51
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Herster F, Bittner Z, Codrea MC, Archer NK, Heister M, Löffler MW, Heumos S, Wegner J, Businger R, Schindler M, Stegner D, Schäkel K, Grabbe S, Ghoreschi K, Miller LS, Weber ANR. Platelets Aggregate With Neutrophils and Promote Skin Pathology in Psoriasis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1867. [PMID: 31474979 PMCID: PMC6706802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a frequent systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized primarily by skin lesions with massive infiltration of leukocytes, but frequently also presents with cardiovascular comorbidities. Especially polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) abundantly infiltrate psoriatic skin but the cues that prompt PMNs to home to the skin are not well-defined. To identify PMN surface receptors that may explain PMN skin homing in psoriasis patients, we screened 332 surface antigens on primary human blood PMNs from healthy donors and psoriasis patients. We identified platelet surface antigens as a defining feature of psoriasis PMNs, due to a significantly increased aggregation of neutrophils and platelets in the blood of psoriasis patients. Similarly, in the imiquimod-induced experimental in vivo mouse model of psoriasis, disease induction promoted PMN-platelet aggregate formation. In psoriasis patients, disease incidence directly correlated with blood platelet counts and platelets were detected in direct contact with PMNs in psoriatic but not healthy skin. Importantly, depletion of circulating platelets in mice in vivo ameliorated disease severity significantly, indicating that both PMNs and platelets may be relevant for psoriasis pathology and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zsofia Bittner
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Martin Heister
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus W Löffler
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Heumos
- Quantitative Biology Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joanna Wegner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ramona Businger
- Division of Molecular Virology, Institute of Virology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- Division of Molecular Virology, Institute of Virology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Stegner
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Knut Schäkel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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52
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Zhao Y, Hao C, Zhai R, Bao L, Wang D, Li Y, Yu X, Huang R, Yao W. Effects of cyclophosphamide on the phenotypes and functions of THP-1 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 70:103201. [PMID: 31202006 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Early and accurate evaluation of immunotoxicity is crucial. However, there are few in vitro models for immunosuppressive evaluation. THP-1 cells has long been used for in vitro sensitivity evaluation. Whether it can be used for immunosuppressive evaluation remains unclear. In this study, effects of immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide (CY) on THP-1 cells were observed while 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was used as a control. The phenotypes of THP-1 cells, the ability to activate naïve T cells, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, gene markers, phagocytic ability and cell apoptosis were detected after THP-1 cells being exposed to different concentrations of CY and DNCB. Both CY and DNCB were able to activate THP-1 cells, but there were a lot of differences in their effects on THP-1 cells, such as the changes in phenotypes, in the ability to activate naïve T cells, in ROS production and in marker gene expression. Firstly, CY down-regulated the expression of CD86 on THP-1 cells while DNCB up-regulated its expression. Secondly, the ability of THP-1 cells to activate naïve T cells was enhanced by CY and suppressed by DNCB. Thirdly, CY raised rapid and transient elevation of ROS level in THP-1 cells, while the effects of DNCB were slower and longer-lasting. Finally, only CY could lead to an increase in heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) expression. Taken all these results into account, we suggested that THP-1 cell line possesses the potency to be an in vitro model of immunosuppressive evaluation. And the surface molecule CD86, the ability to activate naïve T cells, the ROS production and the gene marker HMOX1 of THP-1 cells are promising markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Ruonan Zhai
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lei Bao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xinghao Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Ruoxuan Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China.
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53
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Chernykh ER, Oleynik EA, Leplina OY, Starostina NM, Ostanin AA. Dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis C. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2019. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2019-2-239-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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54
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Lopes AP, van Roon JAG, Blokland SLM, Wang M, Chouri E, Hartgring SAY, van der Wurff-Jacobs KMG, Kruize AA, Burgering BMT, Rossato M, Radstake TRDJ, Hillen MR. MicroRNA-130a Contributes to Type-2 Classical DC-activation in Sjögren's Syndrome by Targeting Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase-1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1335. [PMID: 31281310 PMCID: PMC6595962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Considering the critical role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulation of cell activation, we investigated their role in circulating type-2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC2s) of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) compared to healthy controls (HC). Methods: CD1c-expressing cDC2s were isolated from peripheral blood. A discovery cohort (15 pSS, 6 HC) was used to screen the expression of 758 miRNAs and a replication cohort (15 pSS, 11 HC) was used to confirm differential expression of 18 identified targets. Novel targets for two replicated miRNAs were identified by SILAC in HEK-293T cells and validated in primary cDC2s. Differences in cytokine production between pSS and HC cDC2s were evaluated by intracellular flow-cytometry. cDC2s were cultured in the presence of MSK1-inhibitors to investigate their effect on cytokine production. Results: Expression of miR-130a and miR-708 was significantly decreased in cDC2s from pSS patients compared to HC in both cohorts, and both miRNAs were downregulated upon stimulation via endosomal TLRs. Upstream mediator of cytokine production MSK1 was identified as a novel target of miR-130a and overexpression of miR-130a reduced MSK1 expression in cDC2s. pSS cDC2s showed higher MSK1 expression and an increased fraction of IL-12 and TNF-α-producing cells. MSK1-inhibition reduced cDC2 activation and production of IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-6. Conclusions: The decreased expression of miR-130a and miR-708 in pSS cDC2s seems to reflect cell activation. miR-130a targets MSK1, which regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and we provide proof-of-concept for MSK1-inhibition as a therapeutic avenue to impede cDC2 activity in pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Lopes
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joel A G van Roon
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sofie L M Blokland
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maojie Wang
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center Molecular Medicine, Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eleni Chouri
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sarita A Y Hartgring
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kim M G van der Wurff-Jacobs
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aike A Kruize
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn M T Burgering
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center Molecular Medicine, Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marzia Rossato
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Timothy R D J Radstake
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten R Hillen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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55
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Carenza C, Calcaterra F, Oriolo F, Di Vito C, Ubezio M, Della Porta MG, Mavilio D, Della Bella S. Costimulatory Molecules and Immune Checkpoints Are Differentially Expressed on Different Subsets of Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1325. [PMID: 31244860 PMCID: PMC6579930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in initiating and shaping immune responses. The effects of DCs on adaptive immune responses depend partly on functional specialization of distinct DC subsets, and partly on the activation state of DCs, which is largely dictated by environmental signals. Fully activated immunostimulatory DCs express high levels of costimulatory molecules, produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, and stimulate T cell proliferation, whereas tolerogenic DCs express low levels of costimulatory molecules, produce immunomodulatory cytokines and impair T cell proliferation. Relevant to the increasing use of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer treatment, signals generated from inhibitory checkpoint molecules on DC surface may also contribute to the inhibitory properties of tolerogenic DCs. Yet, our knowledge on the expression of inhibitory molecules on human DC subsets is fragmentary. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the expression of three immune checkpoints on peripheral blood DC subsets, in basal conditions and upon exposure to pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory stimuli, by using a flow cytometric panel that allows a direct comparison of the activatory/inhibitory phenotype of DC-lineage and inflammatory DC subsets. We demonstrated that functionally distinct DC subsets are characterized by differential expression of activatory and inhibitory molecules, and that cDC1s in particular are endowed with a unique immune checkpoint repertoire characterized by high TIM-3 expression, scarce PD-L1 expression and lack of ILT2. Notably, this unique cDC1 repertoire was subverted in a group of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes included in the study. Applied to the characterization of DCs in the tumor microenvironment, this panel has the potential to provide valuable information to be used for investigating the role of DC subsets in cancer, guiding DC-targeting treatments, and possibly identifying predictive biomarkers for clinical response to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carenza
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Calcaterra
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Oriolo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Clara Di Vito
- Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Marta Ubezio
- Cancer Center, Humanitas Reserach Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Mavilio
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
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56
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Falcón-Beas C, Tittarelli A, Mora-Bau G, Tempio F, Pérez C, Hevia D, Behrens C, Flores I, Falcón-Beas F, Garrido P, Ascui G, Pereda C, González FE, Salazar-Onfray F, López MN. Dexamethasone turns tumor antigen-presenting cells into tolerogenic dendritic cells with T cell inhibitory functions. Immunobiology 2019; 224:697-705. [PMID: 31221438 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are usually immunogenic, but they are also capable of inducing tolerance under anti-inflammatory conditions. Immunotherapy based on autologous DCs loaded with an allogeneic melanoma cell lysate (TRIMEL/DCs) induces immunological responses and increases melanoma patient survival. Glucocorticoids can suppress DC maturation and function, leading to a DC-mediated inhibition of T cell responses. METHODS The effect of dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid extensively used in cancer therapies, on TRIMEL/DCs phenotype and immunogenicity was examined. RESULTS Dexamethasone induced a semi-mature phenotype on TRIMEL/DC with low maturation surface marker expressions, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine induction (IL-1β and IL-12) and increased release of regulatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β). Dexamethasone-treated TRIMEL/DCs inhibited allogeneic CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine release (IFNγ, TNF-α and IL-17). Co-culturing melanoma-specific memory tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with dexamethasone-treated TRIMEL/DC inhibited proliferation and effector T cell activities, including cytokine secretion and anti-melanoma cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that dexamethasone repressed melanoma cell lysate-mediated DC maturation, generating a potent tolerogenic-like DC phenotype that inhibited melanoma-specific effector T cell activities. These results suggest that dexamethasone-induced immunosuppression may interfere with the clinical efficacy of DC-based melanoma vaccines, and must be taken into account for optimal design of cellular therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián Falcón-Beas
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Tittarelli
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Mora-Bau
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Tempio
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Pérez
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Cell Therapy Laboratory, Blood Bank Service, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Hevia
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Behrens
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Flores
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Falcón-Beas
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Garrido
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel Ascui
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Pereda
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Fermín E González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Experimental Immunology & Cancer, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, 8380492 Santiago, Chile
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Mercedes N López
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; Cell Therapy Laboratory, Blood Bank Service, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
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Coppard C, Hannani D, Humbert M, Gauthier V, Plumas J, Merlin E, Gabert F, Chaperot L. In vitro PUVA treatment triggers calreticulin exposition and HMGB1 release by dying T lymphocytes in GVHD: New insights in extracorporeal photopheresis. J Clin Apher 2019; 34:450-460. [PMID: 30860623 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is an effective therapy for graft vs host disease (GVHD), based on infusion of UVA-irradiated and 8 methoxy-psoralen (PUVA)-treated leukocytes. Reinfusion of these apoptosing cells affects the functionality of pathogenic T cells through poorly understood immunomodulatory mechanisms. Apoptosis is usually a silent, tolerance-associated process, but can also be immunogenic, depending on death-inducers and environmental context. METHODS To understand ECP mechanisms of action, human alloreactive T cells generated in an in vitro model mimicking GVHD were used, as well as primary cells from GVHD patients. Cells were submitted to PUVA treatment and their phenotype and immunogenicity were analyzed, using cell culture and flow cytometry. RESULTS In vitro PUVA treatment induced the expression of several damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by dying T cells (calreticulin, high-mobility group box-1, and to a lesser extent heat shock proteins 70 and 90), especially upon T cell activation, leading to their phagocytosis by macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Allogeneic DCs preincubated with PUVA treated T cells induced comparable naive T cell proliferation and polarization as control allogeneic DC. CONCLUSION Altogether, in our experimental settings, in vitro PUVA-treatment induces a partially immunogenic phenotype allowing phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages and DC, however not sufficient to induce dendritic cell maturation and T cell activation. These data refine current models of ECP-mediated immune modulation and emphasize the need to further analyze PUVA-treated cell interactions with immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Coppard
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Dalil Hannani
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,PDC*line Pharma, Grenoble, France
| | - Marion Humbert
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Virginie Gauthier
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Joel Plumas
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,PDC*line Pharma, Grenoble, France
| | - Etienne Merlin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Femme-Enfant, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Françoise Gabert
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
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58
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Patente TA, Pinho MP, Oliveira AA, Evangelista GCM, Bergami-Santos PC, Barbuto JAM. Human Dendritic Cells: Their Heterogeneity and Clinical Application Potential in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3176. [PMID: 30719026 PMCID: PMC6348254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells, uniquely able to induce naïve T cell activation and effector differentiation. They are, likewise, involved in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance in homeostatic conditions. Their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity points to their great plasticity and ability to modulate, according to their microenvironment, the acquired immune response and, at the same time, makes their precise classification complex and frequently subject to reviews and improvement. This review will present general aspects of the DC physiology and classification and will address their potential and actual uses in the management of human disease, more specifically cancer, as therapeutic and monitoring tools. New combination treatments with the participation of DC will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago A Patente
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Pinho
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C M Evangelista
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Bergami-Santos
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A M Barbuto
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Discipline of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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60
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Fekete T, Sütö MI, Bencze D, Mázló A, Szabo A, Biro T, Bacsi A, Pazmandi K. Human Plasmacytoid and Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Display Distinct Metabolic Profile Upon RIG-I Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3070. [PMID: 30622542 PMCID: PMC6308321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances reveal that metabolic reprogramming is required for adequate antiviral responses of dendritic cells (DCs) that possess the capacity to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. Several reports indicate that Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation of DCs is accompanied by a rapid induction of glycolysis; however, the metabolic requirements of retinoic-acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) activation have not defined either in conventional DCs (cDCs) or in plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) that are the major producers of type I interferons (IFN) upon viral infections. To sense viruses and trigger an early type I IFN response, pDCs rely on endosomal TLRs, whereas cDCs employ cytosolic RIG-I, which is constitutively present in their cytoplasm. We previously found that RIG-I is upregulated in pDCs upon endosomal TLR activation and contributes to the late phase of type I IFN responses. Here we report that TLR9-driven activation of human pDCs leads to a metabolic transition to glycolysis supporting the production of type I IFNs, whereas RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses of pDCs do not require glycolysis and rather rely on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity. In particular, TLR9-activated pDCs show increased extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), lactate production, and upregulation of key glycolytic genes indicating an elevation in glycolytic flux. Furthermore, administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), an inhibitor of glycolysis, significantly impairs the TLR9-induced secretion of type I IFNs by human pDCs. In contrast, RIG-I stimulation of pDCs does not result in any alterations of ECAR, and type I IFN production is not inhibited but rather promoted by 2-DG treatment. Moreover, pDCs activated via TLR9 but not RIG-I in the presence of 2-DG are impaired in their capacity to prime allogeneic naïve CD8+ T cell proliferation. Interestingly, human monocyte-derived DCs (moDC) triggered via RIG-I show a commitment to glycolysis to promote type I IFN production and T cell priming in contrast to pDCs. Our findings reveal for the first time, that pDCs display a unique metabolic profile; TLR9-driven but not RIG-I-mediated activation of pDCs requires glycolytic reprogramming. Nevertheless, the metabolic signature of RIG-I-stimulated moDCs is characterized by glycolysis suggesting that RIG-I-induced metabolic alterations are rather cell type-specific and not receptor-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Fekete
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mate I. Sütö
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dora Bencze
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anett Mázló
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Szabo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamas Biro
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bacsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kitti Pazmandi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Fekete T, Bencze D, Szabo A, Csoma E, Biro T, Bacsi A, Pazmandi K. Regulatory NLRs Control the RLR-Mediated Type I Interferon and Inflammatory Responses in Human Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2314. [PMID: 30344524 PMCID: PMC6182093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique members of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family have been found to regulate intracellular signaling pathways initiated by other families of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic-acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs). Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), the most powerful type I interferon (IFN) producing cells, preferentially employ endosomal TLRs to elicit antiviral IFN responses. By contrast, conventional DCs (cDCs) predominantly use cytosolic RLRs, which are constitutively expressed in them, to sense foreign nucleic acids. Previously we have reported that, though RIG-I is absent from resting pDCs, it is inducible upon TLR stimulation. In the recent study we investigated the regulatory ability of NLRs, namely NLRC5 and NLRX1 directly associated with the RLR-mediated signaling pathway in DC subtypes showing different RLR expression, particularly in pDCs, and monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). Here we demonstrate that similarly to RLRs, NLRC5 is also inducible upon TLR9 stimulation, whereas NLRX1 is constitutively expressed in pDCs. Inhibition of NLRC5 and NLRX1 expression in pDCs augmented the RLR-stimulated expression of type I IFNs but did not affect the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-6, and the chemokine IL-8. Further we show that immature moDCs constantly express RLRs, NLRX1 and NLRC5 that are gradually upregulated during their differentiation. Similarly to pDCs, NLRX1 suppression increased the RLR-induced production of type I IFNs in moDCs. Interestingly, RLR stimulation of NLRX1-silenced moDCs leads to a significant increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and IκBα degradation, suggesting increased NF-κB activity. On the contrary, NLRC5 does not seem to have any effect on the RLR-mediated cytokine responses in moDCs. In summary, our results indicate that NLRX1 negatively regulates the RLR-mediated type I IFN production both in pDCs and moDCs. Further we show that NLRX1 inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in moDCs but not in pDCs following RLR stimulation. Interestingly, NLRC5 suppresses the RLR-induced type I IFN secretion in pDCs but does not appear to have any regulatory function on the RLR pathway in moDCs. Collectively, our work demonstrates that RLR-mediated innate immune responses are primarily regulated by NLRX1 and partly controlled by NLRC5 in human DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Fekete
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dora Bencze
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Szabo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Csoma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamas Biro
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bacsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kitti Pazmandi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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62
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Sepulveda-Toepfer JA, Pichler J, Fink K, Sevo M, Wildburger S, Mudde-Boer LC, Taus C, Mudde GC. TLR9-mediated activation of dendritic cells by CD32 targeting for the generation of highly immunostimulatory vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:179-188. [PMID: 30156957 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1514223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rational for designing dendritic cell (DC)-targeted immunotherapies is their central role in orchestrating immunity. Most studies addressing antigen-targeting to DCs for eliciting T cell responses have employed ex-vivo matured DCs derived from monocytes or myeloid DCs isolated from peripheral blood. More recently, also plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) emerged as attractive targets that can be readily isolated and activated ex vivo. pDCs are known as key effectors of innate and adaptive immunity due to their exquisite ability to produce large amounts of type-1 interferons upon signaling via TLR7 or TLR9 intracellular receptor for viral RNA or bacterial DNA, respectively. In this study, we describe and characterize the immune modulating and targeting module of a composite human specific vaccine platform for active immunotherapy. This module, called warhead (WH), is composed of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and CpG-C type oligonucleotides (ODNs) that are covalently coupled. The scFv mediates specific binding to FcγRII/CD32 on APCs and internalization of the ODNs which stimulate TLR9-expressing B cells and pDCs. Furthermore, the scFv in the WH is extended with a five-time heptad repeat (EVSALEK) alpha helix which allows for a coiled-coil complex formation with any immunogen also extended with another five-time heptad (KVSALKE) repeat. WH elicits fast and robust pDC activation as evidenced by the release of interferon-α, TNF-α and IL-6. The WH thus takes advantage of the key features of human pDCs for immunostimulation and can be a versatile tool for antigen-specific vaccination with a variety of proteins or peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sepulveda-Toepfer
- a Department of Research and Development , S-TARget Therapeutics GmbH , Vienna , Austria.,b Department of Research and Development , OncoQR ML GmbH , Vienna , Austria
| | - Johannes Pichler
- b Department of Research and Development , OncoQR ML GmbH , Vienna , Austria
| | - Kathrin Fink
- b Department of Research and Development , OncoQR ML GmbH , Vienna , Austria
| | - Milica Sevo
- a Department of Research and Development , S-TARget Therapeutics GmbH , Vienna , Austria
| | - Sonja Wildburger
- a Department of Research and Development , S-TARget Therapeutics GmbH , Vienna , Austria
| | | | - Christopher Taus
- b Department of Research and Development , OncoQR ML GmbH , Vienna , Austria
| | - Geert Cornelius Mudde
- a Department of Research and Development , S-TARget Therapeutics GmbH , Vienna , Austria.,b Department of Research and Development , OncoQR ML GmbH , Vienna , Austria
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63
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Wang Y, Kwak M, Lee PCW, Jin JO. Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide promoted activation of human dendritic cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:232-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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64
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Soldevila F, Edwards JC, Graham SP, Stevens LM, Crudgington B, Crooke HR, Werling D, Steinbach F. Characterization of the Myeloid Cell Populations' Resident in the Porcine Palatine Tonsil. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1800. [PMID: 30158925 PMCID: PMC6104124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The palatine tonsil is the portal of entry for food and air and is continuously subjected to environmental challenges, including pathogens, which use the tonsil and pharynx as a primary site of replication. In pigs, this includes the viruses causing porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome, and classical and African swine fever; diseases that have impacted the pig production industry globally. Despite the importance of tonsils in host defense, little is known regarding the phenotype of the myeloid cells resident in the porcine tonsil. Here, we have characterized five myeloid cell populations that align to orthologous populations defined in other mammalian species: a CD4+ plasmacytoid dendritic cell (DC) defined by expression of the conserved markers E2.2 and IRF-7, a conventional dendritic cell (cDC1) population expressing CADM1highCD172alow and high levels of XCR1 able to activate allogeneic CD4 and CD8 T cells; a cDC2 population of CADM1dim cells expressing FLT3, IRF4, and CSF1R with an ability to activate allogeneic CD4 T cells; CD163+ macrophages (Mϴs) defined by high levels of endocytosis and responsiveness to LPS and finally a CD14+ population likely derived from the myelomonocytic lineage, which showed the highest levels of endocytosis, a capacity for activation of CD4+ memory T cells, combined with lower relative expression of FLT3. Increased knowledge regarding the phenotypic and functional properties of myeloid cells resident in porcine tonsil will enable these cells to be targeted for future vaccination strategies to current and emerging porcine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Soldevila
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C Edwards
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M Stevens
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Bentley Crudgington
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R Crooke
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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65
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Rodriguez SE, McAuley AJ, Gargili A, Bente DA. Interactions of Human Dermal Dendritic Cells and Langerhans Cells Treated with Hyalomma Tick Saliva with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070381. [PMID: 30036960 PMCID: PMC6070959 DOI: 10.3390/v10070381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus is one the most important and wide spread tick-borne viruses. Very little is known about the transmission from the tick and the early aspects of pathogenesis. Here, we generate human cutaneous antigen presenting cells-dermal dendritic cells and Langerhans cells-from umbilical cord progenitor cells. In order to mimic the environment created during tick feeding, tick salivary gland extract was generated from semi-engorged Hyalomma marginatum ticks. Our findings indicate that human dermal dendritic cells and Langerhans cells are susceptible and permissive to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection, however, to different degrees. Infection leads to cell activation and cytokine/chemokine secretion, although these responses vary between the different cell types. Hyalomma marginatum salivary gland extract had minimal effect on cell responses, with some synergy with viral infection with respect to cytokine secretion. However, salivary gland extract appeared to inhibit antigen presenting cells (APCs) migration. Based on the findings here we hypothesize that human dermal dendritic cells and Langerhans cells serve as early target cells. Rather affecting Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus replication, tick saliva likely immunomodulates and inhibits migration of these APCs from the feeding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA.
| | - Alexander J McAuley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA.
| | - Aysen Gargili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Marmara University, 34722 Kadiköy/Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Dennis A Bente
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA.
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66
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Ticks and Tick-Borne Infections: Complex Ecology, Agents, and Host Interactions. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5020060. [PMID: 29925800 PMCID: PMC6024845 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks transmit the most diverse array of infectious agents of any arthropod vector. Both ticks and the microbes they transmit are recognized as significant threats to human and veterinary public health. This article examines the potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of ticks and the infections they transmit; the emergence of novel tick-borne pathogens, increasing geographic range and incidence of tick-borne infections; and advances in the characterization of tick saliva mediated modulation of host defenses and the implications of those interactions for transmission, establishment, and control of tick infestation and tick-borne infectious agents.
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67
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Deicher A, Andersson R, Tingstedt B, Lindell G, Bauden M, Ansari D. Targeting dendritic cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:85. [PMID: 29946224 PMCID: PMC6006559 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are an integral part of the tumor microenvironment. Pancreatic cancer is characterized by reduced number and function of DCs, which impacts antigen presentation and contributes to immune tolerance. Recent data suggest that exosomes can mediate communication between pancreatic cancer cells and DCs. Furthermore, levels of DCs may serve as prognostic factors. There is also growing evidence for the effectiveness of vaccination with DCs pulsed with tumor antigens to initiate adaptive cytolytic immune responses via T cells. Most experience with DC-based vaccination has been gathered for MUC1 and WT1 antigens, where clinical studies in advanced pancreatic cancer have provided encouraging results. In this review, we highlight the role of DC in the course, prognosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Deicher
- 1Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden.,2Faculty of Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Andersson
- 1Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bobby Tingstedt
- 1Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gert Lindell
- 1Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Monika Bauden
- 1Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ansari
- 1Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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68
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Flórez-Grau G, Zubizarreta I, Cabezón R, Villoslada P, Benitez-Ribas D. Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells as a Promising Antigen-Specific Therapy in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica From Preclinical to Clinical Trials. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1169. [PMID: 29904379 PMCID: PMC5990597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of activated T-lymphocytes restricted to myelin-derived immunogenic peptides in multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 water channel in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) in the blood of patients opened the possibility for developing highly selective and disease-specific therapeutic approaches. Antigen presenting cells and in particular dendritic cells (DCs) represent a strategy to inhibit pro-inflammatory T helper cells. DCs are located in peripheral and lymphoid tissues and are essential for homeostasis of T cell-dependent immune responses. The expression of a particular set of receptors involved in pathogen recognition confers to DCs the property to initiate immune responses. However, in the absence of danger signals different DC subsets have been revealed to induce active tolerance by inducing regulatory T cells, inhibiting pro-inflammatory T helper cells responses or both. Interestingly, several protocols to generate clinical-grade tolerogenic DC (Tol-DC) in vitro have been described, offering the possibility to restore the homeostasis to central nervous system-related antigens. In this review, we discuss about different DC subsets and their role in tolerance induction, the different protocols to generate Tol-DCs and preclinical studies in animal models as well as describe recent characterization of Tol-DCs for clinical application in autoimmune diseases and in particular in MS and NMO patients. In addition, we discuss the clinical trials ongoing based on Tol-DCs to treat different autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Flórez-Grau
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroimmunology Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irati Zubizarreta
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Cabezón
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroimmunology Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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69
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Iwabuchi R, Ikeno S, Kobayashi-Ishihara M, Takeyama H, Ato M, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Terahara K. Introduction of Human Flt3-L and GM-CSF into Humanized Mice Enhances the Reconstitution and Maturation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and the Development of Foxp3 +CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1042. [PMID: 29892279 PMCID: PMC5985304 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Two cytokines, fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3-L) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are considered to be the essential regulators of dendritic cell (DC) development in vivo. However, the combined effect of Flt3-L and GM-CSF on human DCs has not been evaluated in vivo. In this study, we, therefore, aimed at evaluating this using a humanized mouse model. Humanized non-obese diabetic/SCID/Jak3null (hNOJ) mice were constructed by transplanting hematopoietic stem cells from human umbilical cord blood into newborn NOJ mice, and in vivo transfection (IVT) was performed by hydrodynamic injection-mediated gene delivery using plasmids encoding human Flt3-L and GM-CSF. Following IVT, Flt3-L and GM-CSF were successfully induced in hNOJ mice. At 10 days post-IVT, we found, in the spleen, that treatment with both Flt3-L and GM-CSF enhanced the reconstitution of two myeloid DC subsets, CD14−CD1c+ conventional DCs (cDCs) and CD14−CD141+ cDCs, in addition to CD14+ monocyte-like cells expressing CD1c and/or CD141. GM-CSF alone had less effect on the reconstitution of these myeloid cell populations. By contrast, none of the cytokine treatments enhanced CD123+ plasmacytoid DC (pDC) reconstitution. Regardless of the reconstitution levels, three cell populations (CD1c+ myeloid cells, CD141+ myeloid cells, and pDCs) could be matured by treatment with cytokines, in terms of upregulation of CD40, CD80, CD86, and CD184/CXCR4 and downregulation of CD195/CCR5. In particular, GM-CSF contributed to upregulation of CD80 in all these cell populations. Interestingly, we further observed that Foxp3+ cells within splenic CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in the presence of GM-CSF. Foxp3+ T cells could be subdivided into two subpopulations, CD45RA−Foxp3hi and CD45RA−Foxp3lo T cells. Whereas CD45RA−Foxp3hi T cells were increased only after treatment with GM-CSF alone, CD45RA−Foxp3lo T cells were increased only after treatment with both Flt3-L and GM-CSF. Treatment with Flt3-L alone had no effect on the number of Foxp3+ T cells. The correlation analysis demonstrated that the development of these Foxp3+ subpopulations was associated with the maturation status of DC(-like) cells. Taken together, this study provides a platform for studying the in vivo effect of Flt3-L and GM-CSF on human DCs and regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Ikeno
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Haruko Takeyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, School of Human Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Terahara
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu Y, Sun X, Zhao X, An L, Wang Z, Jiang J, Shen W, Yang X, Sun Y. Expression and location of IL-17A, E, F and their receptors in colorectal adenocarcinoma: Comparison with benign intestinal disease. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:482-491. [PMID: 29548809 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The research aimed to investigate secretion, expression and location of IL-17 relative ligands, IL-17 relative receptors, infiltrating inflammatory cells and parenchymal structural cells in colorectal cancer (CRC) compared with ulcerative colitis (UC) and benign hyperplastic polyp. 29 human intestinal tissues with CRC, 17 with UC and 7 with polyp were stained using immunohistochemistry to evaluate immunoreactivity for IL-17 family relative ligands including IL-17A, E, F and their respective relative receptors such as IL-17RA, IL-17RB and IL-17RC. At the same time the infiltration of inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, phagocytes, mast cells and neutrophils and parenchymal structural cell changes involving vascular endothelial cells and CD90+ fibroblast cells were also evaluated using the same methods The immunoreactivity or positive inflammatory cells of all the sections were analyzed using professional image analysis software to determine statistical significance. The immunoreactivity for IL-17A, IL-17RA, IL-17E, IL-17RB and IL-17F showed significant decrease in CRC tissue when compared to UC (p = 0.00001. respectively). The reduction of above IL-17 relative ligands and receptors was accompanied by an obvious decrease in the number of infiltrating neutrophils and mast cells in CRC (p = 0.00001 and p = 0.007, respectively) but accompanied by a marked increase of CD31+ blood vessels (p = 0.001). The immunoreactivity of IL-17A, IL-17RA, IL-17E, IL-17RB and IL-17F and the numbers of infiltrating neutrophils and mast cells showed significant decrease in CRC tissues when compared to those in polyp (p < 0.05). In contrast, the immunoreactivity of IL-17RC and the numbers of CD3+ 1ymphocytes were elevated in CRC when compared with those in polyp (p = 0.0001, p = 0.007, respectively). In CRC tissues, positive correlations between IL-17A, IL-17RA with CD68+ macrophages were observed respectively (r = 0.621, p = 0.0001; r = 0.75, p = 0.0001). IL-17 cytokine family including ligands and their corresponding receptors were secreted and expressed by infiltrating inflammatory cells. Not only infiltrating lymphocytes but also increased blood endothelial cells were relative significantly to genesis and progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Liu
- The Clinical Immunology Center, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China.
| | - Xuemei Sun
- The Clinical Immunology Center, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- The Clinical Immunology Center, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Liping An
- The Clinical Immunology Center, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China; The College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Zhuxing Wang
- The Clinical Immunology Center, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- The Clinical Immunology Center, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Jinlin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin, 132011, China
| | - Weigao Shen
- The Clinical Immunology Center, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Jinlin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin, 132011, China
| | - Xueliang Yang
- The Clinical Immunology Center, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Jinlin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin, 132011, China
| | - Ying Sun
- The Clinical Immunology Center, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China; The Division of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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71
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Gulubova M, Aleksandrova E, Vlaykova T. Promoter polymorphisms in TGFB1
and IL10
genes influence tumor dendritic cells infiltration, development and prognosis of colorectal cancer. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3005. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Gulubova
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical Faculty; Trakia University; Stara Zagora Bulgaria
| | - Elina Aleksandrova
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical Faculty; Trakia University; Stara Zagora Bulgaria
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty; Trakia University; Stara Zagora Bulgaria
| | - Tatyana Vlaykova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty; Trakia University; Stara Zagora Bulgaria
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72
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Sambataro M, Sambado L, Trevisiol E, Cacciatore M, Furlan A, Stefani PM, Seganfreddo E, Durante E, Conte S, Bella SD, Paccagnella A, Tos AP. Proinsulin‐expressing dendritic cells in type 2 neuropathic diabetic patients with and without foot lesions. FASEB J 2018; 32:3742-3751. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701279rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sambataro
- Endocrine, Metabolism, and Nutrition Disease UnitDepartment of PathologyHematology UnitImmunohematology and Transfusional Medicine ServiceNeurology UnitSanta Maria di Ca’ Foncello HospitalTrevisoItaly
| | - Luisa Sambado
- Endocrine, Metabolism, and Nutrition Disease UnitDepartment of PathologyHematology UnitImmunohematology and Transfusional Medicine ServiceNeurology UnitSanta Maria di Ca’ Foncello HospitalTrevisoItaly
| | - Enrica Trevisiol
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Matilde Cacciatore
- Department of PathologyHematology UnitImmunohematology and Transfusional Medicine ServiceNeurology UnitSanta Maria di Ca’ Foncello HospitalTrevisoItaly
| | - Anna Furlan
- Hematology UnitImmunohematology and Transfusional Medicine ServiceNeurology UnitSanta Maria di Ca’ Foncello HospitalTrevisoItaly
| | - Piero Maria Stefani
- Hematology UnitImmunohematology and Transfusional Medicine ServiceNeurology UnitSanta Maria di Ca’ Foncello HospitalTrevisoItaly
| | - Elena Seganfreddo
- Immunohematology and Transfusional Medicine ServiceNeurology UnitSanta Maria di Ca’ Foncello HospitalTrevisoItaly
| | - Elisabetta Durante
- Immunohematology and Transfusional Medicine ServiceNeurology UnitSanta Maria di Ca’ Foncello HospitalTrevisoItaly
| | - Stefania Conte
- Neurology UnitSanta Maria di Ca’ Foncello HospitalTrevisoItaly
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Department of Biomedical Technologies and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental ImmunologyHumanitas Clinical and Research CenterMilanItaly
| | - Agostino Paccagnella
- Endocrine, Metabolism, and Nutrition Disease UnitDepartment of PathologyHematology UnitImmunohematology and Transfusional Medicine ServiceNeurology UnitSanta Maria di Ca’ Foncello HospitalTrevisoItaly
| | - Angelo Paolo Tos
- Department of PathologyHematology UnitImmunohematology and Transfusional Medicine ServiceNeurology UnitSanta Maria di Ca’ Foncello HospitalTrevisoItaly
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73
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Glycan recognition by human blood mononuclear cells with an emphasis on dendritic cells. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:191-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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74
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Zi M, Xu Y. Involvement of cystatin C in immunity and apoptosis. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:80-90. [PMID: 29355583 PMCID: PMC7112947 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As an abundantly expressed cysteine protease inhibitor widely distributed in the organisms, cystatin C is involved in various physiological processes. Due to its relatively small molecular weight and easy detection, cystatin C is commonly used as a measure for glomerular filtration rate. In pathological conditions, however, growing evidences suggest that cystatin C is associated with various immune responses against either exogenous or endogenous antigens, which ultimately result in inflammatory autoimmune diseases or tumor development if not properly controlled. Thus the fluctuation of cystatin C levels might have more clinical implications than a reflection of kidney functions. Here, we summarize the latest development of studies on the pathophysiological functions of cystatin C, with focus on its immune regulatory roles at both cellular and molecular levels including antigen presentation, secretion of cytokines, synthesis of nitric oxide, as well as apoptosis. Finally, we discuss the clinical implications and therapeutic potentials of what this predominantly expressed protease inhibitor can bring to us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Zi
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yuekang Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China.
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75
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Silva M, Videira PA, Sackstein R. E-Selectin Ligands in the Human Mononuclear Phagocyte System: Implications for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1878. [PMID: 29403469 PMCID: PMC5780348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system comprises a network of circulating monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), and “histiocytes” (tissue-resident macrophages and DCs) that are derived in part from blood-borne monocytes and DCs. The capacity of circulating monocytes and DCs to function as the body’s first-line defense against offending pathogens greatly depends on their ability to egress the bloodstream and infiltrate inflammatory sites. Extravasation involves a sequence of coordinated molecular events and is initiated by E-selectin-mediated deceleration of the circulating leukocytes onto microvascular endothelial cells of the target tissue. E-selectin is inducibly expressed by cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β) on inflamed endothelium, and binds to sialofucosylated glycan determinants displayed on protein and lipid scaffolds of blood cells. Efficient extravasation of circulating monocytes and DCs to inflamed tissues is crucial in facilitating an effective immune response, but also fuels the immunopathology of several inflammatory disorders. Thus, insights into the structural and functional properties of the E-selectin ligands expressed by different monocyte and DC populations is key to understanding the biology of protective immunity and the pathobiology of several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. This review will address the role of E-selectin in recruitment of human circulating monocytes and DCs to sites of tissue injury/inflammation, the structural biology of the E-selectin ligands expressed by these cells, and the molecular effectors that shape E-selectin ligand cell-specific display. In addition, therapeutic approaches targeting E-selectin receptor/ligand interactions, which can be used to boost host defense or, conversely, to dampen pathological inflammatory conditions, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Silva
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paula A Videira
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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76
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, Pulgar RA, Jara EL, Kalergis AM. Functional Impairment of Mononuclear Phagocyte System by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1643. [PMID: 29230219 PMCID: PMC5712212 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) comprises of monocytes, macrophages (MΦ), and dendritic cells (DCs). MPS is part of the first line of immune defense against a wide range of pathogens, including viruses, such as the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV). The hRSV is an enveloped virus that belongs to the Pneumoviridae family, Orthopneumovirus genus. This virus is the main etiological agent causing severe acute lower respiratory tract infection, especially in infants, children and the elderly. Human RSV can cause bronchiolitis and pneumonia and it has also been implicated in the development of recurrent wheezing and asthma. Monocytes, MΦ, and DCs significantly contribute to acute inflammation during hRSV-induced bronchiolitis and asthma exacerbation. Furthermore, these cells seem to be an important component for the association between hRSV and reactive airway disease. After hRSV infection, the first cells encountered by the virus are respiratory epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages (AMs), DCs, and monocytes in the airways. Because AMs constitute the predominant cell population at the alveolar space in healthy subjects, these cells work as major innate sentinels for the recognition of pathogens. Although adaptive immunity is crucial for viral clearance, AMs are required for the early immune response against hRSV, promoting viral clearance and controlling immunopathology. Furthermore, exposure to hRSV may affect the phagocytic and microbicidal capacity of monocytes and MΦs against other infectious agents. Finally, different studies have addressed the roles of different DC subsets during infection by hRSV. In this review article, we discuss the role of the lung MPS during hRSV infection and their involvement in the development of bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl A Pulgar
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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77
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Obregon C, Kumar R, Pascual MA, Vassalli G, Golshayan D. Update on Dendritic Cell-Induced Immunological and Clinical Tolerance. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1514. [PMID: 29250057 PMCID: PMC5715373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) as highly efficient antigen-presenting cells are at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. As such, they are key mediators of immunity and antigen-specific immune tolerance. Due to their functional specialization, research efforts have focused on the characterization of DCs subsets involved in the initiation of immunogenic responses and in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs)-based therapies have been designed as promising strategies to prevent and control autoimmune diseases as well as allograft rejection after solid organ transplantation (SOT). Despite successful experimental studies and ongoing phase I/II clinical trials using autologous tolDCs in patients with type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and in SOT recipients, additional basic research will be required to determine the optimal DC subset(s) and conditioning regimens for tolDCs-based treatments in vivo. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of human DCs and recent advances in their classification, as well as the role of DCs in immune regulation and their susceptibility to in vitro or in vivo manipulation for the development of tolerogenic therapies, with a focus on the potential of tolDCs for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and the prevention of allograft rejection after SOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Obregon
- Department of Medicine, Transplantation Centre and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Service of Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Transplantation Centre and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Service of Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Antonio Pascual
- Department of Medicine, Transplantation Centre and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Service of Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, Transplantation Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Vassalli
- Département coeur-vaisseaux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Déla Golshayan
- Department of Medicine, Transplantation Centre and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Service of Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, Transplantation Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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78
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Affandi AJ, Carvalheiro T, Radstake TRDJ, Marut W. Dendritic cells in systemic sclerosis: Advances from human and mice studies. Immunol Lett 2017; 195:18-29. [PMID: 29126878 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex heterogeneous fibrotic autoimmune disease with an unknown exact etiology, and characterized by three hallmarks: fibrosis, vasculopathy, and immune dysfunction. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized cells in pathogen sensing with high potency of antigen presentation and capable of releasing mediators to shape the immune response. Altered DCs distributions and their impaired functions may account for their role in breaking the immune tolerance and driving inflammation in SSc, and the direct contribution of DCs in promoting endothelial dysfunction and fibrotic process has only begun to be understood. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in particular have been implicated due to their high production of type I interferon as well as other cytokines and chemokines, including the pro-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic CXCL4. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of human and mouse DC biology has clarified their identification and function in different tissues, and novel DC subsets have only recently been discovered. In this review, we highlight key findings and recent advances exploring DC role in the pathogenesis of SSc and other related autoimmune diseases, and consideration of their potential use as targeted therapy in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsya J Affandi
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tiago Carvalheiro
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy R D J Radstake
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wioleta Marut
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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79
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Lu YB, Xiao DQ, Liang KD, Zhang JA, Wang WD, Yu SY, Zheng BY, Gao YC, Dai YC, Jia Y, Chen C, Zhuang ZG, Wang X, Fu XX, Zhou Y, Zhong J, Chen ZW, Xu JF. Profiling dendritic cell subsets in the patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Mol Immunol 2017; 91:86-96. [PMID: 28889065 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) plays an important role in the immune response against pulmonary tuberculosis. However, the phenotypic profile of DC subsets in peripheral blood in individuals with active pulmonary tuberculosis (APT) is still inconclusive. Here, we demonstrated that the absolute numbers of total DC (tDC), myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) in individuals with APT were decreased compared to healthy controls (HCs). The decreased number of DCs, especially of pDC, seems to be a useful diagnostic marker of APT. Meanwhile, the number of DCs was associated with the prolonged/complicated TB, ATD treatment effect and lymphocyte immune reactions, as manifested that relapsed APT patients with a higher number of tDC and lower number of pDC compared to newly diagnosed patients. Interestingly, mDC from APT patients displayed high expressions of CD83 and CCR7, but pDC displayed low expressions of CD83 and CCR7. Moreover, DCs from APT patients expressed lower levels of HLA-DR and CD80, but expressed a higher level of CD86 than those from HCs. However, the antigen uptake capacity of DC subsets was not different between APT and HCs, despite the antigen uptake capacity of pDC was much lower than that of mDC in both APT patients and HCs. Our data represent a systematic profile of DC subsets in the blood of APT patients, and would represent a useful biomarker for APT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Bin Lu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan 5th Hospital, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - De-Qian Xiao
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Kui-Di Liang
- Department of Respiration, Dongguan 6th Hospital, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Jun-Ai Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wan-Dang Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shi-Yan Yu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Bi-Ying Zheng
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yu-Chi Gao
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - You-Chao Dai
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ze-Gang Zhuang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Fu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan 5th Hospital, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China.
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80
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Zundler S, Schillinger D, Fischer A, Atreya R, López-Posadas R, Watson A, Neufert C, Atreya I, Neurath MF. Blockade of αEβ7 integrin suppresses accumulation of CD8 + and Th9 lymphocytes from patients with IBD in the inflamed gut in vivo. Gut 2017; 66:1936-1948. [PMID: 27543429 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Therapeutically targeting lymphocyte adhesion is of increasing relevance in IBD. Yet, central aspects of the action of antiadhesion compounds are incompletely understood. We investigated the role of αEβ7 and α4β7 integrins and their blockade by vedolizumab and etrolizumab for trafficking of IBD T lymphocytes in an in vivo model of homing to and retention in the inflamed gut. DESIGN We explored integrin expression in patients with IBD by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, while regulation of integrins was studied in T cell cultures. The functional relevance of integrins was assessed by adhesion assays and a recently established humanised mouse model in dextran sodium sulfate-treated immunodeficient mice. RESULTS High expression of αEβ7 was noted on CD8+ and CD4+ Th9 cells, while α4β7 was expressed on CD8+, Th2 and Th17 cells. T cell receptor stimulation and transforming growth factor β were key inducers of αEβ7 on human T cells, while butyric acid suppressed αEβ7. In comparison to α4β7 blockade via vedolizumab, blockade of β7 via etrolizumab surrogate antibody superiorly reduced colonic numbers of CD8+ and Th9 cells in vivo after 3 hours, while no difference was noted after 0.5 hours. AEβ7 expression was higher on CD8+ T cells from patients with IBD under vedolizumab therapy. CONCLUSIONS AEβ7 is of key relevance for gut trafficking of IBD CD8+ T cells and CD4+ Th9 cells in vivo and mainly retention might account for this effect. These findings indicate that blockade of αEβ7 in addition to α4β7 may be particularly effective in intestinal disorders with expansion of CD8+ and Th9 cells such as IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniela Schillinger
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anika Fischer
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alastair Watson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Clemens Neufert
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
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81
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Molecular vaccine prepared by fusion of XCL1 to the multi-epitope protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus enhances the specific humoural immune response in cattle. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7889-7900. [PMID: 28929328 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Targeting antigen to dendritic cells (DCs) is a promising way to manipulate the immune response and to design prophylactic molecular vaccines. In this study, the cattle XCL1, ligand of XCR1, was fused to the type O foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) multi-epitope protein (XCL-OB7) to create a molecular vaccine antigen, and an △XCL-OB7 protein with a mutation in XCL1 was used as the control. XCL-OB7 protein specifically bound to the XCR1 receptor, as detected by flow cytometry. Cattle vaccinated with XCL-OB7 showed a significantly higher antibody response than that to the △XCL-OB7 control (P < 0.05). In contrast, when XCL-OB7 was incorporated with poly (I:C) to prepare the vaccine, the antibody response of the immunized cattle was significantly decreased in this group and was lower than that in the △XCL-OB7 plus poly (I:C) group. The FMDV challenge indicated that cattle immunized with the XCL-OB7 alone or the △XCL-OB7 plus poly (I:C) obtained an 80% (4/5) clinical protective rate. However, cattle vaccinated with △XCL-OB7 plus poly (I:C) showed more effective inhibition of virus replication than that in the XCL-OB7 group after viral challenge, according to the presence of antibodies against FMDV non-structural protein 3B. This is the first test of DC-targeted vaccines in veterinary medicine to use XCL1 fused to FMDV antigens. This primary result showed that an XCL1-based molecular vaccine enhanced the antibody response in cattle. This knowledge should be valuable for the development of antibody-dependent vaccines for some infectious diseases in cattle.
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82
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Immune response of toddlers with history of prematurity. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2017; 45:425-431. [PMID: 28236541 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not quite well established how immune responses differ in term and preterm infants beyond the first year of life. This study aimed to evaluate aspects of the innate and adaptive immune responses in a group of preterm infants in comparison with their term peers. METHODS In this cross-sectional study peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from preterm and term children at age three years. Innate immune response was evaluated by the analysis of TLR receptors expression on CD11c+HLADRhigh cells and inflammatory cytokine production after PBMC stimulation with Toll like receptors (TLR) ligands. Adaptive immune response was evaluated by T cells' phenotyping and function after stimulation with polyclonal conventional T cell stimulus. CONCLUSION We have found that the patterns of innate and adaptive immune responses at 3 years of age were not affected by the fact of the children having being born preterm or at term.
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83
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Otsuka A, Nomura T, Rerknimitr P, Seidel JA, Honda T, Kabashima K. The interplay between genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Immunol Rev 2017; 278:246-262. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Judith A. Seidel
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Biopolis; Singapore
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84
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McDonnell AM, Cook A, Robinson BWS, Lake RA, Nowak AK. Serial immunomonitoring of cancer patients receiving combined antagonistic anti-CD40 and chemotherapy reveals consistent and cyclical modulation of T cell and dendritic cell parameters. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:417. [PMID: 28619093 PMCID: PMC5472884 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD40 signalling can synergise with chemotherapy in preclinical cancer models, and early clinical studies are promising. We set out to define the immunological changes associated with this therapeutic combination to identify biomarkers for a response to the therapy. Here, we present serial immunomonitoring examining dendritic cell and T cell subpopulations over sequential courses of chemoimmunotherapy. Methods Fifteen patients with mesothelioma received up to six 21-day cycles of pemetrexed plus cisplatin chemotherapy and anti-CD40 (CP-870,893). Peripheral blood was collected weekly, and analysed by flow cytometry. Longitudinal immunophenotyping data was analysed by linear mixed modelling, allowing for variation between patients. Exploratory analyses testing for any correlation between overall survival and immunophenotyping data were undertaken up to the third cycle of treatment. Results Large statistically significant cyclical variations in the proportions of BDCA-1+, BDCA-2+ and BDCA-3+ dendritic cells were observed, although all subsets returned to baseline levels after each cycle and no significant changes were observed between start and end of treatment. Expression levels of CD40 and HLA-DR on dendritic cells were also cyclically modulated, again without significant change between start and end of treatment. CD8 and CD4 T cell populations, along with regulatory T cells, effector T cells, and markers of proliferation and activation, showed similar patterns of statistically significant cyclical modulation in response to therapy without changes between start and end of treatment. Exploratory analysis of endpoints revealed that patients with a higher than average proportion of BDCA-2+ dendritic cells (p = 0.010) or a higher than average proportion of activated (ICOS+) CD8 T cells (0.022) in pretreatment blood samples had better overall survival. A higher than average proportion of BDCA-3+ dendritic cells was associated with poorer overall survival at both the second (p = 0.008) and third (p = 0.014) dose of anti-CD40. Conclusions Substantial cyclical variations in DC and T cell populations during sequential cycles of chemoimmunotherapy highlight the critical importance of timing of immunological biomarker assessments in interpretation of results and the value of linear mixed modelling in interpretation of longitudinal change over a full treatment course. Trial registration Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number ACTRN12609000294257 (18th May 2009).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M McDonnell
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Alistair Cook
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bruce W S Robinson
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Richard A Lake
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Anna K Nowak
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia. .,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
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85
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Liso A, Castellani S, Massenzio F, Trotta R, Pucciarini A, Bigerna B, De Luca P, Zoppoli P, Castiglione F, Palumbo MC, Stracci F, Landriscina M, Specchia G, Bach LA, Conese M, Falini B. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells exposed to hyperthermia show a distinct gene expression profile and selective upregulation of IGFBP6. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60826-60840. [PMID: 28977828 PMCID: PMC5617388 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever plays a role in activating innate immunity while its relevance in activating adaptive immunity is less clear. Even brief exposure to elevated temperatures significantly impacts on the immunostimulatory capacity of dendritic cells (DCs), but the consequences on immune response remain unclear. To address this issue, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of normal human monocyte-derived DCs from nine healthy adults subjected either to fever-like thermal conditions (39°C) or to normal temperature (37°C) for 180 minutes. Exposure of DCs to 39°C caused upregulation of 43 genes and downregulation of 24 genes. Functionally, the up/downregulated genes are involved in post-translational modification, protein folding, cell death and survival, and cellular movement. Notably, when compared to monocytes, DCs differentially upregulated transcription of the secreted protein IGFBP-6, not previously known to be specifically linked to hyperthermia. Exposure of DCs to 39°C induced apoptosis/necrosis and resulted in accumulation of IGFBP-6 in the conditioned medium at 48 h. IGFBP-6 may have a functional role in the hyperthermic response as it induced chemotaxis of monocytes and T lymphocytes, but not of B lymphocytes. Thus, temperature regulates complex biological DC functions that most likely contribute to their ability to induce an efficient adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcangelo Liso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefano Castellani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosa Trotta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Bigerna
- Institute of Haematology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Zoppoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Filippo Castiglione
- Institute for Applied Computing, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Stracci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Public Health, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.,Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | | | - Leon A Bach
- Department of Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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86
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Lepore M, Kalinichenko A, Calogero S, Kumar P, Paleja B, Schmaler M, Narang V, Zolezzi F, Poidinger M, Mori L, De Libero G. Functionally diverse human T cells recognize non-microbial antigens presented by MR1. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28518056 PMCID: PMC5459576 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class I-related molecule MR1 presents riboflavin- and folate-related metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T cells, but it is unknown whether MR1 can present alternative antigens to other T cell lineages. In healthy individuals we identified MR1-restricted T cells (named MR1T cells) displaying diverse TCRs and reacting to MR1-expressing cells in the absence of microbial ligands. Analysis of MR1T cell clones revealed specificity for distinct cell-derived antigens and alternative transcriptional strategies for metabolic programming, cell cycle control and functional polarization following antigen stimulation. Phenotypic and functional characterization of MR1T cell clones showed multiple chemokine receptor expression profiles and secretion of diverse effector molecules, suggesting functional heterogeneity. Accordingly, MR1T cells exhibited distinct T helper-like capacities upon MR1-dependent recognition of target cells expressing physiological levels of surface MR1. These data extend the role of MR1 beyond microbial antigen presentation and indicate MR1T cells are a normal part of the human T cell repertoire. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24476.001 White blood cells called T cells recognize germs and infected cells, and get rid of other cells in the body that look different to healthy cells – for example, tumor cells. These activities all depend on a molecule called the T cell receptor (or TCR for short), which is found on the surface of the T cells. Each TCR interacts with a specific complex on the surface of the target cell. One of the molecules recognized by the TCR is known as MHC class I-related (shortened to MR1). This molecule attracts TCRs to infected cells, but it was not know if the MR1 molecule could attract TCRs to cancer cells too. Lepore et al. now show that there are indeed T cells in humans that recognize cancer cells through interaction with the MR1 molecules produced by the cancer cells. This new group of T cells has been named MR1T, and the cells can be easily detected in the blood of healthy individuals. The cells can be classified as a new cell population based on their capacity to recognize MR1 and how they react with different types of cancer cells. Importantly, the MR1 that attracts these TCRs is the same in all people, and so the same TCR may recognize MR1-expressing cancer cells from different patients. The next challenge is to identify MR1T cells that recognize and kill cancer cells from different tissues. These studies will hopefully pave the way for new and broader strategies to combat cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24476.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lepore
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Artem Kalinichenko
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Calogero
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pavanish Kumar
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bhairav Paleja
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mathias Schmaler
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vipin Narang
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lucia Mori
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
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87
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Simkin J, Gawriluk TR, Gensel JC, Seifert AW. Macrophages are necessary for epimorphic regeneration in African spiny mice. eLife 2017; 6:e24623. [PMID: 28508748 PMCID: PMC5433844 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
How the immune system affects tissue regeneration is not well understood. In this study, we used an emerging mammalian model of epimorphic regeneration, the African spiny mouse, to examine cell-based inflammation and tested the hypothesis that macrophages are necessary for regeneration. By directly comparing inflammatory cell activation in a 4 mm ear injury during regeneration (Acomys cahirinus) and scarring (Mus musculus), we found that both species exhibited an acute inflammatory response, with scarring characterized by stronger myeloperoxidase activity. In contrast, ROS production was stronger and more persistent during regeneration. By depleting macrophages during injury, we demonstrate a functional requirement for these cells to stimulate regeneration. Importantly, the spatial distribution of activated macrophage subtypes was unique during regeneration with pro-inflammatory macrophages failing to infiltrate the regeneration blastema. Together, our results demonstrate an essential role for inflammatory cells to regulate a regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
| | - Thomas R Gawriluk
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
| | - John C Gensel
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
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88
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Gutowska-Owsiak D, Ogg GS. Therapeutic vaccines for allergic disease. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:12. [PMID: 29263869 PMCID: PMC5604746 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are highly prevalent worldwide and affect all age groups, contributing to a high personal and socioeconomic burden. Treatment with an “allergy vaccine” or allergen immunotherapy aims to provide long-lasting benefits by inducing unresponsiveness to the relevant antigen. The consequences of the therapy are considered disease modifying and range from dampening of the immediate immune responses to the reduction of secondary tissue remodeling. Furthermore, allergen immunotherapy interventions have a potential to slow or cease the development of additional allergic manifestations with a long-term overall effect on morbidity and quality of life. Here, we review proposed mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of immunotherapy for allergic diseases. Further, we discuss both standard and novel approaches and possible future directions in the development of allergen immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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89
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Baharom F, Rankin G, Blomberg A, Smed-Sörensen A. Human Lung Mononuclear Phagocytes in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:499. [PMID: 28507549 PMCID: PMC5410584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are vulnerable to attack by respiratory insults such as toxins, allergens, and pathogens, given their continuous exposure to the air we breathe. Our immune system has evolved to provide protection against an array of potential threats without causing collateral damage to the lung tissue. In order to swiftly detect invading pathogens, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs)-together termed mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs)-line the respiratory tract with the key task of surveying the lung microenvironment in order to discriminate between harmless and harmful antigens and initiate immune responses when necessary. Each cell type excels at specific tasks: monocytes produce large amounts of cytokines, macrophages are highly phagocytic, whereas DCs excel at activating naïve T cells. Extensive studies in murine models have established a division of labor between the different populations of MNPs at steady state and during infection or inflammation. However, a translation of important findings in mice is only beginning to be explored in humans, given the challenge of working with rare cells in inaccessible human tissues. Important progress has been made in recent years on the phenotype and function of human lung MNPs. In addition to a substantial population of alveolar macrophages, three subsets of DCs have been identified in the human airways at steady state. More recently, monocyte-derived cells have also been described in healthy human lungs. Depending on the source of samples, such as lung tissue resections or bronchoalveolar lavage, the specific subsets of MNPs recovered may differ. This review provides an update on existing studies investigating human respiratory MNP populations during health and disease. Often, inflammatory MNPs are found to accumulate in the lungs of patients with pulmonary conditions. In respiratory infections or inflammatory diseases, this may contribute to disease severity, but in cancer patients this may improve clinical outcomes. By expanding on this knowledge, specific lung MNPs may be targeted or modulated in order to attain favorable responses that can improve preventive or treatment strategies against respiratory infections, lung cancer, or lung inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezzah Baharom
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gregory Rankin
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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90
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Zhang L, Ke J, Wang Y, Yang S, Miron RJ, Zhang Y. An in vitro
investigation of the marked impact of dendritic cell interactions with bone grafts. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1703-1711. [PMID: 28241397 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University; Wuhan 430079 China
- Department of Oral Implantology; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University; Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Jin Ke
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University; Wuhan 430079 China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University; Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Yulan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University; Wuhan 430079 China
- Department of Oral Implantology; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University; Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Shuang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University; Wuhan 430079 China
- Department of Oral Implantology; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University; Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Richard J. Miron
- Cell Therapy Institute, Centre for Collaborative Research; Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale; FL 33328 USA
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine; Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale; FL 33328 USA
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Surgery; University of Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor; MI 48109 USA
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University; Wuhan 430079 China
- Department of Oral Implantology; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University; Wuhan 430079 China
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91
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Heron SE, Elahi S. HIV Infection and Compromised Mucosal Immunity: Oral Manifestations and Systemic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:241. [PMID: 28326084 PMCID: PMC5339276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces account for the vast majority of HIV transmission. In adults, HIV transmission occurs mainly by vaginal and rectal routes but rarely via oral route. By contrast, pediatric HIV infections could be as the result of oral route by breastfeeding. As such mucosal surfaces play a crucial role in HIV acquisition, and spread of the virus depends on its ability to cross a mucosal barrier. HIV selectively infects, depletes, and/or dysregulates multiple arms of the human immune system particularly at the mucosal sites and causes substantial irreversible damage to the mucosal barriers. This leads to microbial products translocation and subsequently hyper-immune activation. Although introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to significant reduction in morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients, viral replication persists. As a result, antigen presence and immune activation are linked to “inflammaging” that attributes to a pro-inflammatory environment and the accelerated aging process in HIV patients. HIV infection is also associated with the prevalence of oral mucosal infections and dysregulation of oral microbiota, both of which may compromise the oral mucosal immunity of HIV-infected individuals. In addition, impaired oral immunity in HIV infection may predispose the patients to periodontal diseases that are associated with systemic inflammation and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this review is to examine existing evidence regarding the role of innate and cellular components of the oral cavity in HIV infection and how HIV infection may drive systemic hyper-immune activation in these patients. We will also discuss current knowledge on HIV oral transmission, HIV immunosenescence in relation to the oral mucosal alterations during the course of HIV infection and periodontal disease. Finally, we discuss oral manifestations associated with HIV infection and how HIV infection and ART influence the oral microbiome. Therefore, unraveling how HIV compromises the integrity of the oral mucosal tissues and innate immune components of the oral cavity and its association with induction of chronic inflammation are critical for the development of effective preventive interventions and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Heron
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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92
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Heron SE, Elahi S. HIV Infection and Compromised Mucosal Immunity: Oral Manifestations and Systemic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:241. [PMID: 28326084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00241doi|] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces account for the vast majority of HIV transmission. In adults, HIV transmission occurs mainly by vaginal and rectal routes but rarely via oral route. By contrast, pediatric HIV infections could be as the result of oral route by breastfeeding. As such mucosal surfaces play a crucial role in HIV acquisition, and spread of the virus depends on its ability to cross a mucosal barrier. HIV selectively infects, depletes, and/or dysregulates multiple arms of the human immune system particularly at the mucosal sites and causes substantial irreversible damage to the mucosal barriers. This leads to microbial products translocation and subsequently hyper-immune activation. Although introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to significant reduction in morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients, viral replication persists. As a result, antigen presence and immune activation are linked to "inflammaging" that attributes to a pro-inflammatory environment and the accelerated aging process in HIV patients. HIV infection is also associated with the prevalence of oral mucosal infections and dysregulation of oral microbiota, both of which may compromise the oral mucosal immunity of HIV-infected individuals. In addition, impaired oral immunity in HIV infection may predispose the patients to periodontal diseases that are associated with systemic inflammation and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this review is to examine existing evidence regarding the role of innate and cellular components of the oral cavity in HIV infection and how HIV infection may drive systemic hyper-immune activation in these patients. We will also discuss current knowledge on HIV oral transmission, HIV immunosenescence in relation to the oral mucosal alterations during the course of HIV infection and periodontal disease. Finally, we discuss oral manifestations associated with HIV infection and how HIV infection and ART influence the oral microbiome. Therefore, unraveling how HIV compromises the integrity of the oral mucosal tissues and innate immune components of the oral cavity and its association with induction of chronic inflammation are critical for the development of effective preventive interventions and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Heron
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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93
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Freeman CM, Curtis JL. Lung Dendritic Cells: Shaping Immune Responses throughout Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Progression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:152-159. [PMID: 27767327 PMCID: PMC6222925 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0272tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hallmarks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) include innate inflammation and remodeling of small airways, which begin in early disease, and the development of lung lymphoid follicles (LLF), indicative of adaptive immunity, in more spirometrically severe stages. Common to these processes in all stages is orchestration by dendritic cells (DCs). Recently improved understanding of the analogous lung DC subsets in humans and mice has allowed for better integration and interpretation of the experimental and clinical pathological literature. In this review, we summarize the evidence from human and animal studies to place lung DCs into the context of COPD pathogenesis. We highlight recent studies that demonstrate a potential role for DCs in airway remodeling and that call into question the long-standing belief that intraepithelial DCs actively sample airway lumens. We discuss how DCs drive LLF formation directly and indirectly and also examine the ability of DCs within LLF to instruct downstream effector functions of natural killer cells, CD4+ T cells, and regulatory T cells. Greater awareness of the multifaceted functions of DCs will be essential in the quest to identify new therapeutic modalities to treat COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Freeman
- Research Service, and
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, and
| | - Jeffrey L. Curtis
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, and
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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94
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Liu Y, Yang W, Zhao L, Liang Z, Shen W, Hou Q, Wang Z, Jiang J, Ying S. Immune analysis of expression of IL-17 relative ligands and their receptors in bladder cancer: comparison with polyp and cystitis. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:36. [PMID: 27716046 PMCID: PMC5048669 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer, cystitis and bladder polyp are the most common urinary system diseases all over the world. Our former research results show that IL-17A and IL-17 F contribute to the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (Pca) while IL-17E interacting with IL-17RB might have an anti-tumor effect. RESULTS Using imunohistochemistry, we systemically compared immunoreactivity of ligands (IL-17A, E and F) and receptors (IL-17RA, IL-17RB and IL-17RC) of IL-17 family, infiltration of inflammatory cells and changes of structural cells (fibroblast cells, smooth muscle and vascular endothelial cells) in sections of bladder tissues from subjects with bladder cancer, cystitis and bladder polyp. Compared with subjects with cystitis, immunoreactivity for IL-17A, IL-17 F and IL-17RC was significantly elevated in the group of bladder cancer (p < 0.01), while immunoreactivity of IL-17E, IL-17RA and IL-17RB, and the infiltrating neutrophils were decreased (p < 0.05). The numbers of infiltrating lymphocytes and phagocytes and CD31+ blood vessels and immunoreactivity of CD90+ fibroblasts were also elevated in patients with bladder cancer compared with those of cystitis. The patterns of IL-17 ligands and receptors, and inflammatory cells and structural cells varied in cystitis, bladder polyp and bladder cancer. In bladder cancer, immunoreactivity of IL-17E and IL-17 F was positively correlated with smooth muscles and lymphocytes, respectively. In addition, immunoreactivity of IL-17A and IL-17E was positively correlated with their receptors IL-17RA and IL-17RB respectively. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that changed patterns of expression of the IL-17 cytokine family ligands and receptors might be associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells and structural cells (CD90+ fibroblasts and CD31+ blood vessels), which might also contribute to occurrence and development in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Liu
- The Clinical Immunology Research Centre, Beihua University, No. 3999 Binjiang Road, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - Wanguo Yang
- The Clinical Immunology Research Centre, Beihua University, No. 3999 Binjiang Road, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - Lijing Zhao
- The Pathophysiology department of basic medical college, Jilin University, NO. 126, Xinmin street, Changchun City, Jilin, China
| | - Zuowen Liang
- The Andrology Department of the First Hospital, Jilin University, NO. 71 Xinmin street, Changchun City, Jilin, China
| | - Weigao Shen
- The Clinical Immunology Research Centre, Beihua University, No. 3999 Binjiang Road, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - Qinlong Hou
- The Clinical Immunology Research Centre, Beihua University, No. 3999 Binjiang Road, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - Zhenjiang Wang
- The Clinical Immunology Research Centre, Beihua University, No. 3999 Binjiang Road, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- The Clinical Immunology Research Centre, Beihua University, No. 3999 Binjiang Road, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - Sun Ying
- The Clinical Immunology Research Centre, Beihua University, No. 3999 Binjiang Road, Jilin City, Jilin, China. .,Guy's Hospital, AALB, 5th Floor Tower Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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95
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Trahtemberg U, Grau A, Tabib A, Atallah M, Krispin A, Mevorach D. Identification and Characterization of Two Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cell Subpopulations with Different Functions in Dying Cell Clearance and Different Patterns of Cell Death. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162984. [PMID: 27690130 PMCID: PMC5045195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mdDCs) are versatile cells that are used widely for research and experimental therapies. Although different culture conditions can affect their characteristics, there are no known subpopulations. Since monocytes differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs) in a variety of tissues and contexts, we asked whether they can give rise to different subpopulations. In this work we set out to characterize two human mdDC subpopulations that we identified and termed small (DC-S) and large (DC-L). Morphologically, DC-L are larger, more granular and have a more complex cell membrane. Phenotypically, DC-L show higher expression of a wide panel of surface molecules and stronger responses to maturation stimuli. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed their separate identities and findings were consistent with the phenotypes observed. Although they show similar apoptotic cell uptake, DC-L have different capabilities for phagocytosis, demonstrate better antigen processing, and have significantly better necrotic cell uptake. These subpopulations also have different patterns of cell death, with DC-L presenting an inflammatory, "dangerous" phenotype while DC-S mostly downregulate their surface markers upon cell death. Apoptotic cells induce an immune-suppressed phenotype, which becomes more pronounced among DC-L, especially after the addition of lipopolysaccharide. We propose that these two subpopulations correspond to inflammatory (DC-L) and steady-state (DC-S) DC classes that have been previously described in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Trahtemberg
- The Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amir Grau
- The Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Tabib
- The Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mizhir Atallah
- The Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alon Krispin
- The Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Mevorach
- The Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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96
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Eastman AJ, Osterholzer JJ, Olszewski MA. Role of dendritic cell-pathogen interactions in the immune response to pulmonary cryptococcal infection. Future Microbiol 2016; 10:1837-57. [PMID: 26597428 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the unique contributions of dendritic cells (DCs) to T-cell priming and the generation of effective host defenses against Cryptococcus neoformans (C.neo) infection. We highlight DC subsets involved in the early and later stages of anticryptococcal immune responses, interactions between C.neo pathogen-associated molecular patterns and pattern recognition receptors expressed by DC, and the influence of DC on adaptive immunity. We emphasize recent studies in mouse models of cryptococcosis that illustrate the importance of DC-derived cytokines and costimulatory molecules and the potential role of DC epigenetic modifications that support maintenance of these signals throughout the immune response to C.neo. Lastly, we stipulate where these advances can be developed into new, immune-based therapeutics for treatment of this global pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Eastman
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michal A Olszewski
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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97
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García-González P, Ubilla-Olguín G, Catalán D, Schinnerling K, Aguillón JC. Tolerogenic dendritic cells for reprogramming of lymphocyte responses in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:1071-1080. [PMID: 27485011 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) control immune responses by driving potent inflammatory actions against external and internal threats while generating tolerance to self and harmless components. This duality and their potential to reprogram immune responses in an antigen-specific fashion have made them an interesting target for immunotherapeutic strategies to control autoimmune diseases. Several protocols have been described for in vitro generation of tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) capable of modulating adaptive immune responses and restoring tolerance through different mechanisms that involve anergy, generation of regulatory lymphocyte populations, or deletion of potentially harmful inflammatory T cell subsets. Recently, the capacity of tolDCs to induce interleukin (IL-10)-secreting regulatory B cells has been demonstrated. In vitro assays and rodent models of autoimmune diseases provide insights to the molecular regulators and pathways enabling tolDCs to control immune responses. Here we review mechanisms through which tolDCs modulate adaptive immune responses, particularly focusing on their suitability for reprogramming autoreactive CD4+ effector T cells. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings establishing that tolDCs also modulate B cell populations and discuss clinical trials applying tolDCs to patients with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina García-González
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Ubilla-Olguín
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Catalán
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile
| | - Katina Schinnerling
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile.
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98
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Yi Y, Han J, Fang Y, Liu D, Wu Z, Wang L, Zhao L, Wei Q. Sorafenib and a novel immune therapy in lung metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma following hepatectomy: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 5:337-341. [PMID: 27446575 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is the standard therapeutic strategy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following hepatectomy. However, only few patients truly benefit from this therapy. Thus, new strategies combined with sorafenib are urgently required. We herein present the case of a patient with hepatic and extrahepatic HCC recurrence following hepatectomy, who was treated by combined sorafenib, focused ultrasound knife and DRibbles-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccine. Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot assay (ELISPOT) and intracellular staining (ICS) analysis were used to detect the secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ by T cells at different timepoints of the vaccine in order to evaluate the patient's specific T-cell response to SMMC-7721-derived DRibbles vaccine. The α-fetoprotein level decreased from 103,295 to 5 ng/ml and the patient displayed improved liver function, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of 0, remission of liver metastases and disappearance of the lung metastases 8 months post-combination therapy. The computed tomography scan revealed the disappearance of liver metastases 2 years post-combination therapy. The ELISPOT data revealed a low antigen-specific T-cell response 4 weeks after the first vaccine cycle and the response decreased to nearly zero prior to the second cycle. However, high antigen-specific T-cell response was observed 2 weeks after the second vaccine cycle and did not decrease, even after 10 months, which was consistent with the result of the ICS analysis, which demonstrated that most of the secreted IFN-γ was produced by CD4+ T cells, whereas a low CD8+ T-cell response was observed (0.429 vs. 0.0665%, respectively). Our results demonstrated that antigen-specific T-cell response aimed to treat recurrent HCC may be induced through stimulation by the DC-DRibbles vaccine. The success of the treatment supports the combination of sorafenib, focused ultrasound knife and DC-DRibbles vaccine as a therapeutic strategy for patients with HCC recurrence following hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Yi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Dongxiao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Zuoyou Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Lili Wang
- Biological Treatment Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
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99
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Maisonnasse P, Bouguyon E, Piton G, Ezquerra A, Urien C, Deloizy C, Bourge M, Leplat JJ, Simon G, Chevalier C, Vincent-Naulleau S, Crisci E, Montoya M, Schwartz-Cornil I, Bertho N. The respiratory DC/macrophage network at steady-state and upon influenza infection in the swine biomedical model. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:835-49. [PMID: 26530136 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human and mouse respiratory tracts show anatomical and physiological differences, which will benefit from alternative experimental models for studying many respiratory diseases. Pig has been recognized as a valuable biomedical model, in particular for lung transplantation or pathologies such as cystic fibrosis and influenza infection. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the porcine respiratory immune system. Here we segregated and studied six populations of pig lung dendritic cells (DCs)/macrophages (Mθs) as follows: conventional DCs (cDC) 1 and cDC2, inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), monocyte-derived Mθs, and interstitial and alveolar Mθs. The three DC subsets present migratory and naive T-cell stimulation capacities. As observed in human and mice, porcine cDC1 and cDC2 were able to induce T-helper (Th)1 and Th2 responses, respectively. Interestingly, porcine moDCs increased in the lung upon influenza infection, as observed in the mouse model. Pig cDC2 shared some characteristics observed in human but not in mice, such as the expression of FCɛRIα and Langerin, and an intra-epithelial localization. This work, by unraveling the extended similarities of the porcine and human lung DC/Mθ networks, highlights the relevance of pig, both as an exploratory model of DC/Mθ functions and as a model for human inflammatory lung pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maisonnasse
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - E Bouguyon
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - G Piton
- INRA, UMR Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Equipe Génétique Immunité Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et Etude du genome, CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A Ezquerra
- Dpto. de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Urien
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Deloizy
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M Bourge
- I2BC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J-J Leplat
- INRA, UMR Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Equipe Génétique Immunité Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et Etude du genome, CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - G Simon
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, BP53, Ploufragan, France.,Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - C Chevalier
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S Vincent-Naulleau
- INRA, UMR Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Equipe Génétique Immunité Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et Etude du genome, CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - E Crisci
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - M Montoya
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK
| | - I Schwartz-Cornil
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - N Bertho
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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100
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Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are key players in the body's defence against viral infections and cancer. To date, data on the role of CD8(+) T cells in autoimmune diseases have been scarce, especially when compared with the wealth of research on CD4(+) T cells. However, growing evidence suggests that CD8(+) T-cell homeostasis is impaired in human autoimmune diseases. The contribution of CD8(+) T cells to autoimmune arthritis is indicated by the close association of MHC class I polymorphisms with disease risk, as well as the correlation between CD8(+) T-cell phenotype and disease outcome. The heterogeneous phenotype, resistance to regulation and impaired regulatory function of CD8(+) T cells - especially at the target organ - might contribute to the persistence of autoimmune inflammation. Moreover, newly identified populations of tissue-resident CD8(+) T cells and their interaction with antigen-presenting cells might have a key role in disease pathology. In this Review, we assess the link between CD8(+) T cells, autoimmune arthritis and the basis of their homeostatic changes under inflammatory conditions. Improved insight into CD8(+) T cell-specific pathogenicity will be essential for a better understanding of autoimmune arthritis and the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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