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Dan X, Wechter N, Gray S, Mohanty JG, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Olfactory dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101416. [PMID: 34325072 PMCID: PMC8373788 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in olfactory functions are proposed to be early biomarkers for neurodegeneration. Many neurodegenerative diseases are age-related, including two of the most common, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The establishment of biomarkers that promote early risk identification is critical for the implementation of early treatment to postpone or avert pathological development. Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is seen in 90% of early-stage PD patients and 85% of patients with early-stage AD, which makes it an attractive biomarker for early diagnosis of these diseases. Here, we systematically review widely applied smelling tests available for humans as well as olfaction assessments performed in some animal models and the relationships between OD and normal aging, PD, AD, and other conditions. The utility of OD as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Dan
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Noah Wechter
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Samuel Gray
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Joy G Mohanty
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Dehghani N, Guven G, Kun-Rodrigues C, Gouveia C, Foster K, Hanagasi H, Lohmann E, Samanci B, Gurvit H, Bilgic B, Bras J, Guerreiro R. A comprehensive analysis of copy number variation in a Turkish dementia cohort. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:48. [PMID: 34321086 PMCID: PMC8317312 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variants (CNVs) include deletions or multiplications spanning genomic regions. These regions vary in size and may span genes known to play a role in human diseases. As examples, duplications and triplications of SNCA have been shown to cause forms of Parkinson's disease, while duplications of APP cause early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). RESULTS Here, we performed a systematic analysis of CNVs in a Turkish dementia cohort in order to further characterize the genetic causes of dementia in this population. One hundred twenty-four Turkish individuals, either at risk of dementia due to family history, diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, AD, or frontotemporal dementia, were whole-genome genotyped and CNVs were detected. We integrated family analysis with a comprehensive assessment of potentially disease-associated CNVs in this Turkish dementia cohort. We also utilized both dementia and non-dementia individuals from the UK Biobank in order to further elucidate the potential role of the identified CNVs in neurodegenerative diseases. We report CNVs overlapping the previously implicated genes ZNF804A, SNORA70B, USP34, XPO1, and a locus on chromosome 9 which includes a cluster of olfactory receptors and ABCA1. Additionally, we also describe novel CNVs potentially associated with dementia, overlapping the genes AFG1L, SNX3, VWDE, and BC039545. CONCLUSIONS Genotyping data from understudied populations can be utilized to identify copy number variation which may contribute to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Dehghani
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Gamze Guven
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Celia Kun-Rodrigues
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Catarina Gouveia
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Kalina Foster
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Neuroscience Department, Michigan State University College of Natural Science, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hasmet Hanagasi
- Behavioural Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bedia Samanci
- Behavioural Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gurvit
- Behavioural Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Basar Bilgic
- Behavioural Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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Ageing and Olfactory Dysfunction in Trisomy 21: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070952. [PMID: 34356186 PMCID: PMC8305843 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The olfactory system is particularly vulnerable in an ageing brain, both anatomically and functionally, and these brain changes are more pronounced among individuals with trisomy 21. Furthermore, the age of the system starts to deteriorate, and the mechanism involved is unclear in an individual with trisomy 21. Therefore, the present review aims to summarise the available information related to this topic and to suggest questions still unanswered which can be a subject of further research. Methods: A systematic literature search of trisomy 21 and olfactory dysfunction was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus electronic database following PRISMA guidelines. References and citations were checked in the Google Scholar database. Reports were extracted for information on demographics and psychophysical evaluation. Then, the reports were systematically reviewed based on the effects of ageing on the three olfactory domains: threshold, discrimination, and identification. Results: Participants with trisomy 21 show an early onset of olfactory impairment, and the age effect of the olfactory deficit is fully expressed at age > 30 years old. The three olfactory domains, threshold, discrimination, and identification, are suggested to be impaired in trisomy 21 participants with age > 30 years old. Conclusions: Olfactory dysfunction in an individual with trisomy 21 commences at a relatively young age and affects the three olfactory domains. A challenge for the future is to quantitatively establish the olfactory function of an individual with trisomy 21 at all ages with more detailed measurements to further understand the pathophysiology of this brain deterioration.
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A novel olfactory threshold test for screening cognitive decline among elderly people. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254357. [PMID: 34252091 PMCID: PMC8274884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory impairment is associated with dementia and is a potential early biomarker of cognitive decline. We developed a novel olfactory threshold test called Sniff Bubble using rose odor-containing beads made with 2-phenylethyl alcohol. We aimed to define cut-off scores for this tool to help identify cognitive decline among elderly people. In total, 162 elderly people (mean age ± SD: 73.04 ± 8.73 years) were administered olfactory threshold and neurocognitive tests. For analyses, we divided the participants into two groups based on cognitive functioning, namely cognitive decline (n = 44) and normal cognition (n = 118) groups. The Sniff Bubble and YSK olfactory function test for olfactory threshold and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders-Clinician Version and Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease assessment packet for neurocognitive functioning were used. We used K-means cluster analyses and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses to identify the most appropriate cut-off value. We established a positive correlation between the Sniff Bubble and neurocognitive function test scores (r = 0.431, p < 0.001). We defined the cut-off score, using the ROC curve analyses for Sniff Bubble scores, at 3 and higher with an area under the curve of 0.759 (p < 0.001). The Sniff Bubble test can adequately detect cognitive decline in elderly people and may be used clinically as the first step in the screening process.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Familiarity with the physiology of smell allows a deeper understanding of olfactory dysfunction in dementia and neurodegenerative disease. This manuscript reviews the characteristic clinical and advanced imaging findings in patients with neurodegenerative disorders presenting with olfactory dysfunction.
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Classification of Prefrontal Cortex Activity Based on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data upon Olfactory Stimulation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060701. [PMID: 34073372 PMCID: PMC8228245 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell is one of the most important organs in humans, and olfactory imaging can detect signals in the anterior orbital frontal lobe. This study assessed olfactory stimuli using support vector machines (SVMs) with signals from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data obtained from the prefrontal cortex. These data included odor stimuli and air state, which triggered the hemodynamic response function (HRF), determined from variations in oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb) levels; photoplethysmography (PPG) of two wavelengths (raw optical red and near-infrared data); and the ratios of data from two optical datasets. We adopted three SVM kernel functions (i.e., linear, quadratic, and cubic) to analyze signals and compare their performance with the HRF and PPG signals. The results revealed that oxyHb yielded the most efficient single-signal data with a quadratic kernel function, and a combination of HRF and PPG signals yielded the most efficient multi-signal data with the cubic function. Our results revealed superior SVM analysis of HRFs for classifying odor and air status using fNIRS data during olfaction in humans. Furthermore, the olfactory stimulation can be accurately classified by using quadratic and cubic kernel functions in SVM, even for an individual participant data set.
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Lothmann K, Amunts K, Herold C. The Neurotransmitter Receptor Architecture of the Mouse Olfactory System. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:632549. [PMID: 33967704 PMCID: PMC8102831 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.632549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake, transmission and processing of sensory olfactory information is modulated by inhibitory and excitatory receptors in the olfactory system. Previous studies have focused on the function of individual receptors in distinct brain areas, but the receptor architecture of the whole system remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the receptor profiles of the whole olfactory system of adult male mice. We examined the distribution patterns of glutamatergic (AMPA, kainate, mGlu2/3, and NMDA), GABAergic (GABAA, GABAA(BZ), and GABAB), dopaminergic (D1/5) and noradrenergic (α1 and α2) neurotransmitter receptors by quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography combined with an analysis of the cyto- and myelo-architecture. We observed that each subarea of the olfactory system is characterized by individual densities of distinct neurotransmitter receptor types, leading to a region- and layer-specific receptor profile. Thereby, the investigated receptors in the respective areas and strata showed a heterogeneous expression. Generally, we detected high densities of mGlu2/3Rs, GABAA(BZ)Rs and GABABRs. Noradrenergic receptors revealed a highly heterogenic distribution, while the dopaminergic receptor D1/5 displayed low concentrations, except in the olfactory tubercle and the dorsal endopiriform nucleus. The similarities and dissimilarities of the area-specific multireceptor profiles were analyzed by a hierarchical cluster analysis. A three-cluster solution was found that divided the areas into the (1) olfactory relay stations (main and accessory olfactory bulb), (2) the olfactory cortex (anterior olfactory cortex, dorsal peduncular cortex, taenia tecta, piriform cortex, endopiriform nucleus, entorhinal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex) and the (3) olfactory tubercle, constituting its own cluster. The multimodal receptor-architectonic analysis of each component of the olfactory system provides new insights into its neurochemical organization and future possibilities for pharmaceutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Lothmann
- C. & O. Vogt-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- C. & O. Vogt-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Herold
- C. & O. Vogt-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Parvand M, Rankin CH. Is There a Shared Etiology of Olfactory Impairments in Normal Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:1-21. [PMID: 31744002 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As we age, our olfactory function declines. In addition to occurring in normal aging, more rapid decrement of olfactory decline has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been argued that since olfactory deficits occur less frequently or are absent in diseases such as progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and multiple system atrophy, olfactory deficits can be used for differential diagnoses of AD and PD. The purpose of this review is to provide a survey of current knowledge about the molecular bases and differential patterns of olfactory deficits present in normal aging, AD, and PD. As substantial research has been conducted in this area, the majority of the content of this review focuses on articles published in the past decade. We hypothesize that olfactory deficits in normal aging, AD, and PD may have different underlying causes, and propose the use of model organisms with small, tractable nervous systems and/or easy to manipulate genomes to further investigate the cellular mechanisms responsible for these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahraz Parvand
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catharine H Rankin
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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59
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Duro-Castano A, Borrás C, Herranz-Pérez V, Blanco-Gandía MC, Conejos-Sánchez I, Armiñán A, Mas-Bargues C, Inglés M, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M, García-Verdugo JM, Viña J, Vicent MJ. Targeting Alzheimer's disease with multimodal polypeptide-based nanoconjugates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabf9180. [PMID: 33771874 PMCID: PMC7997513 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf9180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, remains incurable mainly due to our failings in the search for effective pharmacological strategies. Here, we describe the development of targeted multimodal polypeptide-based nanoconjugates as potential AD treatments. Treatment with polypeptide nanoconjugates bearing propargylamine moieties and bisdemethoxycurcumin or genistein afforded neuroprotection and displayed neurotrophic effects, as evidenced by an increase in dendritic density of pyramidal neurons in organotypic hippocampal culture. The additional conjugation of the Angiopep-2 targeting moiety enhanced nanoconjugate passage through the blood-brain barrier and modulated brain distribution with nanoconjugate accumulation in neurogenic areas, including the olfactory bulb. Nanoconjugate treatment effectively reduced neurotoxic β amyloid aggregate levels and rescued impairments to olfactory memory and object recognition in APP/PS1 transgenic AD model mice. Overall, this study provides a description of a targeted multimodal polyglutamate-based nanoconjugate with neuroprotective and neurotrophic potential for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Duro-Castano
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab., Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - C Borrás
- Grupo de Investigación FRESHAGE, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Univ.. Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - V Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. València, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Predepartamental Unit of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Univ. Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - M C Blanco-Gandía
- Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Univ. Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - I Conejos-Sánchez
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab., Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - A Armiñán
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab., Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - C Mas-Bargues
- Grupo de Investigación FRESHAGE, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Univ.. Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - M Inglés
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Univ. Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Miñarro
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Univ. Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Rodríguez-Arias
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Univ. Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J M García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. València, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - J Viña
- Grupo de Investigación FRESHAGE, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Univ.. Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - M J Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab., Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
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Ekström I. Serum C-Reactive Protein Is Negatively Associated With Olfactory Identification Ability in Older Adults. Iperception 2021; 12:20416695211009928. [PMID: 33948158 PMCID: PMC8054135 DOI: 10.1177/20416695211009928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Olfactory deficits are common in aging and associated with several conditions linked to inflammation. A few studies suggest that increased concentration of pro-inflammatory biomarkers may be related to olfactory deficits, but these associations are understudied in population-based samples. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and olfactory identification level as well as rate of change in aging. METHODS We included 1,721 participants (mean age 70.5 years; 61.9% female) with at least two olfactory assessments across the 12-year follow-up. Baseline level and change in odor identification were estimated with linear mixed models as a function of CRP levels, derived from blood plasma at baseline. RESULTS Results indicated a negative dose-response association between CRP level and odor identification scores at baseline, after adjustment for demographic, cognitive, health, and lifestyle factors. CRP levels ranging between 11 and 20 mg/L were significantly related to lower olfactory ability (β = -0.811, 95% confidence interval [CI] [-1.503 to -0.118]; p = .022). Likewise, CRP values above 20 mg/L were related to lower olfactory scores, an association that approached statistical significance (β = -0.996, 95% CI [-2.045 to 0.054]; p = .063). We found no associations between CRP and olfactory change (ps > .368). Sensitivity analyses showed that associations between CRP and olfaction were confined to younger participants (age ≤72 years) and men (ps < .034). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a negative association between serum CRP levels and olfactory identification ability in aging that may be dependent on age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Ekström
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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61
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Son G, Yoo SJ, Kang S, Rasheed A, Jung DH, Park H, Cho B, Steinbusch HWM, Chang KA, Suh YH, Moon C. Region-specific amyloid-β accumulation in the olfactory system influences olfactory sensory neuronal dysfunction in 5xFAD mice. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33397474 PMCID: PMC7784287 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Hyposmia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a typical early symptom according to numerous previous clinical studies. Although amyloid-β (Aβ), which is one of the toxic factors upregulated early in AD, has been identified in many studies, even in the peripheral areas of the olfactory system, the pathology involving olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) remains poorly understood. Methods Here, we focused on peripheral olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and delved deeper into the direct relationship between pathophysiological and behavioral results using odorants. We also confirmed histologically the pathological changes in 3-month-old 5xFAD mouse models, which recapitulates AD pathology. We introduced a numeric scale histologically to compare physiological phenomenon and local tissue lesions regardless of the anatomical plane. Results We observed the odorant group that the 5xFAD mice showed reduced responses to odorants. These also did not physiologically activate OSNs that propagate their axons to the ventral olfactory bulb. Interestingly, the amount of accumulated amyloid-β (Aβ) was high in the OSNs located in the olfactory epithelial ectoturbinate and the ventral olfactory bulb glomeruli. We also observed irreversible damage to the ectoturbinate of the olfactory epithelium by measuring the impaired neuronal turnover ratio from the basal cells to the matured OSNs. Conclusions Our results showed that partial and asymmetrical accumulation of Aβ coincided with physiologically and structurally damaged areas in the peripheral olfactory system, which evoked hyporeactivity to some odorants. Taken together, partial olfactory dysfunction closely associated with peripheral OSN’s loss could be a leading cause of AD-related hyposmia, a characteristic of early AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-020-00730-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowoon Son
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Seung-Jun Yoo
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Shinwoo Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ameer Rasheed
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hae Jung
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongki Cho
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Aniteli MB, Marson FAL, Cunha FR, Sakano E. Correlation and agreement of olfactory perception assessed by the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test and the Brief-Smell Identification Test †. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 88:858-866. [PMID: 33408061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessing olfactory perception in olfactory disorders is of utmost importance in therapy management. However, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and the Sniffin' Sticks are the only tests validated in Brazil. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the correlation and agreement between the Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test and the Brief-Smell Identification Test - University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test - in healthy participants and in participants with olfactory disorders based on the results and technical aspects of both tests. METHODS Fifty participants without olfactory complaints and 50 participants with olfactory disorders who underwent the Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test and the Brief-Smell Identification Test were included. The following tests were used for statistical analysis: Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's correlation, intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plot. An alpha error (significance level) of 0.05 was considered in the statistical analysis. RESULTS Both tests were effective in distinguishing the groups without the presence of overlapping values for the measured markers. Additionally, there was a strong correlation between Spearman's correlation and intraclass correlation coefficient between the tests and for both nostrils. However, the correlations were lower when the groups were individually evaluated. The Bland-Altman plot showed no bias when all participants were simultaneously evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The tests to assess olfactory perception presented a high level of agreement. In our sample, we could infer that the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test is similar to the Brief-Smell Identification Test and can be used in the routine diagnosis of patients with complaints of olfactory disorders, considering the advantage of its low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Bailarini Aniteli
- Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Oftalmologia e Otorrinolaringologia, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Lima Marson
- Universidade São Francisco, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues Cunha
- Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Oftalmologia e Otorrinolaringologia, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Eulália Sakano
- Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Oftalmologia e Otorrinolaringologia, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Sedghizadeh MJ, Hojjati H, Ezzatdoost K, Aghajan H, Vahabi Z, Tarighatnia H. Olfactory response as a marker for Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from perceptual and frontal lobe oscillation coherence deficit. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243535. [PMID: 33320870 PMCID: PMC7737889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High-frequency oscillations of the frontal cortex are involved in functions of the brain that fuse processed data from different sensory modules or bind them with elements stored in the memory. These oscillations also provide inhibitory connections to neural circuits that perform lower-level processes. Deficit in the performance of these oscillations has been examined as a marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the neurodegenerative processes associated with AD, such as the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques, do not occur in a spatially homogeneous fashion and progress more prominently in the medial temporal lobe in the early stages of the disease. This region of the brain contains neural circuitry involved in olfactory perception. Several studies have suggested that olfactory deficit can be used as a marker for early diagnosis of AD. A quantitative assessment of the performance of the olfactory system can hence serve as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease, offering a relatively convenient and inexpensive diagnosis method. This study examines the decline in the perception of olfactory stimuli and the deficit in the performance of high-frequency frontal oscillations in response to olfactory stimulation as markers for AD. Two measurement modalities are employed for assessing the olfactory performance: 1) An interactive smell identification test is used to sample the response to a sizable variety of odorants, and 2) Electroencephalography data are collected in an olfactory perception task with a pair of selected odorants in order to assess the connectivity of frontal cortex regions. Statistical analysis methods are used to assess the significance of selected features extracted from the recorded modalities as Alzheimer's biomarkers. Olfactory decline regressed to age in both healthy and mild AD groups are evaluated, and single- and multi-modal classifiers are also developed. The novel aspects of this study include: 1) Combining EEG response to olfactory stimulation with behavioral assessment of olfactory perception as a marker of AD, 2) Identification of odorants most significantly affected in mild AD patients, 3) Identification of odorants which are still adequately perceived by mild AD patients, 4) Analysis of the decline in the spatial coherence of different oscillatory bands in response to olfactory stimulation, and 5) Being the first study to quantitatively assess the performance of olfactory decline due to aging and AD in the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadi Hojjati
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiana Ezzatdoost
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Aghajan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Vahabi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Memory and Behavioral Neurology Division, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heliya Tarighatnia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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64
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Winchester RL, Martyn K. Could Early Identification of Changes in Olfactory Function Be an Indicator of Preclinical Neurodegenerative Disease? A Systematic Review. Neurol Ther 2020; 9:243-263. [PMID: 32529479 PMCID: PMC7606376 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-020-00199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that currently affects 850,000 individuals in the UK with estimates continuing to rise. Diagnosis is only available in the presence of significant neuronal pathology and apparent cognitive decline, meaning that treatment avenues are often limited and carry little to no effect on prognosis. Olfactory function has been shown to have a direct correlation with cognitive function and therefore may serve as a potential diagnostic tool for the detection of preclinical disease. The objective was to examine the current literature to establish the accuracy of olfactory function testing in determining current and future cognitive function. METHODS A systematic review was performed via Medline on 17 October 2019 using the search terms and Boolean operators 'Dementia OR Alzheimer's AND olfaction AND cognitive impairment' yielding 111 results. These were then screened using inclusion/exclusion criteria alongside a PICO strategy. After titles, abstracts and full text were screened, nine articles were included in the review and critically appraised using the AXIS and CASP tools. RESULTS Significant correlations are demonstrated between olfactory impairment (OI) and cognitive decline. However, there were limitations of many of the studies in that confounders such as head trauma, upper respiratory infection (URTI) and smoking history were not considered. The majority of the studies also used an olfactory screening tool that was not designed for the population being examined. CONCLUSION Despite improvements in olfactory testing needing to be implemented, OI is clearly impaired in neurodegenerative disease across a multitude of ages and cultures, offering an early marker of future cognitive decline. As a result of the heterogenous nature of the included studies, there is a further need for future research to ensure the sensitivity, validity and reliability of implementing olfactory testing as an early marker of future cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki L Winchester
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, England.
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65
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Nguyen ET, Selmanovic D, Maltry M, Morano R, Franco-Villanueva A, Estrada CM, Solomon MB. Endocrine stress responsivity and social memory in 3xTg-AD female and male mice: A tale of two experiments. Horm Behav 2020; 126:104852. [PMID: 32949555 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stress confers risk for the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Relative to men, women are disproportionately more likely to be diagnosed with this neurodegenerative disease. We hypothesized that sex differences in endocrine stress responsiveness may be a factor in this statistic. To test this hypothesis, we assessed basal and stress-induced corticosterone, social recognition, and coat state deterioration (surrogate for depression-like behavior) in male and female 3xTg-AD mice. Prior to reported amyloid plaque deposition, 3xTg females (4 months), but not 3xTg males, had heightened corticosterone responses to restraint exposure. Subsequently, only 3xTg females (6 months) displayed deficits in social memory concomitant with prominent β-amyloid (Aβ) immunostaining. These data suggest that elevated corticosterone stress responses may precede cognitive impairments in genetically vulnerable females. 3xTg mice of both sexes exhibited coat state deterioration relative to same-sex controls. Corticolimbic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) dysfunction is associated with glucocorticoid hypersecretion and cognitive impairment. Our findings indicate sex- and brain-region specific effects of genotype on hippocampal and amygdala GR protein expression. Because olfactory deficits may impede social recognition, in Experiment 2, we assessed olfaction and found no differences between genotypes. Notably, in this cohort, heightened corticosterone stress responses in 3xTg females was not accompanied by social memory deficits or coat state deterioration. However, coat state deterioration was consistent in 3xTg males. We report consistent heightened stress-induced corticosterone levels and Aβ pathology in female 3xTg-AD mice. However, the behavioral findings illuminate unknown inconsistencies in certain phenotypes in this AD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Din Selmanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marissa Maltry
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rachel Morano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ana Franco-Villanueva
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christina M Estrada
- Experimental Psychology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matia B Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Experimental Psychology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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66
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Piras IS, Krate J, Delvaux E, Nolz J, Mastroeni DF, Persico AM, Jepsen WM, Beach TG, Huentelman MJ, Coleman PD. Transcriptome Changes in the Alzheimer's Disease Middle Temporal Gyrus: Importance of RNA Metabolism and Mitochondria-Associated Membrane Genes. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:691-713. [PMID: 31256118 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We used Illumina Human HT-12 v4 arrays to compare RNA expression of middle temporal gyrus (MTG; BA21) in Alzheimer's disease (AD = 97) and non-demented controls (ND = 98). A total of 938 transcripts were highly differentially expressed (adj p < 0.01; log2 FC ≥ |0.500|, with 411 overexpressed and 527 underexpressed in AD. Our results correlated with expression profiling in neurons from AD and ND obtained by laser capture microscopy in MTG from an independent dataset (log2 FC correlation: r = 0.504; p = 2.2e-16). Additionally, selected effects were validated by qPCR. ANOVA analysis yielded no difference between genders in response to AD, but some gender specific genes were detected (e.g., IL8 and AGRN in males, and HSPH1 and GRM1 in females). Several transcripts were associated with Braak staging (e.g., AEBP1 and DNALI1), antemortem MMSE (e.g., AEBP1 and GFAP), and tangle density (e.g., RNU1G2, and DNALI1). At the pathway level, we detected enrichment of synaptic vesicle processes and GABAergic transmission genes. Finally, applying the Weighted Correlation Network Analysis, we identified four expression modules enriched for neuronal and synaptic genes, mitochondria-associated membrane, chemical stimulus and olfactory receptor and non-coding RNA metabolism genes. Our results represent an extensive description of MTG mRNA profiling in a large sample of AD and ND. These data provide a list of genes associated with AD, and correlated to neurofibrillary tangles density. In addition, these data emphasize the importance of mitochondrial membranes and transcripts related to olfactory receptors in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio S Piras
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jonida Krate
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Elaine Delvaux
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer Nolz
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Diego F Mastroeni
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Mafalda Luce Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Milan, Italy
| | - Wayne M Jepsen
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory of Neuropathology at Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, US
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Paul D Coleman
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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67
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Lian TH, Zhu WL, Li SW, Liu YO, Guo P, Zuo LJ, Hu Y, Yu SY, Li LX, Jin Z, Yu QJ, Wang RD, Zhang W. Clinical, Structural, and Neuropathological Features of Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:413-423. [PMID: 31177212 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We explored changes in clinical features and neuropathological mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction (OD) in 60 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Olfactory function was evaluated using the Sniffin' Sticks test and a threshold discrimination identification (TDI) score. Based on the TDI score, we divided patients according to the presence or absence of OD (AD-OD and AD-NOD, respectively). Cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms were evaluated by a series of rating scales. The volumes and cortical thickness of the thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala were measured using structural magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropathological protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid were measured. The frequency of OD was 50%. TDI scores were lower in the AD-OD group than in the AD-NOD group (p < 0.001). Compared with the AD-NOD group, the AD-OD group showed greater cognitive function impairments (p < 0.001), and daily living activities were more severely compromised (p = 0.019). The AD-OD group had lower hippocampal and amygdala volumes (p = 0.025, p = 0.030, respectively) and a more pronounced reduction in cortical thickness (p = 0.010). The total tau level was lower in the AD-OD group than the AD-NOD group (p = 0.040). Lower Mini-Mental State Examination scores and thinner AD-signature cortices were associated with lower TDI scores (OR = 0.826, p < 0.001; OR = 1.433, p = 0.008). Overall, in AD patients, the impairments in olfactory discrimination and identification seem to be more correlated with cognitive levels. OD in AD may be an indicator of pathological cognitive decline and structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Hong Lian
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Lin Zhu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Wu Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Ou Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Xia Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Jin
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Jin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Beijing, China
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68
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Low-dose X-ray imaging may increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Med Hypotheses 2020; 142:109726. [PMID: 32361669 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis presented here explores the possibility that X-ray imaging commonly used in dental practices may be a shared risk factor for sporadic dementias and motor-neuron diseases. As the evidence will suggest, the brain is ill-equipped to manage the intrusion of low-dose ionizing radiation (IR) beyond that which is naturally occurring. When the brain's antioxidant defenses are overwhelmed by IR, it produces an abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can lead to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of synaptic plasticity, altered neuronal structure and microvascular impairment that have been identified as early signs of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, vascular dementia and other diseases that progressively damage the brain and central nervous system. Although genes play a role in all outcomes, the focus here will be on the non-genetic processes at work. Common assumptions regarding the risks of low-dose IR will be addressed, such as: 1) comparing rapid, repeated bursts of man-made IR sent exclusively into the head to equivalent amounts of head-to-toe background IR over longer periods of time; 2) whether epidemiological studies that dismiss concerns regarding low-dose IR due to lack of evidence it causes cancer, heritable mutations or shortened life spans also apply to neurodegeneration; and 3) why even radiation-resistant neurons can be severely impacted by IR exposure, due to IR-induced injury to the processes they need to function. Also considered will be the difficulty of distinguishing the effects of dental X-ray exposure from similarly low amounts of background IR and where to find the evidence that they may, in fact, be responsible for neurodegeneration. Finally, the long-standing belief that whatever risks are inherent in dental radiography must be undertaken for the sake of oral health is challenged on two counts: 1) while dentists continue to drape their patients in lead-lined aprons, the most effective IR safety precautions are often ignored; and 2) there is an alternative dental imaging technology that does not use IR. While the thrust of this article will be on dental radiation and will touch on how age, gender, X-ray equipment and protocols may increase risk, chiropractic radiographs also will be considered because they focus exclusively on the central nervous system. If X-ray imaging is found to be associated with neurodegeneration, the risk-versus-benefit must be reevaluated, every means of reducing exposure implemented and imaging protocols revised.
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69
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Manigrasso M, Costabile F, Liberto LD, Gobbi GP, Gualtieri M, Zanini G, Avino P. Size resolved aerosol respiratory doses in a Mediterranean urban area: From PM 10 to ultrafine particles. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 141:105714. [PMID: 32416371 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the framework of the 2017 "carbonaceous aerosol in Rome and Environs" (CARE) experiment, particle number size distributions have been continuously measured on February 2017 in downtown Rome. These data have been used to estimate, through MPPD model, size and time resolved particle mass, surface area and number doses deposited into the respiratory system. Dosimetry estimates are presented for PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and Ultrafine Particles (UFPs), in relation to the aerosol sources peculiar to the Mediterranean basin and to the atmospheric conditions. Particular emphasis is focused on UFPs and their fraction deposited on the olfactory bulb, in view of their possible translocation to the brain. The site of PM10 deposition within the respiratory system considerably changes, depending on the aerosol sources and then on its different size distributions. On making associations between health endpoints and aerosol mass concentrations, the relevant coarse and fine fractions would be more properly adopted, because they have different sources, different capability of penetrating deep into the respiratory system and different toxicological implications. The separation between them should be set at 1 µm, rather than at 2.5 µm, because the fine fraction is considerably less affected by the contribution of the natural sources. Mass dose is a suitable metric to describe coarse aerosol events but gives a poor representation of combustion aerosol. This fraction of particles, made of UFPs and of accumulation mode particles (mainly with size below 0.2 µm), is of high health relevance. It elicited the highest oxidative activity in the CARE experiment and is properly described by the particle surface area and by the number metrics. Such metrics are even more relevant for the UFP doses deposited on the olfactory bulb, in consideration of the role recognized to oxidative stress in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Such metrics would be more appropriate, rather than PMx mass concentrations, to correlate neurodegenerative pathologies with aerosol pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Manigrasso
- Department of Technological Innovations, INAIL, Via IV Novembre 144, I-00187 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Costabile
- CNR-ISAC - Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Di Liberto
- CNR-ISAC - Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Gobbi
- CNR-ISAC - Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Zanini
- ENEA SSPT-MET-INAT, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis, I-86100, Campobasso, Italy
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70
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Functional Alterations in the Olfactory Neuronal Circuit Occur before Hippocampal Plasticity Deficits in the P301S Mouse Model of Tauopathy: Implications for Early Diagnosis and Translational Research in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155431. [PMID: 32751531 PMCID: PMC7432464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuronal loss and impaired synaptic transmission, ultimately leading to cognitive deficits. Early in the disease, the olfactory track seems most sensitive to tauopathy, while most plasticity studies focused on the hippocampal circuits. Functional network connectivity (FC) and long-term potentiation (LTP), considered as the plasticity substrate of learning and memory, were longitudinally assessed in mice of the P301S model of tauopathy following the course (time and location) of progressively neurodegenerative pathology (i.e., at 3, 6, and 9 months of age) and in their wild type (WT) littermates. Using in vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings, early (at three months) dampening in the gamma oscillatory activity and impairments in the phase-amplitude theta-gamma coupling (PAC) were found in the olfactory bulb (OB) circuit of P301S mice, which were maintained through the whole course of pathology development. In contrast, LFP oscillatory activity and PAC indices were normal in the entorhinal cortex, hippocampal CA1 and CA3 nuclei. Field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) recordings from the Shaffer collateral (SC)-CA1 hippocampal stratum pyramidal revealed a significant altered synaptic LTP response to high-frequency stimulation (HFS): at three months of age, no significant difference between genotypes was found in basal synaptic activity, while signs of a deficit in short term plasticity were revealed by alterations in the fEPSPs. At six months of age, a slight deviance was found in basal synaptic activity and significant differences were observed in the LTP response. The alterations in network oscillations at the OB level and impairments in the functioning of the SC-CA1 pyramidal synapses strongly suggest that the progression of tau pathology elicited a brain area, activity-dependent disturbance in functional synaptic transmission. These findings point to early major alterations of neuronal activity in the OB circuit prior to the disturbance of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, possibly involving tauopathy in the anomalous FC. Further research should determine whether those early deficits in the OB network oscillations and FC are possible mechanisms that potentially promote the emergence of hippocampal synaptic impairments during the progression of tauopathy.
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Yoo SJ, Son G, Bae J, Kim SY, Yoo YK, Park D, Baek SY, Chang KA, Suh YH, Lee YB, Hwang KS, Kim Y, Moon C. Longitudinal profiling of oligomeric Aβ in human nasal discharge reflecting cognitive decline in probable Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11234. [PMID: 32641719 PMCID: PMC7343787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite clinical evidence indicating a close relationship between olfactory dysfunction and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), further investigations are warranted to determine the diagnostic potential of nasal surrogate biomarkers for AD. In this study, we first identified soluble amyloid-β (Aβ), the key biomarker of AD, in patient nasal discharge using proteomic analysis. Then, we profiled the significant differences in Aβ oligomers level between patient groups with mild or moderate cognitive decline (n = 39) and an age-matched normal control group (n = 21) by immunoblot analysis and comparing the levels of Aβ by a self-standard method with interdigitated microelectrode sensor systems. All subjects received the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), and the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) for grouping. We observed higher levels of Aβ oligomers in probable AD subjects with lower MMSE, higher CDR, and higher GDS compared to the normal control group. Moreover, mild and moderate subject groups could be distinguished based on the increased composition of two oligomers, 12-mer Aβ*56 and 15-mer AβO, respectively. The longitudinal cohort study confirmed that the cognitive decline of mild AD patients with high nasal discharge Aβ*56 levels advanced to the moderate stage within three years. Our clinical evidence strongly supports the view that the presence of oligomeric Aβ proteins in nasal discharge is a potential surrogate biomarker of AD and an indicator of cognitive decline progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jun Yoo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gowoon Son
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisub Bae
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeun Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsung Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeop Baek
- Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Gachon Medical School, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Gachon Medical School, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Bae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Seon Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Auditory and Olfactory Deficits in Essential Tremor - Review of the Current Evidence. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2020; 10:3. [PMID: 32775017 PMCID: PMC7394198 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Essential tremor (ET) is the most common adult movement disorder, characterized by several motor and increasingly well recognized non-motor symptoms. Sensory deficits, such as hearing impairment and olfactory dysfunction, are amongst them. This review analyzes the available evidence of these sensory deficits and their possible mechanistic basis in patients with ET. Method: A PubMed literature search on the topic was performed in the May 2019 database. Results: Nineteen articles on hearing impairment and olfactory dysfunction in ET patients were identified. The prevalence of hearing impairment is higher in ET patients than healthy controls or Parkinson disease. Cochlear pathologies are suggested as the underlying cause, but there is still a lack of information about retrocochlear pathologies and central auditory processing. Reports on olfactory dysfunction have conflicting results. The presence of mild olfactory dysfunction in ET was suggested. Conflicting results may be due to the lack of consideration of the disease’s heterogeneity, but according to recent data, most studies do not find prominent evidence of olfactory loss in ET. Conclusion: Although there is increasing interest in studies on non-motor symptoms in ET, there are few studies on sensory deficits, which are of particularly high prevalence. More studies are needed on to investigate the basis of non-motor symptoms, including sensory deficits.
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73
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Nguyen LD, Ehrlich BE. Cellular mechanisms and treatments for chemobrain: insight from aging and neurodegenerative diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e12075. [PMID: 32346964 PMCID: PMC7278555 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a life-saving treatment for cancer patients, but also causes long-term cognitive impairment, or "chemobrain", in survivors. However, several challenges, including imprecise diagnosis criteria, multiple confounding factors, and unclear and heterogeneous molecular mechanisms, impede effective investigation of preventions and treatments for chemobrain. With the rapid increase in the number of cancer survivors, chemobrain is an urgent but unmet clinical need. Here, we leverage the extensive knowledge in various fields of neuroscience to gain insights into the mechanisms for chemobrain. We start by outlining why the post-mitotic adult brain is particularly vulnerable to chemotherapy. Next, through drawing comparisons with normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and traumatic brain injury, we identify universal cellular mechanisms that may underlie the cognitive deficits in chemobrain. We further identify existing neurological drugs targeting these cellular mechanisms that can be repurposed as treatments for chemobrain, some of which were already shown to be effective in animal models. Finally, we briefly describe future steps to further advance our understanding of chemobrain and facilitate the development of effective preventions and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien D Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Department of Pharmacology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
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74
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The cyanobacterial neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) targets the olfactory bulb region. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2799-2808. [PMID: 32435914 PMCID: PMC7395073 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is implicated in neurodegenerative disorders and typically manifests years before other symptoms. The cyanobacterial neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) is suggested as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. Detection of BMAA in air filters has increased the concern that aerosolization may lead to human BMAA exposure through the air. The aim of this study was to determine if BMAA targets the olfactory system. Autoradiographic imaging showed a distinct localization of radioactivity in the right olfactory mucosa and bulb following a unilateral intranasal instillation of 3H-BMAA (0.018 µg) in mice, demonstrating a direct transfer of BMAA via the olfactory pathways to the brain circumventing the blood–brain barrier, which was confirmed by liquid scintillation. Treatment of mouse primary olfactory bulb cells with 100 µM BMAA for 24 h caused a disruption of the neurite network, formation of dendritic varicosities and reduced cell viability. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and the metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist MCPG protected against the BMAA-induced alterations, demonstrating the importance of glutamatergic mechanisms. The ionotropic non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX prevented the BMAA-induced decrease of cell viability in mixed cultures containing both neuronal and glial cells, but not in cultures with neurons only, suggesting a role of neuron–glial interactions and glial AMPA receptors in the BMAA-induced toxicity. The results show that the olfactory region may be a target for BMAA following inhalation exposure. Further studies on the relations between environmental olfactory toxicants and neurodegenerative disorders are warranted.
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75
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In silico, in vitro and in vivo studies indicate resveratrol analogue as a potential alternative for neuroinflammatory disorders. Life Sci 2020; 249:117538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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76
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Adair D, Truong D, Esmaeilpour Z, Gebodh N, Borges H, Ho L, Bremner JD, Badran BW, Napadow V, Clark VP, Bikson M. Electrical stimulation of cranial nerves in cognition and disease. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:717-750. [PMID: 32289703 PMCID: PMC7196013 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cranial nerves are the pathways through which environmental information (sensation) is directly communicated to the brain, leading to perception, and giving rise to higher cognition. Because cranial nerves determine and modulate brain function, invasive and non-invasive cranial nerve electrical stimulation methods have applications in the clinical, behavioral, and cognitive domains. Among other neuromodulation approaches such as peripheral, transcranial and deep brain stimulation, cranial nerve stimulation is unique in allowing axon pathway-specific engagement of brain circuits, including thalamo-cortical networks. In this review we amalgamate relevant knowledge of 1) cranial nerve anatomy and biophysics; 2) evidence of the modulatory effects of cranial nerves on cognition; 3) clinical and behavioral outcomes of cranial nerve stimulation; and 4) biomarkers of nerve target engagement including physiology, electroencephalography, neuroimaging, and behavioral metrics. Existing non-invasive stimulation methods cannot feasibly activate the axons of only individual cranial nerves. Even with invasive stimulation methods, selective targeting of one nerve fiber type requires nuance since each nerve is composed of functionally distinct axon-types that differentially branch and can anastomose onto other nerves. None-the-less, precisely controlling stimulation parameters can aid in affecting distinct sets of axons, thus supporting specific actions on cognition and behavior. To this end, a rubric for reproducible dose-response stimulation parameters is defined here. Given that afferent cranial nerve axons project directly to the brain, targeting structures (e.g. thalamus, cortex) that are critical nodes in higher order brain networks, potent effects on cognition are plausible. We propose an intervention design framework based on driving cranial nerve pathways in targeted brain circuits, which are in turn linked to specific higher cognitive processes. State-of-the-art current flow models that are used to explain and design cranial-nerve-activating stimulation technology require multi-scale detail that includes: gross anatomy; skull foramina and superficial tissue layers; and precise nerve morphology. Detailed simulations also predict that some non-invasive electrical or magnetic stimulation approaches that do not intend to modulate cranial nerves per se, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), may also modulate activity of specific cranial nerves. Much prior cranial nerve stimulation work was conceptually limited to the production of sensory perception, with individual titration of intensity based on the level of perception and tolerability. However, disregarding sensory emulation allows consideration of temporal stimulation patterns (axon recruitment) that modulate the tone of cortical networks independent of sensory cortices, without necessarily titrating perception. For example, leveraging the role of the thalamus as a gatekeeper for information to the cerebral cortex, preventing or enhancing the passage of specific information depending on the behavioral state. We show that properly parameterized computational models at multiple scales are needed to rationally optimize neuromodulation that target sets of cranial nerves, determining which and how specific brain circuitries are modulated, which can in turn influence cognition in a designed manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Adair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennis Truong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeinab Esmaeilpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Nigel Gebodh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen Borges
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Libby Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Bashar W Badran
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Vitaly Napadow
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, MGH, Harvard medical school, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vincent P Clark
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Dept. Psychology, MSC03-2220, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; The Mind Research Network of the Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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77
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Endocannabinoid-Mediated Neuromodulation in the Olfactory Bulb: Functional and Therapeutic Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082850. [PMID: 32325875 PMCID: PMC7216281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid synthesis in the human body is naturally occurring and on-demand. It occurs in response to physiological and environmental stimuli, such as stress, anxiety, hunger, other factors negatively disrupting homeostasis, as well as the therapeutic use of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol and recreational use of exogenous cannabis, which can lead to cannabis use disorder. Together with their specific receptors CB1R and CB2R, endocannabinoids are major components of endocannabinoid-mediated neuromodulation in a rapid and sustained manner. Extensive research on endocannabinoid function and expression includes studies in limbic system structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala. The wide distribution of endocannabinoids, their on-demand synthesis at widely different sites, their co-existence in specific regions of the body, their quantitative differences in tissue type, and different pathological conditions indicate their diverse biological functions that utilize specific and overlapping pathways in multiple organ systems. Here, we review emerging evidence of these pathways with a special emphasis on the role of endocannabinoids in decelerating neurodegenerative pathology through neural networks initiated by cells in the main olfactory bulb.
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78
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Yoshida K, Gi M, Fujioka M, Teramoto I, Wanibuchi H. Long-term administration of excess zinc impairs learning and memory in aged mice. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 44:681-691. [PMID: 31588059 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential element, but excess amounts are known to cause neurotoxic effects. The risk of excessive Zn intake is increased by supplementing food intake with dietary supplements. Ageing affects many cellular processes that predispose individuals to neurodegeneration. Indeed, the prevalence of senile dementia such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and vascular-type dementia increases with age. As such, we investigated the effects of long-term exposure to excess Zn on learning and memory in aged mice. ICR-JCL female mice (aged 26 weeks) were administered 0, 200, or 500 ppm Zn as zinc chloride in drinking water for 30 weeks. After 30-week administration, aged female animals were subjected to Y-maze, novel object recognition, and step-through passive avoidance tests. Chronic exposure to Zn did not inhibit learning and memory in the Y-maze test, but dose-dependently inhibited learning and memory in novel object recognition and step-through passive avoidance tests. These results indicate the potential for chronic Zn exposure to dose-dependently inhibit both long-term and novel object recognition memory. Results of microarray analysis revealed significant changes in gene expression of transthyretin and many olfactory receptors in the hippocampus of Zn-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yoshida
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine.,Current address: Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Isao Teramoto
- Department of Parasitology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
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79
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Santos-Mandujano RA, Ryan NS, Chávez-Gutiérrez L, Sánchez-Torres C, Meraz-Ríos MA. Clinical Association of White Matter Hyperintensities Localization in a Mexican Family with Spastic Paraparesis Carrying the PSEN1 A431E Mutation. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:1075-1083. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie S. Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Sánchez-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), CDMX, México
| | - Marco Antonio Meraz-Ríos
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), CDMX, México
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80
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Hekselman I, Yeger-Lotem E. Mechanisms of tissue and cell-type specificity in heritable traits and diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 21:137-150. [DOI: 10.1038/s41576-019-0200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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81
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Zuo LJ, Guo P, Liu L, Yu SY, Lian TH, Yu QJ, Hu Y, Jin Z, Wang RD, Piao YS, Li LX, Wang YJ, Wang XM, Zhang W. Analyses of Clinical Features and Investigations on Potential Mechanisms in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Olfactory Dysfunction. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:789-799. [PMID: 30347619 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND OD is common in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the relationship between OD and clinical symptoms and the potential mechanisms of OD in AD patients are still unknown. OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between OD and clinical symptoms and the potential mechanisms of OD in AD patients. METHODS We evaluated OD using the Hyposmia Rating Scale (HRS), classified patients into AD with OD (AD-OD) and AD with no OD (AD-NOD) groups, and detected the levels of free radicals and inflammatory factors, including hydroxyl radical (•OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and prostaglandin E2 in serum from AD patients. RESULTS It was shown that the scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination, Animal Fluency Test, Boston Naming Test (BNT), and Auditory Verbal Learning Test-delayed recall were all significantly lower and the score of overall activity of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL were significantly higher in AD-OD group than those in AD-NOD group. Compared with AD-NOD group, •OH level in serum was prominently elevated, and H2O2 level was dramatically declined in AD-OD group. In the correlation analysis, HRS score was significantly and positively correlated with the score of BNT, and negatively correlated with •OH level in serum. CONCLUSIONS AD-OD patients suffered from severe cognitive impairment in the domain of language. Oxidative stress might be correlated with AD-OD featured by the drastically increased •OH level in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Teng-Hong Lian
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Jin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Jin
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Shan Piao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Xia Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Jie Wang
- Core Laboratory for Clinical Medical Research, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Beijing, China
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82
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San Segundo-Acosta P, Montero-Calle A, Fuentes M, Rábano A, Villalba M, Barderas R. Identification of Alzheimer's Disease Autoantibodies and Their Target Biomarkers by Phage Microarrays. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2940-2953. [PMID: 31136180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of the humoral response in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients might aid in detecting the disease at early stages. We have combined phage display and protein microarrays to identify AD autoantibodies and their target biomarkers. After enrichment of the T7 phage display libraries from AD and healthy brain tissue mRNA in AD-specific phages, 1536 monoclonal phages were printed on microarrays to probe them with 8 AD and 8 healthy control sera. A total of 57 phages showed higher seroreactivity in AD. In total, 13 out of the 44 unique sequences displayed on the phages were selected for validation using 68 AD and 52 healthy control sera. Peptides from Anthrax toxin receptor 1, Nuclear protein 1, Glycogen phosphorylase, and Olfactory receptor 8J1 expressed in bacteria as HaloTag fusion proteins showed a statistically significant ability to discriminate between AD patients and controls. The identified panel of AD autoantibodies might provide new insights into the blood-based diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo San Segundo-Acosta
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain.,Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Majadahonda, E-28220 , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Calle
- Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Majadahonda, E-28220 , Madrid , Spain
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Proteomics Unit , Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL) , 37007 Salamanca , Spain.,Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400 , Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL) , 37007 Salamanca , Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation , Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center , 28031 Madrid , Spain
| | - Mayte Villalba
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Majadahonda, E-28220 , Madrid , Spain
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83
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Cussell PJG, Howe MS, Illingworth TA, Gomez Escalada M, Milton NGN, Paterson AWJ. The formyl peptide receptor agonist FPRa14 induces differentiation of Neuro2a mouse neuroblastoma cells into multiple distinct morphologies which can be specifically inhibited with FPR antagonists and FPR knockdown using siRNA. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217815. [PMID: 31170199 PMCID: PMC6553754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) have been identified within neuronal tissues and may serve as yet undetermined functions within the nervous system. The FPRs have been implicated in the progression and invasiveness of neuroblastoma and other cancers. In this study the effects of the synthetic FPR agonist FPRa14, FPR antagonists and FPR knockdown using siRNA on mouse neuroblastoma neuro2a (N2a) cell differentiation plus toxicity were examined. The FPRa14 (1-10μM) was found to induce a significant dose-dependent differentiation response in mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells. Interestingly, three distinct differentiated morphologies were observed, with two non-archetypal forms observed at the higher FPRa14 concentrations. These three forms were also observed in the human neuroblastoma cell-lines IMR-32 and SH-SY5Y when exposed to 100μM FPRa14. In N2a cells combined knockdown of FPR1 and FPR2 using siRNA inhibited the differentiation response to FPRa14, suggesting involvement of both receptor subtypes. Pre-incubating N2a cultures with the FPR1 antagonists Boc-MLF and cyclosporin H significantly reduced FPRa14-induced differentiation to near baseline levels. Meanwhile, the FPR2 antagonist WRW4 had no significant effect on FPRa14-induced N2a differentiation. These results suggest that the N2a differentiation response observed has an FPR1-dependent component. Toxicity of FPRa14 was only observed at higher concentrations. All three antagonists used blocked FPRa14-induced toxicity, whilst only siRNA knockdown of FPR2 reduced toxicity. This suggests that the toxicity and differentiation involve different mechanisms. The demonstration of neuronal differentiation mediated via FPRs in this study represents a significant finding and suggests a role for FPRs in the CNS. This finding could potentially lead to novel therapies for a range of neurological conditions including neuroblastoma, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and neuropathic pain. Furthermore, this could represent a potential avenue for neuronal regeneration therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. G. Cussell
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Howe
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Illingworth
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nathaniel G. N. Milton
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W. J. Paterson
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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84
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Arnold C. Sensory Overload? Air Pollution and Impaired Olfaction. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:62001. [PMID: 31190551 PMCID: PMC6791585 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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85
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Liu B, Luo Z, Pinto JM, Shiroma EJ, Tranah GJ, Wirdefeldt K, Fang F, Harris TB, Chen H. Relationship Between Poor Olfaction and Mortality Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2019; 170:673-681. [PMID: 31035288 PMCID: PMC7673250 DOI: 10.7326/m18-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor olfaction is common among older adults and has been linked to higher mortality. However, most studies have had a relatively short follow-up and have not explored potential explanations. OBJECTIVE To assess poor olfaction in relation to mortality in older adults and to investigate potential explanations. DESIGN Community-based prospective cohort study. SETTING 2 U.S. communities. PARTICIPANTS 2289 adults aged 71 to 82 years at baseline (37.7% black persons and 51.9% women). MEASUREMENTS Brief Smell Identification Test in 1999 or 2000 (baseline) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality at 3, 5, 10, and 13 years after baseline. RESULTS During follow-up, 1211 participants died by year 13. Compared with participants with good olfaction, those with poor olfaction had a 46% higher cumulative risk for death at year 10 (risk ratio, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.27 to 1.67]) and a 30% higher risk at year 13 (risk ratio, 1.30 [CI, 1.18 to 1.42]). Similar associations were found in men and women and in white and black persons. However, the association was evident among participants who reported excellent to good health at baseline (for example, 10-year mortality risk ratio, 1.62 [CI, 1.37 to 1.90]) but not among those who reported fair to poor health (10-year mortality risk ratio, 1.06 [CI, 0.82 to 1.37]). In analyses of cause-specific mortality, poor olfaction was associated with higher mortality from neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Mediation analyses showed that neurodegenerative diseases explained 22% and weight loss explained 6% of the higher 10-year mortality among participants with poor olfaction. LIMITATION No data were collected on change in olfaction and its relationship to mortality. CONCLUSION Poor olfaction is associated with higher long-term mortality among older adults, particularly those with excellent to good health at baseline. Neurodegenerative diseases and weight loss explain only part of the increased mortality. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institutes of Health and Michigan State University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojing Liu
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan (B.L.)
| | - Zhehui Luo
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan (Z.L., H.C.)
| | | | - Eric J Shiroma
- National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (E.J.S., T.B.H.)
| | - Gregory J Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California (G.J.T.)
| | | | - Fang Fang
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (K.W., F.F.)
| | - Tamara B Harris
- National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (E.J.S., T.B.H.)
| | - Honglei Chen
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan (Z.L., H.C.)
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86
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Norwood JN, Zhang Q, Card D, Craine A, Ryan TM, Drew PJ. Anatomical basis and physiological role of cerebrospinal fluid transport through the murine cribriform plate. eLife 2019; 8:44278. [PMID: 31063132 PMCID: PMC6524970 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows through the brain, transporting chemical signals and removing waste. CSF production in the brain is balanced by a constant outflow of CSF, the anatomical basis of which is poorly understood. Here, we characterized the anatomy and physiological function of the CSF outflow pathway along the olfactory sensory nerves through the cribriform plate, and into the nasal epithelia. Chemical ablation of olfactory sensory nerves greatly reduced outflow of CSF through the cribriform plate. The reduction in CSF outflow did not cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP), consistent with an alteration in the pattern of CSF drainage or production. Our results suggest that damage to olfactory sensory neurons (such as from air pollution) could contribute to altered CSF turnover and flow, providing a potential mechanism for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N Norwood
- Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Qingguang Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - David Card
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Amanda Craine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Timothy M Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
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87
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Li S, Li W, Wu X, Li J, Yang J, Tu C, Ye X, Ling S. Olfactory deficit is associated with mitral cell dysfunction in the olfactory bulb of P301S tau transgenic mice. Brain Res Bull 2019; 148:34-45. [PMID: 30902575 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau (P-tau) are the neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and olfaction disorder is an early symptom of AD. However, the link between P-tau aggregation and olfaction disorder remains unclear. In this study, the expression of P-tau in the olfactory bulb (OB), particularly in the mitral cell layer (MCL), external plexiform layer (EPL), and granule cell layer (GCL), of AD patients was found to be significantly higher than that in the OB of normal aging subjects, which suggested that these layers in the OB were susceptible to P-tau. The P301S tau transgenic mice (P301S mice) exhibit AD-like features, which can be characterized by olfactory dysfunction that precedes cognitive disorder. Importantly, the excessive P-tau expression in the OB of P301S mice, particularly in MCs, was associated with MC loss at 9 months of age, and decreased MC firing activities started to be observed at 2 months of age. Our results revealed that MCs might contribute to olfactory dysfunction in P301S mice. Furthermore, we described an aberrant dendro-dendritic synaptic structure between granule cells (GCs) and MCs and abnormal gamma oscillations in the EPL of the OB, and these findings indicated that P-tau might disrupt the regulation of MCs by GCs in P301S mice starting at 5 months of age. These data showed that the reduction in the MC firing frequency at 2 months of age might not be caused by GC suppression. Based on these findings, we speculated that MCs are a putative target for the treatment of P-tau-induced early olfactory dysfunction, and thus, an exploration of the specific causes and mechanisms of MC functional changes in P301S mice is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiyun Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuewei Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunlong Tu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of BME of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Ye
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of BME of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shucai Ling
- Institute of Neuroscience and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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88
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Heinrich J, Vidal JS, Simon A, Rigaud AS, Hanon O, Epelbaum J, Viollet C, Duron E. Relationships Between Lower Olfaction and Brain White Matter Lesions in Elderly Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:1133-1141. [PMID: 29332036 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory impairment is reported in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is associated with hippocampal atrophy. In elderly people, dementia with AD neuropathology and white matter lesions (WML) is common. In this context, olfactory impairment could also depend on the presence of WML. OBJECTIVE To assess the cross-sectional relationship between olfaction and WML in elderly subjects with MCI. METHODS Consecutive subjects, >65 years old, diagnosed as MCI after a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment in an expert memory center, with a brain MRI performed within a year and without major depressive state, were included. Olfaction was assessed by the Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT). Two trained neuroradiologists, blind to cognitive and olfaction status, visually assessed hippocampal atrophy according to Scheltens' scale and WML according to Fazekas criteria. RESULTS Seventy-five MCI subjects (mean age (SD) = 77.1 (6.2) years, 74.7% of women) were included. After adjustment for age and sex, factors associated with low BSIT scores were older age (p = 0.007), lower BMI (p = 0.08), lower MMSE score (p = 0.05), lower FCRST (p = 0.008), hippocampal atrophy (p = 0.04), periventricular WML (p = 0.007), and deep WML burden (p = 0.005). In multivariate analysis, severe deep WML (OR (95% CI) = 6.29 (1.4-35.13), p = 0.02) remained associated with low BSIT score independently from hippocampal atrophy. CONCLUSION In elderly MCI subjects, low olfactory performances are associated with WML, whose progression may be slowed by vascular treatments. A longitudinal study to evaluate whether the progression of WML, hippocampal atrophy and low olfactory function, can predict accurately conversion from MCI to dementia is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Heinrich
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences UMR S894 Inserm Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Vidal
- Department of Geriatrics, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Paris-Centre, Broca Hospital, Paris, France.,EA 4468, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Axelle Simon
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences UMR S894 Inserm Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Rigaud
- Department of Geriatrics, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Paris-Centre, Broca Hospital, Paris, France.,EA 4468, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hanon
- Department of Geriatrics, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Paris-Centre, Broca Hospital, Paris, France.,EA 4468, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences UMR S894 Inserm Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,MECADEV UMR 7179 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Brunoy, France
| | - Cecile Viollet
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences UMR S894 Inserm Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Duron
- Department of Geriatrics, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Paris-Centre, Broca Hospital, Paris, France.,EA 4468, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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89
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Sulmont-Rossé C, Gaillet M, Raclot C, Duclos M, Servelle M, Chambaron S. Impact of Olfactory Priming on Food Intake in an Alzheimer’s Disease Unit. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 66:1497-1506. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Sulmont-Rossé
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Marie Gaillet
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Carine Raclot
- Centre Hospitalier de la Haute Côte d’Or, sites de Montbard, Châtillon-sur-Seine et Alise Sainte Reine, 21-France
| | - Michel Duclos
- Centre Hospitalier de la Haute Côte d’Or, sites de Montbard, Châtillon-sur-Seine et Alise Sainte Reine, 21-France
| | - Maud Servelle
- Centre Hospitalier de la Haute Côte d’Or, sites de Montbard, Châtillon-sur-Seine et Alise Sainte Reine, 21-France
| | - Stéphanie Chambaron
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
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90
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Sabbir MG. Loss of Ca 2+/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase 2 Leads to Aberrant Transferrin Phosphorylation and Trafficking: A Potential Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:99. [PMID: 30525042 PMCID: PMC6256988 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) is a serine/threonine kinase that is activated following an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and activates multiple signaling cascades that control physiologically important neuronal processes. CaMKK2 has been implicated in schizophrenia, bipolar disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Using isoelectric focusing (IEF) and mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis, it was found that knockdown (KD) of CaMKK2 in cultured adult primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons resulted in the reduction of transferrin (TF) phosphorylation at multiple functionally relevant residues which corresponded to loss of an acidic fraction (pH~3-4) of TF. In vitro studies using CRISPR/Cas9 based CaMKK2 knockout (KO) HEK293 and HepG2 cells lines validated previous findings and revealed that loss of CaMKK2 interfered with TF trafficking and turnover. TF is an iron transporter glycoprotein. Abnormal accumulation of iron and/or deregulated Ca2+ homeostasis leads to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, it was hypothesized that aberrant CaMKK2 in AD may lead to aberrant phosphorylated transferrin (P-TF: pH~3-4 fraction) which may serve as a hallmark biomarker for AD. A significant reduction of P-TF in the brain and serum of CaMKK2 KO mice and a triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD) supported this hypothesis. In addition, analysis of early (< 65 years) and late-stage (>65 years) postmortem human AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples revealed that aberrant P-TF (pH~3-4 fraction) profile was associated with both early and late-stage AD compared to age-matched controls. This indicates P-TF (pH~3-4 fraction) profile may be useful as a minimally invasive biomarker for AD. In addition, this study provides a link between aberrant CaMKK2 with TF trafficking and turnover which provides a novel insight into the neurodegeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Sabbir
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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91
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McGonnell IM, Akbareian SE. Like a hole in the head: Development, evolutionary implications and diseases of the cranial foramina. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 91:23-30. [PMID: 30385045 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cranial foramina are holes in the skull through which nerves and blood vessels pass to reach both deep and superficial tissues. They are often overlooked in the literature; however they are complex structures that form within the developing cranial bones during embryogenesis and then remain open throughout life, despite the bone surrounding them undergoing constant remodelling. They are invaluable in assigning phylogeny in the fossil record and their size has been used, by some, to imply function of the nerve and/or blood vessel that they contained. Despite this, there are very few studies investigating the development or normal function of the cranial foramina. In this review, we will discuss the development of the cranial foramina and their subsequent maintenance, highlighting key gaps in the knowledge. We consider whether functional interpretations can be made from fossil material given a lack of knowledge regarding their contents and maintenance. Finally, we examine the significant role of malformation of foramina in congenital diseases such as craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda M McGonnell
- Dept. Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College St, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Sophia E Akbareian
- Dept. Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College St, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
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92
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Bagnoli E, FitzGerald U. Mitral cells and the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor: The sweet smell of success? Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:422-439. [PMID: 30120857 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) is often affected at very early stages of neurodegenerative disorders, in the so-called "prodromal" phase. In Parkinson's disease (PD), olfactory disturbances appear years before motor symptoms arise. Additionally, pathological alpha-synuclein aggregates are found in olfactory regions before spreading to other areas of the brain. Being positioned at the frontier between the brain and a potentially hostile environment, could explain the particular vulnerability of the OB. Mitral cells (MCs), the principal projecting neurons of the olfactory system, are involved in the pathogenesis and in the prion-like progression of PD. They are affected by Lewy pathology and are thought to contribute to the axonal transport of misfolded alpha-synuclein to other regions of the brain. Here, we first describe the main markers reported to distinguish MCs from other olfactory neurons. We focus on the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R), a membrane protein specifically expressed in MCs. After summarizing OB pathology, we explore the idea of targeting specifically MCs with GLP-1 or its analogues. Exenatide has shown great promise as a neuroprotective and neurorestorative agent and has been used in a clinical trial for clinical PD. Since GLP-1R activation has the ability to mitigate many facets of prodromal PD pathology, we postulate that once a robust biomarker is in place that is capable of identifying individuals in the prodromal phase of PD, homing in on GLP-1R could assist in deferring, or eradicating to a significant degree, the clinical manifestation of this debilitating human disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bagnoli
- CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una FitzGerald
- CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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93
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Palta P, Chen H, Deal JA, Sharrett AR, Gross A, Knopman D, Griswold M, Heiss G, Mosley TH. Olfactory function and neurocognitive outcomes in old age: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:1015-1021. [PMID: 29605223 PMCID: PMC6097922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We tested the hypothesis that poor sense of smell is associated with lower cognitive function and higher mild cognitive impairment (MCI) prevalence. METHODS Olfaction, measured by the Sniffin' Sticks test, was categorized as olfactory impairment (OI) (score ≤6) or no OI (score >6). MCI was adjudicated based on review of a neuropsychological examination. Linear regression estimated the mean difference in cognitive factor scores, and log-binomial regression quantified MCI prevalence among participants with versus without OI. RESULTS Participants with OI had lower mean factor scores (memory: -0.27 standard deviation [SD], 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.35 to -0.19; language: -0.24 SD, 95% CI: -0.30 to -0.17; executive function/processing speed: -0.09 SD, 95% CI: -0.12 to -0.06; and general cognitive performance: -0.25 SD, 95% CI: -0.30 to -0.20). OI was also associated with MCI (n = 204; prevalence ratio = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.37, 1.78). DISCUSSION An impaired sense of smell may serve as a readily accessible early marker of neurodegeneration and improve upon the prevailing delayed diagnoses and underascertainment of MCI/dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Palta
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Deal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Richey Sharrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alden Gross
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael Griswold
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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94
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Colín‐Barenque L, Bizarro‐Nevares P, González Villalva A, Pedraza‐Chaverri J, Medina‐Campos ON, Jimenez‐Martínez R, Rodríguez‐Rangel DS, Reséndiz S, Fortoul TI. Neuroprotective effect of carnosine in the olfactory bulb after vanadium inhalation in a mouse model. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:180-188. [PMID: 30198103 PMCID: PMC6157302 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is synthesized in the olfactory system, has antioxidant activity as a scavenger of free radicals and has been reported to have neuroprotective action in diseases which have been attributed to oxidative damage. In neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, impairment of olfactory function has been described. Vanadium derivatives are environmental pollutants, and its toxicity has been associated with oxidative stress. Vanadium toxicity on the olfactory bulb was reported previously. This study investigates the neuroprotective effect of carnosine on the olfactory bulb in a mice model of vanadium inhalation. Male mice were divided into four groups: vanadium pentoxide (V2 O5 ) [0.02 mol/L] inhalation for one hour twice a week; V2 O5 inhalation plus 1 mg/kg of carnosine administered daily; carnosine only, and the control group that inhaled saline. The olfactory function was evaluated using the odorant test. Animals were sacrificed four weeks after exposure. The olfactory bulbs were dissected and processed using the rapid Golgi method; cytological and ultrastructural analysis was performed and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured. The results showed evidence of olfactory dysfunction caused by vanadium exposure and also an increase in MDA levels, loss of dendritic spines and necrotic neuronal death in the granule cells. But, in contrast, vanadium-exposed mice treated with carnosine showed an increase in dendritic spines and a decrease in neuronal death and in MDA levels when compared with the group exposed to vanadium without carnosine. These results suggest that dendritic spine loss and ultrastructural alterations in the granule cells induced by vanadium are mediated by oxidative stress and that carnosine may modulate the neurotoxic vanadium action, improving the olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefanie Reséndiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y TisularFacultad de MedicinaUNAMMéxico CityMéxico
| | - Teresa I. Fortoul
- Departamento de Biología Celular y TisularFacultad de MedicinaUNAMMéxico CityMéxico
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95
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Khanna S, Domingo-Fernández D, Iyappan A, Emon MA, Hofmann-Apitius M, Fröhlich H. Using Multi-Scale Genetic, Neuroimaging and Clinical Data for Predicting Alzheimer's Disease and Reconstruction of Relevant Biological Mechanisms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11173. [PMID: 30042519 PMCID: PMC6057884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is among the most frequent neuro-degenerative diseases. Early diagnosis is essential for successful disease management and chance to attenuate symptoms by disease modifying drugs. In the past, a number of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma and neuro-imaging based biomarkers have been proposed. Still, in current clinical practice, AD diagnosis cannot be made until the patient shows clear signs of cognitive decline, which can partially be attributed to the multi-factorial nature of AD. In this work, we integrated genotype information, neuro-imaging as well as clinical data (including neuro-psychological measures) from ~900 normal and mild cognitively impaired (MCI) individuals and developed a highly accurate machine learning model to predict the time until AD is diagnosed. We performed an in-depth investigation of the relevant baseline characteristics that contributed to the AD risk prediction. More specifically, we used Bayesian Networks to uncover the interplay across biological scales between neuro-psychological assessment scores, single genetic variants, pathways and neuro-imaging related features. Together with information extracted from the literature, this allowed us to partially reconstruct biological mechanisms that could play a role in the conversion of normal/MCI into AD pathology. This in turn may open the door to novel therapeutic options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Khanna
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, 53754, Germany.,Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Domingo-Fernández
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, 53754, Germany.,Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anandhi Iyappan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, 53754, Germany.,Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohammad Asif Emon
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, 53754, Germany.,Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Hofmann-Apitius
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, 53754, Germany.,Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Holger Fröhlich
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany. .,UCB Biosciences GmbH, Alfred-Nobel Str. 10, 40789, Monheim, Germany.
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96
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Chee LY, Cumming A. Polymorphisms in the Cholinergic Receptors Muscarinic (CHRM2 and CHRM3) Genes and Alzheimer's Disease. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2018; 10:196-199. [PMID: 30090216 PMCID: PMC6064004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of the cholinergic neurotransmitter pathway which is important for cognition, memory and learning abilities has been reported in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients. The receptors involved include the Cholinergic Receptors Muscarinic (CHRM). CHRM2 gene has been associated with intelligence, personality traits, substance dependence and depression. CHRM3 has been found to heterodimerize with CHRM2. METHODS DNA samples from 240 AD patients with SNPs rs6962027 of CHRM2 gene and rs7511970 of CHRM3 gene were amplified using PCR and genotyped using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Chi-squared test was done to check if the genes are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Although the results did not show significant associations, these data denote plausible interaction between TT in SNP rs6962027 in CHRM2 gene and TT in SNP rs7511970 in CHRM3 gene affecting AD risk. SNP rs7511970 of CHRM3 gene may also exert an influence on late-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lim Ya Chee
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE 1410, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Alaistair Cumming
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE 1410, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
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97
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Bi XA, Sun Q, Zhao J, Xu Q, Wang L. Non-linear ICA Analysis of Resting-State fMRI in Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:413. [PMID: 29970984 PMCID: PMC6018085 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to linear independent component analysis (ICA), non-linear ICA is more suitable for the decomposition of mixed components. Existing studies of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data by using linear ICA assume that the brain's mixed signals, which are caused by the activity of brain, are formed through the linear combination of source signals. But the application of the non-linear combination of source signals is more suitable for the mixed signals of brain. For this reason, we investigated statistical differences in resting state networks (RSNs) on 32 healthy controls (HC) and 38 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients using post-nonlinear ICA. Post-nonlinear ICA is one of the non-linear ICA methods. Firstly, the fMRI data of all subjects was preprocessed. The second step was to extract independent components (ICs) of fMRI data of all subjects. In the third step, we calculated the correlation coefficient between ICs and RSN templates, and selected ICs of the largest spatial correlation coefficient. The ICs represent the corresponding RSNs. After finding out the eight RSNs of MCI group and HC group, one sample t-tests were performed. Finally, in order to compare the differences of RSNs between MCI and HC groups, the two-sample t-tests were carried out. We found that the functional connectivity (FC) of RSNs in MCI patients was abnormal. Compared with HC, MCI patients showed the increased and decreased FC in default mode network (DMN), central executive network (CEN), dorsal attention network (DAN), somato-motor network (SMN), visual network(VN), MCI patients displayed the specifically decreased FC in auditory network (AN), self-referential network (SRN). The FC of core network (CN) did not reveal significant group difference. The results indicate that the abnormal FC in RSNs is selective in MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-An Bi
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Junxia Zhao
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Xu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The sense of smell is today one of the focuses of interest in aging and neurodegenerative disease research. In several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, the olfactory dysfunction is one of the initial symptoms appearing years before motor symptoms and cognitive decline, being considered a clinical marker of these diseases' early stages and a marker of disease progression and cognitive decline. Overall and under the umbrella of precision medicine, attention to olfactory function may help to improve chances of success for neuroprotective and disease-modifying therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS The use of olfaction, as clinical marker for neurodegenerative diseases is helpful in the characterization of prodromal stages of these diseases, early diagnostic strategies, differential diagnosis, and potentially prediction of treatment success. Understanding the mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction is central to determine its association with neurodegenerative disorders. Several anatomical systems and environmental factors may underlie or contribute to olfactory loss associated with neurological diseases, although the direct biological link to each disorder remains unclear and, thus, requires further investigation. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory function measurements in neurodegenerative diseases. We also highlight the evidence for the presence of olfactory dysfunction in several neurodegenerative diseases, its value as a clinical marker for early stages of the diseases when combined with other clinical, biological, and neuroimage markers, and its role as a useful symptom for the differential diagnosis and follow-up of disease. The neuropathological correlations and the changes in neurotransmitter systems related with olfactory dysfunction in the neurodegenerative diseases are also described.
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Bigdaj EV, Bezgacheva EA, Samojlov VO, Korolyev YN. The Effects of Hypoxic Hypoxia on Olfactory Sensitivity in Humans. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s000635091803003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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100
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El-Demerdash A, Moriou C, Toullec J, Besson M, Soulet S, Schmitt N, Petek S, Lecchini D, Debitus C, Al-Mourabit A. Bioactive Bromotyrosine-Derived Alkaloids from the Polynesian Sponge Suberea ianthelliformis. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E146. [PMID: 29702602 PMCID: PMC5983277 DOI: 10.3390/md16050146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe the isolation and spectroscopic identification of eight new tetrabrominated tyrosine alkaloids 2⁻9 from the Polynesian sponge Suberea ianthelliformis, along with known major compound psammaplysene D (1), N,N-dimethyldibromotyramine, 5-hydroxy xanthenuric acid, and xanthenuric acid. Cytotoxicity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities were evaluated for some of the isolated metabolites. They exhibited moderate antiproliferative activity against KB cancer cell lines, but psammaplysene D (1) displayed substantial cytotoxicity as well as acetylcholinesterase inhibition with IC50 values of 0.7 μM and 1.3 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Demerdash
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
- Organic Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Céline Moriou
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Jordan Toullec
- LEMAR, IRD, UBO, CNRS, IFREMER, IUEM, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Marc Besson
- CRIOBE, CNRS, EPHE, UPVD, PSL Research University, 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia.
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Stéphanie Soulet
- EIO, UPF, ILM, IFREMER, IRD, Faa'a, 98702 Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Nelly Schmitt
- EIO, UPF, ILM, IFREMER, IRD, Faa'a, 98702 Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Sylvain Petek
- LEMAR, IRD, UBO, CNRS, IFREMER, IUEM, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - David Lecchini
- CRIOBE, CNRS, EPHE, UPVD, PSL Research University, 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia.
| | - Cécile Debitus
- LEMAR, IRD, UBO, CNRS, IFREMER, IUEM, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Ali Al-Mourabit
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
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