers with higher PCB levels, while higher pp'DDE relates to older primiparous women that live at rural areas. PCBs were also correlated to more portions of fat rich foods, while pp'DDE is associated to higher ingestion of vegetables and fruits. Smoking habits only correlated to maternal PCB. The present work provides, to our knowledge and for the first time, baseline human-biomonitoring data and establishes background ranges of PCB and pp'DDE levels in the maternal and umbilical cord serum in the Algarve region. These compounds exhibited the capacity to pass the placenta barrier and target the fetus. Even in non-industrialized areas, and in non-intensive agriculture areas, like the Southern Portugal, there is a need to take measures to eliminate or minimize the risk of organochlorine exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lopes
- University of Algarve, CIMA, Edifício 7, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - J P Arrebola
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - A Serafim
- University of Algarve, CIMA, Edifício 7, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - R Company
- University of Algarve, CIMA, Edifício 7, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - J Rosa
- Hospital Central de Faro, Rua Leão Penedo, Department of Pediatry and Obstetricy, 8000-386 Faro, Portugal
| | - N Olea
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Teeyapant P, Ramchiun S, Polputpisatkul D, Uttawichai C, Parnmen S. Serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides p,p'-DDE in adult Thai residents with background levels of exposure. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:121-7. [PMID: 24418716 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In Thailand, DDT was banned for agriculture use in 1983 and for malaria vector control in 1999. However, contamination by DDT and its primary metabolite, p,p'-DDE remains serious environmental and human health concerns. The main focus of this study were i) to investigate serum concentrations of p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT as exposure biomarkers for potential adverse health effect in adult Thai residents and ii) to compare the associations of BMI, thyroid hormones, cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting blood sugar levels in human serum with the concentrations of these pesticides. In a total of 1,137 participants were measured blood serum for analyses of p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT. The geometric mean concentration (95% confidence interval) for serum total p,p'-DDE concentration was 1,539 (1,242-1,837) ng/g lipid and 1,547 (1,293-1,806) ng/g lipid in adult males and females, respectively. Furthermore, the total amount of serum p,p'-DDE concentration significantly correlated with plasma glucose levels. Neither p,p'-DDE nor p,p'-DDT was significantly associated with serum thyroid hormones levels. Additionally, the high p,p'-DDE/DDT ratio indicates that the exposure is due past rather than recent use of DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punthip Teeyapant
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
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Dallaire R, Dewailly É, Ayotte P, Forget-Dubois N, Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL, Muckle G. Growth in Inuit children exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls and lead during fetal development and childhood. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 134:17-23. [PMID: 25042032 PMCID: PMC4262554 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of their geographical location and traditional lifestyle, Canadian Inuit children are highly exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and lead (Pb), environmental contaminants that are thought to affect fetal and child growth. We examined the associations of these exposures with the fetal and postnatal growth of Inuit children. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study among Inuit from Nunavik (Arctic Québec). Mothers were recruited at their first prenatal visit; children (n=290) were evaluated at birth and at 8-14 years of age. Concentrations of PCB 153 and Pb were determined in umbilical cord and child blood. Weight, height and head circumference were measured at birth and during childhood. RESULTS Cord blood PCB 153 concentrations were not associated with anthropometric measurements at birth or school age, but child blood PCB 153 concentrations were associated with reduced weight, height and head circumference during childhood. There was no association between cord Pb levels and anthropometric outcomes at birth, but cord blood Pb was related to smaller height and shows a tendency of a smaller head circumference during childhood. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that chronic exposure to PCBs during childhood is negatively associated with skeletal growth and weight, while prenatal Pb exposure is related to reduced growth during childhood. This study is the first to link prenatal Pb exposure to poorer growth in school-age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Dallaire
- École de psychologie, Université Laval and Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Éric Dewailly
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval and Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval and Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nadine Forget-Dubois
- École de psychologie, Université Laval and Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra W Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Joseph L Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gina Muckle
- École de psychologie, Université Laval and Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada.
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de Cock M, van de Bor M. Obesogenic effects of endocrine disruptors, what do we know from animal and human studies? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 70:15-24. [PMID: 24879368 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormonal actions and activation of receptors involved in adipogenesis and brain development during the prenatal period may be affected by exposure to certain chemicals. Experimental studies have shown that amongst others polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-153 and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) may have obesogenic effects in prenatally exposed mice. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of five classes of chemicals which have frequently been indicated as potential obesogens, and to discuss the evidence available regarding early life exposure to these compounds and overweight later in life. METHODS Pubmed was systematically searched for publications which related early life exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) to growth parameters later in life. We included 19 studies, which were published from 1995 and onwards. RESULTS Both positive and negative associations are observed between early life exposure and weight or height at various ages, including as early as 14 months, as well as until 20 years of age. In none of the included studies negative associations between perinatal exposure to EDCs and body mass index (BMI) were found and in several studies a positive association was observed. Dose-response relations appear to be non-monotonic. CONCLUSION For certain EDCs, early life exposure may be associated with weight homeostasis later in life, however not necessarily in an obesogenic direction. More sensitive measures of adiposity as well as long-term follow-up are warranted for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke de Cock
- VU University, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Margot van de Bor
- VU University, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lee DH, Porta M, Jacobs DR, Vandenberg LN. Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev 2014. [PMID: 24483949 DOI: 10.1210/er.9013-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are lipophilic compounds that travel with lipids and accumulate mainly in adipose tissue. Recent human evidence links low-dose POPs to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Because humans are contaminated by POP mixtures and POPs possibly have nonmonotonic dose-response relations with T2D, critical methodological issues arise in evaluating human findings. This review summarizes epidemiological results on chlorinated POPs and T2D, and relevant experimental evidence. It also discusses how features of POPs can affect inferences in humans. The evidence as a whole suggests that, rather than a few individual POPs, background exposure to POP mixtures-including organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls-can increase T2D risk in humans. Inconsistent statistical significance for individual POPs may arise due to distributional differences in POP mixtures among populations. Differences in the observed shape of the dose-response curves among human studies may reflect an inverted U-shaped association secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction or endocrine disruption. Finally, we examine the relationship between POPs and obesity. There is evidence in animal studies that low-dose POP mixtures are obesogenic. However, relationships between POPs and obesity in humans have been inconsistent. Adipose tissue plays a dual role of promoting T2D and providing a relatively safe place to store POPs. Large prospective studies with serial measurements of a broad range of POPs, adiposity, and clinically relevant biomarkers are needed to disentangle the interrelationships among POPs, obesity, and the development of T2D. Also needed are laboratory experiments that more closely mimic real-world POP doses, mixtures, and exposure duration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine (D.-H.L.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science (D.-H.L.), Kyungpook National University, Korea; Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (M.P.), School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona 08193, Spain; Division of Epidemiology (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Department of Nutrition (D.R.J.), University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; and University of Massachusetts-Amherst (L.N.V.), School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Lee DH, Porta M, Jacobs DR, Vandenberg LN. Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:557-601. [PMID: 24483949 PMCID: PMC5393257 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are lipophilic compounds that travel with lipids and accumulate mainly in adipose tissue. Recent human evidence links low-dose POPs to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Because humans are contaminated by POP mixtures and POPs possibly have nonmonotonic dose-response relations with T2D, critical methodological issues arise in evaluating human findings. This review summarizes epidemiological results on chlorinated POPs and T2D, and relevant experimental evidence. It also discusses how features of POPs can affect inferences in humans. The evidence as a whole suggests that, rather than a few individual POPs, background exposure to POP mixtures-including organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls-can increase T2D risk in humans. Inconsistent statistical significance for individual POPs may arise due to distributional differences in POP mixtures among populations. Differences in the observed shape of the dose-response curves among human studies may reflect an inverted U-shaped association secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction or endocrine disruption. Finally, we examine the relationship between POPs and obesity. There is evidence in animal studies that low-dose POP mixtures are obesogenic. However, relationships between POPs and obesity in humans have been inconsistent. Adipose tissue plays a dual role of promoting T2D and providing a relatively safe place to store POPs. Large prospective studies with serial measurements of a broad range of POPs, adiposity, and clinically relevant biomarkers are needed to disentangle the interrelationships among POPs, obesity, and the development of T2D. Also needed are laboratory experiments that more closely mimic real-world POP doses, mixtures, and exposure duration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine (D.-H.L.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science (D.-H.L.), Kyungpook National University, Korea; Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (M.P.), School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona 08193, Spain; Division of Epidemiology (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Department of Nutrition (D.R.J.), University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; and University of Massachusetts-Amherst (L.N.V.), School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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First year growth in relation to prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors - a Dutch prospective cohort study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:7001-21. [PMID: 25014249 PMCID: PMC4113857 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110707001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth in the first year of life may already be predictive of obesity later in childhood. The objective was to assess the association between prenatal exposure to various endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and child growth during the first year. Dichloro-diphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl)phthalate (MECPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (MEOHP), polychlorinated biphenyl-153, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, and perfluoro-octanoic acid were measured in cord plasma or breast milk. Data on weight, length, and head circumference (HC) until 11 months after birth was obtained from 89 mother-child pairs. Mixed models were composed for each health outcome and exposure in quartiles. For MEOHP, boys in quartile 1 had a higher BMI than higher exposed boys (p = 0.029). High DDE exposure was associated with low BMI over time in boys (0.8 kg/m2 difference at 11 m). Boys with high MECPP exposure had a greater HC (1.0 cm difference at 11 m) than other boys (p = 0.047), as did girls in the second quartile of MEHHP (p = 0.018) and DDE (p < 0.001) exposure. In conclusion, exposure to phthalates and DDE was associated with BMI as well as with HC during the first year after birth. These results should be interpreted with caution though, due to the limited sample size.
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Delvaux I, Van Cauwenberghe J, Den Hond E, Schoeters G, Govarts E, Nelen V, Baeyens W, Van Larebeke N, Sioen I. Prenatal exposure to environmental contaminants and body composition at age 7-9 years. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:24-32. [PMID: 24742724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The study aim was to investigate the association between prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and the body composition of 7 to 9 year old Flemish children. The subjects were 114 Flemish children (50% boys) that took part in the first Flemish Environment and Health Study (2002-2006). Cadmium, PCBs, dioxins, p,p'-DDE and HCB were analysed in cord blood/plasma. When the child reached 7-9 years, height, weight, waist circumference and skinfolds were measured. Significant associations between prenatal exposure to EDCs and indicators of body composition were only found in girls. After adjustment for confounders and covariates, a significant negative association was found in girls between prenatal cadmium exposure and weight, BMI and waist circumference (indicator of abdominal fat) and the sum of four skinfolds (indicator of subcutaneous fat). In contrast, a significant positive association (after adjustment for confounders/covariates) was found between prenatal p,p'-DDE exposure and waist circumference as well as waist/height ratio in girls (indicators of abdominal fat). No significant associations were found for prenatal PCBs, dioxins and HCB exposure after adjustment for confounders/covariates. This study suggests a positive association between prenatal p,p'-DDE exposure and indicators of abdominal fat and a negative association between prenatal cadmium exposure and indicators of both abdominal as well as subcutaneous fat in girls between 7 and 9 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immle Delvaux
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, UZ 2 Blok A, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolijn Van Cauwenberghe
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, UZ 2 Blok A, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eva Govarts
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Vera Nelen
- Department of Health, Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Free University of Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Van Larebeke
- Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, UZ 2 Blok A, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; FWO Research Foundation, Egmontstraat 5, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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Validity of parentally reported versus measured weight, length and waist in 7- to 9-year-old children for use in follow-up studies. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:921-8. [PMID: 24497184 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this prospective cohort study was to assess the validity of parentally reported anthropometric data compared to measured data in 7- to 9-year-old Flemish children especially for use in follow-up studies. The subjects were 116 Flemish children of a birth cohort recruited in the first Flemish Environment and Health Study (2002-2003). Data about anthropometric measures (waist circumference (WC), weight and length) were obtained by a postal parentally reported questionnaire and during a home visit. Our study showed that parents tend to overreport their child's WC and underreport the BMI, especially in children with large WC and high BMI. The median difference between measured and parentally reported WC was 1.6% of the median measured WC; for BMI, the median difference was 2.8% of the median measured BMI. Both for WC and BMI, we observed a good agreement between parentally reported values and measured values to classify children in the highest 10 and 20% of the study population. When classifying the children in 'overweight' and 'not overweight', there were less misclassifications when parentally reported WC was used compared to parentally reported BMI. CONCLUSIONS Although there is a high agreement between parentally reported and measured WC, the parentally reported data must be used with reserve. Moreover, this study is the first to suggest that WC is a better indicator compared to BMI when parentally reported values are used to classify children.
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Rantakokko P, Main KM, Wohlfart-Veje C, Kiviranta H, Airaksinen R, Vartiainen T, Skakkebæk NE, Toppari J, Virtanen HE. Association of placenta organotin concentrations with growth and ponderal index in 110 newborn boys from Finland during the first 18 months of life: a cohort study. Environ Health 2014; 13:45. [PMID: 24899383 PMCID: PMC4061538 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are exposed to tributyltin (TBT), previously used as an antifouling paint in ships, mainly through fish consumption. As TBT is a known obesogen, we studied the association of placenta TBT and other organotin compounds (OTCs) with ponderal index (PI) and growth during the first 18 months of life in boys. METHODS In a prospective Finnish study, 110 placenta samples were collected from mothers of boys born in 1997-1999 with (n = 55) and without (n = 55) cryptorchidism. To account for the original study design, linear regression, weighted for sampling fractions of boys with (121/55) and without (5677/55) cryptorchidism from the total cohort, was used to study the association between placenta OTCs and children's weight, length, growth rates and PI up to 18 months of age. RESULTS Placenta TBT concentrations were above the limit of quantification (LOQ) in 99% of the samples. However, monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT) concentrations were below LOQ in 90%, 35% and 57% of samples, respectively. Placenta TBT was positively associated (p = 0.024) with weight gain during the first three months of life, but no other significant associations were observed for weight or length gain. Also, no significant associations between placenta OTC concentrations and child length, weight or PI at any time point were found. CONCLUSIONS We observed a trend towards higher weight gain from birth to 3 months of age with increasing placenta TBT concentration. These results should be interpreted with caution because obesogenic effects in animal experiments were seen after in-utero TBT exposures to doses that were orders of magnitude higher. Also the number of study subjects included in this study was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panu Rantakokko
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, Toxicology and Chemical Exposure Unit, Neulaniementie 4, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katharina M Main
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Wohlfart-Veje
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, Toxicology and Chemical Exposure Unit, Neulaniementie 4, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Airaksinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, Toxicology and Chemical Exposure Unit, Neulaniementie 4, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terttu Vartiainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, Toxicology and Chemical Exposure Unit, Neulaniementie 4, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niels E Skakkebæk
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Helena E Virtanen
- Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Warner M, Wesselink A, Harley KG, Bradman A, Kogut K, Eskenazi B. Prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and obesity at 9 years of age in the CHAMACOS study cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:1312-22. [PMID: 24722999 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In-utero exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenylethylene (DDE), has been hypothesized to increase the risk of obesity later in life. We examined the associations of maternal serum concentrations of DDT and DDE during pregnancy with body mass index, obesity, waist circumference, and percentage of body fat in 9-year-old children (n = 261) in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal birth cohort study in the Salinas Valley, California (2000-2010). We found associations between prenatal exposure to DDT and DDE and several measures of obesity at 9 years of age in boys but not in girls. For example, among boys, 10-fold increases in prenatal DDT and DDE concentrations were associated with increased odds of becoming overweight or obese (for o,p'-DDT, adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0, 6.3; for p,p'-DDT, adjusted OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.0, 4.5; and for p,p'-DDE, adjusted OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 0.94, 4.13). The odds ratios for girls were nonsignificant. Results were similar for body mass index z score, waist circumference z score, and odds of increased waist circumference but were less consistent for percentage of body fat. The difference by sex persisted after considering pubertal status. These results provide support for the chemical obesogen hypothesis.
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Body mass index in young school-age children in relation to organochlorine compounds in early life: a prospective study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:919-25. [PMID: 24718355 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wang G, Chen Z, Bartell T, Wang X. Early Life Origins of Metabolic Syndrome: The Role of Environmental Toxicants. Curr Environ Health Rep 2014; 1:78-89. [PMID: 24883264 PMCID: PMC4037145 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-013-0004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects more than 47 million people in the U.S. Even more alarming, MetS, once regarded as an "adult problem", has become increasingly common in children. To date, most related research and intervention efforts have occurred in the adult medicine arena, with limited understanding of the root causes and lengthy latency of MetS. This review highlights new science on the early life origins of MetS, with a particular focus on exposure to two groups of environmental toxicants: endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and metals during the prenatal and early postnatal periods, and their specific effects and important differences in the development of MetS. It also summarizes available data on epigenetic effects, including the role of EDCs in the androgen/estrogen pathways. Emerging evidence supports the link between exposures to environmental toxicants during early life and the development of MetS later in life. Additional research is needed to address important research gaps in this area, including prospective birth cohort studies to delineate temporal and dose-response relationships, important differences in the effects of various environmental toxicants and their joint effects on MetS, as well as epigenetic mechanisms underlying the effects of specific toxicants such as EDCs and metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Zhu Chen
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tami Bartell
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Division of General Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Valvi D, Mendez MA, Garcia-Esteban R, Ballester F, Ibarluzea J, Goñi F, Grimalt JO, Llop S, Marina LS, Vizcaino E, Sunyer J, Vrijheid M. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and rapid weight gain and overweight in infancy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:488-96. [PMID: 23963708 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on rapid growth in the first 6 months of life and overweight at 14 months of age. DESIGN AND METHODS In a Spanish birth cohort study, the POPs dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs-congeners 153, 138, 180) were measured in maternal serum collected in the first trimester of pregnancy during 2003-2008. Rapid growth was defined as a z-score weight gain >0.67 SD between 6 months of age and birth. Overweight at 14 months was defined as a BMI z-score ≥85th percentile. Generalized linear models examined the association between POPs and rapid growth (N = 1285) and overweight (N = 1198). RESULTS The analysis population included 24% rapid growers and 30% overweight infants. DDE and HCB were positively associated with rapid growth and with overweight. There was some indication that infant sex and exclusive breastfeeding duration may modify the effects of DDE, and that maternal prepregnancy BMI status may influence the effects of HCB. PCBs were not related to postnatal growth. CONCLUSION Prenatal exposure to DDE and HCB may be associated with early postnatal growth. Further research is needed to evaluate the persistence of these associations at older ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaskini Valvi
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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Tang-Péronard JL, Heitmann BL, Andersen HR, Steuerwald U, Grandjean P, Weihe P, Jensen TK. Association between prenatal polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and obesity development at ages 5 and 7 y: a prospective cohort study of 656 children from the Faroe Islands. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:5-13. [PMID: 24153349 PMCID: PMC3862459 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.066720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemicals with endocrine-disrupting abilities may act as obesogens and interfere with the body's natural weight-control mechanisms, especially if exposure occurs during prenatal life. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and subsequent obesity at 5 and 7 y of age. DESIGN From 1997 to 2000, 656 pregnant Faroese women were recruited. PCB and DDE were measured in maternal serum and breast milk, and children's weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were measured at clinical examinations at 5 and 7 y of age. The change in body mass index (BMI) from 5 to 7 y of age was calculated. Analyses were performed by using multiple linear regression models for girls and boys separately, taking into account maternal prepregnancy BMI. RESULTS For 7-y-old girls who had overweight mothers, PCB was associated with increased BMI (β = 2.07, P = 0.007), and PCB and DDE were associated with an increased change in BMI from 5 to 7 y of age (PCB: β = 1.23, P = 0.003; DDE: β = 1.11, P = 0.008). No association was observed with BMI in girls with normal-weight mothers. PCB was associated with increased WC in girls with overweight mothers (β = 2.48, P = 0.001) and normal-weight mothers (β = 1.25, P = 0.04); DDE was associated with increased WC only in girls with overweight mothers (β = 2.21, P = 0.002). No associations were observed between PCB or DDE and BMI in 5-y-old girls. For boys, no associations were observed. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that prenatal exposure to PCB and DDE may play a role for subsequent obesity development. Girls whose mothers have a high prepregnancy BMI seem most affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanett L Tang-Péronard
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (JLT-P, HRA, PG, and TKJ); the Research Unit for Dietary Studies, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Frederiksberg, Denmark (JLT-P and BLH); the National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark (BLH); the Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, Australia (BLH); the Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (US); and the Department of Environmental Medicine, Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (PW)
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87
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Andersen CS, Fei C, Gamborg M, Nohr EA, Sørensen TIA, Olsen J. Prenatal exposures to perfluorinated chemicals and anthropometry at 7 years of age. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:921-7. [PMID: 23825166 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal exposure to the perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), has been associated with lower birth weight and lower weight and body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) in early infancy. It is, however, unclear if exposure to prenatal PFOS and PFOA has a lasting influence on growth. We estimated the associations between the maternal plasma level of PFOS or PFOA and the children's body mass index, waist circumference, and risk of overweight at 7 years of age. A total of 1,400 women were randomly selected from the Danish National Birth Cohort among those who provided blood samples early in pregnancy and gave birth to liveborn singletons in 1996-2002. Weight and height information at 7 years was available for 811 children. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used for analyses. Maternal PFOS and PFOA concentrations were overall inversely but nonsignificantly associated with the children's body mass index, waist circumference, and risk of overweight at 7 years of age. In conclusion, plasma levels of PFOS and PFOA in pregnant women did not seem to have any appreciable influence on their children's anthropometry at this point in childhood.
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Cupul-Uicab LA, Klebanoff MA, Brock JW, Longnecker MP. Prenatal exposure to persistent organochlorines and childhood obesity in the US collaborative perinatal project. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:1103-9. [PMID: 23799652 PMCID: PMC3764072 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In some previous studies, prenatal exposure to persistent organochlorines such as 1,1,-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p´-DDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) has been associated with higher body mass index (BMI) in children. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to evaluate the association of maternal serum levels of β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), p,p´-DDE, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p´-DDT), dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, HCB, trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane, and PCBs with offspring obesity during childhood. METHODS The analysis was based on a subsample of 1,915 children followed until 7 years of age as part of the U.S. Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP). The CPP enrolled pregnant women in 1959-1965; exposure levels were measured in third-trimester maternal serum that was collected before these organochlorines were banned in the United States. Childhood overweight and obesity were defined using age- and sex-specific cut points for BMI as recommended by the International Obesity Task Force. RESULTS Adjusted results did not show clear evidence for an association between organochlorine exposure and obesity; however, a suggestive finding emerged for dieldrin. Compared with those in the lowest quintile (dieldrin, < 0.57 μg/L), odds of obesity were 3.6 (95% CI: 1.3, 10.5) for the fourth and 2.3 (95% CI: 0.8, 7.1) for the highest quintile. Overweight and BMI were unrelated to organochlorine exposure. CONCLUSIONS In this population with relatively high levels of exposure to organochlorines, no clear associations with obesity or BMI emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea A Cupul-Uicab
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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89
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Bastos Sales L, Kamstra J, Cenijn P, van Rijt L, Hamers T, Legler J. Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on in vitro global DNA methylation and adipocyte differentiation. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1634-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Arrebola JP, Fernández MF, Olea N, Ramos R, Martin-Olmedo P. Human exposure to p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) in urban and semi-rural areas in southeast Spain: a gender perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 458-460:209-16. [PMID: 23651776 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) is the main metabolite of pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and a marker of past exposure to this organochlorine pesticide. p,p'-DDE is considered a persistent organic pollutant with potential adverse effects on human health. The aims of the present study were to assess p,p'-DDE levels in serum and adipose tissue from a cohort of adults in southern Spain and to explore the predictors of exposure from a gender perspective. Chemical analyses were performed using gas chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry in tandem mode. The study population (n=387) was intraoperatively recruited in two areas of Granada Province (southern Spain), and data on potential predictors of these concentrations were gathered by questionnaire. The statistical analysis was performed by means of multivariable linear regression models. All participants showed detectable concentrations of p,p'-DDE in both serum and adipose tissue, with median concentrations of 175.7 and 93.0 ng/g lipid, respectively (p<0.001), and the two measurements showed positive correlations. Women showed higher concentrations than men (115.8 and 66.2 ng/g lipid, respectively, p<0.001). Concentrations in both matrices were positively associated with fatty food consumption, as well as with age and BMI, the latter only in adipose tissue. The multivariate model showed that, among women, adipose tissue concentrations were approximately 40% higher in those residing in the semi-rural area and 2-fold higher in those whose mothers had participated in agricultural activities during the pregnancy. In this study population, gender and place of residence play a key role in human exposure to p,p'-DDE and can be used to identify subjects at special risk of long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Arrebola
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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91
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Lignell S, Aune M, Darnerud PO, Hanberg A, Larsson SC, Glynn A. Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may influence birth weight among infants in a Swedish cohort with background exposure: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2013; 12:44. [PMID: 23724965 PMCID: PMC3673870 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants, e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has been suggested to negatively affect birth weight although epidemiological evidence is still inconclusive. We investigated if prenatal exposure to PCBs and PBDEs is related to birth weight in a Swedish population with background exposure. METHODS Breast milk was sampled during the third week after delivery from first-time mothers in Uppsala county, Sweden 1996-2010 (POPUP cohort) (N = 413). Samples were analysed for di-ortho PCBs (CB-138, 153, 180) and tetra- to hexa- brominated PBDEs (BDE-47, 99, 100, 153). Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to investigate associations between lipid-adjusted, ln-transformed PCB and PBDE concentrations, and birth weight. Covariates included in the multivariate regression model were PCB and PBDE exposure, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, education, smoking, gender of the infant and gestational length. The effect of including fish consumption was also investigated. RESULTS In the multivariate model, prenatal exposure to di-ortho PCBs was significantly associated with increased birth weight (β = 137; p = 0.02). The result did not change when gestational length was added to the model. An inverse association between PBDE(4) (sum of BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153) and birth weight was observed in the multivariate model including gestational length (β = -106; p = 0.04). Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain during pregnancy were important confounders of the association between di-ortho PCBs and birth weight. The associations were not alleviated after adjustment for fish consumption, a major source of PCB and PBDE exposure. The observed associations were stronger for boys than for girls. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that prenatal exposure to di-ortho PCBs and PBDE(4) may influence birth weight in different directions, i.e. PCB exposure was associated with higher birth weight and PBDE exposure with lower birth weight. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain during pregnancy were important confounders that may hide positive association between di-ortho PCB exposure and birth weight if they are not included in the statistical model. We speculate that even small PCB- and PBDE-induced shifts in the distribution of birth weight may influence future public health in populations with background exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Lignell
- Risk Benefit Assessment Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Marie Aune
- Science Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden
| | - Per Ola Darnerud
- Science Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden
| | - Annika Hanberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Risk Benefit Assessment Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden
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92
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Warner M, Aguilar Schall R, Harley KG, Bradman A, Barr D, Eskenazi B. In utero DDT and DDE exposure and obesity status of 7-year-old Mexican-American children in the CHAMACOS cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:631-6. [PMID: 23512307 PMCID: PMC3673191 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) has been hypothesized to increase risk of obesity later in life. OBJECTIVES The Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study is a longitudinal birth cohort of low-income Latinas living in a California agricultural community. We examined the relation of in utero DDT and DDE exposure to child obesity at 7 years of age. We also examined the trend with age (2, 3.5, 5, and 7 years) in the exposure-obesity relation. METHODS We included 270 children with o,p´-DDT, p,p´-DDT, and p,p´-DDE concentrations measured in maternal serum during pregnancy (nanograms per gram lipid) and complete 7-year follow-up data including weight (kilograms) and height (centimeters). Body mass index (BMI; kilograms per meter squared) was calculated and obesity was defined as ≥ 95th percentile on the sex-specific BMI-for-age Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts. RESULTS At 7 years, 96 (35.6%) children were obese. A 10-fold increase in o,p´-DDT, p,p´-DDT, or p,p´-DDE, was nonsignificantly associated with increased odds (OR) of obesity [o,p´-DDT adjusted (adj-) OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.75, 1.82; p,p´-DDT adj-OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.81, 1.74; p,p´-DDE adj-OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.72, 2.06]. With increasing age at follow-up, we observed a significant trend toward a positive association between DDT and DDE exposure and odds of obesity. CONCLUSION We did not find a significant positive relation between in utero DDT and DDE exposure and obesity status of 7-year-old children. However, given the observed trend with age, continued follow-up will be informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Warner
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7392, USA.
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93
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Arrebola JP, Pumarega J, Gasull M, Fernandez MF, Martin-Olmedo P, Molina-Molina JM, Fernández-Rodríguez M, Porta M, Olea N. Adipose tissue concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adults from Southern Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 122:31-37. [PMID: 23290489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that environmental factors play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes. Several persistent organic pollutants are suspected to contribute to the increasing prevalence and risk of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the body burden of three organochlorine pesticides and three polychlorinated biphenyls and the overall estrogenic activity with the risk of type 2 diabetes in a sample of adults from Southern Spain. Samples of adipose tissue and serum were obtained from 386 subjects undergoing non-cancer-related surgery and were extracted using validated methodologies. Residues of persistent organic pollutants were analyzed by means of high-resolution gas chromatography with a mass spectrometry detector in tandem mode. The overall estrogenicity of the adipose tissue extracts was measured by using the total effective xenoestrogen burden (TEXB) biomarker. Data on lifestyle, dietary habits, and health status were gathered from face-to-face interviews and clinical records. Statistical analyses were performed with unconditional logistic regression and different adjustment levels. In the models adjusted for adipose tissue origin, sex, age, and body mass index, the 2nd and 3rd tertiles of adipose tissue concentrations of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) were positively associated with the risk of diabetes [odds ratios (95% confidence interval)=3.6 (0.8-17.3) and 4.4 (1.0-21.0), respectively]. A positive association with β-hexachlorocyclohexane was also found when body mass index and adipose tissue origin were removed from the models, with odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 3.3 (1.0-10.4) and 5.5 (1.7-17.3), for the 2nd and 3rd tertiles of exposure, respectively. In addition, a statistically significant interaction was observed between p,p'-DDE and body mass index, such that the risk of diabetes increased with tertiles of exposure in a linear manner in non-obese subjects but not in the obese, in whom an inverted U-shape pattern was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Arrebola
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Inadera H. Developmental origins of obesity and type 2 diabetes: molecular aspects and role of chemicals. Environ Health Prev Med 2013; 18:185-97. [PMID: 23382021 PMCID: PMC3650171 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-013-0328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although the cause of the obesity epidemic is multi-factorial and not entirely clear, the recent acceleration in incidence is too rapid to be accounted for only by genetics, the wide availability of calorie-rich foods, and increasingly sedentary lifestyles. Accumulating data suggest that the important causes of the obesity epidemic may be related to developmental and early life environmental conditions. The concept of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) suggests that adverse influences early in development, particularly during intrauterine life, may result in permanent changes in the physiology and metabolism of the infant, which in turn result in an increased risk of non-communicable diseases in adulthood. For example, undernutrition during pregnancy and rapid postnatal weight gain are associated with obesity and T2D in the adult offspring. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that early-life exposure to a wide range of chemicals has a significant impact on the causes of metabolic disorders. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be determined, these factors can affect epigenetic processes, such as DNA methylation, allowing the developmental environment to modulate gene transcription. The objective of this review article was to summarize recent progress in the biomedical implications of the DOHaD concept, focusing on the pathogenesis of obesity and T2D, and to discuss a future direction for preventive strategies from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekuni Inadera
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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95
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Epigenetics and early life origins of chronic noncommunicable diseases. J Adolesc Health 2013; 52:S14-21. [PMID: 23332566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In light of the increasing threats of chronic noncommunicable diseases in developing countries, the growing recognition of the early life origins of chronic disease, and innovative breakthroughs in biomedical research and technology, it is imperative that we harness cutting-edge data to improve health promotion and maintenance. It is well recognized that chronic diseases are complex traits affected by a wide range of environmental and genetic factors; however, the role of epigenetic factors, particularly with regard to early life origins, remains largely unexplored. Given the unique properties of the epigenome-functionality during critical time windows, such as the intrauterine period, heritability, and reversibility-enhancing our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms may offer new opportunities for the development of novel early prediction and prevention paradigms. This may present an unparalleled opportunity to offer maternal and child health professionals important tools with the translational value to predict, detect, and prevent disease at an early age, long before its clinical occurrence, and as such, break lifelong and transgenerational cycles of disease. In doing so, modern technology can be leveraged to make great contributions to population health, quality of life, and reducing the burdensome economic costs of noncommunicable diseases in developing countries.
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Vilahur N, Molina-Molina JM, Bustamante M, Murcia M, Arrebola JP, Ballester F, Mendez MA, Garcia-Esteban R, Guxens M, Santa Marina L, Tardón A, Sunyer J, Olea N, Fernandez MF. Male specific association between xenoestrogen levels in placenta and birthweight. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 51:174-181. [PMID: 23262415 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals may increase the risk for adverse health effects at birth or later in life. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to analyze the combined effect of xenoestrogens on reproductive and perinatal growth outcomes (child birthweight, early rapid growth and body mass index (BMI) at 14 months) using the biomarker total effective xenoestrogen burden (TEXB). METHODS 490 placentas were randomly collected in the Spanish prospective birth cohort Environment and Childhood (INMA) project. TEXB was used to assess the estrogenicity of placental samples in two fractions: that largely attributable to environmental organohalogenated xenoestrogens (TEXB-alpha), and that mostly due to endogenous estrogens (TEXB-beta), both expressed in estrogen equivalent units (Eeq) per gram of tissue. Linear or logistic regression models were performed adjusting for cohort and confounders. Sex interactions were investigated. RESULTS The median TEXB-alpha level was 0.76 pM Eeq/g (interquartile range (iqr): 1.14). In multivariate models, higher TEXB-alpha levels (third tertile, >1.22 pM Eeq/g; iqr: 1.73) were associated with increased birthweight in boys but not in girls (β=148.2 g, 95% CI: 14.01, 282.53, p(int)=0.057). Additionally, higher TEXB-alpha values in boys were related with a lower risk of early rapid growth (OR=0.37; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.88) and with a non significant association with larger BMI z-scores at 14 months of age (β=0.29; 95% CI: -0.11, 0.69). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that prenatal exposure to xenoestrogens may increase birthweight in boys, which might have an impact on child obesity and other later health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Vilahur
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Schell LM, Burnitz KK, Gallo MV. Growth as a mirror: is endocrine disruption challenging Tanner's concept? Ann Hum Biol 2012; 39:361-71. [PMID: 22780455 PMCID: PMC3514046 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2012.697579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND James Tanner coined the expression 'Growth as a Mirror' and summarized in four words the results of more than a century of research on growth. Nineteenth century social reformers saw poor child growth as a reflection of terrible environmental conditions of the working class. Later investigators in anthropology and other fields clarified the connections between poor nutrition, disease, psychosocial stress and poor growth. AIM To evaluate the growth as a mirror concept in light of recent studies of endocrine disruption. PAPERS AND IMPLICATIONS: Pollution is recognized as a prominent component of the modern environment. From studies of many pollutants it is clear that some pollutants depress growth while others speed sexual maturation and increase growth, primarily in weight and fatness. While such unwelcome environmental features do not always suppress growth, growth still mirrors the environment in all its complexity and this relationship is key to understanding growth patterns today. For example, Akwesasne Mohawk adolescents are characterized by high rates of obesity and overweight. Their growth reflects the multiple intersecting influences of psychosocial stress, several pollutant exposures and limited dietary choices. CONCLUSION Although Tanner did not anticipate the myriad influences of pollutants, the growth as a mirror concept continues to have great validity and utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Schell
- Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany, A&S 237, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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98
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Toxic environmental chemicals: the role of reproductive health professionals in preventing harmful exposures. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207:164-73. [PMID: 22405527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Every pregnant woman in the United States is exposed to many and varied environmental chemicals. Rapidly accumulating scientific evidence documents that widespread exposure to environmental chemicals at levels that are encountered in daily life can impact reproductive and developmental health adversely. Preconception and prenatal exposure to environmental chemicals are of particular importance because they may have a profound and lasting impact on health across the life course. Thus, prevention of developmental exposures to environmental chemicals would benefit greatly from the active participation of reproductive health professionals in clinical and policy arenas.
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Lind L, Lind PM. Can persistent organic pollutants and plastic-associated chemicals cause cardiovascular disease? J Intern Med 2012; 271:537-53. [PMID: 22372998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, associations between persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and pesticides, and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and overt CV disease (CVD) have been reported in humans. Recently, associations between plastic-associated chemicals (PACs), such as bisphenol A and phthalates, and CVD have also begun to emerge. Several approaches to evaluating such associations have been used: accidents with a high level of exposure, occupational exposure studies, geographical studies of subjects living near a contaminated area and traditional case-control or cohort studies with measurements of circulating levels of different environmental contaminants in the general population. Exposure to POPs has consistently been associated with diabetes using all the approaches described above, including prospective studies. The evidence regarding associations between exposure to POPs and other CV risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity and lipids, is less strong and is mainly based on cross-sectional data. Associations between overt CVD and POPs have been reported using all the above approaches, but prospective data from population-based studies are still lacking to provide firm evidence of an important and independent role of POP exposure in the pathogenesis of CVD. Nevertheless, taken together, current evidence suggests that further longitudinal and experimental studies should be conducted to investigate the effect of exposure to both POPs and PACs, such as bisphenol A and phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Roth CL, Sathyanarayana S. Mechanisms affecting neuroendocrine and epigenetic regulation of body weight and onset of puberty: potential implications in the child born small for gestational age (SGA). Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2012; 13:129-40. [PMID: 22415297 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-012-9212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Signaling peptides produced in peripheral tissues such as gut, adipose tissue, and pancreas communicate with brain centers, such as hypothalamus and hindbrain to manage energy homeostasis. These regulatory mechanisms of energy intake and storage have evolved during long periods of hunger in the evolution of man to protect the species from extinction. It is now clear that these circuitries are influenced by prenatal and postnatal environmental factors including endocrine disruptive chemicals. Hypothalamic appetite regulatory systems develop and mature in utero and early infancy, and involve signaling pathways that are important also for the regulation of puberty onset. Recent studies in humans and animals have shown that metabolic pathways involved in regulation of growth, body weight gain and sexual maturation are largely affected by epigenetic programming that can impact both current and future generations. In particular, intrauterine and early infantile developmental phases of high plasticity are susceptible to factors that affect metabolic programming that therefore, affect metabolic function throughout life. In children born small for gestational age, poor nutritional conditions during gestation can modify metabolic systems to adapt to expectations of chronic undernutrition. These children are potentially poorly equipped to cope with energy-dense diets and are possibly programmed to store as much energy as possible, leading to later obesity, metabolic syndrome, disturbed regulation of normal puberty and early onset of cardiovascular disease. Most cases of disturbed energy balance are likely a result of a combination of genetics, epigenetics and environment. This review will discuss potential mechanisms linking intrauterine growth retardation with changes in growth, energy homeostasis and sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Roth
- Division of Endocrinology, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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