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Sanches BD, Maldarine JS, Zani BC, Biancardi MF, Santos FC, Góes RM, Vilamaior PS, Taboga SR. The Expression of the Androgen Receptor and Estrogen Receptor 1 is Related to Sex Dimorphism in the Gerbil Prostate Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1130-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno D.A. Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; State University of Campinas; Av. Bertrand Russel S/N Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Juliana S. Maldarine
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Rua Cristóvão Colombo; Universal Estadual Paulista, UNESP; São José Do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Bruno C. Zani
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Rua Cristóvão Colombo; Universal Estadual Paulista, UNESP; São José Do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Manoel F. Biancardi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; State University of Campinas; Av. Bertrand Russel S/N Campinas São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Rua Cristóvão Colombo; Universal Estadual Paulista, UNESP; São José Do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernanda C.A. Santos
- Department of Morphology; Federal University of Goias, Samambaia II; Goiania Goias Brazil
| | - Rejane M. Góes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; State University of Campinas; Av. Bertrand Russel S/N Campinas São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Rua Cristóvão Colombo; Universal Estadual Paulista, UNESP; São José Do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Patricia S.L. Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Rua Cristóvão Colombo; Universal Estadual Paulista, UNESP; São José Do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Sebastião R. Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; State University of Campinas; Av. Bertrand Russel S/N Campinas São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Rua Cristóvão Colombo; Universal Estadual Paulista, UNESP; São José Do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
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52
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Terakawa J, Rocchi A, Serna VA, Bottinger EP, Graff JM, Kurita T. FGFR2IIIb-MAPK Activity Is Required for Epithelial Cell Fate Decision in the Lower Müllerian Duct. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:783-95. [PMID: 27164167 DOI: 10.1210/me.2016-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fate of lower Müllerian duct epithelium (MDE), to become uterine or vaginal epithelium, is determined by the absence or presence of ΔNp63 expression, respectively. Previously, we showed that SMAD4 and runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) were independently required for MDE to express ΔNp63. Here, we report that vaginal mesenchyme directs vaginal epithelial cell fate in MDE through paracrine activation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-MAPK pathway. In the developing reproductive tract, FGF7 and FGF10 were enriched in vaginal mesenchyme, whereas FGF receptor 2IIIb was expressed in epithelia of both the uterus and vagina. When Fgfr2 was inactivated, vaginal MDE underwent uterine cell fate, and this differentiation defect was corrected by activation of MEK-ERK pathway. In vitro, FGF10 in combination with bone morphogenetic protein 4 and activin A (ActA) was sufficient to induce ΔNp63 in MDE, and ActA was essential for induction of RUNX1 through SMAD-independent pathways. Accordingly, inhibition of type 1 receptors for activin in neonatal mice induced uterine differentiation in vaginal epithelium by down-regulating RUNX1, whereas conditional deletion of Smad2 and Smad3 had no effect on vaginal epithelial differentiation. In conclusion, vaginal epithelial cell fate in MDE is induced by FGF7/10-MAPK, bone morphogenetic protein 4-SMAD, and ActA-RUNX1 pathway activities, and the disruption in any one of these pathways results in conversion from vaginal to uterine epithelial cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Terakawa
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics (J.T., V.A.S., T.K.), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (A.R.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (E.P.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Developmental Biology (J.M.G.), Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Altea Rocchi
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics (J.T., V.A.S., T.K.), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (A.R.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (E.P.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Developmental Biology (J.M.G.), Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Vanida A Serna
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics (J.T., V.A.S., T.K.), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (A.R.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (E.P.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Developmental Biology (J.M.G.), Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics (J.T., V.A.S., T.K.), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (A.R.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (E.P.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Developmental Biology (J.M.G.), Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jonathan M Graff
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics (J.T., V.A.S., T.K.), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (A.R.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (E.P.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Developmental Biology (J.M.G.), Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Takeshi Kurita
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics (J.T., V.A.S., T.K.), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (A.R.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (E.P.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Developmental Biology (J.M.G.), Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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53
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Vigezzi L, Ramos JG, Kass L, Tschopp MV, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Luque EH, Bosquiazzo VL. A deregulated expression of estrogen-target genes is associated with an altered response to estradiol in aged rats perinatally exposed to bisphenol A. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 426:33-42. [PMID: 26898831 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here we assessed the effects of perinatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) on the uterine response to 17β-estradiol (E2) in aged rats. Pregnant rats were orally exposed to 0.5 or 50 μg BPA/kg/day from gestational day 9 until weaning. On postnatal day (PND) 360, the rats were ovariectomized and treated with E2 for three months. The uterine tissue of BPA50 and BPA0.5 rats showed increased density of glands with squamous metaplasia (GSM) and glands with daughter glands respectively. Wnt7a expression was lower in GSM of BPA50 rats than in controls. The expression of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and its 5'- untranslated exons ESR1-O and ESR1-OT was lower in BPA50 rats. Both doses of BPA modified the expression of coactivator proteins and epigenetic regulatory enzymes. Thus, perinatal BPA-exposed rats showed different glandular abnormalities associated with deregulated expression of E2-target genes. Different mechanisms would be involved depending on the BPA dose administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Vigezzi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorge G Ramos
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María V Tschopp
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Enrique H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Verónica L Bosquiazzo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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54
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Zhu J, Pan C, Jiang J, Deng M, Gao H, Men B, McClelland M, Mercola D, Zhong WD, Jia Z. Six stroma-based RNA markers diagnostic for prostate cancer in European-Americans validated at the RNA and protein levels in patients in China. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16757-65. [PMID: 26158290 PMCID: PMC4599305 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously analyzed human prostate tissue containing stroma near to tumor and from cancer-negative tissues of volunteers. Over 100 candidate gene expression differences were identified and used to develop a classifier that could detect nearby tumor with an accuracy of 97% (sensitivity = 98% and specificity = 88%) based on 364 independent test cases from primarily European American cases. These stroma-based gene signatures have the potential to identify cancer patients among those with negative biopsies. In this study, we used prostate tissues from Chinese cases to validate six of these markers (CAV1, COL4A2, HSPB1, ITGB3, MAP1A and MCAM). In validation by real-time PCR, four genes (COL4A2, HSPB1, ITGB3, and MAP1A) demonstrated significantly lower expression in tumor-adjacent stroma compared to normal stroma (p value ≤ 0.05). Next, we tested whether these expression differences could be extended to the protein level. In IHC assays, all six selected proteins showed lower expression in tumor-adjacent stroma compared to the normal stroma, of which COL4A2, HSPB1 and ITGB3 showed significant differences (p value ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that biomarkers for diagnosing prostate cancer based on tumor microenvironment may be applicable across multiple racial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science, Guizhou Normal College, Guiyang, China.,Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China
| | - Cong Pan
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science, Guizhou Normal College, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Mingsen Deng
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science, Guizhou Normal College, Guiyang, China
| | - Hengjun Gao
- National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Bozhao Men
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dan Mercola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wei-D Zhong
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Jia
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science, Guizhou Normal College, Guiyang, China.,Department of Statistics, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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55
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Robertshaw I, Bian F, Das SK. Mechanisms of uterine estrogen signaling during early pregnancy in mice: an update. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:R127-38. [PMID: 26887389 PMCID: PMC4889031 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adherence of an embryo to the uterus represents the most critical step of the reproductive process. Implantation is a synchronized event between the blastocyst and the uterine luminal epithelium, leading to structural and functional changes for further embryonic growth and development. The milieu comprising the complex process of implantation is mediated by estrogen through diverse but interdependent signaling pathways. Mouse models have demonstrated the relevance of the expression of estrogen-modulated paracrine factors to uterine receptivity and implantation window. More importantly, some factors seem to serve as molecular links between different estrogen pathways, promoting cell growth, acting as molecular chaperones, or amplifying estrogenic effects. Abnormal expression of these factors can lead to implantation failure and infertility. This review provides an overview of several well-characterized signaling pathways that elucidates the molecular cross talk involved in the uterus during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Robertshaw
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Cincinnati, West Chester, Ohio, USA Division of Reproductive SciencesCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - F Bian
- Division of Reproductive SciencesCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Perinatal InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - S K Das
- Division of Reproductive SciencesCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Perinatal InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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56
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Cunha GR, Baskin L. Mesenchymal-epithelial interaction techniques. Differentiation 2016; 91:20-7. [PMID: 26610327 PMCID: PMC4874915 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the importance of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in development and gives detailed technical protocols for investigating these interactions. Successful analysis of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions requires knowing the ages in which embryonic, neonatal and adult organs can be separated into mesenchymal and epithelial tissues. Methods for separation of mesenchymal and epithelial tissues and preparation of tissue recombinants are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, Box 0738, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
| | - Lawrence Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, Box 0738, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
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57
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Dellis A, Papatsoris AG. Phase I and II therapies targeting the androgen receptor for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:697-707. [PMID: 26954621 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1162784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in elderly males. Regardless of the initial hormonal treatment in metastatic disease, a significant proportion of patients develop castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind castration resistance has led to the approval of oral medications such as abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide. Relevant research is accelerated with numerous agents being tested for the management of CRPC. AREAS COVERED The authors present Phase I and II studies targeting the androgen receptor for the treatment of CRPC. Three groups of agents are identified according to the mechanism of action. These include the CYP-17 modulators (Orteronel, Galeterone, VT-464 and CFG-920), novel antiandrogens (Apatorsen, ARN-509, ODM-201, EZN-4176, AZD-3514) and bipolar androgen therapy. EXPERT OPINION Further understanding of the mechanisms leading to castration resistance in prostate cancer can reveal potential targets for the development of novel anti-cancer agents. Except for the development of novel antiandrogens and CYP-17 modulators, bipolar androgen therapy is an interesting therapeutic approach. The combinations of the novel agents tested in Phase I and II studies with established agents is another field of interest. The real challenge is to distinguish a novel anti-cancer agent with acceptable tolerability and the best outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Dellis
- a University Department of Urology , Sismanoglio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papatsoris
- a University Department of Urology , Sismanoglio Hospital , Athens , Greece.,b Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge University Hospitals NHS , Cambridge , UK
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58
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Zhang Y, Yeh LK, Zhang S, Call M, Yuan Y, Yasunaga M, Kao WWY, Liu CY. Wnt/β-catenin signaling modulates corneal epithelium stratification via inhibition of Bmp4 during mouse development. Development 2016; 142:3383-93. [PMID: 26443636 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of organs with an epithelial parenchyma relies on reciprocal mesenchymal-epithelial communication. Mouse corneal epithelium stratification is the consequence of a coordinated developmental process based on mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. The molecular mechanism underlying these interactions remains unclear. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in fundamental aspects of development through the regulation of various growth factors. Here, we show that conditional ablation of either β-catenin (Ctnnb1(cKO)) or co-receptors Lrp5/6 (Lrp5/6(cKO)) in corneal stromal cells results in precocious stratification of the corneal epithelium. By contrast, ectopic expression of a murine Ctnnb1 gain-of-function mutant (Ctnnb1(cGOF)) retards corneal epithelium stratification. We also discovered that Bmp4 is upregulated in the absence of β-catenin in keratocytes, which further triggers ERK1/2 (Mapk3/1) and Smad1/5 phosphorylation and enhances transcription factor p63 (Trp63) expression in mouse corneal basal epithelial cells and in a human corneal epithelial cell line (HTCE). Interestingly, mouse neonates given a subconjunctival BMP4 injection displayed a phenotype resembling that of Ctnnb1(cKO). Conditional ablation of Bmp4 eradicates the phenotype produced in Ctnnb1(cKO) mice. Furthermore, ChIP and promoter-luciferase assays show that β-catenin binds to and suppresses Bmp4 promoter activity. These data support the concept that cross-talk between the Wnt/β-catenin/Bmp4 axis (in the stromal mesenchyme) and Bmp4/p63 signaling (in the epithelium) plays a pivotal role in epithelial stratification during corneal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Zhang
- Edith J. Crawley Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Lung-Kun Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Suohui Zhang
- Edith J. Crawley Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA Undergraduate Programs of Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mindy Call
- Edith J. Crawley Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yong Yuan
- Edith J. Crawley Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Mayu Yasunaga
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan
| | - Winston W-Y Kao
- Edith J. Crawley Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chia-Yang Liu
- Edith J. Crawley Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Chandrasekar T, Yang JC, Gao AC, Evans CP. Mechanisms of resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Transl Androl Urol 2016; 4:365-80. [PMID: 26814148 PMCID: PMC4708226 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.05.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in prostate cancer diagnosis and management, morbidity from prostate cancer remains high. Approximately 20% of men present with advanced or metastatic disease, while 29,000 men continue to die of prostate cancer each year. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the standard of care for initial management of advanced or metastatic prostate cancer since Huggins and Hodges first introduced the concept of androgen-dependence in 1972, but progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) occurs within 2-3 years of initiation of ADT. CRPC, previously defined as hormone-refractory prostate cancer, is now understood to still be androgen dependent. Multiple mechanisms of resistance help contribute to the progression to castration resistant disease, and the androgen receptor (AR) remains an important driver in this progression. These mechanisms include AR amplification and hypersensitivity, AR mutations leading to promiscuity, mutations in coactivators/corepressors, androgen-independent AR activation, and intratumoral and alternative androgen production. More recently, identification of AR variants (ARVs) has been established as another mechanism of progression to CRPC. Docetaxel chemotherapy has historically been the first-line treatment for CRPC, but in recent years, newer agents have been introduced that target some of these mechanisms of resistance, thereby providing additional survival benefit. These include AR signaling inhibitors such as enzalutamide (Xtandi, ENZA, MDV-3100) and CYP17A1 inhibitors such as abiraterone acetate (Zytiga). Ultimately, these agents will also fail to suppress CRPC. While some of the mechanisms by which these agents fail are unique, many share similarities to the mechanisms contributing to CRPC progression. Understanding these mechanisms of resistance to ADT and currently approved CRPC treatments will help guide future research into targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joy C Yang
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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60
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Rahman KM, Camp ME, Prasad N, McNeel AK, Levy SE, Bartol FF, Bagnell CA. Age and Nursing Affect the Neonatal Porcine Uterine Transcriptome. Biol Reprod 2015; 94:46. [PMID: 26632611 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.136150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The lactocrine hypothesis for maternal programming of neonatal development was proposed to describe a mechanism through which milk-borne bioactive factors, delivered from mother to nursing offspring, could affect development of tissues, including the uterus. Porcine uterine development, initiated before birth, is completed postnatally. However, age- and lactocrine-sensitive elements of the neonatal porcine uterine developmental program are undefined. Here, effects of age and nursing on the uterine transcriptome for 48 h from birth (Postnatal Day [PND] = 0) were identified using RNA sequencing (RNAseq). Uterine tissues were obtained from neonatal gilts (n = 4 per group) within 1 h of birth and before feeding (PND 0), or 48 h after nursing ad libitum (PND 2N) or feeding a commercial milk replacer (PND 2R). RNAseq analysis revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with both age (PND 2N vs. PND 0; 3283 DEGs) and nursing on PND 2 (PND 2N vs PND 2R; 896 DEGs). Expression of selected uterine genes was validated using quantitative real-time PCR. Bioinformatic analyses revealed multiple biological processes enriched in response to both age and nursing, including cell adhesion, morphogenesis, and cell-cell signaling. Age-sensitive pathways also included estrogen receptor-alpha and hedgehog signaling cascades. Lactocrine-sensitive processes in nursed gilts included those involved in response to wounding, the plasminogen activator network and coagulation. Overall, RNAseq analysis revealed comprehensive age- and nursing-related transcriptomic differences in the neonatal porcine uterus and identified novel pathways and biological processes regulating uterine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Rahman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Clay Center, Nebraska Department of Animal Sciences, Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Program, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Meredith E Camp
- Department of Animal Sciences, Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Program, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- Genomic Services Laboratory, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Anthony K McNeel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - Shawn E Levy
- Genomic Services Laboratory, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Frank F Bartol
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Biosciences Program, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Carol A Bagnell
- Department of Animal Sciences, Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Program, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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61
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Nakajima T, Tanimoto Y, Tanaka M, Chambon P, Watanabe H, Iguchi T, Sato T. Neonatal Estrogen Receptor β Is Important in the Permanent Inhibition of Epithelial Cell Proliferation in the Mouse Uterus. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3317-28. [PMID: 26020796 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays a pivotal role in the mouse uterine and vaginal epithelial cell proliferation stimulated by estrogen, whereas ERβ inhibits cell proliferation. ERβ mRNA is expressed in neonatal uteri and vaginae; however, its functions in neonatal tissues have not been ascertained. In this study, we investigated the ontogenic mRNA expression and localization of ERβ, and its roles in cell proliferation in neonatal uteri and vaginae of ERβ knockout (βERKO) mice. ERβ mRNA and protein were abundant in the uterine and vaginal epithelia of 2-day-old mice and decreased with age. In uterine and vaginal epithelia of 2-day-old βERKO mice, cell proliferation was greater than that in wild-type animals and in uterine epithelia of 90- and 365-day-old βERKO mice. In addition, p27 protein, known as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, was decreased in the uteri of 90- and 365-day-old βERKO mice. Inhibition of neonatal ERs by ICI 182780 (an ER antagonist) treatment stimulated cell proliferation and decreased p27 protein in the uterine luminal epithelium of 90-day-old mice but not in the vaginal epithelium. These results suggest that neonatal ERβ is important in the persistent inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation with accumulation of p27 protein in the mouse uterus. Thus, suppression of ERβ function in the uterine epithelium during the neonatal period may be responsible for a risk for proliferative disease in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaaki Nakajima
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masami Tanaka
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
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Bazer FW, Wang X, Johnson GA, Wu G. Select nutrients and their effects on conceptus development in mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:85-95. [PMID: 29767122 PMCID: PMC5945975 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dialogue between the mammalian conceptus (embryo/fetus and associated membranes) involves signaling for pregnancy recognition and maintenance of pregnancy during the critical peri-implantation period of pregnancy when the stage is set for implantation and placentation that precedes fetal development. Uterine epithelial cells secrete and/or transport a wide range of molecules, including nutrients, collectively referred to as histotroph that are transported into the fetal-placental vascular system to support growth and development of the conceptus. The availability of uterine-derived histotroph has long-term consequences for the health and well-being of the fetus and the prevention of adult onset of metabolic diseases. Histotroph includes numerous amino acids, but arginine plays a particularly important role as a source of nitric oxide and polyamines required for fetal-placental development in rodents, swine and humans through mechanisms that remain to be fully elucidated. Mechanisms whereby arginine regulates expression of genes via the mechanistic target of rapamycin cell signaling pathways critical to conceptus development, implantation and placentation are discussed in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuller W Bazer
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Xiaoqiu Wang
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Greg A Johnson
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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63
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Hashem HE, Abd El-Haleem MR, Abass MA. Epithelial and stromal alterations in prostate after cypermethrin administration in adult albino rats (histological and biochemical study). Tissue Cell 2015; 47:366-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fang X, Gyabaah K, Nickkholgh B, Cline JM, Balaji K. Novel In Vivo model for combinatorial fluorescence labeling in mouse prostate. Prostate 2015; 75:988-1000. [PMID: 25753731 PMCID: PMC4515139 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial layer of prostate glands contains several types of cells, including luminal and basal cells. Yet there is paucity of animal models to study the cellular origin of normal or neoplastic development in the prostate to facilitate the treatment of heterogenous prostate diseases by targeting individual cell lineages. METHODS We developed a mouse model that expresses different types of fluorescent proteins (XFPs) specifically in prostatic cells. Using an in vivo stochastic fluorescent protein combinatorial strategy, XFP signals were expressed specifically in prostate of Protein Kinase D1 (PKD1) knock-out, K-Ras(G) (12) (D) knock-in, and Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and PKD1 double knock-out mice under the control of PB-Cre promoter. RESULTS In vivo XFP signals were observed in prostate of PKD1 knock-out, K-Ras(G) (12) (D) knock-in, and PTEN PKD1 double knock-out mice, which developed normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic prostate, respectively. The patchy expression pattern of XFPs in neoplasia tissue indicated the clonal origin of cancer cells in the prostate. CONCLUSIONS The transgenic mouse models demonstrate combinatorial fluorescent protein expression in normal and cancerous prostatic tissues. This novel prostate-specific fluorescent labeled mouse model, which we named Prorainbow, could be useful in studying benign and malignant pathology of prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Fang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth Gyabaah
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Bita Nickkholgh
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - J. Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - K.C. Balaji
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- W. G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Administration Medical Center, Salisbury, North Carolina
- Correspondence to: K. C. Balaji, Department of Urology, Cancer Biology and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157.
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65
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Huang Y, Jin C, Hamana T, Liu J, Wang C, An L, McKeehan WL, Wang F. Overexpression of FGF9 in prostate epithelial cells augments reactive stroma formation and promotes prostate cancer progression. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:948-60. [PMID: 26157349 PMCID: PMC4495412 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer (PCa). Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) has been reported to promote PCa bone metastasis. However, the mechanism by which overexpression of FGF9 promotes PCa progression and metastasis is still unknown. Herein, we report that transgenic mice forced to express FGF9 in prostate epithelial cells (F9TG) developed high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in an expression level- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, FGF9/TRAMP bigenic mice (F9TRAMP) grew advanced PCa earlier and had higher frequencies of metastasis than TRAMP littermates. We observed tumor microenvironmental changes including hypercellularity and hyperproliferation in the stromal compartment of F9TG and F9TRAMP mice. Expression of TGFβ1, a key signaling molecule overexpressed in reactive stroma, was increased in F9TG and F9TRAMP prostates. Both in vivo and in vitro data indicated that FGF9 promoted TGFβ1 expression via increasing cJun-mediated signaling. Moreover, in silico analyses showed that the expression level of FGF9 was positively associated with expression of TGFβ1 and its downstream signaling molecules in human prostate cancers. Collectively, our data demonstrated that overexpressing FGF9 in PCa cells augmented the formation of reactive stroma and promoted PCa initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Huang
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chengliu Jin
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tomoaki Hamana
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junchen Liu
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cong Wang
- 2. Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei An
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wallace L McKeehan
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fen Wang
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA ; 2. Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China ; 3. Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M, Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
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66
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Pineda MJ, Lu Z, Cao D, Kim JJ. Influence of Cancer-Associated Endometrial Stromal Cells on Hormone-Driven Endometrial Tumor Growth. Discov Oncol 2015; 6:131-41. [PMID: 25976290 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-015-0223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts have been shown to inhibit or stimulate tumor growth depending on stage, grade, and tumor type. It remains unclear, however, the effect of endometrial-cancer-associated fibroblasts on hormone-driven responses in endometrial cancer. In this study, we investigated the effect of normal and cancer-associated stromal cells from patients with and without endometrial cancer on endometrial tumor growth in response to estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). Compared to benign endometrial stromal cells, the low-grade and high-grade cancer-associated stromal cells exhibited a blunted hormone response for proliferation as well as IGFBP1 secretion. Additional analysis of the influence of stromal cells on hormone-driven tumor growth was done by mixing stromal cells from benign, low-grade, or high-grade tumors, with Ishikawa cells for subcutaneous tumor formation. The presence of both benign and high-grade cancer-associated stromal cells increased estradiol-driven xenografted tumor growth compared to Ishikawa cells alone. Low-grade cancer-associated stromal cells did not significantly influence hormone-regulated tumor growth. Addition of P4 attenuated tumor growth in Ishikawa + benign or high-grade stromal cells, but not in Ishikawa cells alone or with low-grade stromal cells. Using an angiogenesis focused real-time array TGFA, TGFB2 and TGFBR1 and VEGFC were identified as potential candidates for hormone-influenced growth regulation of tumors in the presence of benign and high-grade stromal cells. In summary, endometrial-cancer-associated cells responded differently to in vitro hormone treatment compared to benign endometrial stromal cells. Additionally, presence of stromal cells differentially influenced hormone-driven xenograft growth in vivo depending on the disease status of the stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pineda
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Giangreco AA, Dambal S, Wagner D, Van der Kwast T, Vieth R, Prins GS, Nonn L. Differential expression and regulation of vitamin D hydroxylases and inflammatory genes in prostate stroma and epithelium by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in men with prostate cancer and an in vitro model. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:156-65. [PMID: 25305352 PMCID: PMC4361379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous work on vitamin D in the prostate has focused on the prostatic epithelium, from which prostate cancer arises. Prostatic epithelial cells are surrounded by stroma, which has well-established regulatory control over epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and the inflammatory response. Here we examined the regulation of vitamin D-related genes and inflammatory genes by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D) in laser-capture microdissected prostate tissue from a vitamin D3 clinical trial and in an in vitro model that facilitates stromal-epithelial crosstalk. Analysis of the trial tissues showed that VDR was present in both cell types, whereas expression of the hydroxylases was the highest in the epithelium. Examination of gene expression by prostatic (1,25(OH)2D) concentrations showed that VDR was significantly lower in prostate tissues with the highest concentration of 1,25(OH)2D, and down-regulation of VDR by 1,25(OH) 2D was confirmed in the primary cell cultures. Analysis of inflammatory genes in the patient tissues revealed that IL-6 expression was the highest in the prostate stroma while PTGS2 (COX2) levels were lowest in the prostate cancer tissues from men in the highest tertile of prostatic 1,25(OH)2D. In vitro, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were suppressed by 1,25 (OH)2D in the primary epithelial cells, whereas TNF-α and PTGS2 were suppressed by 1,25(OH) 2D in the stromal cells. Importantly, the ability of 1,25(OH)2D to alter pro-inflammatory-induced changes in epithelial cell growth were dependent on the presence of the stromal cells. In summary, whereas both stromal and epithelial cells of the prostate express VDR and can presumably respond to 1,25(OH)2D, the prostatic epithelium appears to be the main producer of 1,25(OH)2D. Further, while the prostate epithelium was more responsive to the anti-inflammatory activity of 1,25 (OH)2D than stromal cells, stroma-epithelial crosstalk enhanced the phenotypic effects of 1,25(OH)2D and the inflammatory process in the prostate gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shweta Dambal
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dennis Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Reinhold Vieth
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gail S Prins
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Saffarini CM, McDonnell-Clark EV, Amin A, Boekelheide K. A human fetal prostate xenograft model of developmental estrogenization. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:119-28. [PMID: 25633637 PMCID: PMC4409475 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815569364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common disease in older men. Rodent models have demonstrated that an early and later-life exposure to estrogen can lead to cancerous lesions and implicated hormonal dysregulation as an avenue for developing future prostate neoplasia. This study utilizes a human fetal prostate xenograft model to study the role of estrogen in the progression of human disease. Histopathological lesions were assessed in 7-, 30-, 90-, 200-, and 400-day human prostate xenografts. Gene expression for cell cycle, tumor suppressors, and apoptosis-related genes (ie, CDKN1A, CASP9, ESR2, PTEN, and TP53) was performed for 200-day estrogen-treated xenografts. Glandular hyperplasia was observed in xenografts given both an initial and secondary exposure to estradiol in both 200- and 400-day xenografts. Persistent estrogenic effects were verified using immunohistochemical markers for cytokeratin 10, p63, and estrogen receptor α. This model provides data on the histopathological state of the human prostate following estrogenic treatment, which can be utilized in understanding the complicated pathology associated with prostatic disease and early and later-life estrogenic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia M Saffarini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Ali Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Roatesi I, Radu BM, Cretoiu D, Cretoiu SM. Uterine Telocytes: A Review of Current Knowledge. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:10. [PMID: 25695721 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.125906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs), a novel cell type, are briefly defined as interstitial cells with telopodes (Tps). However, a specific immunocytochemical marker has not yet been found; therefore, electron microscopy is currently the only accurate method for identifying TCs. TCs are considered to have a mesenchymal origin. Recently proteomic analysis, microarray-based gene expression analysis, and the micro-RNA signature clearly showed that TCs are different from fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and endothelial cells. The dynamics of Tps were also revealed, and some electrophysiological properties of TCs were described (such as membrane capacitance, input resistance, membrane resting potential, and absence of action potentials correlated with different ionic currents characteristics), which can be used to distinguish uterine TCs from smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Here, we briefly present the most recent findings on the characteristics of TCs and their functions in human pregnant and nonpregnant uteri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurie Roatesi
- Victor Babeş National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania Division of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Beatrice Mihaela Radu
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- Victor Babeş National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania Division of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sanda Maria Cretoiu
- Victor Babeş National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania Division of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Vigezzi L, Bosquiazzo VL, Kass L, Ramos JG, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Luque EH. Developmental exposure to bisphenol A alters the differentiation and functional response of the adult rat uterus to estrogen treatment. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 52:83-92. [PMID: 25666754 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the long-term effect of perinatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) on the rat uterus and the uterine response to estrogen (E2) replacement therapy. BPA (0.5 or 50μg/kg/day) was administered in the drinking water from gestational day 9 until weaning. We studied the uterus of female offspring on postnatal day (PND) 90 and 360, and the uterine E2 response on PND460 (PND460-E2). On PND90, BPA-exposed rats showed altered glandular proliferation and α-actin expression. On PND360, BPA exposure increased the incidence of abnormalities in the luminal and glandular epithelium. On PND460-E2, the multiplicity of glands with squamous metaplasia increased in BPA50 while the incidence of glands with daughter glands increased in BPA0.5. The expression of steroid receptors, p63 and IGF-I was modified in BPA-exposed rats on PND460-E2. The long-lasting effects of perinatal exposure to BPA included induction of abnormalities in uterine tissue and altered response to E2 replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Vigezzi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL) - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Verónica L Bosquiazzo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL) - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL) - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorge G Ramos
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL) - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL) - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Enrique H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL) - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Wira CR, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Patel MV, Biswas N, Fahey JV. Endocrine Regulation of the Mucosal Immune System in the Female Reproductive Tract. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Weng J, Liu Y, Xu Y, Hu R, Zhang H, Sheng X, Watanabe G, Taya K, Weng Q, Xu M. Expression of P450arom and Estrogen Receptor Alpha in the Oviduct of Chinese Brown Frog (Rana dybowskii) during Prehibernation. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:283085. [PMID: 25802518 PMCID: PMC4353437 DOI: 10.1155/2015/283085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One specific physiological phenomenon of Chinese brown frog (Rana dybowskii) is that its oviduct expands prior to hibernation instead of expanding during the breeding period. In this study, we investigated the expression of P450arom and estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ) in the oviduct of Rana dybowskii during the breeding period and prehibernation. The results of the present study showed that there were significant differences in both oviductal weight and size with values markedly higher in prehibernation than in the breeding period. P450arom was observed in stromal tissue in both the breeding period and prehibernation. ERα was expressed in stromal tissue and epithelial cells in both periods, whereas ERβ could not be detected. The mean protein and mRNA levels of P450arom and ERα were significantly higher in prehibernation as compared to the breeding period. Besides, oviductal content of 17β-estradiol was also higher in prehibernation than in the breeding period. These results suggested that estrogen may play autocrine/paracrine roles mediated by ERα in regulating the oviductal hypertrophy during prehibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Weng
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuning Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruiqi Hu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Xia Sheng
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Taya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Qiang Weng
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meiyu Xu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- *Meiyu Xu:
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73
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Yarbrough VL, Winkle S, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 21:353-77. [PMID: 25547201 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the interface of the external environment and the mucosal surface of the female reproductive tract (FRT) lies a first-line defense against pathogen invasion that includes antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Comprised of a unique class of multifunctional, amphipathic molecules, AMP employ a wide range of functions to limit microbial invasion and replication within host cells as well as independently modulate the immune system, dampen inflammation and maintain tissue homeostasis. The role of AMP in barrier defense at the level of the skin and gut has received much attention as of late. Given the far reaching implications for women's health, maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, and sexually transmissible and polymicrobial diseases, we herein review the distribution and function of key AMP throughout the female reproductive mucosa and assess their role as an essential immunological barrier to microbial invasion throughout the reproductive cycle of a woman's lifetime. METHODS A comprehensive search in PubMed/Medline was conducted related to AMP general structure, function, signaling, expression, distribution and barrier function of AMP in the FRT, hormone regulation of AMP, the microbiome of the FRT, and AMP in relation to implantation, pregnancy, fertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, complications of pregnancy and assisted reproductive technology. RESULTS AMP are amphipathic peptides that target microbes for destruction and have been conserved throughout all living organisms. In the FRT, several major classes of AMP are expressed constitutively and others are inducible at the mucosal epithelium and by immune cells. AMP expression is also under the influence of sex hormones, varying throughout the menstrual cycle, and dependent on the vaginal microbiome. AMP can prevent infection with sexually transmissible and opportunistic pathogens of the female reproductive tissues, although emerging understanding of vaginal dysbiosis suggests induction of a unique AMP profile with increased susceptibility to these pathogens. During pregnancy, AMP are key immune effectors of the fetal membranes and placenta and are dysregulated in states of intrauterine infection and other complications of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS At the level of the FRT, AMP serve to inhibit infection by sexually and vertically transmissible as well as by opportunistic bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa and must do so throughout the hormone flux of menses and pregnancy. Guarding the exclusive site of reproduction, AMP modulate the vaginal microbiome of the lower FRT to aid in preventing ascending microbes into the upper FRT. Evolving in parallel with, and in response to, pathogenic insults, AMP are relatively immune to the resistance mechanisms employed by rapidly evolving pathogens and play a key role in barrier function and host defense throughout the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Yarbrough
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, , Phoenix, AZ 85004-2157, USA
| | - Sean Winkle
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, , Phoenix, AZ 85004-2157, USA
| | - Melissa M Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, , Phoenix, AZ 85004-2157, USA
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Kim TH, Yoo JY, Kim HI, Gilbert J, Ku BJ, Li J, Mills GB, Broaddus RR, Lydon JP, Lim JM, Yoon HG, Jeong JW. Mig-6 suppresses endometrial cancer associated with Pten deficiency and ERK activation. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7371-82. [PMID: 25377472 PMCID: PMC4268053 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PTEN mutations are the most common genetic alterations in endometrial cancer. Loss of PTEN and subsequent AKT activation stimulate estrogen receptor α-dependent pathways that play an important role in endometrial tumorigenesis. The major pathologic phenomenon of endometrial cancer is the loss of ovarian steroid hormone control over uterine epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, the precise mechanism of PTEN/AKT signaling in endometrial cancer remains poorly understood. The progesterone signaling mediator MIG-6 suppresses estrogen signaling and it has been implicated previously as a tumor suppressor in endometrial cancer. In this study, we show that MIG-6 also acts as a tumor suppressor in endometrial cancers associated with PTEN deficiency. Transgenic mice, where Mig-6 was overexpressed in progesterone receptor-expressing cells, exhibited a relative reduction in uterine tumorigenesis caused by Pten deficiency. ERK1/2 was phosphorylated in uterine tumors and administration of an ERK1/2 inhibitor suppressed cancer progression in PR(cre/+)Pten(f/f) mice. In clinical specimens of endometrial cancer, MIG-6 expression correlated inversely with ERK1/2 phosphorylation during progression. Taken together, our findings suggest that Mig-6 regulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation and that it is crucial for progression of PTEN-mutant endometrial cancers, providing a mechanistic rationale for the evaluation of ERK1/2 inhibitors as a therapeutic treatment in human endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jung-Yoon Yoo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medicine Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Hong Im Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jenifer Gilbert
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Bon Jeong Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 301-721, South Korea
| | - Jane Li
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Russell R. Broaddus
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John P. Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeong Mook Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Ho-Geun Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medicine Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea,Correspondence to: Jae-Wook Jeong, Ph.D., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Suite 4024, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, Phone: 616-234-0987, Fax: 616-234-0990, . Ho-Geun Yoon, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Severance Medical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine,134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, 120-752, Seoul, South Korea, Tel: +82-2-2228-1683, Fax: +82-2-312-5041,
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA,Correspondence to: Jae-Wook Jeong, Ph.D., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Suite 4024, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, Phone: 616-234-0987, Fax: 616-234-0990, . Ho-Geun Yoon, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Severance Medical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine,134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, 120-752, Seoul, South Korea, Tel: +82-2-2228-1683, Fax: +82-2-312-5041,
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Yamauchi K, Yamauchi N, Yamagami K, Nakamura N, Yamashita S, Islam MR, Tabata S, Yahiro K, Tamura T, Hashizume K, Hattori MA. Development of anin vitromodel for the analysis of bovine endometrium using simple techniques. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:523-31. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamauchi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yamauchi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamagami
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Nakamura
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Seiya Yamashita
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Md. Rashedul Islam
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Shoji Tabata
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | | | | | | | - Masa-aki Hattori
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
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76
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Geisert RD, Lucy MC, Whyte JJ, Ross JW, Mathew DJ. Cytokines from the pig conceptus: roles in conceptus development in pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:51. [PMID: 25436109 PMCID: PMC4247618 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of pregnancy in pigs involves maintaining progesterone secretion from the corpora lutea in addition to regulating a sensitive interplay between the maternal immune system and attachment of the rapidly expanding trophoblast for nutrient absorption. The peri-implantation period of rapid trophoblastic elongation followed by attachment to the maternal uterine endometrium is critical for establishing a sufficient placental-uterine interface for subsequent nutrient transport for fetal survival to term, but is also marked by the required conceptus release of factors involved with stimulating uterine secretion of histotroph and modulation of the maternal immune system. Many endometrial genes activated by the conceptus secretory factors stimulate a tightly controlled proinflammatory response within the uterus. A number of the cytokines released by the elongating conceptuses stimulate inducible transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) potentially regulating the maternal uterine proinflammatory and immune response. This review will establish the current knowledge for the role of conceptus cytokine production and release in early development and establishment of pregnancy in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D Geisert
- Animal Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Matthew C Lucy
- Animal Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Jeffrey J Whyte
- Animal Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2356 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Daniel J Mathew
- Animal Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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77
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Tapia-Pizarro A, Figueroa P, Brito J, Marín JC, Munroe DJ, Croxatto HB. Endometrial gene expression reveals compromised progesterone signaling in women refractory to embryo implantation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:92. [PMID: 25248672 PMCID: PMC4181418 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial function is essential for embryo implantation. The aim of this study was to analyze gene expression profiles from individual endometrial samples obtained from women with repeated implantation failure after IVF in oocyte donation programs. METHODS Seventeen volunteers were recruited: women who had previously participated as recipients in oocyte donation cycles and repeatedly exhibited implantation failure (Group A, study group, n = 5) or had at least one successful cycle (Group B, control group, n = 6) and spontaneously fertile women (Group C, normal fertility group, n = 6). An endometrial cycle was induced with exogenous estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) and an endometrial sample was collected on the seventh day of P treatment. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis showed 82 genes with consistent differential gene expression when comparing A vs. B and A vs. C. One hundred transcripts differentially expressed in group A vs. B have been shown to be regulated by P, suggesting compromised P signaling in the endometrium. The P receptor (PR) mutation PROGINS was not detected in women from group A. Semi-quantitation of immunoreactive PRA/B, PRB and Sp1 (a transcription factor related to P signaling) in paraffin-embedded endometrial sections, did not show statistically significant differences amongst groups. However immunostaining glycodelin was significantly decreased in endometrial samples from group A. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that some cases of repeated implantation failure could be associated with an aberrant gene expression profile. Compromised P signaling might be the underlying mechanism for such endometrial gene expression deregulation in women with repeated implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Tapia-Pizarro
- />Instituto de Investigaciones Materno Infantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Figueroa
- />Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio Brito
- />Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - David J Munroe
- />Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Horacio B Croxatto
- />Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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78
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Zhu H, Hou CC, Luo LF, Hu YJ, Yang WX. Endometrial stromal cells and decidualized stromal cells: origins, transformation and functions. Gene 2014; 551:1-14. [PMID: 25168894 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Decidualization of endometrium, which is characterized by endometrial stromal cell (ESC) decidualization, vascular reconstruction, immune cell recruitment, and plentiful molecule production, is a crucial step for uterus to become receptive for embryo. When implantation takes place, ESCs surround and directly interact with embryo. Decidualized stromal cells (DSCs) are of great importance in endometrial decidualization, having a broad function in regulating immune activity and vascular remodeling of uterus. DSCs are shown to have a higher metabolic level and looser cytoskeleton than ESCs. What's the origin of ESCs and how ESCs successfully transform into DSCs had puzzled scientists in the last decades. Breakthrough had been achieved recently, and many studies had elucidated some of the characters and functions of DSCs. However, several questions still remain unclear. This paper reviews current understanding of where ESCs come from and how ESCs differentiate into DSCs, summarizes some characters and functions of DSCs, analyzes current studies and their limitations and points out research areas that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Zhu
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cong-Cong Hou
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ling-Feng Luo
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan-Jun Hu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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79
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Abstract
Progesterone plays an essential role in the maintenance of the endometrium; it prepares the endometrium for pregnancy, promotes decidualization, and inhibits estrogen-dependent proliferation. Progesterone function is often dysregulated in endometrial disease states. In addition, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is often overactive in endometrial pathologies and promotes the survival and proliferation of the diseased cells. Understanding how AKT influences progesterone action is critical in improving hormone-based therapies in endometrial pathologies. Here, we summarize recent studies investigating the crosstalk between the AKT pathway and progesterone receptor function in endometriosis and endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene I Lee
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - J Julie Kim
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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80
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Pawar S, Hantak AM, Bagchi IC, Bagchi MK. Minireview: Steroid-regulated paracrine mechanisms controlling implantation. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1408-22. [PMID: 25051170 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation is an essential process during establishment of pregnancy in mammals. It is initiated with the attachment of the blastocyst to a receptive uterine epithelium followed by its invasion into the stromal tissue. These events are profoundly regulated by the steroid hormones 17β-estradiol and progesterone. During the past several years, mouse models harboring conditional gene knockout mutations have become powerful tools for determining the functional roles of cellular factors involved in various aspects of implantation biology. Studies using these genetic models as well as primary cultures of human endometrial cells have established that the estrogen receptor α, the progesterone receptor, and their downstream target genes critically regulate uterine growth and differentiation, which in turn control embryo-endometrial interactions during early pregnancy. These studies have uncovered a diverse array of molecular cues, which are produced under the influence of estrogen receptor α and progesterone receptor and exchanged between the epithelial and stromal compartments of the uterus during the progressive phases of implantation. These paracrine signals are critical for acquisition of uterine receptivity and functional interactions with the embryo. This review highlights recent work describing paracrine mechanisms that govern steroid-regulated uterine epithelial-stromal dialogue during implantation and their roles in fertility and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Pawar
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (S.P., A.M.H., M.K.B.) and Comparative Biosciences (I.C.B.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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81
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Damasceno AA, Carvalho CP, Santos EMB, Botelho FV, Araújo FA, Deconte SR, Tomiosso TC, Balbi APC, Zanon RG, Taboga SR, Góes RM, Ribeiro DL. Effects of maternal diabetes on male offspring: high cell proliferation and increased activity of MMP-2 in the ventral prostate. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:257-69. [PMID: 24988912 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive view of the histological and functional status of the prostate of adult rat offspring of mothers subjected to gestational diabetes induced by alloxan. The ventral prostate of male adult offspring of diabetic (DP) or normal (CP) mothers was evaluated for collagen fibres, cell death, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, cell proliferation, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), androgen receptors (AR), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ-1), catalase and total antioxidant activity. The prostates of DP animals were lower in weight than those of the CP group. The DP group also exhibited hyperglycaemia and hypotestosteronemia, higher cell proliferation and AR expression, a reduction in α-actin (possibly interfering with the reproductive function of the prostate), and enhanced activity of MMP-2, although the absolute content of MMP-2 was lower in this group. These findings were associated with increased TGFβ-1 and decreased collagen distribution. The prostates of DP rats additionally exhibited reductions in catalase and total antioxidant activity. Thus, rats developing in a diabetic intrauterine environment have glycaemic and hormonal changes that impact on the structure and physiology of the prostate in adulthood. The increased AR expression possibly leads to elevated cell proliferation. Stromal remodelling was characterized by enhanced activity of MMP-2 and collagen degradation, even with increased TGFβ-1 activation. These changes associated with increased oxidative stress might interfere with tissue architecture and glandular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Damasceno
- Histology Sector, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Murashima A, Kishigami S, Thomson A, Yamada G. Androgens and mammalian male reproductive tract development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:163-70. [PMID: 24875095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the main functions of androgen is in the sexually dimorphic development of the male reproductive tissues. During embryogenesis, androgen determines the morphogenesis of male specific organs, such as the epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate and penis. Despite the critical function of androgens in masculinization, the downstream molecular mechanisms of androgen signaling are poorly understood. Tissue recombination experiments and tissue specific androgen receptor (AR) knockout mouse studies have revealed epithelial or mesenchymal specific androgen-AR signaling functions. These findings also indicate that epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are a key feature of AR specific activity, and paracrine growth factor action may mediate some of the effects of androgens. This review focuses on mouse models showing the interactions of androgen and growth factor pathways that promote the sexual differentiation of reproductive organs. Recent studies investigating context dependent AR target genes are also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear receptors in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Murashima
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kishigami
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Kinokawa 649-6493, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Axel Thomson
- Department of Urology, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Av, Montreal, Québec, H3A 1A4, Canada
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Wakayama, Japan.
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Shao R, Li X, Feng Y, Lin JF, Billig H. Direct effects of metformin in the endometrium: a hypothetical mechanism for the treatment of women with PCOS and endometrial carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:41. [PMID: 24887156 PMCID: PMC4036091 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although a number of in vitro studies have demonstrated the antiproliferative, anti-invasive, and antimetastatic effects of metformin in multiple cancer cell types, its cellular and molecular mechanisms of anti-cancer action in the endometrium of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have not yet been fully elucidated. Organic cation transporters (OCTs) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs) are known to be involved in metformin uptake and excretion in cells. In this article, we discuss the novel therapeutic possibilities for early-stage endometrial carcinoma (EC) in women with PCOS focusing on metformin, which might have a direct effect in the endometrium through the OCTs and MATEs. We then review the molecular mechanism(s) of the action of metformin in the endometrium and highlight possible mechanistic insights into the inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth and, ultimately, the reversal of early-stage EC into normal endometria in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Shao
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden.
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Stein MN, Patel N, Bershadskiy A, Sokoloff A, Singer EA. Androgen synthesis inhibitors in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:387-400. [PMID: 24759590 PMCID: PMC4023364 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.129133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppression of gonadal testosterone synthesis represents the standard first line therapy for treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. However, in the majority of patients who develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), it is possible to detect persistent activation of the androgen receptor (AR) through androgens produced in the adrenal gland or within the tumor itself. Abiraterone acetate was developed as an irreversible inhibitor of the dual functional cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP17 with activity as a 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase. CYP17 is necessary for production of nongonadal androgens from cholesterol. Regulatory approval of abiraterone in 2011, based on a phase III trial showing a significant improvement in overall survival (OS) with abiraterone and prednisone versus prednisone, represented proof of principle that targeting AR is essential for improving outcomes in men with CRPC. Inhibition of 17α-hydroxylase by abiraterone results in accumulation of upstream mineralocorticoids due to loss of cortisol-mediated suppression of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), providing a rationale for development of CYP17 inhibitors with increased specificity for 17,20-lyase (orteronel, galeterone and VT-464) that can potentially be administered without exogenous corticosteroids. In this article, we review the development of abiraterone and other CYP17 inhibitors; recent studies with abiraterone that inform our understanding of clinical parameters such as drug effects on quality-of-life, potential early predictors of response, and optimal sequencing of abiraterone with respect to other agents; and results of translational studies providing insights into resistance mechanisms to CYP17 inhibitors leading to clinical trials with drug combinations designed to prolong abiraterone benefit or restore abiraterone activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Stein
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Neal Patel
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, USA
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexander Bershadskiy
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alisa Sokoloff
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Eric A Singer
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, USA
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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85
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Matsuda M, Kurosaki K, Okamura N. Activated vitamin D3 and pro-activated vitamin D3 attenuate induction of permanent changes caused by neonatal estrogen exposure in the mouse vagina. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:274-9. [PMID: 24769840 PMCID: PMC4139501 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of mice to a high dose of estrogens including diethylstilbestrol (DES) during the neonatal period modifies the
developmental plan of the genital tract, which leads to various permanent changes in physiology, morphology and gene expression.
These changes include development of an abnormal vaginal epithelium lined with hyperplastic mucinous cells accompanied by
Tff1 gene expression in mice. Here, the influence of vitamin D on the direct effect of estrogen on the
developing mouse vagina was examined. The mid-vagina of neonatal mice was cultured in a serum-free medium containing estradiol-17β
(E2) and various concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D) ex
vivo and then was transplanted under the renal capsule of ovariectomized host mice for 35 days. Exposure to
E2 alone caused the vaginal tissue to develop estrogen-independent epithelial hyperplasia and to express TFF1 mRNA,
while addition of a low nanomolar amount of 1,25(OH)2D added at the same time as E2 to the culture medium
attenuated the effects of estrogen. Expression of vitamin D receptor was also evident in the neonatal mouse vagina. Interestingly,
addition of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, a pro-activated form of vitamin D, at the micromolar level was found to be potent in
disrupting the developmental effects of E2, while cholecalciferol was not at least at the dose examined.
Correspondingly, expression of Cyp27B1, a kidney-specific 25-hydroxyvitamin D hydroxylase, was evident in the neonatal mouse
vagina when examined by RT-PCR. In addition, simultaneous administration of 1,25(OH)2D successfully attenuated
DES-induced ovary-independent hyperplasia in the vagina in neonatal mice in vivo. Thus, manipulation of vitamin D
influenced the harmful effects of estrogens on mouse vaginal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Matsuda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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86
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Development of the external genitalia: perspectives from the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Differentiation 2014; 87:4-22. [PMID: 24582573 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review/research paper summarizes data on development of the external genitalia of the spotted hyena, a fascinating mammal noted for extreme masculinization of the female external genitalia. The female spotted hyena is the only extant mammal that mates and gives birth through a pendulous penis-like clitoris. Our studies indicate that early formation of the phallus in both males and females is independent of androgens; indeed the phallus forms before the fetal testes or ovaries are capable of synthesizing androgens. Likewise, pre- and postnatal growth in length of the penis and clitoris is minimally affected by "androgen status". Nonetheless, several internal morphologies, as well as external surface features of the phallus, are androgen-dependent and thus account for dimorphism between the penis and clitoris. Finally, estrogens play a critical role in penile and clitoral development, specifying the position of the urethral orifice, determining elasticity of the urethral meatus, and facilitating epithelial-epithelial fusion events required for proper formation of the distal urethra/urogenital sinus and prepuce. Accordingly, prenatal inhibition of estrogen synthesis via administration of letrozole (an aromatase inhibitor) leads to malformations of the glans as well as the prepuce (hypospadias). The effects of prenatal androgens, anti-androgens and impaired estrogen synthesis correlated with the tissue expression of androgen and estrogen receptors.
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87
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Huang CC, Orvis GD, Kwan KM, Behringer RR. Lhx1 is required in Müllerian duct epithelium for uterine development. Dev Biol 2014; 389:124-36. [PMID: 24560999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The female reproductive tract organs of mammals, including the oviducts, uterus, cervix and upper vagina, are derived from the Müllerian ducts, a pair of epithelial tubes that form within the mesonephroi. The Müllerian ducts form in a rostral to caudal manner, guided by and dependent on the Wolffian ducts that have already formed. Experimental embryological studies indicate that caudal elongation of the Müllerian duct towards the urogenital sinus occurs in part by proliferation at the ductal tip. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the elongation of the Müllerian duct are currently unclear. Lhx1 encodes a LIM-homeodomain transcription factor that is essential for male and female reproductive tract development. Lhx1 is expressed in both the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts. Wolffian duct-specific knockout of Lhx1 results in degeneration of the Wolffian duct and consequently the non-cell-autonomous loss of the Müllerian duct. To determine the role of Lhx1 specifically in the Müllerian duct epithelium, we performed a Müllerian duct-specific knockout study using Wnt7a-Cre mice. Loss of Lhx1 in the Müllerian duct epithelium led to a block in Müllerian duct elongation and uterine hypoplasia characterized by loss of the entire endometrium (luminal and glandular epithelium and stroma) and inner circular but not the outer longitudinal muscle layer. Time-lapse imaging and molecular analyses indicate that Lhx1 acts cell autonomously to maintain ductal progenitor cells for Müllerian duct elongation. These studies identify LHX1 as the first transcription factor that is essential in the Müllerian duct epithelial progenitor cells for female reproductive tract development. Furthermore, these genetic studies demonstrate the requirement of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions for uterine tissue compartment differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chiu Huang
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Grant D Orvis
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kin Ming Kwan
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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88
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Evans J, Salamonsen LA. Decidualized human endometrial stromal cells are sensors of hormone withdrawal in the menstrual inflammatory cascade. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:14. [PMID: 24227758 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.108175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Menstruation is a complex process dependent on premenstrual release of inflammatory mediators and proteolytic enzymes from endometrial cells. Endometrial leukocytes are traditionally considered to be the major source of the inflammatory factors. However, evidence is emerging to suggest a role for decidualized endometrial stromal cells in the premenstrual inflammatory cascade. We sought to determine if withdrawal of hormone support (estrogen and progesterone) from decidualized endometrial stromal cells, in a model mimicking the precise timing leading to menstruation, activated inflammatory signaling pathways and downstream release of inflammatory mediators. Human endometrial stromal cells decidualized gradually over 12 days of estradiol and progestin treatment as evidenced by an increase in prolactin secretion. Withdrawal of hormone support from decidualized stromal cells resulted in a decrease in cytoplasmic IkappaB and a progressive increase in nuclear accumulation of NF-kappaB, as demonstrated by Western immunoblot and immunocytochemical analyses. Concomitant with nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, hormone withdrawal led to production of a host of inflammatory mediators by the decidualized stromal cells, including IFN-alpha, IL-6, CCL11, GM-CSF, CCL2, IL1-RA, CXCL10, CXCL8, IL-12, IL-15, VEGF, and CCL5. Elevation of inflammatory mediators was not observed, however, upon hormone withdrawal in cells treated with the NF-kappaB inhibitor BAY 11-7085. Decidualized stromal cells are likely highly sensitive sensors of changing hormone levels. This provides a mechanism by which decidualized stromal cells may recruit inflammatory leukocytes into the premenstrual endometrium and contribute to the intense inflammation underlying this unique physiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Evans
- Prince Henry's Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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89
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Chan SC, Dehm SM. Constitutive activity of the androgen receptor. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 70:327-66. [PMID: 24931201 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417197-8.00011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States. The androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis is central to all stages of PCa pathophysiology and serves as the main target for endocrine-based therapy. The most advanced stage of the disease, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), is presently incurable and accounts for most PCa mortality. In this chapter, we highlight the mechanisms by which the AR signaling axis can bypass endocrine-targeted therapies and drive progression of CRPC. These mechanisms include alterations in growth factor, cytokine, and inflammatory signaling pathways, altered expression or activity of transcriptional coregulators, AR point mutations, and AR gene amplification leading to AR protein overexpression. Additionally, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying the synthesis of constitutively active AR splice variants (AR-Vs) lacking the COOH-terminal ligand-binding domain, as well as the role and regulation of AR-Vs in supporting therapeutic resistance in CRPC. Finally, we summarize the ongoing development of inhibitors targeting discrete AR functional domains as well as the status of new biomarkers for monitoring the AR signaling axis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Chiu Chan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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90
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Cytokeratin 18 is not required for morphogenesis of developing prostates but contributes to adult prostate regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:576472. [PMID: 24672777 PMCID: PMC3929997 DOI: 10.1155/2013/576472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokeratin 18 (CK18) is a key component of keratin-containing intermediate filaments and has long been used as a classic luminal cell marker in prostatic tissue. However, the in vivo function of CK18 in prostate is not known so far. We reported in this study, unexpectedly, that deletion of CK18 in a mouse model did not affect the morphological or the histological structures of adult prostate, as the CK18 knockout prostate displayed a normal glandular ductal structure, branching pattern, and composition of both luminal and basal cells. However, CK18 loss compromised the regenerative tubular branching in dorsolateral prostate after castration and androgen replacement. Therefore, in contrast to its importance as luminal cell marker, CK18 is dispensable for the prostate morphogenesis but contributes to adult prostate regeneration.
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91
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Shao R. Progesterone receptor isoforms A and B: new insights into the mechanism of progesterone resistance for the treatment of endometrial carcinoma. Ecancermedicalscience 2013; 7:381. [PMID: 24386010 PMCID: PMC3869473 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2013.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone therapy is an effective treatment for atypical endometrial hyperplasia and early endometrial carcinoma (EC). However, progesterone resistance is the main obstacle to the success of conservative treatment in women with type I EC and remains a major clinical challenge. Studies indicate that progesterone and progesterone receptors (PRs) play a significant role in both normal and neoplastic endometria. Most EC arises in the epithelial cells of the endometrial glands, and a large body of in vitro evidence suggests that the absence or reduced expression of PR isoform B might result in the failure of progesterone treatment and lead to aberrant PRB-mediated signalling in EC cells. A recently developed in vivo knockout mouse model suggests that enhanced DNA methylation decreases the level of stromal PR isoform A and that this is also a main contributor to progesterone resistance in EC cells. The endometrial stroma within the EC might create a microenvironment that determines how epithelial-derived cancer cells respond to progesterone. This novel study opened a new avenue for research seeking to clarify the mechanisms that regulate the specific PR isoforms that are associated with the stromal cell responses to progesterone and has led to new understanding of both endometrial cell-specific and mechanical contributions of the stroma to EC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Shao
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
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92
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Yoshinaga K, PrabhuDas M, Davies C, White K, Caron K, Golos T, Fazleabas A, Paria B, Mor G, Paul S, Ye X, Dey SK, Spencer T, Roberts RM. Interdisciplinary collaborative team for blastocyst implantation research: inception and perspectives. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 71:1-11. [PMID: 24286196 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yoshinaga
- Fertility and Infertility Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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93
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Bosquiazzo VL, Vigezzi L, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Luque EH. Perinatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol alters the functional differentiation of the adult rat uterus. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:1-9. [PMID: 23454116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The exposure to endocrine disrupters and female reproductive tract disorders has not been totally clarified. The present study assessed the long-term effect of perinatal (gestation+lactation) exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the rat uterus and the effect of estrogen replacement therapy. DES (5μg/kg bw/day) was administered in the drinking water from gestational day 9 until weaning and we studied the uterus of young adult (PND90) and adult (PND360) females. To investigate whether perinatal exposure to DES modified the uterine response to a long-lasting estrogen treatment, 12-month-old rats exposed to DES were ovariectomized and treated with 17β-estradiol for 3 months (PND460). In young adult rats (PND90), the DES treatment decreased both the proliferation of glandular epithelial cells and the percentage of glandular perimeter occupied by α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells. The other tissue compartments remained unchanged. Cell apoptosis was not altered in DES-exposed females. In control adult rats (PND360), there were some morphologically abnormal uterine glands. In adult rats exposed to DES, the incidence of glands with cellular anomalies increased. In response to estrogens (PND460), the incidence of cystic glands increased in the DES group. We observed glands with daughter glands and conglomerates of glands only on PND460 and in response to estrogen replacement therapy, independently of DES exposure. The p63 isoforms were expressed without changes on PND460. Estrogen receptors α and β showed no changes, while the progesterone receptor decreased in the subepithelial stroma of DES-exposed animals with estrogen treatment. The long-lasting effects of perinatal exposure to DES included the induction of abnormalities in uterine tissues of aged female rats and an altered response of the adult uterus to estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica L Bosquiazzo
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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94
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Pavlides SC, Huang KT, Reid DA, Wu L, Blank SV, Mittal K, Guo L, Rothenberg E, Rueda B, Cardozo T, Gold LI. Inhibitors of SCF-Skp2/Cks1 E3 ligase block estrogen-induced growth stimulation and degradation of nuclear p27kip1: therapeutic potential for endometrial cancer. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4030-45. [PMID: 24035998 PMCID: PMC3800755 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In many human cancers, the tumor suppressor, p27(kip1) (p27), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor critical to cell cycle arrest, undergoes perpetual ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation by the E3 ligase complex SCF-Skp2/Cks1 and/or cytoplasmic mislocalization. Lack of nuclear p27 causes aberrant cell cycle progression, and cytoplasmic p27 mediates cell migration/metastasis. We previously showed that mitogenic 17-β-estradiol (E2) induces degradation of p27 by the E3 ligase Skp1-Cullin1-F-Box- S phase kinase-associated protein2/cyclin dependent kinase regulatory subunit 1 in primary endometrial epithelial cells and endometrial carcinoma (ECA) cell lines, suggesting a pathogenic mechanism for type I ECA, an E2-induced cancer. The current studies show that treatment of endometrial carcinoma cells-1 (ECC-1) with small molecule inhibitors of Skp2/Cks1 E3 ligase activity (Skp2E3LIs) stabilizes p27 in the nucleus, decreases p27 in the cytoplasm, and prevents E2-induced proliferation and degradation of p27 in endometrial carcinoma cells-1 and primary ECA cells. Furthermore, Skp2E3LIs increase p27 half-life by 6 hours, inhibit cell proliferation (IC50, 14.3μM), block retinoblastoma protein (pRB) phosphorylation, induce G1 phase block, and are not cytotoxic. Similarly, using super resolution fluorescence localization microscopy and quantification, Skp2E3LIs increase p27 protein in the nucleus by 1.8-fold. In vivo, injection of Skp2E3LIs significantly increases nuclear p27 and reduces proliferation of endometrial epithelial cells by 42%-62% in ovariectomized E2-primed mice. Skp2E3LIs are specific inhibitors of proteolytic degradation that pharmacologically target the binding interaction between the E3 ligase, SCF-Skp2/Cks1, and p27 to stabilize nuclear p27 and prevent cell cycle progression. These targeted inhibitors have the potential to be an important therapeutic advance over general proteasome inhibitors for cancers characterized by SCF-Skp2/Cks1-mediated destruction of nuclear p27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas C Pavlides
- PhD, Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NB17E4, New York, NY 10016.
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95
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Simon L, Cooke PS, Berry SE. Aorta-derived mesoangioblasts can be differentiated into functional uterine epithelium, but not prostatic epithelium or epidermis, by instructive mesenchymes. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:169-78. [PMID: 24192012 DOI: 10.1159/000354900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoangiobasts are blood vessel-derived stem cells that differentiate into smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells. We have reported that postnatal aorta-derived mesoangioblasts (ADM) regenerate skeletal muscle and prevent onset of dilated cardiomyopathy in animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. ADM also differentiate into myelinating glial cells, suggesting they are multipotent and capable of generating mesodermal or ectodermal derivatives. Mesenchyme of some fetal organs is a potent instructive inducer. Here we examined whether ADM can differentiate into prostatic, uterine, and skin epithelium by recombining ADM with fetal or neonatal mesenchyme from these organs and grafting them under the renal capsule of syngeneic hosts. In tissue recombinants of uterine mesenchyme (UtM) and ADM, ADM formed histologically normal simple columnar uterine epithelium that expressed estrogen receptor 1 and in response to estrogen showed increased mitogenesis and downregulation of progesterone receptor. In contrast, ADM did not differentiate into prostatic epithelium or epidermis when recombined with urogenital sinus mesenchyme or fetal dermis, respectively. These results indicate that ADM can respond to cues from neonatal UtM and differentiate into morphologically and functionally normal uterine epithelial cells, and support previous reports that ADM can differentiate into a variety of tissues of the mesodermal lineage. However, these data indicate that ADM are restricted in their capacity to differentiate into endodermal and ectodermal derivatives such as prostatic and skin epithelial cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Simon
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La., USA
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96
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Vázquez M, Forcada F, Sosa C, Casao A, Sartore I, Fernández-Foren A, Meikle A, Abecia J. Effect of exogenous melatonin on embryo viability and uterine environment in undernourished ewes. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 141:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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97
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Kaci-Ouchfoun N, Izemrane D, Boudrissa A, Gernigon T, Khammar F, Exbrayat JM. Transgelin: an androgen-dependent protein identified in the seminal vesicles of three Saharan rodents. Theriogenology 2013; 80:748-57. [PMID: 23906482 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
During the breeding season, a major androgen-dependent protein with an apparent molecular weight of 21 kDa was isolated and purified from the seminal vesicles of three Saharan rodents (MLVSP21 from Meriones libycus, MSVSP21 from Meriones shawi, and MCVSP21 from Meriones crassus). The 21-kDa protein was isolated and purified from soluble seminal vesicle proteins of homogenate by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Using polyclonal antibodies directed against POSVP21 (Psammomys obesus seminal vesicles protein of 21 kDa), a major androgen-dependent secretory protein from sand rat seminal vesicles, identified previously as transgelin, we showed an immunological homology with POSVP21 by immunoblotting. These three major androgen-dependent proteins with a same apparent molecular weight of 21 kDa designated as MLVSP21 (Meriones libycus seminal vesicles protein of 21 kDa), MSVSP21 (Meriones shawi seminal vesicles protein of 21 kDa), and MCVSP21 (Meriones crassus seminal vesicles protein of 21 kDa) were localized by immunohistochemistry and identified by applying a proteomic approach. Our results indicated that the isolated proteins MLSVP21, MSSVP21, and MCSVP21 seem to correspond to the same protein: the transgelin. So that transgelin can be used as a specific marker of these rodent physiological reproduction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naïma Kaci-Ouchfoun
- Laboratory of Arid Areas, Biological Sciences Institute, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria.
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98
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Chang C, Lee SO, Wang RS, Yeh S, Chang TM. Androgen receptor (AR) physiological roles in male and female reproductive systems: lessons learned from AR-knockout mice lacking AR in selective cells. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:21. [PMID: 23782840 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.109132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens/androgen receptor (AR) signaling is involved primarily in the development of male-specific phenotypes during embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, sexual behavior, and fertility during adult life. However, this signaling has also been shown to play an important role in development of female reproductive organs and their functions, such as ovarian folliculogenesis, embryonic implantation, and uterine and breast development. The establishment of the testicular feminization (Tfm) mouse model exploiting the X-linked Tfm mutation in mice has been a good in vivo tool for studying the human complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, but this mouse may not be the perfect in vivo model. Mouse models with various cell-specific AR knockout (ARKO) might allow us to study AR roles in individual types of cells in these male and female reproductive systems, although discrepancies are found in results between labs, probably due to using various Cre mice and/or knocking out AR in different AR domains. Nevertheless, no doubt exists that the continuous development of these ARKO mouse models and careful studies will provide information useful for understanding AR roles in reproductive systems of humans and may help us to develop more effective and more specific therapeutic approaches for reproductive system-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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99
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Shafi AA, Yen AE, Weigel NL. Androgen receptors in hormone-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:223-38. [PMID: 23859952 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer in males and the second leading cause of cancer-related death for men. The prostate is an androgen-dependent organ and PCa is an androgen-dependent disease. Androgen action is mediated by the androgen receptor (AR), a hormone activated transcription factor. The primary treatment for metastatic PCa is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). For the most part, tumors respond to ADT, but most become resistant to therapy within two years. There is persuasive evidence that castration resistant (also termed castration recurrent) PCa (CRPC) remains AR dependent. Recent studies have shown that there are numerous factors that contribute to AR reactivation despite castrate serum levels of androgens. These include changes in AR expression and structure through gene amplification, mutation, and alternative splicing. Changes in steroid metabolism, cell signaling, and coregulator proteins are also important contributors to AR reactivation in CRPC. Most AR targeted therapies have been directed at the hormone binding domain. The finding that constitutively active AR splice variants that lack the hormone binding domain are frequently expressed in CRPC highlights the need to develop therapies that target other portions of AR. In this review, the role of AR in normal prostate, in PCa, and particularly the mechanisms for its reactivation subsequent to ADT are summarized. In addition, recent clinical trials and novel approaches to target AR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha A Shafi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, M515, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kim TH, Lee DK, Cho SN, Orvis GD, Behringer RR, Lydon JP, Ku BJ, McCampbell AS, Broaddus RR, Jeong JW. Critical tumor suppressor function mediated by epithelial Mig-6 in endometrial cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5090-9. [PMID: 23811943 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is preceded by endometrial hyperplasia, unopposed estrogen exposure, and genetic alterations, but the precise causes of endometrial cancer remain uncertain. Mig-6, mainly known as a negative regulator of the EGF receptor, is an important mediator of progesterone signaling in the uterus, where it mediates tumor suppression by modulating endometrial stromal-epithelial communications. In this study, we investigated the function of Mig-6 in the uterine epithelium using a tissue-specific gene knockout strategy, in which floxed Mig-6 (Mig-6(f/f)) mice were crossed to Wnt7a-Cre mice (Wnt7a(cre+)Mig-6(f/f)). Wnt7a(cre+)Mig-6(f/f) mice developed endometrial hyperplasia and estrogen-dependent endometrial cancer, exhibiting increased proliferation in epithelial cells as well as apoptosis in subepithelial stromal cells. We documented increased expression of NOTCH1 and BIRC3 in epithelial cells of Wnt7a(cre+)Mig-6(f/f) mice and decreased expression of the progesterone receptor (PR) in stromal cells. Progesterone therapy controls endometrial growth and prevents endometrial cancer, but the effectiveness of progesterone as a treatment for women with endometrial cancer is less clear. We noted that the hyperplasic phenotype of Wnt7a(cre+)Mig-6(f/f) mice was prevented by progesterone treatment, whereas this treatment had no effect in PR(cre/+)Mig-6(f/f) mice where Mig-6 was deleted in both the epithelial and stromal compartments of the uterus. In contrast, activation of progesterone signaling in the stroma regulated proliferation and apoptosis in the epithelium via suppression of ERα signaling. In summary, our results establish that epithelial Mig-6 functions as a critical tumor suppressor that mediates the ability of progesterone to prevent the development of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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