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Wudy SA, Schuler G, Sánchez-Guijo A, Hartmann MF. The art of measuring steroids: Principles and practice of current hormonal steroid analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:88-103. [PMID: 28962971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are small and highly important structural or signalling molecules in living organisms and their metabolism is complex. Due to the multiplicity of enzymes involved there are many different steroid related disorders. E.g., an individual enzyme defect is rather rare but can share various clinical symptoms and can thus be hardly diagnosed clinically. Therefore, reliable hormonal determination still presents the most reasonable initial diagnostic approach and helps to avoid uncritical and expensive attempts at molecular diagnostic testing. It also presents a backbone of monitoring these complex patients. In science, reliable hormone measurement is indispensable for the elucidation of new mechanisms of steroid hormone actions. Steroid analytics is highly challenging and should never be considered trivial. Most common methods for steroid determination comprise traditionally immunoassay, or more recently, mass spectrometry based methods. It is absolutely necessary that clinicians and scientists know the methods they are applying by heart. With the introduction of automated direct assays, a loss of quality could be observed over the last two decades in the field of steroid immunoassays. This review wants to meet the need for profound information and orientation in the field of steroid analysis. The pros and cons of the most important methods, such as immunoassays and mass spectrometry based methods will be discussed. The focus of the latter will lie on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Selected analytical applications from our Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Research Group FOR 1369 "Sulfated Steroids in Reproduction" will illustrate the contents. In brief, immunoassays have for long presented the traditional technique for steroid analysis. They are easy to set up. Only one analyte can be measured per immunoassay. Specificity problems can arise and caution has to be exerted especially regarding direct assays lacking purification steps. Mass spectrometry based methods provide structural information on the analyte and thus higher specificity. In combination with chromatographic techniques, they permit the simultaneous determination of a multitude of analytes. Highest specificity can be obtained using GC-MS, a sophisticated but most powerful tool for characterizing steroid metabolomes. LC-MS is a true high throughput technique and highly suited for detecting complex steroids. GC-MS and LC-MS are not competing but complementary techniques. Since reliable steroid determination requires extremely high expertise in the field of analytics as well as steroid biochemistry, it is recommended that collaborations and networking with highly specialized centers of expertise are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Paediatric Endocrinology, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - G Schuler
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - A Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Paediatric Endocrinology, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Paediatric Endocrinology, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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52
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Duan L, Shen R, Song L, Liao Y, Zheng H. A novel chimeric CYP11B2/CYP11B1 combined with a new p.L340P CYP11B1 mutation in a patient with 11OHD: case report. BMC Endocr Disord 2018; 18:23. [PMID: 29703198 PMCID: PMC5921981 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-018-0249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 11β-Hydroxylase deficiency (11OHD) is a common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia that has been shown to result from inactivating CYP11B1 mutations, and pathogenic CYP11B2/CYP11B1 chimeras contribute to a minority of cases. Heterozygote cases (chimeras combined with missense mutation) are very rare, and genetic analysis of these cases is difficult. CASE PRESENTATION We describe an 11OHD patient presenting with precocious pseudopuberty and hypokalemia hypertension who harbored a chimeric CYP11B2/CYP11B1 with a novel breakage point located at g.9559-9742 of CYP11B2. Interestingly, the other allele exhibited a new mutation, p.L340P, in CYP11B1. Bioinformatics and molecular dynamics simulation indicated that p.L340P decreased the stability and changed the surface configuration of 11β-hydroxylase, indicating a disease-causing mutation. Further pedigree study, PCR and next-generation sequencing indicated that the proband carried both the chimera and p.L340P, and coexistence of the two increased the severity of 11OHD in this family. After treatment with combined medications, blood pressure and clinical parameters improved. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that chimera screening and CYP11B1 mutation screening should be simultaneously conducted, and pedigree study is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037 China
| | - Rufei Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037 China
| | - Lingyu Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037 China
| | - Yong Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Armed Police Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400061 China
| | - Hongting Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037 China
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53
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Sun Q, Gu J, Stolze BR, Soldin SJ. Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Is a Suboptimal Ionization Source for Steroids. Clin Chem 2018; 64:974-976. [PMID: 29653936 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.287029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Center National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | - Jianghong Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Center National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | - Brian R Stolze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Center National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | - Steven J Soldin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Center National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD .,Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Georgetown University Washington, DC
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54
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Porcari AM, Negrão F, Tripodi GL, Pitta DR, Campos EA, Montis DM, Martins AMA, Eberlin MN, Derchain SFM. Molecular Signatures of High-Grade Cervical Lesions. Front Oncol 2018; 8:99. [PMID: 29707519 PMCID: PMC5907284 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common neoplasia in women and the infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) is its necessary cause. Screening methods, currently based on cytology and HPV DNA tests, display low specificity/sensitivity, reducing the efficacy of cervical cancer screening programs. Herein, molecular signatures of cervical cytologic specimens revealed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), were tested in their ability to provide a metabolomic screening for cervical cancer. These molecules were tested whether they could clinically differentiate insignificant HPV infections from precancerous lesions. For that, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL)-related metabolites were compared to those of no cervical lesions in women with and without HPV infection. Samples were collected from women diagnosed with normal cervix (N = 40) and from those detected with HSIL from cytology and colposcopy (N = 40). Liquid-based cytology diagnosis, DNA HPV-detection test, and LC-MS analysis were carried out for all the samples. The same sample, in a customized collection medium, could be used for all the diagnostic techniques employed here. The metabolomic profile of cervical cancer provided by LC-MS was found to indicate unique molecular signatures for HSIL, being two ceramides and a sphingosine metabolite. These molecules occurred independently of women’s HPV status and could be related to the pre-neoplastic phenotype. Statistical models based on such findings could correctly discriminate and classify HSIL and no cervical lesion women. The results showcase the potential of LC-MS as an emerging technology for clinical use in cervical cancer screening, although further validation with a larger sample set is still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia M Porcari
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP SP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Negrão
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP SP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lucas Tripodi
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP SP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Denise Rocha Pitta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP SP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Munhoz Montis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP SP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aline M A Martins
- Brazilian Center for Protein Research - LBPQ, Medicine College, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP SP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sophie F M Derchain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP SP, Campinas, Brazil
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Roper SM, Rubin JR, Ali M, Gibbons WE, Zarutskie PW, Devaraj S. Accuracy of Two Progesterone Immunoassays for Monitoring In Vitro Fertilization. J Appl Lab Med 2018; 2:770-776. [PMID: 33636866 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2017.024489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progesterone concentrations are routinely monitored during in vitro fertilization cycles. Immunoassay-based platforms are used most often in this setting because they are simple to use and amenable to same-day sample collection and result-reporting. However, immunoassay methods are subject to variation in specificity between different assay manufacturers. In this study, a set of unexpectedly high progesterone concentrations led to a method comparison between two in-house immunoassay platforms relative to the reference method. METHODS Progesterone was measured in 28 serum samples from women undergoing IVF cycles using the Siemens ADVIA Centaur Immunoassay system and the Abbott Architect i1000SR analyzer. A subset of these samples was selected for progesterone measurement by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to define the accuracy of each immunoassay. RESULTS The Siemens ADVIA Centaur immunoassay system overestimated progesterone concentrations by 19% and the Abbott Architect overestimated progesterone concentrations by 5%. CONCLUSIONS The Abbott Architect progesterone immunoassay provides a more accurate measurement of serum progesterone than the Centaur immunoassay at concentrations relevant for monitoring in vitro fertilization populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Roper
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jessica R Rubin
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Mahesheema Ali
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - William E Gibbons
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Paul W Zarutskie
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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56
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Age at menarche, androgen concentrations, and midlife obesity: findings from the Midlife Women's Health Study. Menopause 2018; 23:1182-1188. [PMID: 27433862 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have shown that earlier age at menarche is associated with a higher risk of midlife obesity; however, the mechanism underlying this association is not known. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the association between age at menarche and midlife obesity is due to variation in circulating androgen concentrations. METHODS Baseline data were analyzed from 748 women aged 45 to 54 years enrolled in the Midlife Women's Health Study, a prospective cohort study conducted in the Baltimore, MD region. Information on age at menarche was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using height and weight measured at a clinic visit. Obesity was defined as a BMI between 30 and 34.9 kg/m; super obesity was defined as a BMI greater than 35 kg/m. Testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured in blood samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The free androgen index (FAI) was calculated using the formula: (testosterone × 3.467)/sex hormone-binding globulin × 100. RESULTS After adjustment for covariates, for each year increase in age at menarche, the odds of obesity and super obesity decreased by 31% (odds ratio (OR) 0.69; 95% confidence limits (CL) 0.59, 0.81) and 34% (OR 0.66; 95% CL 0.52, 0.83), respectively. Addition of the FAI into the models did not attenuate the observed estimates. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that age at menarche is associated with midlife obesity independent of free testosterone concentrations measured in adulthood.
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57
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Albini A, Bruno A, Bassani B, D’Ambrosio G, Pelosi G, Consonni P, Castellani L, Conti M, Cristoni S, Noonan DM. Serum Steroid Ratio Profiles in Prostate Cancer: A New Diagnostic Tool Toward a Personalized Medicine Approach. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:110. [PMID: 29674995 PMCID: PMC5895774 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum steroids are crucial molecules altered in prostate cancer (PCa). Mass spectrometry (MS) is currently the elected technology for the analysis of steroids in diverse biological samples. Steroids have complex biological pathways and stoichiometry and it is important to evaluate their quantitative ratio. MS applications to patient hormone profiling could lead to a diagnostic approach. METHODS Here, we employed the Surface Activated Chemical Ionization-Electrospray-NIST (SANIST) developed in our laboratories, to obtain quantitative serum steroid ratio relationship profiles with a machine learning Bayesian model to discriminate patients with PCa. The approach is focused on steroid relationship profiles and disease association. RESULTS A pilot study on patients affected by PCa, benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH), and control subjects [prostate-specific antigen (PSA) lower than 2.5 ng/mL] was done in order to investigate the classification performance of the SANIST platform. The steroid profiles of 71 serum samples (31 controls, 20 patients with PCa and 20 subjects with benign prostate hyperplasia) were evaluated. The levels of 10 steroids were quantitated on the SANIST platform: Aldosterone, Corticosterone, Cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, Androstenedione, Testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), 17-OH-Progesterone and Progesterone. We performed both traditional and a machine learning analysis. CONCLUSION We show that the machine learning approach based on the steroid relationships developed here was much more accurate than the PSA, DHEAS, and direct absolute value match method in separating the PCa, BPH and control subjects, increasing the sensitivity to 90% and specificity to 84%. This technology, if applied in the future to a larger number of samples will be able to detect the individual enzymatic disequilibrium associated with the steroid ratio and correlate it with the disease. This learning machine approach could be valid in a personalized medicine setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Albini
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Pelosi
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Simone Cristoni
- I.S.B.—Ion Source & Biotechnologies, Bresso, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simone Cristoni,
| | - Douglas M. Noonan
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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58
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Taylor DR, Ghataore L, Couchman L, Vincent RP, Whitelaw B, Lewis D, Diaz-Cano S, Galata G, Schulte KM, Aylwin S, Taylor NF. A 13-Steroid Serum Panel Based on LC-MS/MS: Use in Detection of Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Clin Chem 2017; 63:1836-1846. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.277624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy, with an annual incidence of 1 or 2 cases per million. Biochemical diagnosis is challenging because up to two-thirds of the carcinomas are biochemically silent, resulting from de facto enzyme deficiencies in steroid hormone biosynthesis. Urine steroid profiling by GC-MS is an effective diagnostic test for ACC because of its capacity to detect and quantify the increased metabolites of steroid pathway synthetic intermediates. Corresponding serum assays for most steroid pathway intermediates are usually unavailable because of low demand or lack of immunoassay specificity. Serum steroid analysis by LC-MS/MS is increasingly replacing immunoassay, in particular for steroids most subject to cross-reaction.
METHODS
We developed an LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of serum androstenedione, corticosterone, cortisol, cortisone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, 21-deoxycortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and testosterone. Assay value in discriminating ACC from other adrenal lesions (phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma, cortisol-producing adenoma, and lesions demonstrating no hormonal excess) was then investigated.
RESULTS
In ACC cases, between 4 and 7 steroids were increased (median = 6), and in the non-ACC groups, up to 2 steroids were increased. 11-Deoxycortisol was markedly increased in all cases of ACC. All steroids except testosterone in males and corticosterone and cortisone in both sexes were of use in discriminating ACC from non-ACC adrenal lesions.
CONCLUSIONS
Serum steroid paneling by LC-MS/MS is useful for diagnosing ACC by combining the measurement of steroid hormones and their precursors in a single analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Taylor
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Viapath), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lea Ghataore
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Viapath), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lewis Couchman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Viapath), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Toxicology (Viapath), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Royce P Vincent
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Viapath), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ben Whitelaw
- Department of Endocrinology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dylan Lewis
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Salvador Diaz-Cano
- Department of Histopathology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gabriele Galata
- Department of Surgery, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Simon Aylwin
- Department of Endocrinology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Norman F Taylor
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Viapath), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Campi B, Frascarelli S, Pietri E, Massa I, Donati C, Bozic R, Bertelloni S, Paolicchi A, Zucchi R, Saba A. Quantification of dehydroepiandrosterone in human serum on a routine basis: development and validation of a tandem mass spectrometry method based on a surrogate analyte. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:407-416. [PMID: 29110028 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the clinical laboratories, dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA) is usually quantified by immunoassay-based methods, which are often affected by cross-reactivity with endogenous interferences, such as 4-androsten-3β-ol-17-one. The interfering compounds lead to a poor accuracy of the measurements, mainly at a low concentration level. The present paper describes a validated method based on tandem mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography, for the accurate quantification of DHEA in serum. The peculiarity of this method is the use of calibrators and quality controls prepared by adding measured amounts of DHEA-D5, a stable isotope-labeled analogue of DHEA, to real serum from healthy subjects. DHEA-D5 is used in place of DHEA, which is usually present in unstripped serum at physiological levels, as it has the same basic structure, provides an equivalent instrumental response, and can be easily distinguish by DHEA by mass spectrometry due to its different m/z value. The method proved to be sensitive, with a LLOD of 0.09 ng/mL and a LLOQ of 0.23 ng/mL, and selective, with overall performances that allow its use on a routine basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Campi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabina Frascarelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pietri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Massa
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Caterina Donati
- Oncology Pharmacy Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Roberto Bozic
- Perkin Elmer Italia S.p.A, Viale dell'Innovazione 3, 20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvano Bertelloni
- Pediatric Division, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, St. Chiara University Hospital, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Paolicchi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Chiara University Hospital, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy. .,Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Chiara University Hospital, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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Quantification of steroid hormones in human serum by liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1526:112-118. [PMID: 29061472 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A limited specificity is inherent to immunoassays for steroid hormone analysis. To improve selectivity mass spectrometric analysis of steroid hormones by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been introduced in the clinical laboratory over the past years usually with low mass resolution triple-quadrupole instruments or more recently by high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). Here we introduce liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/HR-MS) to further increase selectivity of steroid hormone quantification. Application of HR-MS demonstrates an enhanced selectivity compared to low mass resolution. Separation of isobaric interferences reduces background noise and avoids overestimation. Samples were prepared by automated liquid-liquid extraction with MTBE. The LC-MS/HR-MS method using a quadrupole-Orbitrap analyzer includes eight steroid hormones i.e. androstenedione, corticosterone, cortisol, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, and testosterone. It has a run-time of 5.3min and was validated according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines. For most of the analytes coefficient of variation were 10% or lower and LOQs were determined significantly below 1ng/ml. Full product ion spectra including accurate masses substantiate compound identification by matching their masses and ratios with authentic standards. In summary, quantification of steroid hormones by LC-MS/HR-MS is applicable for clinical diagnostics and holds also promise for highly selective quantification of other small molecules.
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Lindner JM, Vogeser M, Grimm SH. Biphenyl based stationary phases for improved selectivity in complex steroid assays. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 142:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Menet MC, Hebert-Schuster ML, Lahlou N, Marcellin L, Leguy MC, Gayet V, Guibourdenche J. rFSH in medically assisted procreation: Evidence for ovarian follicular hyperplasia and interest of mass spectrometry to measure 17-hydroxyprogesterone and Δ4-androstenedione in serum. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 450:105-112. [PMID: 28461075 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian monitoring requires the determination of serum estradiol and progesterone levels. We investigated whole follicular steroidogenesis under rFSH in medically assisted procreation (MAP: 26 IVF, 24 ICSI) compared to 11 controls (IUI). Estrone, estradiol, Δ4-androstenedione, testosterone, progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone were measured by immunoassay and mass spectrometry except for estrogens. At the start of a spontaneous or induced cycle, steroids levels fluctuated within normal ranges: estradiol (314-585 pmol/L), estrone (165-379 pmol/L) testosterone (1.3-1.6 nmol/L), Δ4-androstenedione (4.5-5.6 nmol/L), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (2.1-2.2 nmol/L) and progesterone (1.8-1.9 nmol/L). 17-hydroxyprogesterone, Δ 4-androstenedione and estradiol predominated. Then estradiol and oestrone levels rise, but less markedly for oestrone in IUI. In MAP, rFSH injections induce a sharp increase in estrogens associated with a rise in 17-hydroxyprogesterone and Δ4-androstenedione levels, disrupting oestrogen/androgen ratios. rFSH stimulation induces an ovarian hyperplasia and Δ4pathway which could become abnormal. Determining 17-hydroxyprogesterone and Δ4-androstenedione levels with LC-MS/MS may therefore be useful in managing recurrent MAP failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Menet
- Department of Biological Endocrinology, CHU Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - M L Hebert-Schuster
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Department of Automated Biology, CHU Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - N Lahlou
- Department of Biological Endocrinology, CHU Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - L Marcellin
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, CHU Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - M C Leguy
- Department of Biological Endocrinology, CHU Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - V Gayet
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, CHU Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - J Guibourdenche
- Department of Biological Endocrinology, CHU Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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Welker KM, Norman RE, Goetz S, Moreau BJP, Kitayama S, Carré JM. Preliminary evidence that testosterone's association with aggression depends on self-construal. Horm Behav 2017; 92:117-127. [PMID: 27816624 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A contribution to a special issue on Hormones and Human Competition. Previous research and theory suggest testosterone is an important hormone for modulating aggression and self-regulation. We propose that self-construal, a culturally-relevant difference in how individuals define the self in relation to others, may be an important moderator of the relationship between testosterone and behaviors linked to aggression. Within two studies (Study 1 N=80; Study 2 N=237) and an integrated data analysis, we find evidence suggesting that acute testosterone changes in men are positively associated with aggressive behavior for those with more independent self-construals, whereas basal testosterone is negatively associated with aggression when individuals have more interdependent self-construals. Although preliminary, these findings suggest that self-construal moderates the association between testosterone and aggression, thereby paving the way toward future work examining the potential cultural moderation of the behavioral effects of testosterone.
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64
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Prasad S, Narayanan J, Lim VKG, Koh GCH, Koh DSQ, Mehta PH. Preliminary evidence that acute stress moderates basal testosterone's association with retaliatory behavior. Horm Behav 2017; 92:128-140. [PMID: 27815128 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A contribution to a special issue on Hormones and Human Competition. Testosterone is theorized to increase retaliation after social provocation. However, empirical evidence in support of these theories is mixed. The present research investigated whether acute stress causally suppresses testosterone's association with retaliation. We also explored sex differences in behavioral responses to acute stress. Thirty-nine participants (51.28% male) were randomly assigned to a high- or low-stress condition. Then participants engaged in 20 one-shot rounds of the ultimatum game, which was used to assess retaliatory behavioral responses to unfair treatment. Participants provided two saliva samples to measure testosterone and cortisol concentrations - one sample before the stress manipulation, and the second after the ultimatum game (20minutes post-stressor). Results revealed a positive association between basal testosterone and retaliation in the low-stress condition, but not in the high-stress condition. Further, cortisol concentrations increased in the high- compared to the low-stress condition, and these cortisol changes moderated the association between basal testosterone and retaliation. The associations between basal testosterone and retaliation under varying levels of stress were similar in men and women. However, there was a sex difference in behavioral responses to the stress manipulation that was independent of testosterone. In women, the high-stress condition reduced retaliation compared to the low-stress condition, whereas in men the opposite pattern emerged. Collectively, this study (i) provides preliminary evidence that experimentally manipulated stress blocks basal testosterone's association with retaliation, and (ii) reveals a sex difference in retaliation under varying levels of stress. Discussion focuses on mechanisms, limitations, and the need for follow-up studies with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrithi Prasad
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
| | - Jayanth Narayanan
- International Institute of Management Development (IMD), Chemin de Bellerive 23, 1003 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vivien K G Lim
- Department of Management & Organization, NUS Business School, National University of Singapore, Mochtar Riady Building, 15 Kent Ridge Drive, Singapore 119245, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerald C H Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Tahir Foundation Building, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Republic of Singapore
| | - David S Q Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Tahir Foundation Building, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Republic of Singapore; PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link Gadong, BE1410 Negara, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Pranjal H Mehta
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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Behringer V, Deschner T. Non-invasive monitoring of physiological markers in primates. Horm Behav 2017; 91:3-18. [PMID: 28202354 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of endocrine markers that inform about an animal's physiological state has become an invaluable tool for studying the behavioral ecology of primates. While the collection of blood samples usually requires the animal to be caught and immobilized, non-invasively collected samples of saliva, urine, feces or hair can be obtained without any major disturbance of the subject of interest. Such samples enable repeated collection which is required for matching behavioral information over long time periods with detailed information on endocrine markers. We start our review by giving an overview of endocrine and immune markers that have been successfully monitored in relation to topics of interest in primate behavioral ecology. These topics include reproductive, nutritional and health status, changes during ontogeny, social behavior such as rank relationships, aggression and cooperation as well as welfare and conservation issues. We continue by explaining which hormones can be measured in which matrices, and potential problems with measurements. We then describe different methods of hormone measurements and address their advantages and disadvantages. We finally emphasize the importance of thorough validation procedures when measuring a specific hormone in a new species or matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Behringer
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Zang T, Tamae D, Mesaros C, Wang Q, Huang M, Blair IA, Penning TM. Simultaneous quantitation of nine hydroxy-androgens and their conjugates in human serum by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:342-355. [PMID: 27531846 PMCID: PMC5146996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the fatal form of prostate cancer, remains androgen dependent despite castrate levels of circulating testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). To investigate mechanisms by which the tumor can synthesize its own androgens and develop resistance to abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide, methods to measure a complete androgen profile are imperative. Here, we report the development and validation of a stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (SID-LC-ESI-MS/MS) method to quantify nine human hydroxy-androgens as picolinates, simultaneously with requisite specificity and sensitivity. In the established method, the fragmentation patterns of all nine hydroxy-androgen picolinates were identified, and [13C3]-5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol and [13C3]-5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol used as internal standards were synthesized enzymatically. Intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy corresponds to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of nine hydroxy-androgens is 1.0pg to 2.5pg on column. Diols which have been infrequently measured: 5-androstene-3β, 17β-diol and 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol can be determined in serum at values as low as 1.0pg on column. The method also permits the quantitation of conjugated hydroxy-androgens following enzymatic digestion. While direct detection of steroid conjugates by electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry has advantages the detection of unconjugated and conjugated steroids would require separate methods for each set of analytes. Our method was applied to pooled serum from male and female donors to provide reference values for both unconjugated and conjugated hydroxy-androgens. This method will allow us to interrogate the involvement of the conversion of 5-androstene-3β, 17β-diol to T, the backdoor pathway involving the conversion of 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol to DHT and the inactivation of DHT to 5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Zang
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Daniel Tamae
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Meng Huang
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ian A Blair
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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67
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Kim B, Lee MN, Park HD, Kim JW, Chang YS, Park WS, Lee SY. Dried blood spot testing for seven steroids using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with reference interval determination in the Korean population. Ann Lab Med 2016; 35:578-85. [PMID: 26354345 PMCID: PMC4579101 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2015.35.6.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conventional screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) using immunoassays generates a large number of false-positive results. A more specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been introduced to minimize unnecessary follow-ups. However, because of limited data on its use in the Korean population, LC-MS/MS has not yet been incorporated into newborn screening programs in this region. The present study aims to develop and validate an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of seven steroids in dried blood spots (DBS) for CAH screening, and to define age-specific reference intervals in the Korean population. Methods We developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method to determine the reference intervals of cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, 21-deoxycortisol, androstenedione, corticosterone, and 11-deoxycorticosterone simultaneously in 453 DBS samples. The samples were from Korean subjects stratified by age group (78 full-term neonates, 76 premature neonates, 89 children, and 100 adults). Results The accuracy, precision, matrix effects, and extraction recovery were satisfactory for all the steroids at three concentrations; values of intra- and inter-day precision coefficients of variance, bias, and recovery were 0.7-7.7%, -1.5-9.8%, and 49.3-97.5%, respectively. The linearity range was 1-100 ng/mL for cortisol and 0.5-50 ng/mL for other steroids (R2>0.99). The reference intervals were in agreement with the previous reports. Conclusions This LC-MS/MS method and the reference intervals validated in the Korean population can be successfully applied to analyze seven steroids in DBS for the diagnosis of CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borahm Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Na Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Doo Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Won Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Sil Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Soon Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Youn Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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68
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Sun J, Walker AJ, Dean B, van den Buuse M, Gogos A. Progesterone: The neglected hormone in schizophrenia? A focus on progesterone-dopamine interactions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:126-140. [PMID: 27608362 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences appear to be an important factor in schizophrenia. Women with schizophrenia tend to exhibit less disease impairment than men, typically presenting with a later age-at-onset, lower overall incidence and less severe symptoms. These observations underpin the estrogen hypothesis of schizophrenia, which postulates a protective role of estrogen against the development and severity of the disorder. While there has been significant attention placed on the impact of estrogens in schizophrenia, less consideration has been afforded to the role of progesterone, the other main female gonadal hormone. This narrative review discusses the role of progesterone as a neuroactive steroid and how it may be dysregulated in schizophrenia. Preclinical and molecular studies relevant to schizophrenia are discussed with a particular focus on the interactions between progesterone and the dopaminergic system. Notably, existing data on progesterone in relation to schizophrenia is inconsistent, with some studies suggesting a neuroprotective role for the hormone (e.g. animal models of cognitive dysfunction and positive symptoms), while other studies posit a disruptive impact of the hormone (e.g. negative correlations with symptom modulation in patients). This review aims to thoroughly address these discrepancies, concluding that altogether the data suggest that progesterone is a key modulator of central systems implicated in schizophrenia. On this basis, we argue that a more inclusive, considered effort of future studies to understand the intricacies of the interactions between progesterone and estrogen. Such an effort may enhance our understanding of the roles of sex hormones in schizophrenia, thus leading to avenues for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehae Sun
- Division of Biological Psychiatry and Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam J Walker
- Division of Biological Psychiatry and Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- Division of Biological Psychiatry and Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, VIC, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrea Gogos
- Division of Biological Psychiatry and Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Kohn JN, Snyder-Mackler N, Barreiro LB, Johnson ZP, Tung J, Wilson ME. Dominance rank causally affects personality and glucocorticoid regulation in female rhesus macaques. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:179-188. [PMID: 27639059 PMCID: PMC5494262 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Low social status is frequently associated with heightened exposure to social stressors and altered glucocorticoid regulation by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Additionally, personality differences can affect how individuals behave in response to social conditions, and thus may aggravate or protect against the effects of low status on HPA function. Disentangling the relative importance of personality from the effects of the social environment on the HPA axis has been challenging, since social status can predict aspects of behavior, and both can remain stable across the lifespan. To do so here, we studied an animal model of social status and social behavior, the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). We performed two sequential experimental manipulations of dominance rank (i.e., social status) in 45 adult females, allowing us to characterize personality and glucocorticoid regulation (based on sensitivity to the exogenous glucocorticoid dexamethasone) in each individual while she occupied two different dominance ranks. We identified two behavioral characteristics, termed 'social approachability' and 'boldness,' which were highly social status-dependent. Social approachability and a third dimension, anxiousness, were also associated with cortisol dynamics in low status females, suggesting that behavioral tendencies may sensitize individuals to the effects of low status on HPA axis function. Finally, we found that improvements in dominance rank increased dexamethasone-induced acute cortisol suppression and glucocorticoid negative feedback. Our findings indicate that social status causally affects both behavioral tendencies and glucocorticoid regulation, and that some behavioral tendencies also independently affect cortisol levels, beyond the effects of rank. Together, they highlight the importance of considering personality and social status together when investigating their effects on HPA axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N Kohn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Duke Center for Aging, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Zachary P Johnson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jenny Tung
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi 00502, Kenya; Duke Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Mark E Wilson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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70
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Keevil BG. LC–MS/MS analysis of steroids in the clinical laboratory. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:989-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hawley JM, Keevil BG. Endogenous glucocorticoid analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in routine clinical laboratories. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:27-40. [PMID: 27208627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a powerful analytical technique that offers exceptional selectivity and sensitivity. Used optimally, LC-MS/MS provides accurate and precise results for a wide range of analytes at concentrations that are difficult to quantitate with other methodologies. Its implementation into routine clinical biochemistry laboratories has revolutionised our ability to analyse small molecules such as glucocorticoids. Whereas immunoassays can suffer from matrix effects and cross-reactivity due to interactions with structural analogues, the selectivity offered by LC-MS/MS has largely overcome these limitations. As many clinical guidelines are now beginning to acknowledge the importance of the methodology used to provide results, the advantages associated with LC-MS/MS are gaining wider recognition. With their integral role in both the diagnosis and management of hypo- and hyperadrenal disorders, coupled with their widespread pharmacological use, the accurate measurement of glucocorticoids is fundamental to effective patient care. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of the LC-MS/MS techniques used to successfully measure endogenous glucocorticoids, particular reference is made to serum, urine and salivary cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian G Keevil
- University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Healthcare Academy, Manchester, UK
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Stolze BR, Gounden V, Gu J, Elliott EA, Masika LS, Abel BS, Merke DP, Skarulis MC, Soldin SJ. An improved micro-method for the measurement of steroid profiles by APPI-LC-MS/MS and its use in assessing diurnal effects on steroid concentrations and optimizing the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal insufficiency and CAH. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:110-6. [PMID: 26721696 PMCID: PMC4917495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our goals were to (1) develop an improved micro-method usable for neonates for steroid profile measurements and a method to measure androsterone, a key steroid in the recently described androgen backdoor pathway together, with dehydroepiandrosterone and (2) to assess if dehydroepiandrosterone diurnal concentration fluctuations exist potentially necessitating strict adherence to time of blood sample draw and requirement of separate time-dependent reference intervals. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed with an atmospheric pressure photoionization source [1]. For each sample 50μL (100μL for the backdoor pathway) of serum was deproteinized by adding 75μL (150μL for the backdoor pathway) of acetonitrile containing the internal standards. After centrifugation, 75μL (150μL for the backdoor pathway) of supernatant was diluted with 250μL of water and injected onto a Poroshell 120 EC-C8 column (SB-C8 column for the backdoor pathway). Within-run coefficients of variation ranged from 2.4 to 10.4% and between-day coefficients of variation from 2.9 to 11.2%. Comparison studies yielded correlation coefficient between 0.97 and 1.00 with recoveries of 90% or greater. Our methods analyze a 9 steroid profile and an additional 2 steroid profile (backdoor pathway) with minimal sample volume (usable in neonates optimizing early diagnosis of endocrinopathies and genetic diseases). Low limits of quantitation make these methods ideal for steroid measurement in women and prepubertal children. As diurnal variations of dehydroepiandrosterone and other steroids [2] concentrations are clinically significant we recommend that separate reference intervals be developed for 8 am, 8 pm, and midnight sample draws. The use of this approach in improving the diagnosis of patients with adrenal insufficiency and congenital adrenal hyperplasia is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Stolze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 2C-306, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Verena Gounden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 2C-306, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jianghong Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 2C-306, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Elliott
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 2C-306, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Likhona S Masika
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 2C-306, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Brent S Abel
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, 10Center Drive, Building 10, Room 6-3940, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Deborah P Merke
- Clinical Center and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-2740, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Monica C Skarulis
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, 10Center Drive, Building 10, Room 6-3940, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Steven J Soldin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 2C-306, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA.
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Dury AY, Ke Y, Labrie F. Precise and accurate assay of pregnenolone and five other neurosteroids in monkey brain tissue by LC-MS/MS. Steroids 2016; 113:64-70. [PMID: 27378657 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of steroids present in the brain have been named "neurosteroids" following the possibility of their role in the central nervous system impairments such as anxiety disorders, depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), addiction, or even neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Study of their potential role requires a sensitive and accurate assay of their concentration in the monkey brain, the closest model to the human. We have thus developed a robust, precise and accurate liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the assay of pregnenolone, pregnanolone, epipregnanolone, allopregnanolone, epiallopregnanolone, and androsterone in the cynomolgus monkey brain. The extraction method includes a thorough sample cleanup using protein precipitation and phospholipid removal, followed by hexane liquid-liquid extraction and a Girard T ketone-specific derivatization. This method opens the possibility of investigating the potential implication of these six steroids in the most suitable animal model for neurosteroid-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Y Dury
- Endoceutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City (QC) G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Yuyong Ke
- Endoceutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City (QC) G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Fernand Labrie
- Endoceutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City (QC) G1V 4M7, Canada.
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Gervasoni J, Schiattarella A, Primiano A, D'Addurno I, Cocci A, Zuppi C, Persichilli S. Simultaneous quantification of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone and cortisol in human serum by LC-MS/MS using TurboFlow online sample extraction. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:998-1003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Welker KM, Lassetter B, Brandes CM, Prasad S, Koop DR, Mehta PH. A comparison of salivary testosterone measurement using immunoassays and tandem mass spectrometry. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:180-8. [PMID: 27295182 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) are widely used to measure salivary testosterone. However, little is known about how accurately different EIAs assess testosterone, partially because estimates across various EIAs differ considerably. We compared testosterone concentrations across EIAs of three commonly used manufacturers (DRG International, Salimetrics, and IBL International) to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Relative to EIAs from Salimetrics and IBL International, EIAs supplied by DRG International provided the closest approximation to LC-MS/MS testosterone concentrations, followed closely by EIAs from Salimetrics, and then IBL. Additionally, EIAs tended to inflate estimates of lower testosterone concentrations in women. Examining our results and comparing them to existing data revealed that testosterone EIAs had decreased linear correspondence with LC-MS/MS in comparison to cortisol EIAs. Overall, this paper provides researchers with information to better measure testosterone in their research and more accurately compare testosterone measurements across different methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Welker
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, United States
| | | | | | | | - Dennis R Koop
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
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76
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Wang C, Wu C, Zhang L, Zhang J. Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Profiling Ketolic and Phenolic Sex Steroids Using an Automated Injection Program Combined with Diverter Valve Switch and Step Analysis. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7878-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Caisheng Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Peking
Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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77
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Khedr A, Alahdal AM. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of ten estrogen metabolites at sub-picogram levels in breast cancer women. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1031:181-188. [PMID: 27497156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of estrogens at sub-picogram levels is essential for research on breast cancer and postmenopausal plasma. Heretofore, these concentration levels have rarely been achieved. However, it is possible through derivatization but still represent problems for monitoring catechol estrogens and 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OH-E1). Estrogens possess poor ionization efficiency in MS/MS, which results in insufficient sensitivity for analyzing samples at trace concentrations. The method presented here was used to extract ten estrogen metabolites (EMs) with a derivatization step involving a new adduct. The electrospray ionization (ESI) MS/MS sensitivity for the EMs was enhanced by derivatization with 3-bromomethyl-propyphenazone (BMP). The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) of the EMs were 12-100 femtogram on-column, equivalent to 0.3-3.6pg/mL plasma, and the limits of detection (LOD) were 0.1-0.8pg/mL plasma. The percentage coefficient of variation (CV%) at the LLOQ was <20 for all investigated EMs. Ionization suppression was minimized by reacting the excess reagent, BMP, with methanol. The method was successfully applied for the determination of ten EMs in the plasma of fifty healthy postmenopausal and fifty ductal breast cancer women aged 47-65 years old. 16α-OH-E1 and three catechol estrogen metabolites, 4-OH-E1, 2-OH-E2 and 4-OH-E2, were successfully measured in the plasma of healthy and breast cancer women. The methyl-propyphenazone-EM derivatives exhibited better sensitivity in ESI-MS (7.5-fold) compared to the commonly used dansylation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman M Alahdal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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78
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Percy AJ, Byrns S, Pennington SR, Holmes DT, Anderson NL, Agreste TM, Duffy MA. Clinical translation of MS-based, quantitative plasma proteomics: status, challenges, requirements, and potential. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:673-84. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1205950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Percy
- Department of Applications Development, Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Tewksbury, MA, USA
| | - Simon Byrns
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen R. Pennington
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Daniel T. Holmes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - N. Leigh Anderson
- Department of Clinical Biomarkers, SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tasha M. Agreste
- Department of Applications Development, Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Tewksbury, MA, USA
| | - Maureen A. Duffy
- Department of Applications Development, Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Tewksbury, MA, USA
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79
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Yi X, Leung EKY, Bridgman R, Koo S, Yeo KTJ. High-Sensitivity Micro LC-MS/MS Assay for Serum Estradiol without Derivatization. J Appl Lab Med 2016; 1:14-24. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2016.020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There are considerable demands to accurately measure estradiol (E2) at low concentrations (<20 pg/mL) in postmenopausal women, men, pediatric patients, and patients receiving breast cancer treatment. Most current high-sensitivity LC-MS/MS E2 methods require large sample volumes and involve complex sample preparations with dansyl chloride derivatization. Our study aims to develop a high-sensitivity, underivatized method using micro LC-MS/MS to reliably measure E2 concentrations below 5 pg/mL by the use of low sample volume.
Methods
A total of 290 μL of sample was mixed with internal standard (IS), E2-d4, and extracted with a mixture of hexane/ethyl acetate (90/10) (v/v). After extraction, sample was separated by Eksigent Ekspert™ micro LC 200 system with a flow rate of 35 μL/min in a total run time of 3.5 min and detected by SCIEX QTRAP 6500 mass spectrometer in a negative mode using transitions: 271/145 (quantifier) and 271/143 (qualifier). In this method, it was crucial to use HPLC columns with stability at a pH >10.
Results
The validation study demonstrated broad linear ranges (3.0–820.0 pg/mL) with r2 > 0.999. Total precision was below 15% at all QC levels, and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 3.0 pg/mL. Our method showed good correlation with E2 RIA (r2 = 0.96, bias = −1.0 pg/mL) and modest correlation with E2 Roche Cobas automated immunoassay (r2 = 0.86, bias = 6.0 pg/mL).
Conclusions
In conclusion, we developed and validated a routinely applicable micro LC-MS/MS method without derivatization for E2 in blood samples with an LOQ of 3.0 pg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Current address: Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Selene Koo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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80
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Qian X, Zhan Q, Lv L, Zhang H, Hong Z, Li Y, Xu H, Chai Y, Zhao L, Zhang G. Steroid hormone profiles plus α-fetoprotein for diagnosing primary liver cancer by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 457:92-8. [PMID: 27060391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary liver cancer (PLC) is one of the most common malignant tumors world-wide but its pathogenesis is unclear. We suggest that steroid hormones may offer diagnostic information for PLC. METHODS Using liquid chromatography (UPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), we quantified 7 endogenous steroids in 66 PLC human serum samples, 59 liver cirrhosis (LC) samples, and 65 healthy volunteers (HV). Data were assessed chemometrically and with Mann-Whitney U tests and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). RESULTS For PLC patients, androgens were low and estrogen was high. PLS-DA analysis discriminated between healthy subjects and cancer patients using (estrone+estradiol)/testosterone ratios. Moreover, cirrhosis patients were also distinguished with receiver operating characteristic curves indicating the specificity and sensitivity of our current approach. CONCLUSIONS Steroid hormone profiling by UPLC-MS/MS may be promising for early diagnosis of PLC but investigations with more patients and steroids are required to confirm the utility of these biomarkers for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qi Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lei Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhanying Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Yifeng Chai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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81
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Calissendorff J, Calissendorff F, Falhammar H. Adrenocortical cancer: mortality, hormone secretion, proliferation and urine steroids - experience from a single centre spanning three decades. BMC Endocr Disord 2016; 16:15. [PMID: 26984275 PMCID: PMC4794924 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-016-0095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant disease with a poor prognosis. Our aims were to study survival and to explore prognostic markers. METHODS We retrospectively investigated the medical records of all 50 ACC patients at a single centre diagnosed between 1985 and 2012 and followed them up until 31/12/2014. RESULTS Of this cohort, twenty six (52 %) were females. Adrenalectomy was performed in 48 patients (96 %), and twenty seven (54 %) were treated with adjuvant cytotoxic agents. The tumor sizes ranged from 6 to 20 cm. Overall survival time was 5.5 years (0.3-19.8), the two and five-year survival was 64 and 40 %, respectively. In ENSAT stage II 25/48 patients had a median survival of 7.0 years (0.7-15.5), in stage III 8/48 this was 1.9 (0.4 - 19.8), and in stage IV 15/48 it was 1.2 (0.3-3.6) years. Seventeen patients (34 %) were still alive at the end of 2014. The total follow-up time was 8.4 (0.3-19.8) years. Cell proliferation measured with Ki-67 had a median value of 15 % (2-80) and the urinary steroid profile was clearly pathologic in 29 of 43 (67 %) tested patients. The proliferation index did not significantly predict mortality (Ki-67 ≤ 10 vs. >10 %, 9.0 vs. 3.2 years, P = 0.0833), but resection margins did (R1 vs. R2, P = 0.0066; R0 vs. R2, P < 0.0001). The urinary steroid profile did not predict mortality (normal vs. pathologic urine profile: median survival 6.6 vs. 3.3 years, P = 0.261). CONCLUSIONS The prognosis was generally poor and macroscopically positive resection margins resulted in a worse prognosis. However, some patients were still alive many years following primary surgery with no sign of residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Calissendorff
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Endocrine Section, VO Internmedicin, Södersjukhuset, Sjukhusbacken 10, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Freja Calissendorff
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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82
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Randazzo GM, Tonoli D, Hambye S, Guillarme D, Jeanneret F, Nurisso A, Goracci L, Boccard J, Rudaz S. Prediction of retention time in reversed-phase liquid chromatography as a tool for steroid identification. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 916:8-16. [PMID: 27016433 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The untargeted profiling of steroids constitutes a growing research field because of their importance as biomarkers of endocrine disruption. New technologies in analytical chemistry, such as ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), offer the possibility of a fast and sensitive analysis. Nevertheless, difficulties regarding steroid identification are encountered when considering isotopomeric steroids. Thus, the use of retention times is of great help for the unambiguous identification of steroids. In this context, starting from the linear solvent strength (LSS) theory, quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) models, based on a dataset composed of 91 endogenous steroids and VolSurf + descriptors combined with a new dedicated molecular fingerprint, were developed to predict retention times of steroid structures in any gradient mode conditions. Satisfactory performance was obtained during nested cross-validation with a predictive ability (Q(2)) of 0.92. The generalisation ability of the model was further confirmed by an average error of 4.4% in external prediction. This allowed the list of candidates associated with identical monoisotopic masses to be strongly reduced, facilitating definitive steroid identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marco Randazzo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Universities of Basel and Geneva, Basel, Switzerland; Human Protein Sciences Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Hambye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Jeanneret
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Universities of Basel and Geneva, Basel, Switzerland; Human Protein Sciences Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Nurisso
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura Goracci
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Universities of Basel and Geneva, Basel, Switzerland.
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83
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Hawley JM, Owen LJ, MacKenzie F, Mussell C, Cowen S, Keevil BG. Candidate Reference Measurement Procedure for the Quantification of Total Serum Cortisol with LC-MS/MS. Clin Chem 2016; 62:262-9. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.243576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Accurate measurement of serum cortisol is required to diagnose and treat adrenal disorders. Although certified reference materials (CRMs) are available to standardize cortisol measurements, External Quality Assessment (EQA) schemes still demonstrate a wide dispersion of results. We present a serum cortisol candidate reference measurement procedure that, through analysis of a Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine–listed panel of higher-order CRMs, provides metrologically traceable results.
METHOD
Isotope-labeled internal standard was added to samples before supported liquid extraction. Extracts were analyzed with LC-MS/MS in positive electrospray ionization mode. Multiple reaction monitoring was used to detect cortisol and its corresponding internal standard transitions. We measured samples in triplicate over 3 days and calculated the mean result.
RESULTS
Mean intra- and interassay imprecision were 1.3% and 1.5%, respectively, for concentrations of 154, 510, and 769 nmol/L. Ionization efficiency studies and structural analog analysis proved the method to be robust against interferences. Through analysis of 34 CRMs (83–764 nmol/L), expanded measurement uncertainty was calculated to be 5% (95% CI). The mean bias between the measured and target CRM concentrations was statistically insignificant at −0.08%.
CONCLUSIONS
The accuracy and low measurement uncertainty of this method qualify it as a CRM procedure. Metrological traceability has been achieved through the analysis of higher-order CRMs. This method could be used to underpin serum cortisol EQA schemes to provide samples with a traceable target value, enabling participating laboratories to determine the accuracy and measurement uncertainty of their assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura J Owen
- University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Finlay MacKenzie
- Birmingham Quality, UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Brian G Keevil
- University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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84
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Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a technique that can identify analytes on the basis of mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio. Although this technique has been used in research and specialized clinical laboratories for decades, however, in recent years, MS has been increasingly used in routine clinical laboratories. MS, especially when coupled to gas chromatography or liquid chromatography, provides very specific and often sensitive analysis of many analytes. Other advantages of MS include simultaneous analysis of multiple analytes (>100) and generally without need for specialized reagents. Commonly measured analytes by MS include drugs, hormones, and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Garg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Yan Victoria Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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85
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Garg U, Zhang YV. Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Laboratory: Applications in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1383:1-10. [PMID: 26660168 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3252-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has been used in research and specialized clinical laboratories for decades as a very powerful technology to identify and quantify compounds. In recent years, application of MS in routine clinical laboratories has increased significantly. This is mainly due to the ability of MS to provide very specific identification, high sensitivity, and simultaneous analysis of multiple analytes (>100). The coupling of tandem mass spectrometry with gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) has enabled the rapid expansion of this technology. While applications of MS are used in many clinical areas, therapeutic drug monitoring, drugs of abuse, and clinical toxicology are still the primary focuses of the field. It is not uncommon to see mass spectrometry being used in routine clinical practices for those applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Garg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Yan Victoria Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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86
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Guo N, Liu P, Ding J, Zheng SJ, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. Stable isotope labeling - Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of androgenic and progestagenic steroids. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 905:106-14. [PMID: 26755144 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones play important roles in mammal at very low concentrations and are associated with numerous endocrinology and oncology diseases. Therefore, quantitative analysis of steroid hormones can provide crucial information for uncovering underlying mechanisms of steroid hormones related diseases. In the current study, we developed a sensitive method for the detection of steroid hormones (progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, pregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone) in body fluids by stable isotope labeling coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis. In this respect, a pair of isotopes labeling reagents, Girard reagent P (GP) and d5-Girard reagent P (d5-GP), were synthesized and utilized to label steroid hormones in follicular fluid samples and steroid hormone standards, respectively. The heavy labeled standards were used as internal standards for quantification to minimize quantitation deviation in MS analysis due to the matrix and ion suppression effects. The ionization efficiencies of steroid hormones were greatly improved by 4-504 folds through the introduction of a permanent charged moiety of quaternary ammonium from GP. Using the developed method, we successfully quantified steroid hormones in human follicular fluid. We found that the contents of testosterone and androstenedione exhibited significant increase while the content of pregnenolone had significant decrease in follicular fluid of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients compared with healthy controls, indicating that these steroid hormones with significant change may contribute to the pathogenesis of PCOS. Taken together, the developed stable isotope labeling coupled LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis demonstrated to be a promising method for the sensitive and accurate determination of steroid hormones, which may facilitate the in-depth investigation of steroid hormones related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Shu-Jian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Bi-Feng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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87
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Rota A, Vannozzi I, Marianelli S, Gavazza A, Lubas G. Laboratory and Clinical Evaluation of a Feia Method for Canine Serum Progesterone Assay. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 51:69-74. [PMID: 26644390 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of progesterone (P4) concentration is a valuable tool in assessing physiological reproductive events and reproductive disorders in bitches. A reliable and rapid (preferable, point of care) determination of P4 is advisable in most cases. Aims of this study were to evaluate a fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (FEIA) for canine serum P4 concentration by (i) the agreement with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), (ii) the association with vaginal cytology and (iii) the accuracy in the prediction of the parturition date calculated from the estimated day of ovulation. Serum samples were collected from client-owned bitches presented between 2011 and 2014 for the evaluation of their oestrous cycle, pregnancy or reproductive disorders. The agreement between FEIA and LC/MS/MS, evaluated on 19 samples, was statistically significant (R(2) = 95.7%, p < 0.001), although FEIA showed significantly higher values than LC/MS/MS (p < 0.05). In the different phases of oestrous cycle, as determined by vaginal cytology, P4 concentrations (by FEIA) were statistically different (p < 0.05): anoestrus (n = 7) 0.38 ± 0.14 ng/ml, proestrus (n = 14) 1.04 ± 0.67 ng/ml and oestrus (n = 72) 6.8 ± 7.26 ng/ml. Mean pregnancy length from the estimated day of ovulation was 62.9 ± 1.8 days. In 13 of 22 (59.1%), 19 of 22 (86.3%) and 21 of 22 (95.5%) bitches pregnancy lasted 63 ± 1, 63 ± 2 and 63 ± 3 days, respectively. Three pregnancies were outside the 61-65 days range (60, 60 and 67 days). In conclusion, the FEIA method employed can be considered reliable and, in association with vaginal cytology, effective in evaluating the canine oestrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rota
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Vannozzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - A Gavazza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Lubas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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88
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Miyado M, Miyado K, Katsumi M, Saito K, Nakamura A, Shihara D, Ogata T, Fukami M. Parturition failure in mice lacking Mamld1. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14705. [PMID: 26435405 PMCID: PMC4592954 DOI: 10.1038/srep14705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, the onset of parturition is triggered by a rapid decline in circulating progesterone. Progesterone withdrawal occurs as a result of functional luteolysis, which is characterized by an increase in the enzymatic activity of 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD) in the corpus luteum and is mediated by the prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) signaling. Here, we report that the genetic knockout (KO) of Mamld1, which encodes a putative non-DNA-binding regulator of testicular steroidogenesis, caused defective functional luteolysis and subsequent parturition failure and neonatal deaths. Progesterone receptor inhibition induced the onset of parturition in pregnant KO mice, and MAMLD1 regulated the expression of Akr1c18, the gene encoding 20α-HSD, in cultured cells. Ovaries of KO mice at late gestation were morphologically unremarkable; however, Akr1c18 expression was reduced and expression of its suppressor Stat5b was markedly increased. Several other genes including Prlr, Cyp19a1, Oxtr, and Lgals3 were also dysregulated in the KO ovaries, whereas PGF2α signaling genes remained unaffected. These results highlight the role of MAMLD1 in labour initiation. MAMLD1 likely participates in functional luteolysis by regulating Stat5b and other genes, independent of the PGF2α signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Momori Katsumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Daizou Shihara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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89
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Derivatization of steroids in biological samples for GC–MS and LC–MS analyses. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2515-36. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of steroids in biological samples is essential in different areas of knowledge. MS combined with either GC or LC is considered the best analytical technique for specific and sensitive determinations. However, due to the physicochemical properties of some steroids, and the low concentrations found in biological samples, the formation of a derivative prior to their analysis is required. In GC–MS determinations, derivatization is needed for generating volatile and thermally stable compounds. The improvement in terms of stability and chromatographic retention are the main reasons for selecting the derivatization agent. On the other hand, derivatization is not compulsory in LC–MS analyses and the derivatization is typically used for improving the ionization and therefore the overall sensitivity achieved.
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90
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Arteriovenous Blood Metabolomics: A Readout of Intra-Tissue Metabostasis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12757. [PMID: 26244428 PMCID: PMC4525490 DOI: 10.1038/srep12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human circulatory system consists of arterial blood that delivers nutrients to tissues, and venous blood that removes the metabolic by-products. Although it is well established that arterial blood generally has higher concentrations of glucose and oxygen relative to venous blood, a comprehensive biochemical characterization of arteriovenous differences has not yet been reported. Here we apply cutting-edge, mass spectrometry-based metabolomic technologies to provide a global characterization of metabolites that vary in concentration between the arterial and venous blood of human patients. Global profiling of paired arterial and venous plasma from 20 healthy individuals, followed up by targeted analysis made it possible to measure subtle (<2 fold), yet highly statistically significant and physiologically important differences in water soluble human plasma metabolome. While we detected changes in lactic acid, alanine, glutamine, and glutamate as expected from skeletal muscle activity, a number of unanticipated metabolites were also determined to be significantly altered including Krebs cycle intermediates, amino acids that have not been previously implicated in transport, and a few oxidized fatty acids. This study provides the most comprehensive assessment of metabolic changes in the blood during circulation to date and suggests that such profiling approach may offer new insights into organ homeostasis and organ specific pathology.
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91
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Fahlbusch FB, Heussner K, Schmid M, Schild R, Ruebner M, Huebner H, Rascher W, Doerr HG, Rauh M. Measurement of amniotic fluid steroids of midgestation via LC-MS/MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 152:155-60. [PMID: 26047555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Analysis of steroids by mass spectrometry (MS) has evolved into a reliable tool for the simultaneous detection of multiple steroids. As amniotic fluid (AF) and fetal serum composition of early pregnancy are closely related, the analysis of AF can yield information on the physiological status of the developing fetus. We evaluated the use of liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for AF steroid analysis, including the analysis of its sensitivity and accuracy for gender verification in healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS AF of 78 male and 94 female healthy newborns was analyzed by LC-MS/MS at 16 weeks of gestation. The levels of androstenedione, corticosterone, cortisol, cortisone, deoxycorticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone (17-OHP) and testosterone were measured. Steroid levels were compared to RIA and GC-MS levels of midgestation from the literature. Cross-validated logistic regression was used to obtain statistical predictions of gender at birth from testosterone and the above steroids. RESULTS LC-MS/MS analysis of AF steroids yielded comparable results with published GC-MS data. Gender specific differences were found for androstenedione and testosterone concentrations with higher levels in the male fetus. In contrast to published RIA data no gender specific differences were observed for 17-hydroxyprogesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone AF concentrations. Testosterone concentrations yielded highly accurate predictions for male gender at birth. Additional analysis of further steroids did neither increase the accuracy, sensitivity nor specificity of this prediction. The estimated optimal cut-off value for amniotic testosterone level was 0.074 μg/L for healthy male newborns. CONCLUSIONS LC-MS/MS is a reliable method for the determination of steroids in amniotic fluid. The determination of testosterone in amniotic fluid by LC-MS/MS in early pregnancy of healthy subjects can be used to offer a reliable prediction of fetal gender at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian B Fahlbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Kirsten Heussner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Schild
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Diakoniekrankenhaus Friederikenstift, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ruebner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanna Huebner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rascher
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helmuth-Guenther Doerr
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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92
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Jeanneret F, Tonoli D, Rossier MF, Saugy M, Boccard J, Rudaz S. Evaluation of steroidomics by liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry as a powerful analytical strategy for measuring human steroid perturbations. J Chromatogr A 2015. [PMID: 26195035 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review presents the evolution of steroid analytical techniques, including gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), immunoassay (IA) and targeted liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and it evaluates the potential of extended steroid profiles by a metabolomics-based approach, namely steroidomics. Steroids regulate essential biological functions including growth and reproduction, and perturbations of the steroid homeostasis can generate serious physiological issues; therefore, specific and sensitive methods have been developed to measure steroid concentrations. GC-MS measuring several steroids simultaneously was considered the first historical standard method for analysis. Steroids were then quantified by immunoassay, allowing a higher throughput; however, major drawbacks included the measurement of a single compound instead of a panel and cross-reactivity reactions. Targeted LC-MS methods with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) were then introduced for quantifying a small steroid subset without the problems of cross-reactivity. The next step was the integration of metabolomic approaches in the context of steroid analyses. As metabolomics tends to identify and quantify all the metabolites (i.e., the metabolome) in a specific system, appropriate strategies were proposed for discovering new biomarkers. Steroidomics, defined as the untargeted analysis of the steroid content in a sample, was implemented in several fields, including doping analysis, clinical studies, in vivo or in vitro toxicology assays, and more. This review discusses the current analytical methods for assessing steroid changes and compares them to steroidomics. Steroids, their pathways, their implications in diseases and the biological matrices in which they are analysed will first be described. Then, the different analytical strategies will be presented with a focus on their ability to obtain relevant information on the steroid pattern. The future technical requirements for improving steroid analysis will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Jeanneret
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Human Protein Sciences Department, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Human Protein Sciences Department, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel F Rossier
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland; Institut Central (ICHV), Hôpital du Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland.
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93
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Abstract
Estradiol quantitation is useful in the clinical assessment of diseases like hypogonadism, hirsutism, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), amenorrhea, ovarian tumors and for monitoring response in women receiving aromatase inhibitor therapy. Physiologically relevant serum estradiol concentration in women can span across four orders of magnitude. For example, in women undergoing ovulation induction serum estradiol concentration can range between 250-2000 pg/mL whereas aromatase inhibitor therapy can decrease serum estradiol concentration to <5 pg/mL. While high-through-put automated un-extracted (direct) immunoassays accommodate the growing clinical need for estradiol quantitation, are amenable to implementation by most hospital clinical laboratories, they display a significant loss of specificity and accuracy at low concentrations. Most clinical scenarios (example: estradiol monitoring in fertility treatments) place a modest demand on accuracy and precision of the assay in use but accurate quantitation of estradiol in certain clinical scenarios (pediatric and male patients and for monitoring aromatase inhibitor therapy) can be challenging using currently available immunoassays since the direct immunoassays are prone to issues with sub-optimal accuracy and specificity due to cross reactivity with estradiol conjugates and metabolites. In this review we discuss the bases for the evolution of estradiol assays from extracted (indirect) radio-immunoassays to direct immunoassays to liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based assays, discuss technical factors relevant for development and optimization of a LC-MS/MS assay for estradiol and present the details and performance characteristics of an ultra-sensitive LC-MS/MS estradiol assay with a limit of quantitation of 0.2 pg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemamalini Ketha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Adam Girtman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Ravinder J Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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94
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Bertin J, Dury AY, Ke Y, Ouellet J, Labrie F. Accurate and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry simultaneous assay of seven steroids in monkey brain. Steroids 2015; 98:37-48. [PMID: 25697058 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following its secretion mainly by the adrenal glands, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) acts primarily in the cells/tissues which express the enzymes catalyzing its intracellular conversion into sex steroids by the mechanisms of intracrinology. Although reliable assays of endogenous serum steroids are now available using mass spectrometry (MS)-based technology, sample preparation from tissue matrices remains a challenge. This is especially the case with high lipid-containing tissues such as the brain. With the combination of a UPLC system with a sensitive tandem MS, it is now possible to measure endogenous unconjugated steroids in monkey brain tissue. METHODS A Shimadzu UPLC LC-30AD system coupled to a tandem MS AB Sciex Qtrap 6500 system was used. RESULTS The lower limits of quantifications are achieved at 250 pg/mL for DHEA, 200 pg/mL for 5-androstenediol (5-diol), 12 pg/mL for androstenedione (4-dione), 50 pg/mL for testosterone (Testo), 10 pg/mL for dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 4 pg/mL for estrone (E1) and 1 pg/mL for estradiol (E2). The linearity and accuracy of quality controls (QCs) and endogenous quality controls (EndoQCs) are according to the guidelines of the regulatory agencies for all seven compounds. CONCLUSION We describe a highly sensitive, specific and robust LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous measurement of seven unconjugated steroids in monkey brain tissue. The single and small amount of sample required using a relatively simple preparation method should be useful for steroid assays in various peripheral tissues and thus help analysis of the role of locally-made sex steroids in the regulation of specific physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bertin
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Alain Y Dury
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Yuyong Ke
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Johanne Ouellet
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Fernand Labrie
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada.
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95
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Wooding KM, Hankin JA, Johnson CA, Chosich JD, Baek SW, Bradford AP, Murphy RC, Santoro N. Measurement of estradiol, estrone, and testosterone in postmenopausal human serum by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry without derivatization. Steroids 2015; 96:89-94. [PMID: 25617740 PMCID: PMC4366052 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high-throughput, sensitive, specific, mass spectrometry-based method for quantitating estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) in postmenopausal human serum has been developed for clinical research. The method consumes 100μl human serum for each measurement (triplicates consume 300μl) and does not require derivatization. We adapted a commercially available 96-well plate for sample preparation, extraction, and introduction into the mass spectrometer on a single platform. METHODS Steroid extraction from serum samples and mass spectrometer operational parameters were optimized for analysis of estradiol and subsequently applied to other analytes. In addition to determining the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) from standard curves, a serum LOQ (sLOQ) was determined by addition of known steroid quantities to serum samples. Mass spectrometric method quantitative data were compared to results using a state-of-the-art ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) using stored serum samples from menopausal women. RESULTS The LOD, LOQ, sLOQ was (0.1pg, 0.3pg, 1pg/ml) for estrone, (0.3pg, 1pg, 3pg/ml) for estradiol, and (0.3pg, 1pg, 30pg/ml) for testosterone, respectively. Mass spectrometry accurately determined concentrations of E2 that could not be quantified by immunochemical methods. E1 concentrations measured by mass spectrometry were in all cases significantly lower than the ELISA measurements, suggesting immunoreactive contaminants in serum may interfere with ELISA. The testosterone measurements broadly agreed with each other in that both techniques could differentiate between low, medium and high serum levels. CONCLUSIONS We have developed and validated a scalable, sensitive assay for trace quantitation of E1, E2 and T in human serum samples in a single assay using sample preparation method and stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Wooding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Joseph A Hankin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Chris A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Justin D Chosich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sung W Baek
- Department of Sample Preparation Products, Biotage, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Andrew P Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nanette Santoro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
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96
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Ambroziak U, Kępczyńska-Nyk A, Kuryłowicz A, Wysłouch-Cieszyńska A, Małunowicz EM, Bartoszewicz Z, Kondracka A, Jaźwiec R, Pawłowska E, Szcześniak M, Dadlez M, Bednarczuk T. LC-MS/MS improves screening towards 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:296-300. [PMID: 25539143 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.994599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal serum 17OHP measurement remains the first screening step for nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH) and the accuracy of the test is of high value. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of immunoassays to LC-MS/MS in the assessment of serum 17OHP and androgens concentration in women with hyperandrogenism and controls. 17OHP, total testosterone, androstendione and DHEA-S were measured in 39 women with clinically and/or biochemically evident hyperandrogenism and in 29 age-matched controls without clinical hyperandrogenism. 17OHP and androgens were measured by immunoassays and by LC-MS/MS. In patients group median 17OHP level measured by immunoassays was significantly higher compared to LC-MS/MS (5.49 nmol/l-ELISA NovaTec® and 3.57 nmol/l-ELISA DRG® versus 1.56 nmol/l-LC-MS/MS p < 0.0001) as well as in the control group (2.58 nmol/l-ELISA DRG® versus 1.14 nmol/l-LC-MS/MS p < 0.0001). Additional, unnecessary diagnostic procedures explaining elevated 17OHP level were undertaken in 85% of patients when NovaTec® test was used, in 50% when ELISA DRG® and in none when LC-MS/MS method was applied. Total testosterone, androstendione and DHEA-S concentrations in the patients and the controls assessed by the immunoassays were also significantly higher compared to LC-MS/MS. LC-MS/MS is more reliable diagnostic tool in the measurement of serum 17OHP and androgens concentrations compared to immunoassays in women with hyperandrogenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Ambroziak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
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98
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Pennell KD, Woodin MA, Pennell PB. Quantification of neurosteroids during pregnancy using selective ion monitoring mass spectrometry. Steroids 2015; 95:24-31. [PMID: 25541057 PMCID: PMC4323841 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Analytical techniques used to quantify neurosteroids in biological samples are often compromised by non-specificity and limited dynamic range which can result in erroneous results. A relatively rapid and inexpensive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed to simultaneously measure nine neurosteroids, including allopregnanolone, estradiol, and progesterone, as well as 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 in plasma samples collected from adult women subjects during and after pregnancy. Sample preparation involved solid-phase extraction and derivatization, followed by automated injection on a GC equipped with a mass selective detector (MSD) operated in single ion monitoring (SIM) mode to yield a run time of less than 11min. Method detection limits for all neurosteroids ranged from 30 to 200pg/mL (parts per trillion), with coefficients of variation that ranged from 3% to 5% based on intra-assay comparisons run in triplicate. Although concentrations of estradiol measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CIA) were consistent with values determined by GC-MS values, CIA yielded considerable higher values of progesterone, suggesting antibody cross reactions resulting from low specificity. Mean neurosteroid levels and representative time-course data demonstrate the ability of the method to quantify changes in multiple neurosteroids during pregnancy, including rapid declines in neurosteroid levels associated with delivery. This simplified GC-MS method holds particular promise for research and clinical laboratories that require simultaneous quantification of multiple neurosteroids, but lack the resources and expertise to support advanced liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt D Pennell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, United States.
| | - Mark A Woodin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, United States; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Page B Pennell
- Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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99
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Peitzsch M, Dekkers T, Haase M, Sweep FCGJ, Quack I, Antoch G, Siegert G, Lenders JWM, Deinum J, Willenberg HS, Eisenhofer G. An LC-MS/MS method for steroid profiling during adrenal venous sampling for investigation of primary aldosteronism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:75-84. [PMID: 25312486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid profiling for diagnosis of endocrine disorders featuring disordered production of steroid hormones is now possible from advances in liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Adrenal venous (AV) measurements of aldosterone and cortisol are a standard practice in the clinical work-up of primary aldosteronism, but do not yet take advantage of steroid profiling. METHODS A novel LC-MS/MS based method was developed for simultaneous measurement of 15 adrenal steroids: aldosterone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, pregnenolone, cortisone, cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, 21-deoxycortisol, 18-oxocortisol and 18-hydroxycortisol. These were compared in peripheral venous (pV) and AV plasma from 70 patients undergoing AV sampling with and without cosyntropin stimulation. Aldosterone and cortisol levels measured by LC-MS/MS were compared with those measured by immunoassay. RESULTS Reproducibility of measurements with coefficients of variation ≤10% as well as analytical sensitivity sufficient to measure low pV levels particularly of aldosterone demonstrate the utility of the assay for profiling adrenal steroids in primary aldosteronism. Method comparisons indicated assay and concentration dependent differences of cortisol and aldosterone concentrations measured by immunoassay and LC-MS/MS. Median AV/pV ratios of 11-deoxycortisol (53.0), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (33.4), pregnenolone (62.4), androstenedione (40.6) and dehydroepiandrosterone (33.3) were 2.9- to, 5.4-fold larger than those for cortisol (11.6), with additionally generally larger increases than for cortisol with than without cosyntropin stimulation. CONCLUSION Our LC-MS/MS assay, in addition to improvements over existing immunoassay measurements of aldosterone and cortisol, offers profiling of 13 other adrenal steroids, providing a potentially useful method for the clinical work-up of patients with primary aldosteronism. In particular, the larger AV/pV ratios of several steroids compared to cortisol suggest more sensitive alternatives to the latter for assessing positioning of AV sampling catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tanja Dekkers
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Haase
- Heinrich-Heine-University of Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division for Specific Endocrinology, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fred C G J Sweep
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Quack
- Heinrich-Heine-University of Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Nephrology, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerald Antoch
- Heinrich-Heine-University of Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabriele Siegert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jacques W M Lenders
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jaap Deinum
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Holger S Willenberg
- Heinrich-Heine-University of Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division for Specific Endocrinology, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Development of a rapid method for the analysis of trenbolone, nortestosterone, and zeranol in bovine liver using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:4363-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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