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Gavin KM, Sullivan TM, Kohrt WM, Majka SM, Klemm DJ. Ovarian Hormones Regulate the Production of Adipocytes From Bone Marrow-Derived Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:276. [PMID: 29892267 PMCID: PMC5985395 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in body fat distribution and menopause-associated shifts in regional adiposity suggest that sex hormones play an important role in regulating the differentiation and distribution of adipocytes, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully explained. The aim of this study was to determine whether ovarian hormone status influences the production and distribution of adipocytes in adipose tissue arising from bone marrow-derived cells. Nine- to ten-week-old ovariectomized (OVX), surgery naïve (WT), and estrogen receptor alpha knockout (αERKO) mice underwent bone marrow transplantation from luciferase or green fluorescent protein expressing donors. A subset of OVX animals had estradiol (E2) added back. Eight-weeks posttransplant, whole body and gonadal fat BM-derived adipocyte production was highest in OVX and αERKO mice, which was attenuated in OVX mice by E2 add-back. All groups demonstrated the highest bone marrow derived adipocyte (BMDA) production in the gonadal adipose depot, a visceral fat depot in mice. Taken together, the loss of ovarian hormones increases the production of BMDAs. If translatable across species, production of BMDA may be a mechanism by which visceral adiposity increases in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Gavin
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Heath Care System, Denver, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Kathleen M. Gavin,
| | - Timothy M. Sullivan
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Heath Care System, Denver, CO, United States
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Wendy M. Kohrt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Heath Care System, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Susan M. Majka
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Dwight J. Klemm
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Heath Care System, Denver, CO, United States
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Hodges WM, O'Brien F, Fulzele S, Hamrick MW. Function of microRNAs in the Osteogenic Differentiation and Therapeutic Application of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ASCs). Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122597. [PMID: 29207475 PMCID: PMC5751200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic wounds with segmental bone defects represent substantial reconstructive challenges. Autologous bone grafting is considered the gold standard for surgical treatment in many cases, but donor site morbidity and associated post-operative complications remain a concern. Advances in regenerative techniques utilizing mesenchymal stem cell populations from bone and adipose tissue have opened the door to improving bone repair in the limbs, spine, and craniofacial skeleton. The widespread availability, ease of extraction, and lack of immunogenicity have made adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) particularly attractive as a stem cell source for regenerative strategies. Recently it has been shown that small, non-coding miRNAs are involved in the osteogenic differentiation of ASCs. Specifically, microRNAs such as miR-17, miR-23a, and miR-31 are expressed during the osteogenic differentiation of ASCs, and appear to play a role in inhibiting various steps in bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) mediated osteogenesis. Importantly, a number of microRNAs including miR-17 and miR-31 that act to attenuate the osteogenic differentiation of ASCs are themselves stimulated by transforming growth factor β-1 (TGFβ-1). In addition, transforming growth factor β-1 is also known to suppress the expression of microRNAs involved in myogenic differentiation. These data suggest that preconditioning strategies to reduce TGFβ-1 activity in ASCs may improve the therapeutic potential of ASCs for musculoskeletal application. Moreover, these findings support the isolation of ASCs from subcutaneous fat depots that tend to have low endogenous levels of TGFβ-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter M Hodges
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Frederick O'Brien
- Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Fort Gordon, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals potentially novel roles of Homeobox genes in adipose deposition in fat-tailed sheep. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14491. [PMID: 29101335 PMCID: PMC5670210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissues are phenotypically, metabolically and functionally heterogeneous based on the sites of their deposition. Undesirable fat deposits in the body are often detrimental to animal and human health. To unravel the potential underlying mechanisms governing accumulation of adipose tissues in various regions of the body, i.e., subcutaneous (SAT), visceral (VAT) and tail (TAT), we profiled transcriptomes from Tan sheep, a Chinese indigenous breed with notable fat tail using RNA-seq. Upon comparison, we identified a total of 1,058 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the three adipose types (218, 324, and 795 in SAT/VAT, SAT/TAT, and VAT/TAT, respectively), from which several known key players were identified that are involved in lipid metabolic process, Wnt signals, Vitamin A metabolism, and transcriptional regulation of adipocyte differentiation. We also found that many elevated genes in VAT were notably enriched for key biological processes such as cytokine secretion, signaling molecule interaction and immune systems. Several developmental genes including HOXC11, HOXC12 and HOXC13, and adipose-expressed genes in the tail region, such as HOTAIR_2, HOTAIR_3 and SP9 were specially highlighted, indicating their strong associations with tail fat development in fat-tailed sheep. Our results provide new insight into exploring the specific fat deposition in tail, also contribute to the understanding of differences between adipose depots.
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55
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Cleal L, Aldea T, Chau YY. Fifty shades of white: Understanding heterogeneity in white adipose stem cells. Adipocyte 2017; 6:205-216. [PMID: 28949833 PMCID: PMC5638386 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1372871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The excessive expansion of white adipose tissue underlies the global obesity epidemic. However, not all fat is equal, and the impact of heterogeneity on the development and expansion of different adipose depots is becoming increasingly apparent. Two mechanisms are responsible for the growth of adipose tissue: hyperplasia (increasing adipocyte number) and hypertrophy (increasing adipocyte size). The former relies on the differentiation of adipocyte stem cells, which reside within the adipose stromal vascular fraction. Many differences in gene expression, adipogenesis, and the response to obesogenic stimuli have been described when comparing adipose stem cells from different depots. Considering that there is disparity in the pathogenicity of the depots, understanding this heterogeneity has clinically relevant implications. Here we review the current knowledge surrounding such differences, in the context of development, expansion and therapeutics. Moreover, given the importance of these differences, we suggest that careful consideration for the precise methodologies used, is essential if we are to truly understand the physiologically relevant consequences of this heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Cleal
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Teodora Aldea
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - You-Ying Chau
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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Thelen K, Ayala-Lopez N, Watts SW, Contreras GA. Expansion and Adipogenesis Induction of Adipocyte Progenitors from Perivascular Adipose Tissue Isolated by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28715395 DOI: 10.3791/55818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT), a major regulator of vascular function through paracrine signaling, is directly related to the development of hypertension during obesity. The extent of hypertrophy and hyperplasia depends on depot location, sex, and the type of Adipocyte Progenitor Cell (APC) phenotypes present. Techniques used for APC and preadipocytes isolation in the last 10 years have drastically improved the accuracy at which individual cells can be identified based on specific cell surface markers. However, isolation of APC and adipocytes can be a challenge due to the fragility of the cell, especially if the intact cell must be retained for cell culture applications. Magnetic-activated Cell Sorting (MCS) provides a method of isolating greater number of viable APC per weight unit of adipose tissue. APC harvested by MCS can be used for in vitro protocols to expand preadipocytes and differentiate them into adipocytes through use of growth factor cocktails allowing for analysis of the prolific and adipogenic potential retained by the cells. This experiment focused on the aortic and mesenteric PVAT depots, which play key roles in the development of cardiovascular disease during expansion. These protocols describe methods to isolate, expand, and differentiate a defined population of APC. This MCS protocol allows isolation to be used in any experiment where cell sorting is needed with minimal equipment or training. These techniques can aid further experiments to determine the functionality of specific cell populations based on the presence of cell surface markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyan Thelen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University;
| | - Nadia Ayala-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University
| | - Stephanie W Watts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University
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Immortalization of chicken preadipocytes by retroviral transduction of chicken TERT and TR. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177348. [PMID: 28486516 PMCID: PMC5423695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken is an important agricultural animal and model for developmental biology, immunology and virology. Excess fat accumulation continues to be a serious problem for the chicken industry. However, chicken adipogenesis and obesity have not been well investigated, because no chicken preadipocyte cell lines have been generated thus far. Here, we successfully generated two immortalized chicken preadipocyte cell lines through transduction of either chicken telomerase reverse transcriptase (chTERT) alone or in combination with chicken telomerase RNA (chTR). Both of these cell lines have survived >100 population doublings in vitro, display high telomerase activity and have no sign of replicative senescence. Similar to primary chicken preadipocytes, these two cell lines display a fibroblast-like morphology, retain the capacity to differentiate into adipocytes, and do not display any signs of malignant transformation. Isoenzyme analysis and PCR-based analysis confirmed that these two cell lines are of chicken origin and are free from inter-species contamination. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the generation of immortal chicken cells by introduction of chTERT and chTR. Our established chicken preadipocyte cell lines show great promise as an in vitro model for the investigation of chicken adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and obesity and its related diseases, and our results also provide clues for immortalizing other avian cell types.
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58
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Hu F, Xu P, Sun B, Xiao Z. Differences in the MicroRNA profiles of subcutaneous adipose-derived stem cells and omental adipose-derived stem cells. Gene 2017; 625:55-63. [PMID: 28483594 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) isolated from subcutaneous (SC) and omentum (O) share similar characteristics, but the differences in their microRNA profiles are mostly unknown. In this study, besides significant differences in cell morphology and the differentiation ability of the two types of ASCs, the microRNA expression profiles of the cell lines were determined using SOLiD next-generation sequencing. The in-depth analysis found that miR-214, miR-222, miR-181a, miR-26a and miR-23/27/24 clusters and miR-375 act as "markers" to distinguish the different fat deposit-derived ASCs. Additionally, the global miRNA-mRNA interaction differences were revealed, and the results of the GO term enrichment and KEGG pathway in the DAVID tool showed that the molecular function, biological process and signaling pathways showed some different in the two types of ASCs. Our findings provided a clue to a more thorough understanding of the difference between SC-ASCs and O-ASCs and indicate their different potentials for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Hu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Xu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Sun
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongdang Xiao
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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59
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Optical visualisation of thermogenesis in stimulated single-cell brown adipocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1383. [PMID: 28469146 PMCID: PMC5431191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of brown adipose deposits in adults has led to significant interest in targeting this metabolically active tissue for treatment of obesity and diabetes. Improved methods for the direct measurement of heat production as the signature function of brown adipocytes (BAs), particularly at the single cell level, would be of substantial benefit to these ongoing efforts. Here, we report the first application of a small molecule-type thermosensitive fluorescent dye, ERthermAC, to monitor thermogenesis in BAs derived from murine brown fat precursors and in human brown fat cells differentiated from human neck brown preadipocytes. ERthermAC accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum of BAs and displayed a marked change in fluorescence intensity in response to adrenergic stimulation of cells, which corresponded to temperature change. ERthermAC fluorescence intensity profiles were congruent with mitochondrial depolarisation events visualised by the JC-1 probe. Moreover, the averaged fluorescence intensity changes across a population of cells correlated well with dynamic changes such as thermal power, oxygen consumption, and extracellular acidification rates. These findings suggest ERthermAC as a promising new tool for studying thermogenic function in brown adipocytes of both murine and human origins.
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60
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Hepler C, Gupta RK. The expanding problem of adipose depot remodeling and postnatal adipocyte progenitor recruitment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:95-108. [PMID: 27743993 PMCID: PMC5346481 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rising incidence of obesity and associated metabolic diseases has increased the urgency in understanding all aspects of adipose tissue biology. This includes the function of adipocytes, how adipose tissue expands in obesity, and how expanded adipose tissues in adults can impact physiology. Here, we highlight the growing appreciation for the importance of de novo adipocyte differentiation to adipose tissue expansion in adult humans and animals. We detail recent efforts to identify adipose precursor populations that contribute to the physiological postnatal recruitment of white, brown, and beige adipocytes in mice, and summarize new data that reveal the complexity of adipose tissue development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Hepler
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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61
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Kiehn JT, Tsang AH, Heyde I, Leinweber B, Kolbe I, Leliavski A, Oster H. Circadian Rhythms in Adipose Tissue Physiology. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:383-427. [PMID: 28333377 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The different types of adipose tissues fulfill a wide range of biological functions-from energy storage to hormone secretion and thermogenesis-many of which show pronounced variations over the course of the day. Such 24-h rhythms in physiology and behavior are coordinated by endogenous circadian clocks found in all tissues and cells, including adipocytes. At the molecular level, these clocks are based on interlocked transcriptional-translational feedback loops comprised of a set of clock genes/proteins. Tissue-specific clock-controlled transcriptional programs translate time-of-day information into physiologically relevant signals. In adipose tissues, clock gene control has been documented for adipocyte proliferation and differentiation, lipid metabolism as well as endocrine function and other adipose oscillations are under control of systemic signals tied to endocrine, neuronal, or behavioral rhythms. Circadian rhythm disruption, for example, by night shift work or through genetic alterations, is associated with changes in adipocyte metabolism and hormone secretion. At the same time, adipose metabolic state feeds back to central and peripheral clocks, adjusting behavioral and physiological rhythms. In this overview article, we summarize our current knowledge about the crosstalk between circadian clocks and energy metabolism with a focus on adipose physiology. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:383-427, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana-Thabea Kiehn
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anthony H Tsang
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Isabel Heyde
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Brinja Leinweber
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Isa Kolbe
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexei Leliavski
- Institute of Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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62
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Baker NA, Muir LA, Washabaugh AR, Neeley CK, Chen SYP, Flesher CG, Vorwald J, Finks JF, Ghaferi AA, Mulholland MW, Varban OA, Lumeng CN, O’Rourke RW. Diabetes-Specific Regulation of Adipocyte Metabolism by the Adipose Tissue Extracellular Matrix. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1032-1043. [PMID: 28359093 PMCID: PMC5460687 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in regulating adipocyte metabolism in the context of metabolic disease is poorly defined. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to define the metabolic phenotype of adipocytes associated with human diabetes (DM) and the role of the ECM in regulating adipocyte metabolism. DESIGN Adipose tissues from obese patients were studied in standard 2-dimensional (2D) cell culture and an in vitro model of decellularized adipose tissue ECM repopulated with human adipocytes, and results were correlated with DM status. SETTING This study was conducted at the Academic University Medical Center and Veteran's Administration Hospital. PATIENTS Seventy patients with morbid obesity undergoing bariatric surgery were included in the study. INTERVENTIONS Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues were collected at the time of bariatric surgery. OUTCOME MEASURES This study used metabolic assays for glucose uptake, lipolysis, and lipogenesis in adipocytes in 2D cell culture and 3-dimensional ECM culture. RESULTS Adipocytes from subjects with DM manifest decreased glucose uptake and decreased lipolysis in 2D culture. ECM supports differentiation of mature adipocytes and recapitulates DM-specific differences in adipocyte metabolism observed in 2D culture. ECM from subjects without DM partially rescues glucose uptake and lipolytic defects in adipocytes from subjects with DM, whereas ECM from subjects with DM impairs glucose uptake in adipocytes from subjects without DM. CONCLUSIONS DM is associated with adipocyte metabolic dysfunction. The ECM regulates adipocyte metabolism. Nondiabetic ECM rescues metabolic dysfunction in DM adipocytes, whereas DM ECM imparts features of metabolic dysfunction to nondiabetic adipocytes. These findings suggest the ECM as a target for manipulating adipose tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen G. Flesher
- Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and
| | - John Vorwald
- Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and
| | | | - Amir A. Ghaferi
- Department of Surgery,
- Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor Veteran’s Administration Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | | | - Carey N. Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases,
- Graduate Program in Immunology, and
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
| | - Robert W. O’Rourke
- Department of Surgery,
- Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor Veteran’s Administration Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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63
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Passaro A, Miselli MA, Sanz JM, Dalla Nora E, Morieri ML, Colonna R, Pišot R, Zuliani G. Gene expression regional differences in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:202. [PMID: 28231762 PMCID: PMC5324328 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is clearly associated with an increased risk of obesity-related diseases and all-cause mortality, whereas gluteal subcutaneous fat accumulation (g-SAT) is associated with a lower risk. The relative contribution, in term of cardiovascular risk, of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (a-SAT) is still controversial with studies showing both a detrimental effect and a protective role. Animal and in vitro studies demonstrated that adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous depots have distinct morphological, metabolic and functional characteristics. These regional differences have a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related diseases. There is recent evidence that differentiation between upper-body and lower-body adipose tissues might be under control of site-specific sets of developmental genes, such as Homebox (HOX) genes, a group of related genes that control the body plan of an embryo along the anterior-posterior axis. However, the possible heterogeneity between different subcutaneous regions has not been extensively investigated. Here we studied global mRNA expression in g-SAT and a-SAT with a microarray approach. RNA was isolated from g-SAT and a-SAT biopsy, from eight healthy subjects, and hybridized on RNA microarray chips in order to detect regional differences in gene expression. RESULTS A total of 131 genes are significantly and differently (>1.5 fold change, p < 0.05) expressed in a-SAT and g-SAT. Expression profiling reveals significant differences in expression of several HOX genes. Interestingly, two molecular signature of visceral adipocyte lineage, homebox genes HOXA5 and NR2F1, are up-regulated in a-SAT versus g-SAT by a 2.5 fold change. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that g-SAT and a-SAT have distinct expression profiles. The finding of a different expression of HOX genes, fundamental during the embryo development, suggests an early regional differentiation of subcutaneous adipose depots. Moreover, the higher expression of HOXA5 and NR2F1, two molecular signatures of visceral adipocytes, in a-SAT suggests that this subcutaneous adipose depot could be more similar to VAT than g-SAT. Our data suggest that we should look at SAT as composed of distinct depots with possibly different impact in obesity associated metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Passaro
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. .,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Maria Agata Miselli
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Juana Maria Sanz
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Edoardo Dalla Nora
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mario Luca Morieri
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rossella Colonna
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rado Pišot
- Science and Research Centre, University of Primorska, Koper, 6000, Slovenia
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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64
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Baker NA, Muir LA, Lumeng CN, O'Rourke RW. Differentiation and Metabolic Interrogation of Human Adipocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1566:61-76. [PMID: 28244041 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6820-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Adipocytes differentiated from preadipocytes provide a valuable model for the study of human adipocyte metabolism. We describe methods for isolation of human stromal vascular cells, expansion of preadipocytes, differentiation into mature adipocytes, and in vitro metabolic interrogation of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicki A Baker
- Section of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 2210 Taubman Center-5343, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lindsey A Muir
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carey N Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert W O'Rourke
- Section of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 2210 Taubman Center-5343, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor Veteran's Administration Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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65
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Characterization of TGF-β expression and signaling profile in the adipose tissue of rats fed with high-fat and energy-restricted diets. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 38:107-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Murdolo G, Piroddi M, Tortoioli C, Bartolini D, Schmelz M, Luchetti F, Canonico B, Papa S, Zerbinati C, Iuliano L, Galli F. Free Radical-derived Oxysterols: Novel Adipokines Modulating Adipogenic Differentiation of Adipose Precursor Cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4974-4983. [PMID: 27710239 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Increased oxidative stress in adipose tissue emerges as an inducer of obesity-linked insulin resistance. Here we tested whether free-radical derived oxysterols are formed by, and accumulate in, human adipocytes. Moreover, we asked whether increased accumulation of oxysterols characterizes the adipose cells of obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) (OBT2D) compared with lean, nondiabetic controls (CTRLs). Finally, we studied the effects of the free radical-derived oxysterols on adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Adipocytes and ASCs were isolated from sc abdominal adipose tissue biopsy in four OBT2D and four CTRL subjects. Oxysterols in adipocytes were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The cellular and molecular effects of oxysterols were then evaluated on primary cultures of ASCs focusing on cell viability, adipogenic differentiation, and "canonical" WNT and MAPK signaling pathways. RESULTS 7-ketocholesterol (7κ-C) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol were unambiguously detected in adipocytes, which showed higher oxysterol accumulation (P < .01) in OBT2D, as compared with CTRL individuals. Notably, the accumulation of oxysterols in adipocytes was predicted by the adipose cell size of the donor (R2 = 0.582; P < .01). Challenging ASCs with free radical-derived type I (7κ-C) and type II (5,6-Secosterol) oxysterols led to a time- and concentration-dependent decrease of cell viability. Meaningfully, at a non-toxic concentration (1μM), these bioactive lipids hampered adipogenic differentiation of ASCs by sequential activation of WNT/β-catenin, p38-MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Free radical-derived oxysterols accumulate in the "diabetic" fat and may act as novel adipokines modulating the adipogenic potential of undifferentiated adipose precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdolo
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Marta Piroddi
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Cristina Tortoioli
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Martin Schmelz
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Francesca Luchetti
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Barbara Canonico
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Stefano Papa
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Chiara Zerbinati
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
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67
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Kim B, Lee B, Kim MK, Gong SP, Park NH, Chung HH, Kim HS, No JH, Park WY, Park AK, Lim JM, Song YS. Gene expression profiles of human subcutaneous and visceral adipose-derived stem cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:563-571. [PMID: 27859461 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues show a different risk effect on metabolic disorders because they have distinct cellular properties. We isolated stem cells from the separate human adipose tissues to investigate that subcutaneous and visceral fat depots have metabolic differences. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were characterized by immunophenotype and differentiation potentials into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Although subcutaneous and visceral ASCs (S-ASC and V-ASC) express same surface markers (CD31- , CD34- , CD45- , CD73+ , CD90+ , and CD105+ ) and have differentiation potentials, S-ASCs had higher capacity to proliferate and to differentiate into adipogenic lineage than V-ASCs. Next, we identified that S-ASC and V-ASC were genetically distinct based on microarray analysis. Among a total of 810 genes detected in ASCs of both depots, the differentially expressed genes were involved in energy and lipid metabolism. These data show the existence of the intrinsic difference between S-ASC and V-ASC and suggest the differences of anatomically separated adipose tissue. On the basis of the differentially expressed gene profiles between S-ASC and V-ASC, we suggested significant evidence that adipose tissues originating from different anatomic regions are distinguished at the level of the undifferentiated stem cells such as mature adipocytes. V-ASCs had the upregulated clusters of genes related to lipid biosynthesis and metabolism. By contrast, S-ASCs highly expressed genes involved in DNA-dependent transcription, contributing to proliferation. We provide further insights for ASCs with the different origins to understand fat accumulation and distribution and a possibility of ASCs as a therapeutic target against metabolic disorders or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyun Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Nano System Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cheil General Hospital & Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Pyo Gong
- Department of Marine Bio-materials and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Noh Hyun Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Hoon Chung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Seung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Hong No
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woong Yang Park
- Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Genome Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ae Kyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam, South Korea
| | - Jeong Mook Lim
- WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Sang Song
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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68
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Cox-York KA, Erickson CB, Pereira RI, Bessesen DH, Van Pelt RE. Region-specific effects of oestradiol on adipose-derived stem cell differentiation in post-menopausal women. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:677-684. [PMID: 27862950 PMCID: PMC5345675 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the effect of acute transdermal 17β‐oestradiol (E2) on the adipogenic potential of subcutaneous adipose‐derived stem cells (ASC) in post‐menopausal women. Post‐menopausal women (n = 11; mean age 57 ± 4.5 years) were treated for 2 weeks, in a randomized, cross‐over design, with transdermal E2 (0.15 mg) or placebo patches. Biopsies of abdominal (AB) and femoral (FEM) subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were obtained after each treatment and mature adipocytes were analysed for cell size and ASC for their capacity for proliferation (growth rate), differentiation (triglyceride accumulation) and susceptibility to tumour necrosis factor alpha‐induced apoptosis. Gene expression of oestrogen receptors α and β (ESR1 and ESR2), perilipin 1 and hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL), was also assessed. In FEM SAT, but not AB SAT, 2 weeks of E2 significantly (P = 0.03) increased ASC differentiation and whole SAT HSL mRNA expression (P = 0.03) compared to placebo. These changes were not associated with mRNA expression of oestrogen receptors α and β, but HSL expression was significantly increased in FEM SAT with transdermal E2 treatment. Adipose‐derived stem cells proliferation and apoptosis did not change in either SAT depot after E2 compared with placebo. Short‐term E2 appeared to increase the adipogenic potential of FEM, but not AB, SAT in post‐menopausal women with possible implications for metabolic disease. Future studies are needed to determine longer term impact of E2 on regional SAT accumulation in the context of positive energy imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher B Erickson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rocio I Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Rachael E Van Pelt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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69
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Contreras GA, Thelen K, Ayala-Lopez N, Watts SW. The distribution and adipogenic potential of perivascular adipose tissue adipocyte progenitors is dependent on sexual dimorphism and vessel location. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:e12993. [PMID: 27738018 PMCID: PMC5064145 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are sex associated differences in the risk for cardiovascular comorbidities in obesity and metabolic syndrome. A common clinical finding in these diseases is the expansion of perivascular adipose tissues (PVAT) which is associated with alterations in their role as regulators of vessel function. PVAT hyperplasia and hypertrophy are dependent on the biology of populations of adipocyte progenitor cells (APC). It is currently unclear if PVAT enlargement diverges between males and females and the mechanisms linking APC biology with sexual dimorphism remain poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that vessel location and sexual dimorphism affect the distribution and adipogenic capacity of APC in cardiovascular disease risk relevant PVAT sites. PVAT from thoracic aorta (aPVAT) and mesenteric resistance arteries (mPVAT) was collected from 10-week-old female and male Sprague-Dawley rats. Differences in APC distribution in stromal vascular fraction cells from PVAT were determined. APC were defined as cells expressing CD34, CD44, and platelet derived growth factor α In both sexes aPVAT had fewer APC compared to mPVAT and perigonadal adipose tissue (GON). Sex-related differences were observed in the expression of CD34, where females had fewer CD34+ cells in PVATs. APC proliferation and adipogenic capacity in vitro were not affected by sex. However, APC from aPVAT had a lower proliferation capacity compared to mPVAT These data demonstrate that the distribution of APC within PVAT exhibits sexual dimorphism and is affected by anatomical location.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Kyan Thelen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Nadia Ayala-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Stephanie W Watts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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70
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Depot specific differences in the adipogenic potential of precursors are mediated by collagenous extracellular matrix and Flotillin 2 dependent signaling. Mol Metab 2016; 5:937-947. [PMID: 27689006 PMCID: PMC5034610 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Adipose tissue shows a high degree of plasticity, and adipocyte hyperplasia is an important mechanism for adipose tissue expansion. Different adipose depots respond differently to an increased demand for lipid storage. Orchestrating cellular expansion in vivo requires extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and a high degree of interaction between cells and ECM. Methods We studied decellularized primary adipose stromal cell derived ECM of different adipose depots and reseeded them with primary adipose precursors. We tested ECM effect on adipocyte differentiation and analyzed ECM composition using proteomic and immunohistochemical approaches to identify factors in the ECM influencing adipogenesis. Results We show that the ECM of an adipose depot is the major determinant for the differentiation capacity of primary preadipocytes. Visceral adipose tissue stromal cells differentiate less than subcutaneous cells, which, in turn, are less adipogenic than BAT-derived cells. This effect is based on the ECM composition of the respective depot and not dependent on the precursor origin. Addition of vitamin C pronounces the pro-adipogenic effects of the ECM, indicating the importance of collagenous ECM in mediating the effect. Using a proteomic global and a targeted downstream analysis, we identify Flotillin 2 as a protein enriched in pro-adipogenic ECM, which is involved in orchestrating ECM to preadipocyte signaling. Conclusions We show that adipose tissue SVF secretes collagenous ECM, which directly modulates terminal differentiation of adipocyte precursors in a depot specific manner. These data demonstrate the importance of the tissue microenvironment in preadipocyte differentiation. Different adipose tissue depots have different differentiation capacities. Differentiation of preadipocytes is enhanced by vitamin c through formation of collagenous ECM. Collagenous ECM is the main determinant of adipose depot specific differences in adipogenic potential. FLOT2 plays a role in mediating collagenous-ECM specific effects.
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71
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Takeda K, Sriram S, Chan XHD, Ong WK, Yeo CR, Tan B, Lee SA, Kong KV, Hoon S, Jiang H, Yuen JJ, Perumal J, Agrawal M, Vaz C, So J, Shabbir A, Blaner WS, Olivo M, Han W, Tanavde V, Toh SA, Sugii S. Retinoic Acid Mediates Visceral-Specific Adipogenic Defects of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Diabetes 2016; 65:1164-78. [PMID: 26936961 PMCID: PMC5384626 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased visceral fat, rather than subcutaneous fat, during the onset of obesity is associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic diseases. The inherent adipogenic properties of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) from visceral depots are compromised compared with those of ASCs from subcutaneous depots, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Using ontological analysis of global gene expression studies, we demonstrate that many genes involved in retinoic acid (RA) synthesis or regulated by RA are differentially expressed in human tissues and ASCs from subcutaneous and visceral fat. The endogenous level of RA is higher in visceral ASCs; this is associated with upregulation of the RA synthesis gene through the visceral-specific developmental factor WT1. Excessive RA-mediated activity impedes the adipogenic capability of ASCs at early but not late stages of adipogenesis, which can be reversed by antagonism of RA receptors or knockdown of WT1. Our results reveal the developmental origin of adipocytic properties and the pathophysiological contributions of visceral fat depots.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Adipogenesis/drug effects
- Adult Stem Cells/cytology
- Adult Stem Cells/drug effects
- Adult Stem Cells/metabolism
- Adult Stem Cells/pathology
- Bariatric Surgery
- Benzoates/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Ontology
- Humans
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/cytology
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/drug effects
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/metabolism
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Obesity, Morbid/metabolism
- Obesity, Morbid/pathology
- Obesity, Morbid/surgery
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/agonists
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Response Elements/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Stilbenes/pharmacology
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/cytology
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/drug effects
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/metabolism
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/pathology
- Tretinoin/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- WT1 Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- WT1 Proteins/genetics
- WT1 Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeda
- Fat Metabolism and Stem Cell Group, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Sandhya Sriram
- Fat Metabolism and Stem Cell Group, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Xin Hui Derryn Chan
- Fat Metabolism and Stem Cell Group, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Wee Kiat Ong
- Fat Metabolism and Stem Cell Group, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Chia Rou Yeo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Betty Tan
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Seung-Ah Lee
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Kien Voon Kong
- Bio-optical Imaging Group, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Shawn Hoon
- Molecular Engineering Lab, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jason J Yuen
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jayakumar Perumal
- Bio-optical Imaging Group, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Madhur Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jimmy So
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Asim Shabbir
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Malini Olivo
- Bio-optical Imaging Group, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Vivek Tanavde
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Sue-Anne Toh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shigeki Sugii
- Fat Metabolism and Stem Cell Group, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
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Qiang G, Kong HW, Fang D, McCann M, Yang X, Du G, Blüher M, Zhu J, Liew CW. The obesity-induced transcriptional regulator TRIP-Br2 mediates visceral fat endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced inflammation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11378. [PMID: 27109496 PMCID: PMC4848483 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intimate link between location of fat accumulation and metabolic disease risk and depot-specific differences is well established, but how these differences between depots are regulated at the molecular level remains largely unclear. Here we show that TRIP-Br2 mediates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced inflammatory responses in visceral fat. Using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo approaches, we demonstrate that obesity-induced circulating factors upregulate TRIP-Br2 specifically in visceral fat via the ER stress pathway. We find that ablation of TRIP-Br2 ameliorates both chemical and physiological ER stress-induced inflammatory and acute phase response in adipocytes, leading to lower circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines. Using promoter assays, as well as molecular and pharmacological experiments, we show that the transcription factor GATA3 is responsible for the ER stress-induced TRIP-Br2 expression in visceral fat. Taken together, our study identifies molecular regulators of inflammatory response in visceral fat that—given that these pathways are conserved in humans—might serve as potential therapeutic targets in obesity. Visceral and subcutaneous fat are associated with different metabolic risk, but mediators of such depot specific effects are not very well known. Here the authors identify the transcriptional regulator, TRIP-Br2, as a regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced inflammatory responses specifically in visceral fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifen Qiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, M/C901, MSB E-202, Chicago, 60612 Illinois, USA
| | - Hyerim Whang Kong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, M/C901, MSB E-202, Chicago, 60612 Illinois, USA
| | - Difeng Fang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 Maryland, USA
| | - Maximilian McCann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, M/C901, MSB E-202, Chicago, 60612 Illinois, USA
| | - Xiuying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 18, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 Maryland, USA
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, M/C901, MSB E-202, Chicago, 60612 Illinois, USA
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Heterogeneity of white adipose tissue: molecular basis and clinical implications. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e215. [PMID: 26964831 PMCID: PMC4892883 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a highly heterogeneous endocrine organ. The heterogeneity among different anatomical depots stems from their intrinsic differences in cellular and physiological properties, including developmental origin, adipogenic and proliferative capacity, glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, hormonal control, thermogenic ability and vascularization. Additional factors that influence adipose tissue heterogeneity are genetic predisposition, environment, gender and age. Under obese condition, these depot-specific differences translate into specific fat distribution patterns, which are closely associated with differential cardiometabolic risks. For instance, individuals with central obesity are more susceptible to developing diabetes and cardiovascular complications, whereas those with peripheral obesity are more metabolically healthy. This review summarizes the clinical and mechanistic evidence for the depot-specific differences that give rise to different metabolic consequences, and provides therapeutic insights for targeted treatment of obesity.
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Di Franco A, Guasti D, Squecco R, Mazzanti B, Rossi F, Idrizaj E, Gallego-Escuredo JM, Villarroya F, Bani D, Forti G, Vannelli GB, Luconi M. Searching for Classical Brown Fat in Humans: Development of a Novel Human Fetal Brown Stem Cell Model. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1679-91. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Di Franco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences; Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence; Italy
| | - Daniele Guasti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Florence; Italy
| | - Roberta Squecco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence; Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzanti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; Haematology Unit, University of Florence; Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Applied Physics; Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Eglantina Idrizaj
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence; Italy
| | - José M. Gallego-Escuredo
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Florence; Italy
| | - Gianni Forti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences; Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence; Italy
| | - Gabriella Barbara Vannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Michaela Luconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences; Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence; Italy
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Muir LA, Neeley CK, Meyer KA, Baker NA, Brosius AM, Washabaugh AR, Varban OA, Finks JF, Zamarron BF, Flesher CG, Chang JS, DelProposto JB, Geletka L, Martinez-Santibanez G, Kaciroti N, Lumeng CN, O'Rourke RW. Adipose tissue fibrosis, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia: Correlations with diabetes in human obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:597-605. [PMID: 26916240 PMCID: PMC4920141 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between adipose tissue fibrosis, adipocyte hypertrophy, and preadipocyte hyperplasia in the context of obesity and the correlation of these tissue-based phenomena with systemic metabolic disease are poorly defined. The goal of this study was to clarify the relationship between adipose tissue fibrosis, adipocyte hypertrophy, and preadipocyte hyperplasia in human obesity and determine the correlation of these adipose-tissue based phenomena with diabetes. METHODS Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues from humans with obesity collected during bariatric surgery were studied with QRTPCR, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry for expression of collagens and fibrosis-related proteins, adipocyte size, and preadipocyte frequency. Results were correlated with clinical characteristics including diabetes status. RESULTS Fibrosis was decreased, hypertrophy was increased, and preadipocyte frequency and fibrotic gene expression were decreased in adipose tissues from diabetic subjects compared to non-diabetic subjects. These differences were greater in visceral compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with the hypothesis that adipose tissue fibrosis in the context of human obesity limits adipocyte hypertrophy and is associated with a reciprocal increase in adipocyte hyperplasia, with beneficial effects on systemic metabolism. These findings suggest adipose tissue fibrosis as a potential target for manipulation of adipocyte metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Muir
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Meyer
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicki A. Baker
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alice M. Brosius
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Oliver A. Varban
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan F. Finks
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian F. Zamarron
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carmen G. Flesher
- Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joshua S. Chang
- Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer B. DelProposto
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lynn Geletka
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel Martinez-Santibanez
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carey N. Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert W. O'Rourke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor Veteran's Administration Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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76
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Aging and adipose tissue: potential interventions for diabetes and regenerative medicine. Exp Gerontol 2016; 86:97-105. [PMID: 26924669 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction occurs with aging and has systemic effects, including peripheral insulin resistance, ectopic lipid deposition, and inflammation. Fundamental aging mechanisms, including cellular senescence and progenitor cell dysfunction, occur in adipose tissue with aging and may serve as potential therapeutic targets in age-related disease. In this review, we examine the role of adipose tissue in healthy individuals and explore how aging leads to adipose tissue dysfunction, redistribution, and changes in gene regulation. Adipose tissue plays a central role in longevity, and interventions restricted to adipose tissue may impact lifespan. Conversely, obesity may represent a state of accelerated aging. We discuss the potential therapeutic potential of targeting basic aging mechanisms, including cellular senescence, in adipose tissue, using type II diabetes and regenerative medicine as examples. We make the case that aging should not be neglected in the study of adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medicine strategies, as elderly patients make up a large portion of individuals in need of such therapies.
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77
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Identification of Mouse Mesenteric and Subcutaneous in vitro Adipogenic Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21041. [PMID: 26884347 PMCID: PMC4756711 DOI: 10.1038/srep21041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat accumulation and the dysfunction of visceral white adipose tissue (WAT), but not subcutaneous WAT, cause abnormalities in whole body metabolic homeostasis. However, no current drugs specifically target visceral WAT. The primary reason for this is that a practical in vitro culture system for mesenteric adipocytes has not been established. To resolve this issue, we sought to identify in vitro adipogenic cells in mesenteric and subcutaneous WATs. First, we examined the expression pattern of surface antigens in stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) cells from mouse mesenteric and subcutaneous WATs, and found the expression of 30 stem cell-related surface antigens. Then, to evaluate the adipogenic ability of each fraction, we performed in vitro screening, and identified five candidate markers for mesenteric adipogenic cells and one candidate marker for subcutaneous adipogenic cells. To investigate whether in vitro adipogenic ability accurately reflects the conditions in vivo, we performed transplantation experiments, and identified CD9(-) CD201(+) Sca-1(-) cells and CD90(+) cells as mesenteric and subcutaneous in vitro adipogenic cells, respectively. Furthermore, mature adipocytes derived from mesenteric and subcutaneous adipogenic cells maintained each characteristic phenotype in vitro. Thus, our study should contribute to the development of a useful culture system for visceral adipocytes.
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78
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Jura M, Kozak LP. Obesity and related consequences to ageing. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:23. [PMID: 26846415 PMCID: PMC5005878 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a major public health problem. Given the current increase in life expectancy, the prevalence of obesity also raises steadily among older age groups. The increase in life expectancy is often accompanied with additional years of susceptibility to chronic ill health associated with obesity in the elderly. Both obesity and ageing are conditions leading to serious health problems and increased risk for disease and death. Ageing is associated with an increase in abdominal obesity, a major contributor to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Obesity in the elderly is thus a serious concern and comprehension of the key mechanisms of ageing and age-related diseases has become a necessary matter. Here, we aimed to identify similarities underlying mechanisms related to both obesity and ageing. We bring together evidence that age-related changes in body fat distribution and metabolism might be key factors of a vicious cycle that can accelerate the ageing process and onset of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jura
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Leslie P Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
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79
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Estève D, Boulet N, Volat F, Zakaroff-Girard A, Ledoux S, Coupaye M, Decaunes P, Belles C, Gaits-Iacovoni F, Iacovoni JS, Rémaury A, Castel B, Ferrara P, Heymes C, Lafontan M, Bouloumié A, Galitzky J. Human white and brite adipogenesis is supported by MSCA1 and is impaired by immune cells. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1277-91. [PMID: 25523907 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-associated inflammation contributes to the development of metabolic diseases. Although brite adipocytes have been shown to ameliorate metabolic parameters in rodents, their origin and differentiation remain to be characterized in humans. Native CD45-/CD34+/CD31- cells have been previously described as human adipocyte progenitors. Using two additional cell surface markers, MSCA1 (tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase) and CD271 (nerve growth factor receptor), we are able to partition the CD45-/CD34+/CD31- cell population into three subsets. We establish serum-free culture conditions without cell expansion to promote either white/brite adipogenesis using rosiglitazone, or bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), or specifically brite adipogenesis using 3-isobuthyl-1-methylxanthine. We demonstrate that adipogenesis leads to an increase of MSCA1 activity, expression of white/brite adipocyte-related genes, and mitochondriogenesis. Using pharmacological inhibition and gene silencing approaches, we show that MSCA1 activity is required for triglyceride accumulation and for the expression of white/brite-related genes in human cells. Moreover, native immunoselected MSCA1+ cells exhibit brite precursor characteristics and the highest adipogenic potential of the three progenitor subsets. Finally, we provided evidence that MSCA1+ white/brite precursors accumulate with obesity in subcutaneous adipose tissue (sAT), and that local BMP7 and inflammation regulate brite adipogenesis by modulating MSCA1 in human sAT. The accumulation of MSCA1+ white/brite precursors in sAT with obesity may reveal a blockade of their differentiation by immune cells, suggesting that local inflammation contributes to metabolic disorders through impairment of white/brite adipogenesis. Stem Cells 2015;33:1277-1291.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Estève
- Inserm, UMR1048, Team 1, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, BP84225, Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Paul Sabatier University, 118, Route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Myocardial Ischemic Subject's Thymus Fat: A Novel Source of Multipotent Stromal Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144401. [PMID: 26657132 PMCID: PMC4675557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Adipose Tissue Stromal Cells (ASCs) have important clinical applications in the regenerative medicine, cell replacement and gene therapies. Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue (SAT) is the most common source of these cells. The adult human thymus degenerates into adipose tissue (TAT). However, it has never been studied before as a source of stem cells. Material and Methods We performed a comparative characterization of TAT-ASCs and SAT-ASCs from myocardial ischemic subjects (n = 32) according to the age of the subjects. Results TAT-ASCs and SAT-ASCs showed similar features regarding their adherence, morphology and in their capacity to form CFU-F. Moreover, they have the capacity to differentiate into osteocyte and adipocyte lineages; and they present a surface marker profile corresponding with stem cells derived from AT; CD73+CD90+CD105+CD14-CD19-CD45-HLA-DR. Interestingly, and in opposition to SAT-ASCs, TAT-ASCs have CD14+CD34+CD133+CD45- cells. Moreover, TAT-ASCs from elderly subjects showed higher adipogenic and osteogenic capacities compared to middle aged subjects, indicating that, rather than impairing; aging seems to increase adipogenic and osteogenic capacities of TAT-ASCs. Conclusions This study describes the human TAT as a source of mesenchymal stem cells, which may have an enormous potential for regenerative medicine.
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81
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Farb MG, Gokce N. Visceral adiposopathy: a vascular perspective. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 21:125-36. [PMID: 25781557 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as one of the most critical health care problems globally that is associated with the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Central adiposity with intra-abdominal deposition of visceral fat, in particular, has been closely linked to cardiometabolic consequences of obesity. Increasing epidemiological, clinical and experimental data suggest that both adipose tissue quantity and perturbations in its quality termed "adiposopathy" contribute to mechanisms of cardiometabolic disease. The current review discusses regional differences in adipose tissue characteristics and highlights profound abnormalities in vascular endothelial function and angiogenesis that are manifest within the visceral adipose tissue milieu of obese individuals. Clinical data demonstrate up-regulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic mediators in dysfunctional adipose tissue that may support pathological vascular changes not only locally in fat but also in multiple organ systems, including coronary and peripheral circulations, potentially contributing to mechanisms of obesity-related cardiovascular disease.
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82
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Fang L, Guo F, Zhou L, Stahl R, Grams J. The cell size and distribution of adipocytes from subcutaneous and visceral fat is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Adipocyte 2015; 4:273-9. [PMID: 26451283 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1034920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Regional deposition of adipose tissue and adipocyte morphology may contribute to increased risk for insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to compare adipocyte cell size and size distribution from multiple fat depots and to determine the association with type 2 diabetes mellitus, anthropomorphic data, and subjects' metabolic profile. METHODS Clinical data and adipose tissue from subcutaneous fat, omentum, and mesentery were collected from 30 subjects with morbid obesity. Adipocytes were isolated by collagenase digestion and sized by microscopic measurement of cell diameter. RESULTS Overall, adipocytes from subcutaneous fat were larger than those from omentum or mesentery. For the subcutaneous and omental fat depots, there was a significant increase in % small cells (14.9% vs 31.4%, p = 0 .006 and 14.0% vs 30.5%, p = 0 .015, respectively) and corresponding decrease in % large cells for nondiabetic vs diabetic patients. There was a similar trend for mesentery but it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0 .090). For omentum and mesentery, there was also a significant decrease in the diameter of the small cells. Fasting glucose was positively correlated with fraction of small cells in omentum and mesentery, and HbA1C was positively correlated with fraction of small cells in the omental fat depot. There was no correlation between large cell diameter with clinical parameters in any of the fat depots. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results indicate size distribution of adipocytes, specifically an increase in the fraction of small cells, is associated with the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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83
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Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Reparative Potential in Ischemic Heart Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:599-611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fried SK, Lee MJ, Karastergiou K. Shaping fat distribution: New insights into the molecular determinants of depot- and sex-dependent adipose biology. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1345-52. [PMID: 26054752 PMCID: PMC4687449 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review recent advances in understanding the cellular mechanisms that regulate fat distribution. METHODS In this review, new insights into depot and sex differences in the developmental origins and growth of adipose tissues as revealed by studies that use new methods, including lineage tracing, are highlighted. RESULTS Variations in fat distribution during normal growth and in response to alterations in nutritional or hormonal status are driven by intrinsic differences in cells found in each adipose depot. Adipose progenitor cells and preadipocytes in different anatomical adipose tissues derive from cell lineages that determine their capacity for proliferation and differentiation. As a result, rates of hypertrophy and hyperplasia during growth and remodeling vary among depots. The metabolic capacities of adipose cells are also determined by variations in the expression of key transcription factors and non-coding RNAs. These developmental events are influenced by sex chromosomes and hormonal and nutrient signals that determine the adipogenic, metabolic, and functional properties of each depot. CONCLUSIONS These new developments in the understanding of fat distribution provide a sound basis for understanding the association of body shape and health in men and women with and without obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Fried
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mi-Jeong Lee
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kalypso Karastergiou
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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85
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Badimon L, Oñate B, Vilahur G. Células madre mesenquimales derivadas de tejido adiposo y su potencial reparador en la enfermedad isquémica coronaria. Rev Esp Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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86
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Hausman GJ, Basu U, Wei S, Hausman DB, Dodson MV. Preadipocyte and adipose tissue differentiation in meat animals: influence of species and anatomical location. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2015; 2:323-51. [PMID: 25384146 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Early in porcine adipose tissue development, the stromal-vascular (SV) elements control and dictate the extent of adipogenesis in a depot-dependent manner. The vasculature and collagen matrix differentiate before overt adipocyte differentiation. In the fetal pig, subcutaneous (SQ) layer development is predictive of adipocyte development, as the outer, middle, and inner layers of dorsal SQ adipose tissue develop and maintain layered morphology throughout postnatal growth of SQ adipose tissue. Bovine and ovine fetuses contain brown adipose tissue but SQ white adipose tissue is poorly developed structurally. Fetal adipose tissue differentiation is associated with the precocious expression of several genes encoding secreted factors and key transcription factors like peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)γ and CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein. Identification of adipocyte-associated genes differentially expressed by age, depot, and species in vivo and in vitro has been achieved using single-gene analysis, microarrays, suppressive subtraction hybridization, and next-generation sequencing applications. Gene polymorphisms in PPARγ, cathepsins, and uncoupling protein 3 have been associated with back fat accumulation. Genome scans have mapped several quantitative trait loci (QTL) predictive of adipose tissue-deposition phenotypes in cattle and pigs.
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87
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Shah FS, Li J, Dietrich M, Wu X, Hausmann MG, LeBlanc KA, Wade JW, Gimble JM. Comparison of Stromal/Stem Cells Isolated from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Depots: Differentiation and Immunophenotypic Characterization. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:204-11. [PMID: 26089088 DOI: 10.1159/000430088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging field of regenerative medicine has identified adipose tissue as an abundant source of stromal/stem cells for tissue engineering applications. Therefore, we have compared the differentiation and immunophenotypic features of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASC) isolated from either omental or subcutaneous adipose depots. Human tissue samples were obtained from bariatric and plastic surgical practices at a university-affiliated teaching hospital and a private practice, respectively, with informed patient consent. Primary cultures of human ASC were isolated from adipose specimens within 24 h of surgery and culture expanded in vitro. The passaged ASC were induced to undergo adipogenic or osteogenic differentiation as assessed by histochemical methods or evaluated for surface antigen expression profiles by flow cytometry. ASC yields per unit weight of tissue were comparable between omental and subcutaneous depots. At passage 0, the immunophenotype of omental and subcutaneous ASC were not significantly different with the exception of CD105 and endoglin, a component of the transforming growth factor β receptor. The adipogenic differentiation of omental ASC was less robust than that of subcutaneous ASC based on in vitro histochemical and PCR assays. Although the yield and immunophenotype of ASC from omental adipose depots resembled that of subcutaneous ASC, omental ASC displayed significantly reduced adipogenic differentiation capacity following chemical induction. Further studies are necessary to evaluate and optimize the differentiation function of omental ASC in vitro and in vivo. Pending such analyses, omental ASC should not be used interchangeably with subcutaneous ASC for regenerative medical applications.
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88
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Clonal analyses and gene profiling identify genetic biomarkers of the thermogenic potential of human brown and white preadipocytes. Nat Med 2015; 21:760-8. [PMID: 26076036 PMCID: PMC4496292 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeting brown adipose tissue (BAT) content or activity has therapeutic potential for treating obesity and the metabolic syndrome by increasing energy expenditure. Both inter- and intra-individual differences contribute to heterogeneity in human BAT and potentially to differential thermogenic capacity in human populations. Here, we demonstrated the generated clones of brown and white preadipocytes from human neck fat of four individuals and characterized their adipogenic differentiation and thermogenic function. Combining an uncoupling protein 1(UCP1) reporter system and expression profiling, we defined novel sets of gene signatures in human preadipocytes that could predict the thermogenic potential of the cells once they were maturated in culture. Knocking out the positive UCP1 regulators identified by this approach, PREX1 and EDNRB in brown preadipocytes using CRISPR/Cas9 markedly abolished the high level of UCP1 in brown adipocytes differentiated from the preadipocytes. Finally, we were able to prospectively isolate adipose progenitors with great thermogenic potential using cell surface marker CD29. These data provide new insights into the cellular heterogeneity in human fat and offer the identification of possible biomarkers of thermogenically competent preadipocytes.
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Zhu Y, Tchkonia T, Stout MB, Giorgadze N, Wang L, Li PW, Heppelmann CJ, Bouloumié A, Jensen MD, Bergen HR, Kirkland JL. Inflammation and the depot-specific secretome of human preadipocytes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:989-99. [PMID: 25864718 PMCID: PMC4414793 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) expansion and macrophage accumulation are associated with metabolic dysfunction. Visceral WAT typically shows greater macrophage infiltration. Preadipocytes show varying proinflammatory expression profiles among WAT depots. The objective was to examine the secretomes and chemoattractive properties of preadipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous WAT. METHODS A label-free quantitative proteomics approach was applied to study secretomes of subcutaneous and omental preadipocytes from obese subjects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and chemotaxis assays were used to confirm proinflammatory chemokine secretion between depots. RESULTS Preadipocyte secretomes showed greater variation between depots than did intracellular protein expression. Chemokines were the most differentially secreted proteins. Omental preadipocytes induced chemoattraction of macrophages and monocytes. Neutralizing antibodies to the identified chemokines reduced macrophage/monocyte chemoattraction. Subcutaneous preadipocytes treated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) resembled omental preadipocytes in terms of chemokine secretion and macrophage/monocyte chemoattraction. Janus-activated kinase (JAK1/2) protein expression, which transduces IL-6 signaling, was higher in omental than subcutaneous preadipocytes and WAT. Inhibiting JAK in omental preadipocytes decreased chemokine secretion and macrophage/monocyte chemoattraction to levels closer to that observed in subcutaneous preadipocytes. CONCLUSIONS Secretomes of omental and subcutaneous preadipocytes are distinct, with the former inducing more macrophage/monocyte chemoattraction, in part through IL-6/JAK-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Medical Genome Facility, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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90
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Fuster JJ, Zuriaga MA, Ngo DTM, Farb MG, Aprahamian T, Yamaguchi TP, Gokce N, Walsh K. Noncanonical Wnt signaling promotes obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction independent of adipose tissue expansion. Diabetes 2015; 64:1235-48. [PMID: 25352637 PMCID: PMC4375084 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the development of insulin resistance in obese individuals. Cell culture studies and gain-of-function mouse models suggest that canonical Wnt proteins modulate adipose tissue expansion. However, no genetic evidence supports a role for endogenous Wnt proteins in adipose tissue dysfunction, and the role of noncanonical Wnt signaling remains largely unexplored. Here we provide evidence from human, mouse, and cell culture studies showing that Wnt5a-mediated, noncanonical Wnt signaling contributes to obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction by increasing adipose tissue inflammation. Wnt5a expression is significantly upregulated in human visceral fat compared with subcutaneous fat in obese individuals. In obese mice, Wnt5a ablation ameliorates insulin resistance, in parallel with reductions in adipose tissue inflammation. Conversely, Wnt5a overexpression in myeloid cells augments adipose tissue inflammation and leads to greater impairments in glucose homeostasis. Wnt5a ablation or overexpression did not affect fat mass or adipocyte size. Mechanistically, Wnt5a promotes the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages in a Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent manner, leading to defective insulin signaling in adipocytes. Exogenous interleukin-6 administration restores insulin resistance in obese Wnt5a-deficient mice, suggesting a central role for this cytokine in Wnt5a-mediated metabolic dysfunction. Taken together, these results demonstrate that noncanonical Wnt signaling contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance independent of adipose tissue expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Fuster
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - María A Zuriaga
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Doan Thi-Minh Ngo
- Clinical Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Melissa G Farb
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Tamar Aprahamian
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Noyan Gokce
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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91
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Hilton C, Karpe F, Pinnick KE. Role of developmental transcription factors in white, brown and beige adipose tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:686-96. [PMID: 25668679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the role of developmental transcription factors in adipose tissue biology with a focus on how these developmental genes may contribute to regional variation in adipose tissue distribution and function. Regional, depot-specific, differences in lipid handling and signalling (lipolysis, lipid storage and adipokine/lipokine signalling) are important determinants of metabolic health. At a cellular level, preadipocytes removed from their original depot and cultured in vitro retain depot-specific functional properties, implying that these are intrinsic to the cells and not a function of their environment in situ. High throughput screening has identified a number of developmental transcription factors involved in embryological development, including members of the Homeobox and T-Box gene families, that are strongly differentially expressed between regional white adipose tissue depots and also between brown and white adipose tissue. However, the significance of depot-specific developmental signatures remains unclear. Developmental transcription factors determine body patterning during embryogenesis. The divergent developmental origins of regional adipose tissue depots may explain their differing functional characteristics. There is evidence from human genetics that developmental genes determine adipose tissue distribution: in GWAS studies a number of developmental genes have been identified as being correlated with anthropometric measures of adiposity and fat distribution. Additionally, compelling functional studies have recently implicated developmental genes in both white adipogenesis and the so-called 'browning' of white adipose tissue. Understanding the genetic and developmental pathways in adipose tissue may help uncover novel ways to intervene with the function of adipose tissue in order to promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hilton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine E Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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92
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Loh NY, Neville MJ, Marinou K, Hardcastle SA, Fielding BA, Duncan EL, McCarthy MI, Tobias JH, Gregson CL, Karpe F, Christodoulides C. LRP5 regulates human body fat distribution by modulating adipose progenitor biology in a dose- and depot-specific fashion. Cell Metab 2015; 21:262-273. [PMID: 25651180 PMCID: PMC4321886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Common variants in WNT pathway genes have been associated with bone mass and fat distribution, the latter predicting diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk. Rare mutations in the WNT co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6 are similarly associated with bone and cardiometabolic disorders. We investigated the role of LRP5 in human adipose tissue. Subjects with gain-of-function LRP5 mutations and high bone mass had enhanced lower-body fat accumulation. Reciprocally, a low bone mineral density-associated common LRP5 allele correlated with increased abdominal adiposity. Ex vivo LRP5 expression was higher in abdominal versus gluteal adipocyte progenitors. Equivalent knockdown of LRP5 in both progenitor types dose-dependently impaired β-catenin signaling and led to distinct biological outcomes: diminished gluteal and enhanced abdominal adipogenesis. These data highlight how depot differences in WNT/β-catenin pathway activity modulate human fat distribution via effects on adipocyte progenitor biology. They also identify LRP5 as a potential pharmacologic target for the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nellie Y Loh
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Kyriakoula Marinou
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Department of Experimental Physiology, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Sarah A Hardcastle
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Barbara A Fielding
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Emma L Duncan
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, School of Medicine and University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield Street, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - Constantinos Christodoulides
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
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93
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Abstract
The distribution of adipose tissue in the body has wide-ranging and reproducible associations with health and disease. Accumulation of adipose tissue in the upper body (abdominal obesity) is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and even all-cause mortality. Conversely, accumulation of fat in the lower body (gluteofemoral obesity) shows opposite associations with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus when adjusted for overall fat mass. The abdominal depots are characterized by rapid uptake of predominantly diet-derived fat and a high lipid turnover that is easily stimulated by adrenergic receptor activation. The lower-body fat stores have a reduced lipid turnover with a capacity to accommodate fat undergoing redistribution. Lower-body adipose tissue also seems to retain the capacity to recruit additional adipocytes as a result of weight gain and demonstrates fewer signs of inflammatory insult. New data suggest that the profound functional differences between the upper-body and lower-body tissues are controlled by site-specific sets of developmental genes, such as HOXA6, HOXA5, HOXA3, IRX2 and TBX5 in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and HOTAIR, SHOX2 and HOXC11 in gluteofemoral adipose tissue, which are under epigenetic control. This Review discusses the developmental and functional differences between upper-body and lower-body fat depots and provides mechanistic insight into the disease-protective effects of lower-body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Karpe
- 1] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington OX3 7LE, UK. [2] NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Churchill Hospital, Headington OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Katherine E Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington OX3 7LE, UK
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94
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Choudhery MS, Badowski M, Muise A, Pierce J, Harris DT. Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Utility Is Independent of Anatomical Harvest Site. Biores Open Access 2015; 4:131-45. [PMID: 26309790 PMCID: PMC4497709 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2014.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the challenges for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is to obtain suitably large cell numbers for therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can easily be expanded in vitro to obtain large numbers of cells, but this approach may induce cellular senescence. The characteristics of cells are dependent on variables like age, body mass index (BMI), and disease conditions, however, and in the case of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs), anatomical harvest site is also an important variable that can affect the regenerative potential of isolated cells. We therefore had kept the parameters (age, BMI, disease conditions) constant in this study to specifically assess influence of anatomical sites of individual donors on utility of ASCs. Adipose tissue was obtained from multiple anatomical sites in individual donors, and viability and nucleated cell yield were determined. MSC frequency was enumerated using colony forming unit assay and cells were characterized by flow cytometry. Growth characteristics were determined by long-term population doubling analysis of each sample. Finally, MSCs were induced to undergo adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation. To validate the findings, these results were compared with similar single harvest sites from multiple individual patients. The results of the current study indicated that MSCs obtained from multiple harvest sites in a single donor have similar morphology and phenotype. All adipose depots in a single donor exhibited similar MSC yield, viability, frequency, and growth characteristics. Equivalent differentiation capacity into osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes was also observed. On the basis of results, we conclude that it is acceptable to combine MSCs obtained from various anatomical locations in a single donor to obtain suitably large cell numbers required for therapy, avoiding in vitro senescence and lengthy and expensive in vitro culturing and expansion steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood S. Choudhery
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Advance Research Center of Biomedical Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Michael Badowski
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Angela Muise
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - John Pierce
- Aesthetic Surgery of Tucson, Tucson, Arizona
| | - David T. Harris
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Address correspondence to: David T. Harris, PhD, Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, PO Box 245221, Tucson, AZ 85724, E-mail:
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95
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Swarbrick
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia, and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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96
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Identification of a subpopulation of marrow MSC-derived medullary adipocytes that express osteoclast-regulating molecules: marrow adipocytes express osteoclast mediators. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108920. [PMID: 25302610 PMCID: PMC4193782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased marrow medullary adipogenesis and an associated decrease in bone mineral density, usually observed in elderly individuals, is a common characteristic in senile osteoporosis. In this study we investigated whether cells of the medullary adipocyte lineage have the potential to directly support the formation of osteoclasts, whose activity in bone leads to bone degradation. An in vitro mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived medullary adipocyte lineage culture model was used to study the expression of the important osteoclast mediators RANKL, M-CSF, SDF-1, and OPG. We further assessed whether adipocytes at a specific developmental stage were capable of supporting osteoclast-like cell formation in culture. In vitro MSC-derived medullary adipocytes showed an mRNA and protein expression profile of M-CSF, RANKL, and OPG that was dependent on its developmental/metabolic stage. Furthermore, RANKL expression was observed in MSC-derived adipocytes that were at a distinct lineage stage and these cells were also capable of supporting osteoclast-like cell formation in co-cultures with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These results suggest a connection between medullary adipocytes and osteoclast formation in vivo and may have major significance in regards to the mechanisms of decreased bone density in senile osteoporosis.
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97
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Dodson MV, Du M, Wang S, Bergen WG, Fernyhough-Culver M, Basu U, Poulos SP, Hausman GJ. Adipose depots differ in cellularity, adipokines produced, gene expression, and cell systems. Adipocyte 2014; 3:236-41. [PMID: 26317047 PMCID: PMC4550680 DOI: 10.4161/adip.28321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The race to manage the health concerns related to excess fat deposition has spawned a proliferation of clinical and basic research efforts to understand variables including dietary uptake, metabolism, and lipid deposition by adipocytes. A full appreciation of these variables must also include a depot-specific understanding of content and location in order to elucidate mechanisms governing cellular development and regulation of fat deposition. Because adipose tissue depots contain various cell types, differences in the cellularity among and within adipose depots are presently being documented to ascertain functional differences. This has led to the possibility of there being, within any one adipose depot, cellular distinctions that essentially result in adipose depots within depots. The papers comprising this issue will underscore numerous differences in cellularity (development, histogenesis, growth, metabolic function, regulation) of different adipose depots. Such information is useful in deciphering adipose depot involvement both in normal physiology and in pathology. Obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, carcass composition of meat animals, performance of elite athletes, physiology/pathophysiology of aging, and numerous other diseases might be altered with a greater understanding of adipose depots and the cells that comprise them-including stem cells-during initial development and subsequent periods of normal/abnormal growth into senescence. Once thought to be dormant and innocuous, the adipocyte is emerging as a dynamic and influential cell and research will continue to identify complex physiologic regulation of processes involved in adipose depot physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Dodson
- Department of Animal Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
| | - Songbo Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
- College of Animal Science; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Werner G Bergen
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biosciences/Department of Animal Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn, AL USA
| | | | | | | | - Gary J Hausman
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science; University of Georgia; Athens, GA USA
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98
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Hyvönen MT, Spalding KL. Maintenance of white adipose tissue in man. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 56:123-32. [PMID: 25240584 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is increasing in an epidemic manner in most countries and constitutes a public health problem by enhancing the risk for diseases such as diabetes, fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. Together these diseases form a cluster referred to as the metabolic syndrome. Despite the negative health consequences associated with excess adipose tissue, very little is known about the origin and maintenance of white adipose tissue in man. In this review we discuss what is known about the turnover of adult human adipocytes and their precursors, as well as adipose tissue heterogeneity, plasticity and developmental origins. The focus of this review is human tissue, however in many cases human data are missing and are inferred from animal studies. As such, reference to animal studies are made where human data is not available. This article is part of a directed issue entitled: Regenerative Medicine: the challenge of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi T Hyvönen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Berzelius väg 35, Stockholm 171-77, Sweden
| | - Kirsty L Spalding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Berzelius väg 35, Stockholm 171-77, Sweden.
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99
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Chen L, Dai YM, Ji CB, Yang L, Shi CM, Xu GF, Pang LX, Huang FY, Zhang CM, Guo XR. MiR-146b is a regulator of human visceral preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation and its expression is altered in human obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 393:65-74. [PMID: 24931160 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Visceral obesity is an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome, and abnormal fat accumulation is linked to increases in the number and size of adipocytes. MiR-146b was a miRNA highly expressed in mature adipocytes while very lowly expressed in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human visceral preadipocytes (vHPA). In this paper, we mainly focused on the roles of miR-146b in adipogenesis. We found miR-146b could inhibit the proliferation of visceral preadipocytes and promote their differentiation. MiR-146b in human visceral adipocytes inhibited the expression of KLF7, a member of the Kruppel-like transcription factors, as demonstrated by a firefly luciferase reporter assay, indicating that KLF7 is a direct target of the endogenous miR-146b. MiR-146b expression was significantly altered in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in human overweight and obese subjects, and in the epididymal fat tissues and brown fat tissues of diet-induced obese mice. Our data indicates that miR-146b may be a new therapeutic target against human visceral obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China; Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yong-Mei Dai
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Chen-Bo Ji
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China; Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China; Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chun-Mei Shi
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China; Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Guang-Feng Xu
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China; Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ling-Xia Pang
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China; Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fang-Yan Huang
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China; Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chun-Mei Zhang
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China.
| | - Xi-Rong Guo
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China; Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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100
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Abstract
Since individual cells from freshly isolated white adipose tissue (WAT) exhibit variable levels of fat accumulation, we attempted to determine which factor(s) cause this variation. We used primary WAT cells from adult mice and the mouse 3T3-L1 cell-line of preadipocytes for these studies. Cells were labeled with BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene) lipid probe, a marker for fat accumulation in live cells, and sorted on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter into two populations exhibiting low or high BODIPY fluorescence intensity. After more than 12 doublings as dedifferentiated cells in growth medium, the sorted populations were exposed to adipogenic medium for 7 days and analyzed for BODIPY accumulation and mRNA expression of adipogenic markers. WAT-derived cells initially sorted to have low or high BODIPY fluorescence intensity maintained a similar low or high lipid phenotype after redifferentiation. Cell surface TSH receptor expression, which is known to increase when preadipocytes are differentiated, correlated with BODIPY staining in all states. mRNA levels of Pparγ, Srebp1c, aP2, and Pref1, key regulators of adipogenesis, and leptin, Glut4, Fasn, and Tshr, markers of adipocyte differentiation, correlated with the levels of fat accumulation. Overexpression of Pparγ in 3T3-L1 cells, as expected, caused cells from low- and high-BODIPY populations to accumulate more fat. More importantly, prior to differentiation, the endogenous Pparγ promoter exhibited higher levels of acetylated histone H3, an activatory modification, in high-BODIPY- compared with low-BODIPY-derived populations. We conclude that fat accumulation is a heritable trait in WAT and that epigenetic modification on the Pparγ promoter contributes to this heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora S Katz
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Geras-Raaka
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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