51
|
Machin A, Susilo I, Purwanto DA. Green tea and its active compound epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibit neuronal apoptosis in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:319-325. [PMID: 34214383 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of green tea with the active ingredient epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the inhibition of apoptosis in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. METHODS Four month old male Rattus norvegicus rats with a body weight of 200-275 g was used for the MCAO model and divided into five groups, and the treatment was carried out for 7 days. Before being sacrificed, the subject had 1 cc of blood drawn for high mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) examination using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and after being sacrificed, the brain tissue specimen was taken to examine caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 3 (BCL-3) using immunohistochemistry methods. RESULTS There was no significant difference in HMGB-1 results for the treatment group compared to the control group (P1: 384.20 ± 231.72 [p = 0.553]; P2: 379.11 ± 268.4 [p = 0.526]; P3: 284, 87 ± 276.19 [p = 0.140]; P4: 435.32 ± 279.95 [p = 0.912]). There is a significant increase in BCL-2 expression between the treatment group compared to the control group (P1: 2.58 ± 0.51 [p = 0.04]; P2: 3.36 ± 0.50 [p<0.001]; P3: 4.00 ± 0.42 [p<0.001]; P4: 3.60 ± 0.52 [p<0.001]). There was a significant difference in caspase-3 expression compared to the control group in the P3 group (P1: 4.33 ± 0.49 [p = 0.652]; P2: 4.09 ± 0.30 [p = 0.136]; P3: 3.58 ± 0.51 [p = 0.01]; P4: 3.89 ± 0.42 [p = 0.063]). There is no correlation between HMGB-1 and caspase-3 (r = -0.063; p = 0.613) or BCL-2 (r = -0.106; p = 0.396). There is significant negative correlation between caspase-3 and BCL-2 (r = -0.459; p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS Green tea with the active ingredient EGCG can inhibit neuronal cell death through the apoptotic pathway and not through the activation of HMGB-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulloh Machin
- Department Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Imam Susilo
- Department Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Djoko A Purwanto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Nash WT, Okusa MD. Chess Not Checkers: Complexities Within the Myeloid Response to the Acute Kidney Injury Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:676688. [PMID: 34124107 PMCID: PMC8187556 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.676688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation in acute kidney injury (AKI) is an area of intense interest which promises to enhance our understanding of the disease and how to manage it. Macrophages are a heterogeneous and dynamic population of immune cells that carry out multiple functions in tissue, ranging from maintenance to inflammation. As key sentinels of their environment and the major immune population in the uninjured kidney, macrophages are poised to play an important role in the establishment and pathogenesis of AKI. These cells have a profound capacity to orchestrate downstream immune responses and likely participate in skewing the kidney environment toward either pathogenic inflammation or injury resolution. A clear understanding of macrophage and myeloid cell dynamics in the development of AKI will provide valuable insight into disease pathogenesis and options for intervention. This review considers evidence in the literature that speaks to the role and regulation of macrophages and myeloid cells in AKI. We also highlight barriers or knowledge gaps that need to be addressed as the field advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William T Nash
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Ha NTT, Van Manh B, Dung NTT, Kien TQ, Van Duc N, Van DT, Ha DM, Kien NT, Tiep TD, Quyet D, Toan PQ, Tien TV, Thang LV. Long Hemodialysis Duration Predicts Delayed Graft Function in Renal Transplant Recipients From Living Donor: A Single-Center Study. Transplant Proc 2021; 53:1477-1483. [PMID: 34006381 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to determine the ratio of delayed graft function in renal transplant recipients from living donors and the predictive value of hemodialysis time before transplant for delayed graft function. METHODS We conducted a study on 116 adult patients who were diagnosed with end-stage kidney disease and were treated with hemodialysis and transplanted kidneys from living donors for 2 years (from June 2018 to June 2020). Delayed graft function event was collected for each patient. RESULTS The recipients had a median age of 36.5 years old, in which 55.2% of them were men, 4.3% of them had the diabetic mellitus, and the median hemodialysis duration was 6 months. The ratio of positive panel-reactive antibody was 33.6% and vascular reconstruction of the donor's kidney was 16.4%. The ratio of delayed graft function was 12.2% (14 of 116 patients). Delayed graft function significantly related to positive panel-reactive antibody, long duration of hemodialysis before transplant, and vascular reconstruction of donor's kidney with P < .001. Duration of hemodialysis before kidney transplant had a predictive value for delayed graft function (area under the curve, 0.83; P < .001). CONCLUSION Delayed graft function was not rare in renal transplant recipients from living donors. Duration of hemodialysis before kidney transplant was a good predictor for delayed graft function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thu Ha
- Military Hospital 103, Ha Noi, Vietnam; Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Bui Van Manh
- Military Hospital 103, Ha Noi, Vietnam; Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thuy Dung
- Military Hospital 103, Ha Noi, Vietnam; Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Truong Quy Kien
- Military Hospital 103, Ha Noi, Vietnam; Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Duc
- Military Hospital 103, Ha Noi, Vietnam; Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Diem Thi Van
- Military Hospital 103, Ha Noi, Vietnam; Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Do Manh Ha
- Military Hospital 103, Ha Noi, Vietnam; Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Trung Kien
- Military Hospital 103, Ha Noi, Vietnam; Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Dac Tiep
- Military Hospital 103, Ha Noi, Vietnam; Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Do Quyet
- Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Quoc Toan
- Military Hospital 103, Ha Noi, Vietnam; Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Viet Tien
- Military Hospital 103, Ha Noi, Vietnam; Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Le Viet Thang
- Military Hospital 103, Ha Noi, Vietnam; Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Kot K, Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Ptak M, Łanocha A, Kalisińska E, Kosik-Bogacka D. Pathomechanisms in the Kidneys in Selected Protozoan Parasitic Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4209. [PMID: 33921746 PMCID: PMC8073708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, and acanthamoebiasis are protozoan parasitic infections. They remain important contributors to the development of kidney disease, which is associated with increased patients' morbidity and mortality. Kidney injury mechanisms are not fully understood in protozoan parasitic diseases, bringing major difficulties to specific therapeutic interventions. The aim of this review is to present the biochemical and molecular mechanisms in kidneys infected with Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Acanthamoeba spp. We present available mechanisms of an immune response, oxidative stress, apoptosis process, hypoxia, biomarkers of renal injury in the serum or urine, and the histopathological changes of kidneys infected with the selected parasites. Pathomechanisms of Leishmania spp. and Plasmodium spp. infections have been deeply investigated, while Toxoplasma gondii and Acanthamoeba spp. infections in the kidneys are not well known yet. Deeper knowledge of kidney involvement in leishmaniasis and malaria by presenting their mechanisms provides insight into how to create novel and effective treatments. Additionally, the presented work shows gaps in the pathophysiology of renal toxoplasmosis and acanthamoebiasis, which need further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (N.Ł.-A.); (E.K.)
| | - Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (N.Ł.-A.); (E.K.)
| | - Michał Ptak
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Łanocha
- Department of Haematology and Transplantology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Kalisińska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (N.Ł.-A.); (E.K.)
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Liu Y, Li YJ, Loh YW, Singer J, Zhu W, Macia L, Mackay CR, Wang W, Chadban SJ, Wu H. Fiber Derived Microbial Metabolites Prevent Acute Kidney Injury Through G-Protein Coupled Receptors and HDAC Inhibition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:648639. [PMID: 33898439 PMCID: PMC8060457 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.648639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) derived from gut microbial fermentation of fiber have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory properties in acute kidney injury (AKI). However the direct mechanistic link between SCFAs, diet and the gut microbiome is yet to be established. Using the murine model of folic-acid nephropathy (FAN), we examined the effect of dietary fiber on development of AKI (day 2) and subsequent chronic kidney disease (CKD) (day 28). FAN was induced in wild-type and knockout mice lacking G protein–coupled receptors GPR41, GPR43, or GPR109A. Mice were randomized to high-fiber or normal-chow diets, or SCFAs in drinking water. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to assess the gut microbiome and 1H-NMR spectroscopy for metabolic profiles. Mice fed high-fiber were partially protected against development of AKI and subsequent CKD, exhibiting better kidney function throughout, less tubular injury at day 2 and less interstitial fibrosis and chronic inflammation at day 28 vs controls. Fiber modified the gut microbiome and alleviated dysbiosis induced by AKI, promoting expansion of SCFA-producing bacteria Bifidobacterium and Prevotella, which increased fecal and serum SCFA concentrations. SCFA treatment achieved similar protection, but not in the absence of GPR41 or GPR109A. Histone deacetylase activity (HDAC) was inhibited in kidneys of high-fiber fed mice. We conclude that dietary manipulation of the gut microbiome protects against AKI and subsequent CKD, mediated by HDAC inhibition and activation of GPR41 and GPR109A by SCFAs. This study highlights the potential of the gut microbiome as a modifiable target in the prevention of AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunzi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Yan J Li
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yik W Loh
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian Singer
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Weiping Zhu
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Laurence Macia
- Nutritional Immuno-metabolism Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Weiming Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Steven J Chadban
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Huiling Wu
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Jiang GL, Yang XL, Zhou HJ, Long J, Liu B, Zhang LM, Lu D. cGAS knockdown promotes microglial M2 polarization to alleviate neuroinflammation by inhibiting cGAS-STING signaling pathway in cerebral ischemic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2021; 171:183-195. [PMID: 33745949 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a pivotal role in promoting the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke (IS). Microglia is the major immunocompetent cells involved in different neuropathologies. The activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream signaling protein-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is increasingly recognized as a crucial determinant of neuropathophysiology. However, the mechanisms underlying cGAS-STING signaling regulating inflammatory response during IS remains to be elucidated. In this study, HT22 cells was used to establish an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) cell model in vitro, and then this cell culture supernatant containing OGD-induced DAMPs (OIDs) was employed to stimulate BV2 microglia. Furthermore, a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model was established. Cells and MCAO mice were treated with si-cGAS or si-NC lentivirus. The expression levels of STING, cGAS and p-IRF3 in BV2 cells or MCAO mouse brain; the microglial M1/M2 polarization of BV2 microglia or isolated microglial cells from MCAO mouse brain; the contents of iNOS, TNF-α, TGF-β and IL-10 in the culture medium of BV2 cells or in murine brain homogenates, were all detected. In addition, the severity of cerebral infarction with or without the knockdown of cGAS in a MCAO mouse model was also determined by TTC staining. Results showed that OGD-induced DAMPs strongly activated cGAS-STING pathway and triggered microglia polarization in BV2 cells, reflecting as the accumulation of a plethora of pro-inflammatory factors in activated microglia. However, these effects could be inhibited by cGAS knockdown. In the MCAO mouse model, the inhibition of cGAS-STING pathway resulted from cGAS knockdown could effectively diminish cell apoptosis in mouse brain stimulated by MIDs (MCAO-induced DAMPs), reduced the area ratio of cerebral infarction and ultimately improved the injured nerve function during IS. Taken together, our elucidation of underlying mechanisms involved in the microglial inflammatory response, triggered by cGAS-STING signaling, highlights this pathway as a potential therapeutic target in IS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650032, PR China
| | - Xing-Long Yang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650032, PR China
| | - Hou-Jun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650032, PR China
| | - Jiang Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650032, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650032, PR China
| | - Lin-Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650032, PR China.
| | - Di Lu
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650032, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
Globally, diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the foremost cause of end-stage renal disease. With the incidence of diabetes increasing day by day, DN's occurrence is expected to surge to pandemic proportions. Current available therapeutic interventions associated with DN emphasize blood pressure, glycemia and lipid control while ignoring DN's progression mechanism at a molecular level. This review sheds light on the molecular insights involved in DN to help understand the initiation and progression pattern. Further, we summarize novel strategies with reported applications in developing a nanomedicine-based platform for DN-targeted drug delivery to improve drug efficacy and safety.
Collapse
|
58
|
Sterile inflammation in the pathogenesis of maturation failure of arteriovenous fistula. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:729-741. [PMID: 33666676 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a widespread terminal illness that afflicts millions of people across the world. Hemodialysis is the predominant therapeutic management strategy for kidney failure and involves the external filtration of metabolic waste within the circulation. This process requires an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for vascular access. However, AVF maturation failures are significant obstacles in establishing long-term vascular access for hemodialysis. Appropriate stimulation, activation, and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, proper endothelial cell orientation, adequate structural changes in the ECM, and the release of anti-inflammatory markers are associated with maturation. AVFs often fail to mature due to inadequate tissue repair and remodeling, leading to neointimal hyperplasia lesions. The transdifferentiation of myofibroblasts and sterile inflammation are possibly involved in AVF maturation failures; however, limited data is available in this regard. The present article critically reviews the interplay of various damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and the downstream sterile inflammatory signaling with a focus on the NLRP3 inflammasome. Improved knowledge concerning AVF maturation pathways can be unveiled by investigating the novel DAMPs and the mediators of sterile inflammation in vascular remodeling that would open improved therapeutic opportunities in the management of AVF maturation failures and its associated complications.
Collapse
|
59
|
Greater high-mobility group box 1 in male compared with female spontaneously hypertensive rats worsens renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:1751-1762. [PMID: 32608481 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia is the most common cause of acute kidney injury. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) initiate an inflammatory response and contribute to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in males, yet the contribution of DAMPs to IR injury in females is unknown. The goal of the current study was to test the hypothesis that males have greater increases in the DAMP high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), worsening injury compared with females. Thirteen-week-old male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were subjected to sham or 45-min warm bilateral ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion before measurement of HMGB1 and renal function. Additional SHR were pre-treated with control (IgG) or HMGB1 neutralizing antibody (300 µg/rat) 1 h prior to renal ischemia. Blood, urine and kidneys were harvested 24 h post-IR for histological and Western blot analyses. Initial studies confirmed that IR resulted in greater increases in renal HMGB1 in male SHR compared with females. Greater renal HMGB1 in male SHR post-IR resulted in greater increases in serum TNF-α and renal IL-1β, neutrophil infiltration and tubular cell death. Neutralization of HMGB1 attenuated IR-induced increases in plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), inflammation, tubular damage and tubular cell death only in male SHR. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that there is a sex difference in the contribution of HMGB1 to IR-induced injury, where males exhibit greater increases in HMGB1-mediated renal injury in response to IR compared with females.
Collapse
|
60
|
P2X7 receptor signaling promotes inflammation in renal parenchymal cells suffering from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:132. [PMID: 33504771 PMCID: PMC7841183 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its receptor, P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), are playing an important role in the pathological process of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, but their underlying mechanism remains unclear. Also, the effects of tubular epithelium-expressed P2X7 receptor on ischemia acute kidney injury is still unknown. The aim of this study is to clarify if this mechanism involves the activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in the renal tubular epithelial cells. In our research, we used male C57BL/6 wild type and P2X7R (−/−) mice, cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cells, and kidneys from acute kidney injury patients. Mice underwent for unilateral nephrectomy combined with the lateral renal pedicle clamping. Cultured cells were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation or ATP. Apyrase and A438079 were used to block the extracellular ATP/P2X7 receptor pathway. We also constructed radiation-induced bone marrow (BM) chimeras by using P2X7R (−/−) mice and P2X7R (+/+) wild-type mice. P2X7 receptor deficiency protected from renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and attenuated the formation of NLRP3 inflammasome. By using BM chimeras, we found a partial reduction of serum creatinine and less histological impairment in group wild-type BM to P2X7R (−/−) recipient, compared with group wild-type BM to wild-type recipient. In renal tubular epithelial cells, hypoxia/reoxygenation induced ATP release and extracellular ATP depletion reduced the expression of active IL-1β. ATP activated the NLRP3 inflammasome in renal tubular epithelial cells, which were blunted by transient silence of P2X7 receptor, as well as by P2X7 receptor blocking with A438079. In human samples, we found that patients with Stage 3 AKI had higher levels of P2X7 receptor expression than patients with Stage 1 or Stage 2. Extracellular ATP/P2X7 receptor axis blocking may protect renal tubular epithelial cells from ischemia-reperfusion injury through the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome.
Collapse
|
61
|
Dobson GP, Biros E, Letson HL, Morris JL. Living in a Hostile World: Inflammation, New Drug Development, and Coronavirus. Front Immunol 2021; 11:610131. [PMID: 33552070 PMCID: PMC7862725 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a brief history of the immune response and show that Metchnikoff's theory of inflammation and phagocytotic defense was largely ignored in the 20th century. For decades, the immune response was believed to be triggered centrally, until Lafferty and Cunningham proposed the initiating signal came from the tissues. This shift opened the way for Janeway's pattern recognition receptor theory, and Matzinger's danger model. All models failed to appreciate that without inflammation, there can be no immune response. The situation changed in the 1990s when cytokine biology was rapidly advancing, and the immune system's role expanded from host defense, to the maintenance of host health. An inflammatory environment, produced by immune cells themselves, was now recognized as mandatory for their attack, removal and repair functions after an infection or injury. We explore the cellular programs of the immune response, and the role played by cytokines and other mediators to tailor the right response, at the right time. Normally, the immune response is robust, self-limiting and restorative. However, when the antigen load or trauma exceeds the body's internal tolerances, as witnessed in some COVID-19 patients, excessive inflammation can lead to increased sympathetic outflows, cardiac dysfunction, coagulopathy, endothelial and metabolic dysfunction, multiple organ failure and death. Currently, there are few drug therapies to reduce excessive inflammation and immune dysfunction. We have been developing an intravenous (IV) fluid therapy comprising adenosine, lidocaine and Mg2+ (ALM) that confers a survival advantage by preventing excessive inflammation initiated by sepsis, endotoxemia and sterile trauma. The multi-pronged protection appears to be unique and may provide a tool to examine the intersection points in the immune response to infection or injury, and possible ways to prevent secondary tissue damage, such as that reported in patients with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey P. Dobson
- Heart, Trauma and Sepsis Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Interferon-γ enhances the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells on experimental renal fibrosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:850. [PMID: 33441701 PMCID: PMC7807061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) administered for therapeutic purposes can be activated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secreted from natural killer cells in injured tissues and exert anti-inflammatory effects. These processes require a substantial period of time, leading to a delayed onset of MSCs’ therapeutic effects. In this study, we investigated whether pretreatment with IFN-γ could potentiate the anti-fibrotic ability of MSCs in rats with ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) and unilateral ureter obstruction. Administration of MSCs treated with IFN-γ strongly reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells and ameliorated interstitial fibrosis compared with control MSCs without IFN-γ treatment. In addition, conditioned medium obtained from IFN-γ-treated MSCs decreased fibrotic changes in cultured cells induced by transforming growth factor-β1 more efficiently than that from control MSCs. Most notably, secretion of prostaglandin E2 from MSCs was significantly increased by treatment with IFN-γ. Increased prostaglandin E2 in conditioned medium obtained from IFN-γ-treated MSCs induced polarization of immunosuppressive CD163 and CD206-positive macrophages. In addition, knockdown of prostaglandin E synthase weakened the anti-fibrotic effects of MSCs treated with IFN-γ in IRI rats, suggesting the involvement of prostaglandin E2 in the beneficial effects of IFN-γ. Administration of MSCs treated with IFN-γ might represent a promising therapy to prevent the progression of renal fibrosis.
Collapse
|
63
|
Zhao M, Wang Y, Li L, Liu S, Wang C, Yuan Y, Yang G, Chen Y, Cheng J, Lu Y, Liu J. Mitochondrial ROS promote mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in ischemic acute kidney injury by disrupting TFAM-mediated mtDNA maintenance. Theranostics 2021; 11:1845-1863. [PMID: 33408785 PMCID: PMC7778599 DOI: 10.7150/thno.50905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)-induced acute kidney injury (IRI-AKI) is characterized by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation, but the potential link among these features remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the specific role of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) in initiating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and inflammation during IRI-AKI. Methods: The changes in renal function, mitochondrial function, and inflammation in IRI-AKI mice with or without mtROS inhibition were analyzed in vivo. The impact of mtROS on TFAM (mitochondrial transcription factor A), Lon protease, mtDNA, mitochondrial respiration, and cytokine release was analyzed in renal tubular cells in vitro. The effects of TFAM knockdown on mtDNA, mitochondrial function, and cytokine release were also analyzed in vitro. Finally, changes in TFAM and mtDNA nucleoids were measured in kidney samples from IRI-AKI mice and patients. Results: Decreasing mtROS levels attenuated renal dysfunction, mitochondrial damage, and inflammation in IRI-AKI mice. Decreasing mtROS levels also reversed the decrease in TFAM levels and mtDNA copy number that occurs in HK2 cells under oxidative stress. mtROS reduced the abundance of mitochondrial TFAM in HK2 cells by suppressing its transcription and promoting Lon-mediated TFAM degradation. Silencing of TFAM abolished the Mito-Tempo (MT)-induced rescue of mitochondrial function and cytokine release in HK2 cells under oxidative stress. Loss of TFAM and mtDNA damage were found in kidneys from IRI-AKI mice and AKI patients. Conclusion: mtROS can promote renal injury by suppressing TFAM-mediated mtDNA maintenance, resulting in decreased mitochondrial energy metabolism and increased cytokine release. TFAM defects may be a promising target for renal repair after IRI-AKI.
Collapse
|
64
|
Grivei A, Giuliani KTK, Wang X, Ungerer J, Francis L, Hepburn K, John GT, Gois PFH, Kassianos AJ, Healy H. Oxidative stress and inflammasome activation in human rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:690-695. [PMID: 32942024 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life-threatening complication of rhabdomyolysis. The pathophysiological mechanisms of rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI (RIAKI) have been extensively studied in the murine system, yet clinical translation of this knowledge to humans is lacking. In this study, we investigated the cellular and molecular pathways of human RIAKI. Renal biopsy tissue from a RIAKI patient was examined by quantitative immunohistochemistry (Q-IHC) and compared to healthy kidney cortical tissue. We identified myoglobin casts and uric acid localised to sites of histological tubular injury, consistent with the diagnosis of RIAKI. These pathological features were associated with tubular oxidative stress (4-hydroxynonenal staining), regulated necrosis/necroptosis (phosphorylated mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein staining) and inflammation (tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α staining). Expression of these markers was significantly elevated in the RIAKI tissue compared to the healthy control. A tubulointerstitial inflammatory infiltrate accumulated adjacent to these sites of RIAKI oxidative injury, consisting of macrophages (CD68), dendritic cells (CD1c) and T lymphocytes (CD3). Foci of inflammasome activation were co-localised with these immune cell infiltrate, with significantly increased staining for adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain) and active caspase-1 in the RIAKI tissue compared to the healthy control. Our clinical findings identify multiple pathophysiological pathways previously only reported in murine RIAKI, providing first evidence in humans linking deposition of myoglobin and presence of uric acid to tubular oxidative stress/necroptosis, inflammasome activation and necroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anca Grivei
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kurt T K Giuliani
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiangju Wang
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacobus Ungerer
- Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leo Francis
- Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kirsten Hepburn
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - George T John
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pedro F H Gois
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew J Kassianos
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation/School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Healy
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Güvenç M, Cellat M, Uyar A, Özkan H, Gokcek İ, İsler CT, Yakan A. Nobiletin Protects from Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Suppressing Inflammatory Cytokines and Regulating iNOS-eNOS Expressions. Inflammation 2020; 43:336-346. [PMID: 31705353 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is an organ failure caused by hypoxia and reperfusion, which is closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, we investigated whether nobiletin had protective effects on inflammatory parameters, oxidative damage, iNOS-eNOS expressions, and histopathological structure of renal tissue in rats with renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. For this purpose, 24 rats were divided into 4 groups: group 1 (Control), group 2 (Ischemia-Reperfusion-IR), group 3 (Nobiletin-10 mg/kg p.o.), group 4 (Nobiletin + IR). The study was continued for 7 days. At the end of the study, urea (p < 0.05), creatine (p < 0.05), MDA (p < 0.001), TNF-alpha (p < 0.001), IL-1 beta (p < 0.05), and IL-6 (p < 0.001) levels increased in the IR group; however, a significant decrease occurred in group 4 (Nobiletin + IR) and it reached the control group levels. In the IR group, GSH (p < 0.01) levels, and GSH.Px (p < 0.01) and CAT (p < 0.05) activities decreased whereas they increased significantly in group 4 (Nobiletin + IR) and reached the same levels as the control group. In histopathological analyses, destruction and increased iNOS-eNOS expressions in the IR group showed a significant decrease in group 4 (Nobiletin + IR). As a result, the application of nobiletin has shown that it has protective effects by reducing kidney damage caused by IR injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Güvenç
- Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Antakya, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Cellat
- Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Antakya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Uyar
- Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Antakya, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Özkan
- Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Antakya, Turkey
| | - İshak Gokcek
- Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Antakya, Turkey
| | - Cafer Tayer İsler
- Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Surgery, Antakya, Turkey
| | - Akın Yakan
- Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Antakya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
de Souza DV, Pappis L, Bandeira TT, Sangoi GG, Fontana T, Rissi VB, Sagrillo MR, Duarte MM, Duarte T, Bodenstein DF, Andreazza AC, Cruz IBMD, Ribeiro EE, Antoniazzi A, Ourique AF, Machado AK. Açaí ( Euterpe oleracea Mart.) presents anti-neuroinflammatory capacity in LPS-activated microglia cells. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:1188-1199. [PMID: 33170113 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1842044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropsychiatric diseases are responsible for one of the highest burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These illnesses include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. Individuals affected by these diseases may present mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Additionally, patients also have increased peripheral and neural chronic inflammation. The Brazilian fruit, açaí, has been demonstrated to be a neuroprotective agent through its recovery of mitochondrial complex I activity. This extract has previously shown anti-inflammatory effects in inflammatory cells. However, there is a lack of understanding of potential anti-neuroinflammatory mechanisms, such as cell cycle involvement. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the anti-neuroinflammatory potential of an açaí extract in lipopolysaccharide-activated BV-2 microglia cells. METHODS Açaí extract was produced and characterized through high performance liquid chromatography. Following açaí extraction and characterization, BV-2 microglia cells were activated with LPS and a dose-response curve was generated to select the most effective açaí dose to reduce cellular proliferation. This dose was then used to assess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, double-strand DNA release, cell cycle modulation, and cytokine and caspase protein expression. RESULTS Characterization of the açaí extract revealed 10 bioactive molecules. The extract reduced cellular proliferation, ROS production, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and caspase 1 protein expression under 1 μg/mL in LPS-activated BV-2 microglia cells but had no effect on double strand DNA release. Additionally, açaí treatment caused cell cycle arrest, specifically within synthesis and G2/Mitosis phases. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the freeze-dried hydroalcoholic açaí extract presents high anti-neuroinflammatory potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diulie Valente de Souza
- Graduate Program in Nanoscience, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Culture and Genetics, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lauren Pappis
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tuyla Fontana
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Genetics, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Braga Rissi
- Department of Agriculture, Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Michele Rorato Sagrillo
- Graduate Program in Nanoscience, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Culture and Genetics, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marta Maria Duarte
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Duarte
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Cristina Andreazza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Alfredo Antoniazzi
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Alencar Kolinski Machado
- Graduate Program in Nanoscience, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Culture and Genetics, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kim M, Baik H, Park SJ, Kang MS, Kim DH, Kim BW, Markowitz SD, Bae KB. Inhibition of 15-PGDH prevents ischemic renal injury by the PGE 2/EP 4 signaling pathway mediating vasodilation, increased renal blood flow, and increased adenosine/A 2A receptors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F1054-F1066. [PMID: 33135478 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00103.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrated the marked activity of SW033291, an inhibitor of 15-hydoxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), in preventing acute kidney injury (AKI) in a murine model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. AKI due to ischemic injury represents a significant clinical problem. PGE2 is vasodilatory in the kidney, but it is rapidly degraded in vivo due to catabolism by 15-PGDH. We investigated the potential of SW033291, a potent and specific 15-PGDH inhibitor, as prophylactic treatment for ischemic AKI. Prophylactic administration of SW033291 significantly increased renal tissue PGE2 levels and increased post-AKI renal blood flow and renal arteriole area. In parallel, prophylactic SW033291 decreased post-AKI renal morphology injury scores and tubular apoptosis and markedly reduced biomarkers of renal injury that included blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and kidney injury molecule-1. Prophylactic SW033291 also reduced post-AKI induction of proinflammatory cytokines, high-mobility group box 1, and malondialdehyde. Protective effects of SW033291 were mediated by PGE2 signaling, as they could be blocked by pharmacological inhibition of PGE2 synthesis. Consistent with activation of PGE2 signaling, SW033291 induced renal levels of both EP4 receptors and cAMP, along with other vasodilatory effectors, including AMP, adenosine, and the adenosine A2A receptor. The protective effects of SW0333291 could largely be achieved with a single prophylactic dose of the drug. Inhibition of 15-PGDH may thus represent a novel strategy for prophylaxis of ischemic AKI in multiple clinical settings, including renal transplantation and cardiovascular surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,In-Dang Bio Medical Research Institute, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - HyungJoo Baik
- Department of Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ju Park
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nephrology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Seon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Woo Kim
- Department of Nephrology, Haeundae Bumin Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanford D Markowitz
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ki Beom Bae
- Department of Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Wyczanska M, Lange-Sperandio B. DAMPs in Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581300. [PMID: 33117389 PMCID: PMC7575708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are released from tubular and interstitial cells in the kidney after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). DAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which mediate the initiation of an immune response and the release of inflammatory cytokines. The animal model of UUO is used for various purposes. UUO in adult mice serves as a model for accelerated renal fibrosis, which is a hallmark of progressive renal disease. UUO in adult mice enables to study cell death, inflammation, and extracellular matrix deposition in the kidney. Neonatal UUO is a model for congenital obstructive nephropathies. It studies inflammation, apoptosis, and interstitial fibrosis in the neonatal kidney, when nephrogenesis is still ongoing. Following UUO, several DAMPs as well as DAMP receptors are upregulated. In adult UUO, soluble uric acid is upregulated and activates the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which promotes fibrosis, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) injury. Further DAMPs associated with UUO are uromodulin, members of the IL-1 family, and necrotic cell DNA, all of which promote sterile inflammation. In neonatal UUO, the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is highly upregulated. RAGE is a ligand for several DAMPs, including high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and S100 proteins, which play an important role in renal fibrosis. Additionally, necroptosis is an important mechanism of cell death, besides apoptosis, in neonatal UUO. It is highly inflammatory due to release of cytokines and specific DAMPs. The release and recognition of DAMPs initiate sterile inflammation, which makes them good candidates to develop and improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in renal fibrosis and congenital obstructive nephropathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Wyczanska
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Bärbel Lange-Sperandio
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Mertowski S, Lipa P, Morawska I, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Bębnowska D, Hrynkiewicz R, Grywalska E, Roliński J, Załuska W. Toll-Like Receptor as a Potential Biomarker in Renal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186712. [PMID: 32933213 PMCID: PMC7554805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges faced by modern nephrology is the identification of biomarkers associated with histopathological patterns or defined pathogenic mechanisms that may assist in the non-invasive diagnosis of kidney disease, particularly glomerulopathy. The identification of such molecules may allow prognostic subgroups to be established based on the type of disease, thereby predicting response to treatment or disease relapse. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of diseases, such as membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA (immunoglobulin A) nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy, along with the progressive development and standardization of plasma and urine proteomics techniques, have facilitated the identification of an increasing number of molecules that may be useful for these purposes. The growing number of studies on the role of TLR (toll-like receptor) receptors in the pathogenesis of kidney disease forces contemporary researchers to reflect on these molecules, which may soon join the group of renal biomarkers and become a helpful tool in the diagnosis of glomerulopathy. In this article, we conducted a thorough review of the literature on the role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of glomerulopathy. The role of TLR receptors as potential marker molecules for the development of neoplastic diseases is emphasized more and more often, as prognostic factors in diseases on several epidemiological backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.N.-R.); (E.G.)
| | - Paulina Lipa
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Izabela Morawska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.B.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.N.-R.); (E.G.)
| | - Dominika Bębnowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.B.); (R.H.)
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.B.); (R.H.)
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.N.-R.); (E.G.)
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Wojciech Załuska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Sabapathy V, Venkatadri R, Dogan M, Sharma R. The Yin and Yang of Alarmins in Regulation of Acute Kidney Injury. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:441. [PMID: 32974364 PMCID: PMC7472534 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major clinical burden affecting 20 to 50% of hospitalized and intensive care patients. Irrespective of the initiating factors, the immune system plays a major role in amplifying the disease pathogenesis with certain immune cells contributing to renal damage, whereas others offer protection and facilitate recovery. Alarmins are small molecules and proteins that include granulysins, high-mobility group box 1 protein, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-16, IL-33, heat shock proteins, the Ca++ binding S100 proteins, adenosine triphosphate, and uric acid. Alarmins are mostly intracellular molecules, and their release to the extracellular milieu signals cellular stress or damage, generally leading to the recruitment of the cells of the immune system. Early studies indicated a pro-inflammatory role for the alarmins by contributing to immune-system dysregulation and worsening of AKI. However, recent developments demonstrate anti-inflammatory mechanisms of certain alarmins or alarmin-sensing receptors, which may participate in the prevention, resolution, and repair of AKI. This dual function of alarmins is intriguing and has confounded the role of alarmins in AKI. In this study, we review the contribution of various alarmins to the pathogenesis of AKI in experimental and clinical studies. We also analyze the approaches for the therapeutic utilization of alarmins for AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rahul Sharma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine (CIIR), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Cantoni C, Granata S, Bruschi M, Spaggiari GM, Candiano G, Zaza G. Recent Advances in the Role of Natural Killer Cells in Acute Kidney Injury. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1484. [PMID: 32903887 PMCID: PMC7438947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence is revealing a central role for natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic cells belonging to the broad family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), in acute and chronic forms of renal disease. NK cell effector functions include both the recognition and elimination of virus-infected and tumor cells and the capability of sensing pathogens through Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement. Notably, they also display immune regulatory properties, exerted thanks to their ability to secrete cytokines/chemokines and to establish interactions with different innate and adaptive immune cells. Therefore, because of their multiple functions, NK cells may have a major pathogenic role in acute kidney injury (AKI), and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving NK cell activation in AKI and their downstream interactions with intrinsic renal cells and infiltrating immune cells could help to identify new potential biomarkers and to select clinically valuable novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the current literature regarding the potential involvement of NK cells in AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cantoni
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Granata
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Spaggiari
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Oliveira KC, Zambom FFF, Albino AH, Alarcon Arias SC, Ávila VF, Faustino VD, Malheiros DMAC, Camara NOS, Fujihara CK, Zatz R. NF-κB blockade during short-term l-NAME and salt overload strongly attenuates the late development of chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F215-F228. [PMID: 32463727 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00495.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase inhibition by Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) plus a high-salt diet (HS) is a model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterized by marked hypertension and renal injury. With cessation of treatment, most of these changes subside, but progressive renal injury develops, associated with persistent low-grade renal inflammation. We investigated whether innate immunity, and in particular the NF-κB system, is involved in this process. Male Munich-Wistar rats received HS + l-NAME (32 mg·kg-1·day-1), whereas control rats received HS only. Treatment was ceased after week 4 when 30 rats were studied. Additional rats were studied at week 8 (n = 30) and week 28 (n = 30). As expected, HS + l-NAME promoted severe hypertension, albuminuria, and renal injury after 4 wk of treatment, whereas innate immunity activation was evident. After discontinuation of treatments, partial regression of renal injury and inflammation occurred, along with persistence of innate immunity activation at week 8. At week 28, glomerular injury worsened, while renal inflammation persisted and renal innate immunity remained activated. Temporary administration of the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, in concomitancy with the early 4-wk HS + l-NAME treatment, prevented the development of late renal injury and inflammation, an effect that lasted until the end of the study. Early activation of innate immunity may be crucial to the initiation of renal injury in the HS + l-NAME model and to the autonomous progression of chronic nephropathy even after cessation of the original insult. This behavior may be common to other conditions leading to CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Carneiro Oliveira
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Helen Albino
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Costa Alarcon Arias
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Ferreira Ávila
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Dias Faustino
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice Kazue Fujihara
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Zatz
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Karbian N, Abutbul A, El-Amore R, Eliaz R, Beeri R, Reicher B, Mevorach D. Apoptotic cell therapy for cytokine storm associated with acute severe sepsis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:535. [PMID: 32669536 PMCID: PMC7363887 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis has no proven pharmacologic treatment other than appropriate antibiotic agents, fluids, vasopressors as needed, and possibly corticosteroids. It is generally initiated mainly by the simultaneous recognition by various components of the innate immune system of either pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In the current study, we employed the murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model for sepsis to evaluate the effect of post-CLP infusion of apoptotic cells (Allocetra-OTS) on a CLP severe sepsis model. Cardiovascular evaluation, acute kidney injury (AKI), acute liver injury (ALI), and hematological and metabolic function were evaluated. Cytokine and chemokine profiles were measured by Multiplex ELISA and mitochondrial function, and glycolysis by Seahorse. The Murine Sepsis Score (MSS) was used for disease severity definition. CLP mice had low blood pressure, poor cardiac output, and lung dysfunction, as well as AKI, ALI, and thrombocytopenia, which correlated with the MSS and corresponded to a cytokine/chemokine storm. Apoptotic cell administration markedly improved the cytokine and chemokine storm and restored the impaired mitochondrial and glycolytic function in white blood cells leading to increased survival, from 6 to 60% (P < 0.0001), together with a significant improvement in organ dysfunction. We conclude that the deleterious immune response in CLP-induced sepsis can be successfully modified by apoptotic cell infusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Netanel Karbian
- Rheumatology and Rare Disease Research Center, The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avraham Abutbul
- Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raja El-Amore
- Rheumatology and Rare Disease Research Center, The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ran Eliaz
- Department of Cardiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronen Beeri
- Department of Cardiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Dror Mevorach
- Rheumatology and Rare Disease Research Center, The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and School, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Salti T, Khazim K, Haddad R, Campisi-Pinto S, Bar-Sela G, Cohen I. Glucose Induces IL-1α-Dependent Inflammation and Extracellular Matrix Proteins Expression and Deposition in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1270. [PMID: 32733443 PMCID: PMC7358427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is linked with metabolic stress that induces cellular damage and can provoke renal inflammation and fibrotic responses that eventually lead to chronic kidney disease. Because the inflammasome, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-1α/IL-β, and IL-1R are central elements of kidney inflammation and pharmacological IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra) was shown to prevent or even reverse diabetic nephropathy (DN) in animal models, we explored the intrinsic expression of IL-1 molecules in kidney tissue of DN patients as regulators of renal inflammation. We used biopsies taken from DN patients and controls and show a high level of IL-1α expression in renal tubular epithelial cells, whereas both IL-1 agonistic molecules (i.e., IL-1α and IL-1β) were devoid of the glomeruli. Human proximal tubular kidney HK-2 cells exposed to high glucose (HG) gradually increase the expression of IL-1α but not IL-1β and induce the expression and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. We further demonstrate that in vitro ectopic addition of recombinant IL-1α in low glucose concentration leads to a similar effect as in HG, while supplementing excess amounts of IL-1Ra in HG significantly attenuates the ECM protein overexpression and deposition. Accordingly, inhibition of IL-1α cleaving protease calpain, but not caspapse-1, also strongly reduces ECM protein production by HK-2 cells. Collectively, we demonstrate that IL-1α and not IL-1β, released from renal tubular cells is the key inflammatory molecule responsible for the renal inflammation in DN. Our result suggests that the clinical use of IL-1Ra in DN should be promoted over the individual neutralization of IL-1α or IL-1β in order to achieve better blocking of IL-1R signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talal Salti
- Galilee Medical Center, Research Institute, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Khaled Khazim
- Galilee Medical Center, Research Institute, Nahariya, Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Rami Haddad
- Galilee Medical Center, Research Institute, Nahariya, Israel
| | | | - Gil Bar-Sela
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Cancer Center, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Idan Cohen
- Cancer Center, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Tammaro A, Kers J, Scantlebery AML, Florquin S. Metabolic Flexibility and Innate Immunity in Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury: The Fine Balance Between Adaptive Repair and Tissue Degeneration. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1346. [PMID: 32733450 PMCID: PMC7358591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), a common event after renal transplantation, causes acute kidney injury (AKI), increases the risk of delayed graft function (DGF), primes the donor kidney for rejection, and contributes to the long-term risk of graft loss. In the last decade, epidemiological studies have linked even mild episodes of AKI to chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, and innate immunity seems to play a crucial role. The ischemic insult triggers an acute inflammatory reaction that is elicited by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), expressed on both infiltrating immune cells as well as tubular epithelial cells (TECs). Among the PRRs, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), their synergistic receptors, Nod-like receptors (NLRs), and the inflammasomes, play a pivotal role in shaping inflammation and TEC repair, in response to renal IRI. These receptors represent promising targets to modulate the extent of inflammation, but also function as gatekeepers of tissue repair, protecting against AKI-to-CKD progression. Despite the important considerations on timely use of therapeutics, in the context of IRI, treatment options are limited by a lack of understanding of the intra- and intercellular mechanisms associated with the activation of innate immune receptors and their impact on adaptive tubular repair. Accumulating evidence suggests that TEC-associated innate immunity shapes the tubular response to stress through the regulation of immunometabolism. Engagement of innate immune receptors provides TECs with the metabolic flexibility necessary for their plasticity during injury and repair. This could significantly affect pathogenic processes within TECs, such as cell death, mitochondrial damage, senescence, and pro-fibrotic cytokine secretion, well-known to exacerbate inflammation and fibrosis. This article provides an overview of the past 5 years of research on the role of innate immunity in experimental and human IRI, with a focus on the cascade of events activated by hypoxic damage in TECs: from programmed cell death (PCD) and mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated metabolic rewiring of TECs to maladaptive repair and progression to fibrosis. Finally, we will discuss the important crosstalk between metabolism and innate immunity observed in TECs and their therapeutic potential in both experimental and clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tammaro
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jesper Kers
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Biomolecular Systems Analytics, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Angelique M L Scantlebery
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Increased serum levels of advanced glycation end products due to induced molting in hen layers trigger a proinflammatory response by peripheral blood leukocytes. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3452-3462. [PMID: 32616239 PMCID: PMC7597842 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced molting (IM), a severe detriment to animal welfare, is still used in the poultry industry in some countries to increase or rejuvenate egg production and is responsible for several physiological perturbations, possibly including reactive oxidative stress, a form of metabolic stress. Because metabolic stress has been shown to induce a proinflammatory response involved in attempts to restore homeostasis, we hypothesized that similar responses followed IM. To confirm this hypothesis, we initially confirmed the establishment of oxidative stress during IM in 75-wk-old layers by demonstrating increased production of advanced glycation end products (AGE). Concomitant with increased oxidative metabolites, cellular stress was demonstrated in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) by increased levels of stress gene products (the glucocorticoid receptor, sirtuin-1, and heat shock protein 70 mRNA). Increased expression of stress proteins in PBL was followed by a proinflammatory response as demonstrated by increased levels of proinflammatory gene products (IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA); increased expression of these gene products was also demonstrated in direct response to AGE in vitro, thus establishing a direct link between oxidative and cellular stress. To establish a possible pathway for inducing a proinflammatory response by PBL, we showed that AGE increased a time dependent expression of galactin-3, Toll-like receptor-4, and nuclear factor - κB, all involved in the proinflammatory activation pathway. In vivo, AGE formed complexes with increased levels of circulating acute phase proteins (lysozyme and transferrin), products of a proinflammatory immune response, thereby demonstrating an effector response to cope with the consequences of oxidative stress. Thus, the harmful consequences of IM for animal welfare are extended here by demonstrating the activation of a resource-demanding proinflammatory response.
Collapse
|
77
|
Anand AC, Nandi B, Acharya SK, Arora A, Babu S, Batra Y, Chawla YK, Chowdhury A, Chaoudhuri A, Eapen EC, Devarbhavi H, Dhiman R, Datta Gupta S, Duseja A, Jothimani D, Kapoor D, Kar P, Khuroo MS, Kumar A, Madan K, Mallick B, Maiwall R, Mohan N, Nagral A, Nath P, Panigrahi SC, Pawar A, Philips CA, Prahraj D, Puri P, Rastogi A, Saraswat VA, Saigal S, Shalimar, Shukla A, Singh SP, Verghese T, Wadhawan M. Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver Consensus Statement on Acute Liver Failure (Part 1): Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Presentation and Prognosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 10:339-376. [PMID: 32655238 PMCID: PMC7335721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is an infrequent, unpredictable, potentially fatal complication of acute liver injury (ALI) consequent to varied etiologies. Etiologies of ALF as reported in the literature have regional differences, which affects the clinical presentation and natural course. In this part of the consensus article designed to reflect the clinical practices in India, disease burden, epidemiology, clinical presentation, monitoring, and prognostication have been discussed. In India, viral hepatitis is the most frequent cause of ALF, with drug-induced hepatitis due to antituberculosis drugs being the second most frequent cause. The clinical presentation of ALF is characterized by jaundice, coagulopathy, and encephalopathy. It is important to differentiate ALF from other causes of liver failure, including acute on chronic liver failure, subacute liver failure, as well as certain tropical infections which can mimic this presentation. The disease often has a fulminant clinical course with high short-term mortality. Death is usually attributable to cerebral complications, infections, and resultant multiorgan failure. Timely liver transplantation (LT) can change the outcome, and hence, it is vital to provide intensive care to patients until LT can be arranged. It is equally important to assess prognosis to select patients who are suitable for LT. Several prognostic scores have been proposed, and their comparisons show that indigenously developed dynamic scores have an edge over scores described from the Western world. Management of ALF will be described in part 2 of this document.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACLF, acute on chronic liver failure
- AFLP, acute fatty liver of pregnancy
- AKI, Acute kidney injury
- ALF, Acute liver failure
- ALFED, Acute Liver Failure Early Dynamic
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- ANA, antinuclear antibody
- AP, Alkaline phosphatase
- APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time
- ASM, alternative system of medicine
- ASMA, antismooth muscle antibody
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- ATN, Acute tubular necrosis
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- ATT, anti-TB therapy
- AUROC, Area under the receiver operating characteristics curve
- BCS, Budd-Chiari syndrome
- BMI, body mass index
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CBFV, cerebral blood flow volume
- CE, cerebral edema
- CHBV, chronic HBV
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CNS, central nervous system
- CPI, clinical prognostic indicator
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- DAMPs, Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DILI, drug-induced liver injury
- EBV, Epstein-Barr virus
- ETCO2, End tidal CO2
- GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation
- HAV, hepatitis A virus
- HBV, Hepatitis B virus
- HELLP, hemolysis
- HEV, hepatitis E virus
- HLH, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- HV, hepatic vein
- HVOTO, hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction
- IAHG, International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group
- ICH, intracerebral hypertension
- ICP, intracerebral pressure
- ICU, intensive care unit
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IND-ALF, ALF of indeterminate etiology
- INDILI, Indian Network for DILI
- KCC, King's College Criteria
- LC, liver cirrhosis
- LDLT, living donor liver transplantation
- LT, liver transplantation
- MAP, mean arterial pressure
- MHN, massive hepatic necrosis
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference
- NAPQI, n-acetyl-p-benzo-quinone-imine
- NPV, negative predictive value
- NWI, New Wilson's Index
- ONSD, optic nerve sheath diameter
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PELD, Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease
- PPV, positive predictive value
- PT, prothrombin time
- RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
- SHF, subacute hepatic failure
- SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome
- SNS, sympathetic nervous system
- TB, tuberculosis
- TCD, transcranial Doppler
- TGF, tumor growth factor
- TJLB, transjugular liver biopsy
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TSFT, triceps skin fold thickness
- US, ultrasound
- USALF, US Acute Liver Failure
- VZV, varicella-zoster virus
- WD, Wilson disease
- Wilson disease (WD)
- YP, yellow phosphorus
- acute liver failure
- autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)
- drug-induced liver injury
- elevated liver enzymes, low platelets
- sALI, severe acute liver injury
- viral hepatitis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil C. Anand
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaliga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Bhaskar Nandi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sarvodaya Hospital and Research Centre, Faridababd, Haryana, India
| | - Subrat K. Acharya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 024, India
| | - Anil Arora
- Institute of Liver Gastroenterology &Pancreatico Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110 060, India
| | - Sethu Babu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500003, India
| | - Yogesh Batra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, SaritaVihar, New Delhi, 110 076, India
| | - Yogesh K. Chawla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Kushabhadra Campus (KIIT Campus-5), Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 024, India
| | - Abhijit Chowdhury
- Department of Hepatology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Ashok Chaoudhuri
- Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, D-1 Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Eapen C. Eapen
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Harshad Devarbhavi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - RadhaKrishan Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Siddhartha Datta Gupta
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Dinesh Jothimani
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chrompet, Chennai, 600044, India
| | | | - Premashish Kar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Vaishali, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 012, India
| | - Mohamad S. Khuroo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dr Khuroo’ S Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Institute of Liver Gastroenterology &Pancreatico Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110 060, India
| | - Kaushal Madan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Max Smart Super Specialty Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, India
| | - Bipadabhanjan Mallick
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Rakhi Maiwall
- Hepatology Incharge Liver Intensive Care, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, D-1 Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Mohan
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Liver Transplantation, Medanta – the Medicity Hospital, Sector – 38, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Aabha Nagral
- Department of Gastroenterology, Apollo and Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, 15, Dr Deshmukh Marg, Pedder Road, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400 026, India
| | - Preetam Nath
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaliga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Sarat C. Panigrahi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaliga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Ankush Pawar
- Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute, Fortis Escorts Hospital, Okhla Road, New Delhi, 110 025, India
| | - Cyriac A. Philips
- The Liver Unit and Monarch Liver Lab, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, 682028, Kerala, India
| | - Dibyalochan Prahraj
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaliga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Pankaj Puri
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Fortis Escorts Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute (FELDI), Fortis Escorts Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Amit Rastogi
- Department of Liver Transplantation, Medanta – the MedicityHospital, Sector – 38, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Vivek A. Saraswat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raibareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 014, India
| | - Sanjiv Saigal
- Department of Hepatology, Department of Liver Transplantation, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 29, India
| | - Akash Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, LTM Medical College & Sion Hospital, India
| | - Shivaram P. Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Dock Road, Manglabag, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 007, India
| | - Thomas Verghese
- Department of Gastroenterology, Government Medical College, Kozikhode, India
| | - Manav Wadhawan
- Institute of Liver & Digestive Diseases and Head of Hepatology & Liver Transplant (Medicine), BLK Super Speciality Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - The INASL Task-Force on Acute Liver Failure
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaliga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sarvodaya Hospital and Research Centre, Faridababd, Haryana, India
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 024, India
- Institute of Liver Gastroenterology &Pancreatico Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110 060, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500003, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, SaritaVihar, New Delhi, 110 076, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Kushabhadra Campus (KIIT Campus-5), Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 024, India
- Department of Hepatology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, 700020, India
- Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, D-1 Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, 560034, India
- Department of Hepatology, Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chrompet, Chennai, 600044, India
- Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Vaishali, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 012, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dr Khuroo’ S Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Max Smart Super Specialty Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
- Hepatology Incharge Liver Intensive Care, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, D-1 Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Liver Transplantation, Medanta – the Medicity Hospital, Sector – 38, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Apollo and Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, 15, Dr Deshmukh Marg, Pedder Road, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400 026, India
- Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute, Fortis Escorts Hospital, Okhla Road, New Delhi, 110 025, India
- The Liver Unit and Monarch Liver Lab, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, 682028, Kerala, India
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Fortis Escorts Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute (FELDI), Fortis Escorts Hospital, Delhi, India
- Department of Liver Transplantation, Medanta – the MedicityHospital, Sector – 38, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raibareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 014, India
- Department of Hepatology, Department of Liver Transplantation, India
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 29, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, LTM Medical College & Sion Hospital, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Dock Road, Manglabag, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 007, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Government Medical College, Kozikhode, India
- Institute of Liver & Digestive Diseases and Head of Hepatology & Liver Transplant (Medicine), BLK Super Speciality Hospital, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
The Mechanism of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Its Association with Diabetes Mellitus. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2020; 2020:3295176. [PMID: 32788887 PMCID: PMC7330652 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3295176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is the third most common hospital-acquired AKI after AKI induced by renal perfusion insufficiency and nephrotoxic drugs, taking great adverse effects on the prognosis and increasing hospital stay and medical cost. Diabetes nephropathy (DN) is a common chronic complication of DM (diabetes mellitus), and DN is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CI-AKI. The incidence of CI-AKI significantly increases in patients with renal injury, especially in DM-related nephropathy. The etiology of CI-AKI is not fully clear, and research studies on how DM becomes a facilitated factor of CI-AKI are limited. This review describes the mechanism from three aspects. ① Pathophysiological changes of CI-AKI in kidney under high-glucose status (HGS). HGS can enhance the oxidative stress and increase ROS which next causes stronger vessel constriction and insufficient oxygen supply in kidney via vasoactive substances. HGS also aggravates some ion pump load and the latter increases oxygen consumption. CI-AKI and HGS are mutually causal, making the kidney function continue to decline. ② Immunological changes of DM promoting CI-AKI. Some innate immune cells and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in DM and/or DN may respond to some damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) formed by CI-AKI. These effects overlap with some pathophysiological changes in hyperglycemia. ③ Signaling pathways related to both CI-AKI and DM. These pathways involved in CI-AKI are closely associated with apoptosis, inflammation, and ROS production, and some studies suggest that these pathways may be potential targets for alleviating CI-AKI. In conclusion, the pathogenesis of CI-AKI and the mechanism of DM as a predisposing factor for CI-AKI, especially signaling pathways, need further investigation to provide new clinical approaches to prevent and treat CI-AKI.
Collapse
|
79
|
The predictive role of serum calprotectin on mortality in hemodialysis patients with high phosphoremia. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:158. [PMID: 32366231 PMCID: PMC7197146 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The inflammatory mediator calprotectin (CPT, myeloid-related protein 8/14) is known as an endogenous ligand contributing to pathophysiology in inflammatory diseases. Serum CPT reportedly became a potential biomarker in these conditions, though there is no report predicting the prognosis in hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the predictive role of serum CPT on mortality in hemodialysis patients. Methods We conducted a multicenter, observational cohort study of 388 Japanese subjects undergoing hemodialysis. Serum CPT were measured using an ELISA. The potential associations between serum CPT and clinical variables were cross-sectionally examined. Multivariate Cox regression was used to estimate the association between serum CPT, high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), white blood cell (WBC) count and mortality. Median follow-up was 6.6 years. Results The median CPT level was 6108 ng/ml (median in healthy subjects, 2800) at baseline. Serum CPT positively correlated with WBC count (ρ = 0.54, P < 0.001) and hs-CRP values (ρ = 0.35, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, hs-CRP was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality after adjusting confounding factors (middle vs. low: hazard ratio [HR] 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23–3.66; high vs. low: 2.47, 1.40–4.47). In the analysis by stratum of phosphate levels, elevated CPT levels were significantly associated with all-cause mortality in the highest tertile (18.1; 3.15–345.9) among the high-phosphate group, but not among the low-phosphate group. Conclusions Serum CPT would become a potential predictive marker on mortality in hemodialysis patients with high-phosphate levels.
Collapse
|
80
|
Sen P, Helmke A, Liao CM, Sörensen-Zender I, Rong S, Bräsen JH, Melk A, Haller H, von Vietinghoff S, Schmitt R. SerpinB2 Regulates Immune Response in Kidney Injury and Aging. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:983-995. [PMID: 32209589 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of SerpinB2, a regulator of inflammatory processes, has been described in the context of macrophage activation and cellular senescence. Given that mechanisms for these processes interact and can shape kidney disease, it seems plausible that SerpinB2 might play a role in renal aging, injury, and repair. METHODS We subjected SerpinB2 knockout mice to ischemia-reperfusion injury or unilateral ureteral obstruction. We performed phagocyte depletion to study SerpinB2's role beyond the effects of macrophages and transplanted bone marrow from knockout mice to wild-type mice and vice versa to dissect cell type-dependent effects. Primary tubular cells and macrophages from SerpinB2 knockout and wild-type mice were used for functional studies and transcriptional profiling. RESULTS Cultured senescent tubular cells, kidneys of aged mice, and renal stress models exhibited upregulation of SerpinB2 expression. Functionally, lack of SerpinB2 in aged knockout mice had no effect on the magnitude of senescence markers but associated with enhanced kidney damage and fibrosis. In stress models, inflammatory cell infiltration was initially lower in knockout mice but later increased, leading to an accumulation of significantly more macrophages. SerpinB2 knockout tubular cells showed significantly reduced expression of the chemokine CCL2. Macrophages from knockout mice exhibited reduced phagocytosis and enhanced migration. Macrophage depletion and bone marrow transplantation experiments validated the functional relevance of these cell type-specific functions of SerpinB2. CONCLUSIONS SerpinB2 influences tubule-macrophage crosstalk by supporting tubular CCL2 expression and regulating macrophage phagocytosis and migration. In mice, SerpinB2 expression seems to be needed for coordination and timely resolution of inflammation, successful repair, and kidney homeostasis during aging. Implications of SerpinB2 in human kidney disease deserve further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Helmke
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chieh Ming Liao
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Sörensen-Zender
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Song Rong
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anette Melk
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hermann Haller
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Roland Schmitt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Quinn GZ, Dhillon P, Susztak K. It Takes Two to Tango: The Role of Dysregulated Metabolism and Inflammation in Kidney Disease Development. Semin Nephrol 2020; 40:199-205. [PMID: 32303282 PMCID: PMC7682750 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a major contributor of chronic kidney disease development. The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease shows significant similarities. Both conditions are associated with a defect in cellular metabolism, such as fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in kidney tubule cells and a marked increase in infiltrating immune cells. Here, we discuss how inflammatory cytokines and macrophages contribute to epithelial injury and metabolic defects. In addition, we discuss the role of mitochondrial damage and cytosolic leakage of the mitochondrial DNA activating the innate immune pathway such as cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase/stimulator of interferon genes. The interplay between inflammation and metabolism appears to be critical for kidney disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Z Quinn
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Poonam Dhillon
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Han SJ, Williams RM, D'Agati V, Jaimes EA, Heller DA, Lee HT. Selective nanoparticle-mediated targeting of renal tubular Toll-like receptor 9 attenuates ischemic acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2020; 98:76-87. [PMID: 32386967 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We developed an innovative therapy for ischemic acute kidney injury with discerning kidney-targeted delivery of a selective Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) antagonist in mice subjected to renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Our previous studies showed that mice deficient in renal proximal tubular TLR9 were protected against renal ischemia reperfusion injury demonstrating a critical role for renal proximal tubular TLR9 in generating ischemic acute kidney injury. Herein, we used 300-400 nm polymer-based mesoscale nanoparticles that localize to the renal tubules after intravenous injection. Mice were subjected to sham surgery or 30 minutes renal ischemia and reperfusion injury after receiving mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with a selective TLR9 antagonist (unmethylated CpG oligonucleotide ODN2088) or mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulating a negative control oligonucleotide. Mice treated with the encapsulated TLR9 antagonist either six hours before renal ischemia, at the time of reperfusion or 1.5 hours after reperfusion were protected against ischemic acute kidney injury. The ODN2088-encapsulated nanoparticles attenuated renal tubular necrosis, inflammation, decreased proinflammatory cytokine synthesis. neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and apoptosis, decreased DNA fragmentation and caspase 3/8 activation when compared to the negative control nanoparticle treated mice. Taken together, our studies further suggest that renal proximal tubular TLR9 activation exacerbates ischemic acute kidney injury by promoting renal tubular inflammation, apoptosis and necrosis after ischemia reperfusion. Thus, our studies suggest a potential promising therapy for ischemic acute kidney injury with selective kidney tubular targeting of TLR9 using mesoscale nanoparticle-based drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ryan M Williams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vivette D'Agati
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edgar A Jaimes
- Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel A Heller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - H Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Hata Y, Kuwabara T, Mori K, Kan Y, Sato Y, Umemoto S, Fujimoto D, Kanki T, Nishiguchi Y, Yokoi H, Kakizoe Y, Izumi Y, Yanagita M, Mukoyama M. Ablation of Myeloid Cell MRP8 Ameliorates Nephrotoxic Serum-induced Glomerulonephritis by Affecting Macrophage Characterization through Intraglomerular Crosstalk. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3056. [PMID: 32080297 PMCID: PMC7033179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and one of its endogenous ligands myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8 or S100A8), especially expressed in macrophages, play an important role in diabetic nephropathy and autoimmune disorders. However, detailed mechanisms and consequence of MRP8 expression remain unknown, partly due to embryonic lethality of MRP8 knockout mice. In this study, Myeloid lineage cell-specific MRP8 knockout mice were generated, and nephrotoxic serum-induced glomerulonephritis was developed. Mice with conditional ablation of MRP8 gene in myeloid cells exhibited less severe histological damage, proteinuria and inflammatory changes compared to control mice. Mechanism of MRP8 upregulation was investigated using cultured cells. Co-culture of macrophages with mesangial cells or mesangial cell-conditioned media, but not with proximal tubules, markedly upregulated MRP8 gene expression and inflammatory M1 phenotype in macrophages, which was attenuated in MRP8-deleted bone marrow-derived macrophages. Effects of MRP8 deletion was further studied in the context of macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle), which is critically involved in maintenance of M1 phenotype of macrophages. MRP8 ablation in myeloid cells suppressed the induction of Mincle expression on macrophages in glomerulonephritis. Thus, we propose that intraglomerular crosstalk between mesangial cells and macrophages plays a role in inflammatory changes in glomerulonephritis, and MRP8-dependent Mincle expression in macrophage may be involved in the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hata
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashige Kuwabara
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan. .,Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Nephrology and Kidney Research, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Youngna Kan
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuro Umemoto
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kanki
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nishiguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Yokoi
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kakizoe
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Izumi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Gupta N, Khetan D, Chaudhary R, Shukla JS. Prospective Cohort Study to Assess the Effect of Storage Duration, Leuko-Filtration, and Gamma Irradiation on Cell-Free DNA in Red Cell Components. Transfus Med Hemother 2020; 47:409-419. [PMID: 33173459 DOI: 10.1159/000505937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Damage to a cell and the loss of integrity of its cell membrane leads to the release of endogenous immunogenic molecules, which together are classified as "damage-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs). Cell-free DNA (cf-DNA) released from nucleosomes may serve as a proco-agulant cofactor and may be an important mediator of immunomodulatory and proinflammatory effects associated with blood transfusion. Objectives To assess the levels of cf-DNA in supernatants of stored red cell components and the effect of leukoreduction and gamma irradiation on the release of cf-DNA during storage. Methods This is a prospective cohort study on 99 stored red cell components, randomly divided into three groups - buffy coat (BC)-depleted, leuko-filtered (LP), and irradiated (IR) packed red blood cells. Red cell supernatants were drawn over a period of 21 days at three different time points (day 0, 7, and 21) from the study units. cf-DNA extraction was done and quantified by a bench top fluorometer. Change in cf-DNA content, rate of change (μg/day), and percent change were estimated and compared across different groups. Results cf-DNA content increased (p = 0.000) with storage duration in the BC (median = 238.66 μg, interquartile range [IQR] = 168.42 on day 21 vs. median = 9.44 μg, IQR = 5.23 on day 0) and IR groups (p = 0.000) (median = 245.55 μg, IQR = 253.88 on day 21 vs. median = 7.07 μg, IQR = 13.58 on day 0), while there was a decreasing trend (p = 0.032) in the LP group (median = 4.55 μg, IQR = 10.73 on day 21 vs. median = 8.66 μg, IQR = 6.56 on day 0). The median rate of change in cf-DNA content (11.13 μg/day) and percent change in cf-DNA content (median = 4,106.16%) was highest in the IR group. Conclusions Stored red cell components contain significant amount of cf-DNA. Release of cf-DNA is further aggravated by irradiation while leukoreduction leads to a decrease in cf-DNA content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Gupta
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Dheeraj Khetan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajendra Chaudhary
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Jai Shankar Shukla
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Dimos BA, Butler CC, Ricci CA, MacKnight NJ, Mydlarz LD. Responding to Threats Both Foreign and Domestic: NOD-Like Receptors in Corals. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:819-829. [PMID: 31236558 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically mechanisms with which basal animals such as reef-building corals use to respond to changing and increasingly stressful environments have remained elusive. However, the increasing availability of genomic and transcriptomic data from these organisms has provided fundamental insights into the biology of these critically important ecosystem engineers. Notably, insights into cnidarians gained in the post-genomics age have revealed a surprisingly complex immune system which bears a surprising level of similarity with the vertebrate innate immune system. This system has been critically linked to how corals respond to the two most prominent threats on a global scale, emerging coral diseases and increasing water temperature, which are recognized cellularly as either foreign or domestic threats, respectively. These threats can arise from pathogenic microbes or internal cellular dysfunction, underscoring the need to further understand mechanisms corals use to sense and respond to threats to their cellular integrity. In this investigation and meta-analysis, we utilize resources only recently available in the post-genomic era to identify and characterize members of an underexplored class of molecules known as NOD-like receptors in the endangered Caribbean coral Orbicella faveolata. We then leverage these data to identify pathways possibly mediated by NLRs in both O. faveolata and the ecologically important branching coral Acropora digitifera. Overall, we find support that this class of proteins may provide a mechanistic link to how reef-building corals respond to threats both foreign and domestic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradford A Dimos
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Caleb C Butler
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Contessa A Ricci
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Nicholas J MacKnight
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Laura D Mydlarz
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Impact of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist in renal transplant patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Nephrol 2019; 33:529-538. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-019-00681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
87
|
Torre-Villalvazo I, Alemán-Escondrillas G, Valle-Ríos R, Noriega LG. Protein intake and amino acid supplementation regulate exercise recovery and performance through the modulation of mTOR, AMPK, FGF21, and immunity. Nutr Res 2019; 72:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
88
|
Clinical Implications of Extracellular HMGA1 in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235950. [PMID: 31779212 PMCID: PMC6928815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unconventional secretion of proteins is generally caused by cellular stress. During the tumorigenesis, tumor cells experience high levels of stress, and the secretion of some theoretically intracellular proteins is activated. Once in the extracellular space, these proteins play different paracrine and autocrine roles and could represent a vulnerability of cancer. One of these proteins is the high mobility group A1 (HMGA1), which is frequently overexpressed in tumors and presents a low expression in normal adult tissues. We have recently described that HMGA1 establishes an autocrine loop in invasive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. The secretion of HMGA1 and its binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) mediates the migration, invasion, and metastasis of TNBC cells and predicts the onset of metastasis in these patients. In this review, we summarized different strategies to exploit the novel tumorigenic phenotype mediated by extracellular HMGA1. We envisioned future clinical applications where the association between its change in subcellular localization and breast cancer progression could be used to predict tumor aggressiveness and guide treatment decisions. Furthermore, we proposed that targeting extracellular HMGA1 as monotherapy using monoclonal antibodies, or in combination with chemotherapy and other targeted therapies, could bring new therapeutic options for TNBC patients.
Collapse
|
89
|
Yang Y, Nam GH, Kim GB, Kim YK, Kim IS. Intrinsic cancer vaccination. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:2-22. [PMID: 31132376 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of cancer, and the current immunotherapeutics have remarkably improved the outcomes for some cancer patients. However, we still need answers for patients with immunologically cold tumors that do not benefit from the current immunotherapy treatments. Here, we suggest a novel strategy that is based on using a very old and sophisticated system for cancer immunotherapy, namely "intrinsic cancer vaccination", which seeks to awaken our own immune system to activate tumor-specific T cells. To do this, we must take advantage of the genetic instability of cancer cells and the expression of cancer cell neoantigens to trigger immunity against cancer cells. It will be necessary to not only enhance the phagocytosis of cancer cells by antigen presenting cells but also induce immunogenic cancer cell death and the subsequent immunogenic clearance, cross-priming and generation of tumor-specific T cells. This strategy will allow us to avoid using known tumor-specific antigens, ex vivo manipulation or adoptive cell therapy; rather, we will efficiently present cancer cell neoantigens to our immune system and propagate the cancer-immunity cycle. This strategy simply follows the natural cycle of cancer-immunity from its very first step, and therefore could be combined with any other treatment modality to yield enhanced efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoosoo Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hoon Nam
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beom Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyoung Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Samoylova ML, Nash A, Kuchibhatla M, Barbas AS, Brennan TV. Machine perfusion of donor kidneys may reduce graft rejection. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13716. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Nash
- Department of Surgery Duke University Medical Center Durham North Carolina
| | | | - Andrew S. Barbas
- Department of Surgery Duke University Medical Center Durham North Carolina
| | - Todd V. Brennan
- Department of Surgery Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Andrade-Oliveira V, Foresto-Neto O, Watanabe IKM, Zatz R, Câmara NOS. Inflammation in Renal Diseases: New and Old Players. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1192. [PMID: 31649546 PMCID: PMC6792167 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, a process intimately linked to renal disease, can be defined as a complex network of interactions between renal parenchymal cells and resident immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, coupled with recruitment of circulating monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. Once stimulated, these cells activate specialized structures such as Toll-like receptor and Nod-like receptor (NLR). By detecting danger-associated molecules, these receptors can set in motion major innate immunity pathways such as nuclear factor ĸB (NF-ĸB) and NLRP3 inflammasome, causing metabolic reprogramming and phenotype changes of immune and parenchymal cells and triggering the secretion of a number of inflammatory mediators that can cause irreversible tissue damage and functional loss. Growing evidence suggests that this response can be deeply impacted by the crosstalk between the kidneys and other organs, such as the gut. Changes in the composition and/or metabolite production of the gut microbiota can influence inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis, thus offering opportunities to positively manipulate the composition and/or functionality of gut microbiota and, consequentially, ameliorate deleterious consequences of renal diseases. In this review, we summarize the most recent evidence that renal inflammation can be ameliorated by interfering with the gut microbiota through the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics. In addition to these innovative approaches, we address the recent discovery of new targets for drugs long in use in clinical practice. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, NF-ĸB inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, and antimetabolic drugs can reduce renal macrophage infiltration and slow down the progression of renal disease by mechanisms independent of those usually attributed to these compounds. Allopurinol, an inhibitor of uric acid production, has been shown to decrease renal inflammation by limiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. So far, these protective effects have been shown in experimental studies only. Clinical studies will establish whether these novel strategies can be incorporated into the arsenal of treatments intended to prevent the progression of human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Bernardo's Lab, Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil.,Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orestes Foresto-Neto
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Kazue Mizuno Watanabe
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Zatz
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Engel JE, Chade AR. Macrophage polarization in chronic kidney disease: a balancing act between renal recovery and decline? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1409-F1413. [PMID: 31566432 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00380.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogenous cells of the innate immune system that can fluidly modulate their phenotype to respond to their local microenvironment. They are found throughout the renal compartments, where they contribute to homeostasis and function. However, renal injury activates molecular pathways that initially stimulate differentiation of macrophages into a proinflammatory M1 phenotype. Later in the course of healing, abundant apoptotic debris and anti-inflammatory cytokines induce the production of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which contribute to tissue regeneration and repair. Thus, the dynamic balance of M1 and M2 populations may outline the burden of inflammation and process of tissue repair that define renal outcomes, which has been the impetus for therapeutic efforts targeting macrophages. This review will discuss the role of these phenotypes in the progression of chronic renal injury, potential pathogenic mechanisms, and the promise of macrophage-based therapeutic applications for chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Engel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Alejandro R Chade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Morales-Buenrostro LE, Ortega-Trejo JA, Pérez-Villalva R, Marino LA, González-Bobadilla Y, Juárez H, Zamora-Mejía FM, González N, Espinoza R, Barrera-Chimal J, Bobadilla NA. Spironolactone reduces oxidative stress in living donor kidney transplantation: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F519-F528. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00606.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism prevents acute kidney injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rodent and pig preclinical models. In a pilot study, we showed that spironolactone (25 mg) reduced oxidative stress after 5 days of kidney transplant (KT). In the present study, we investigated the effects of higher doses (50 and 100 mg) of spironolactone on kidney function, tubular injury markers, and oxidative stress in living donor KT recipients. We included KT recipients aged 18 yr or older who received immunosuppression therapy with IL-2 receptor antagonist, mycophenolate mofetil, corticosteroids, and tacrolimus with negative cross-match, and compatible blood group. Patients were randomized to receive placebo ( n = 27), spironolactone (50 mg, n = 25), or spironolactone (100 mg, n = 25). Treatment was given from 3 days before and up to 5 days after KT. Serum creatinine, K+, urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-2, heat shock protein 72, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine levels were assessed. As expected, kidney function was improved after KT. Serum K+ remained in the normal range along the study. There was no significant effect of spironolactone on urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-2 levels, whereas the increase in urinary heat shock protein 72 levels tended to be less intense in the 100 mg spironolactone-treated group ( P = 0.054). In the placebo-treated group, urinary 8-hydroxylated-guanosine levels increased on days 3 and 5 after transplantation. This effect was prevented in patients that received spironolactone. In conclusion, spironolactone reduces the acute increase in urinary oxidative stress in living donor KT recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Antonio Ortega-Trejo
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosalba Pérez-Villalva
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lluvia A. Marino
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yvett González-Bobadilla
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hilda Juárez
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Flor M. Zamora-Mejía
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma González
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ramón Espinoza
- Transplantation Unit, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma A. Bobadilla
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Roles of Inflammasomes in Inflammatory Kidney Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:2923072. [PMID: 31427885 PMCID: PMC6679869 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2923072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system has a central role in eliminating detrimental factors, by frequently launching inflammatory responses towards pathogen infection and inner danger signal outbreak. Acute and chronic inflammatory responses are critical determinants for consequences of kidney diseases, in which inflammasomes were inevitably involved. Inflammasomes are closely linked to many kidney diseases such as acute kidney injury and chronic kidney diseases. Inflammasomes are macromolecules consisting of multiple proteins, and their formation initiates the cleavage of procaspase-1, resulting in the activation of gasdermin D as well as the maturation and release of interleukin-1β and IL-18, leading to pyroptosis. Here, we discuss the mechanism in which inflammasomes occur, as well as their roles in inflammatory kidney diseases, in order to shed light for discovering new therapeutical targets for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory kidney diseases and consequent end-stage renal disease.
Collapse
|
95
|
Brovold H, Lund T, Svistounov D, Solbu MD, Jenssen TG, Ytrehus K, Zykova SN. Crystallized but not soluble uric acid elicits pro-inflammatory response in short-term whole blood cultures from healthy men. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10513. [PMID: 31324844 PMCID: PMC6642259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have pointed at serum uric acid (SUA) as an independent risk factor for mortality, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular and kidney disease; however, no clear pathogenic pathway is established. Uric acid (UA) crystals show pro-inflammatory properties and can thus create or contribute to the state of chronic low-grade inflammation, a widely accepted pathogenic mechanism in several of the above-mentioned pathologies. On the other hand, soluble uric acid possesses antioxidant properties that might attenuate inflammatory responses. We aimed to explore the net effects of experimentally rising SUA in human whole blood cultures on several mediators of inflammation. Production of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-1RA, MCP-1 and IL-8 was assessed upon addition of 200 µM UA, 500 µM UA or monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the presence or absence of 5 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RT-qPCR and multiplex bead based immunoassay were used to measure mRNA expression and cytokine release at 2 and 4 h of culture, respectively. 14C labeled UA was used to assess intracellular uptake of UA. We show that crystallized, but not soluble, UA induces production of pro-inflammatory mediators in human whole blood. Soluble UA is internalized in blood cells but does not potentiate or reduce LPS-induced release of cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Brovold
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trine Lund
- Cardiovascular Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dmitri Svistounov
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marit D Solbu
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trond G Jenssen
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsti Ytrehus
- Cardiovascular Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Svetlana N Zykova
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Center for Quality Assurance and Development, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Blood Bank and Medical Biochemistry, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Brajer-Luftmann B, Nowicka A, Kaczmarek M, Wyrzykiewicz M, Yasar S, Piorunek T, Sikora J, Batura-Gabryel H. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:9708769. [PMID: 31355298 PMCID: PMC6636560 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9708769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are present in the human lung microenvironment, and they may be involved in the local inflammatory process in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Chronic inflammation in COPD may induce immunogenic cell death of structural airway cells, causing the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs may activate the innate and adaptive immune system. The relationship between MDSCs and DAMPs in COPD is poorly described in the available literature. Objectives. (1) Assessment of MDSC percentage and DAMP concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood. (2) Analysis of the relationship between MDSC percentage and chosen DAMPs. Patients and Methods. 30 COPD patients were included. Using monoclonal antibodies directly conjugated with fluorochromes in flow cytometry, MDSCs were assessed in BALF and peripheral blood. The concentration of DAMPs was estimated using sandwich ELISA. Using the Bradford method, the total protein concentrations were evaluated. Results. The percentage of MDSCs among MC in BALF correlated well with the concentration of defensin and heat shock protein 27. Assessing the percentage of MDSCs among all leukocytes in BALF, we revealed a significant correlation with the concentration of defensin, hyaluronic acid, and surfactant protein A. No dependencies occurred between DAMPs and MDSCs in peripheral blood. Conclusion. MDSCs and DAMPs occur in the COPD patient lung microenvironment. Significant correlations between them found in BALF may indicate their influence on the local inflammatory process in COPD. These relationships allow better understanding of the inflammatory process in COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Brajer-Luftmann
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Pulmonary Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84 Street, 60-569 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agata Nowicka
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Pulmonary Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84 Street, 60-569 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wyrzykiewicz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Senan Yasar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Piorunek
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Pulmonary Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84 Street, 60-569 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Sikora
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Halina Batura-Gabryel
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Pulmonary Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84 Street, 60-569 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Serum levels of the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: case-control study. Cent Eur J Immunol 2019; 44:33-37. [PMID: 31114434 PMCID: PMC6526583 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2019.84012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The involvement of the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has been documented; however, the role of this proinflammatory molecule in children with diabetes type 1 (T1DM) has not been addressed. The aim of this case-control study is to compare the serum level of HMGB1 in children with newly diagnosed T1DM (group 1) and a control group composed of healthy children. Material and methods This case-control study included 136 children: group 1 (n = 96) and a control group (n = 40). Measurements were taken from serum for the following: HMGB1, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, glucose, haemoglobin A1C, and β-cell autoantibodies (GADA-65, IA-2, ICA). HMGB1 was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on a Labsystems iEMS Reader MF analyser (Labsystems Diagnostics Oy, Helsinki, Finland). Results The level (median and interquartile range) of HMGB1 was statistically higher (p < 0.001) in children with T1DM: 8.7 (5.0-9.8) µg/l, in comparison with the control group: 1.0 (0.6-1.4) µg/l. No correlation was found between HMGB1 and HbA1c in group 1, or between HMGB1 and BMI. A statistically higher percentage of positive children for autoantibodies were present in group 1 compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.001). HMGB1 serum levels were also tested and the presence of autoantibodies, and none of those antibodies correlated with the level of HMGB1. Conclusions The higher level of HMGB1 in children with T1DM, compared to the control group, indicates that this proinflammatory molecule is a good candidate marker of inflammation in children with T1DM.
Collapse
|
98
|
Exosomal miRNA-19b-3p of tubular epithelial cells promotes M1 macrophage activation in kidney injury. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:210-226. [PMID: 31097789 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial inflammation is a common characteristic of acute and chronic kidney injury. However, the mechanism by which the initial injury of tubular epithelial cells (TECs) drives interstitial inflammation remains unclear. This paper aims to explore the role of exosomal miRNAs derived from TECs in the development of tubulointerstitial inflammation. Global microRNA(miRNA) expression profiling of renal exosomes was examined in a LPS induced acute kidney injury (AKI) mouse model and miR-19b-3p was identified as the miRNA that was most notably increased in TEC-derived exosomes compared to controls. Similar results were also found in an adriamycin (ADR) induced chronic proteinuric kidney disease model in which exosomal miR-19b-3p was markedly released. Interestingly, once released, TEC-derived exosomal miR-19b-3p was internalized by macrophages, leading to M1 phenotype polarization through targeting NF-κB/SOCS-1. A dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that SOCS-1 was the direct target of miR-19b-3p. Importantly, the pathogenic role of exosomal miR-19b-3p in initiating renal inflammation was revealed by the ability of adoptively transferred of purified TEC-derived exosomes to cause tubulointerstitial inflammation in mice, which was reversed by inhibition of miR-19b-3p. Clinically, high levels of miR-19b-3p were found in urinary exosomes and were correlated with the severity of tubulointerstitial inflammation in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Thus, our studies demonstrated that exosomal miR-19b-3p mediated the communication between injured TECs and macrophages, leading to M1 macrophage activation. The exosome/miR-19b-3p/SOCS1 axis played a critical pathologic role in tubulointerstitial inflammation, representing a new therapeutic target for kidney disease.
Collapse
|
99
|
|
100
|
Roedig H, Nastase MV, Wygrecka M, Schaefer L. Breaking down chronic inflammatory diseases: the role of biglycan in promoting a switch between inflammation and autophagy. FEBS J 2019; 286:2965-2979. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Roedig
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Klinikum der Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Madalina Viviana Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Klinikum der Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Klinikum der Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt am Main Germany
| |
Collapse
|