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Gissler MC, Stachon P, Wolf D, Marchini T. The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Associated Factors (TRAFs) in Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:826630. [PMID: 35252400 PMCID: PMC8891542 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.826630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs) represent a family of cytoplasmic signaling adaptor proteins that regulate, bundle, and transduce inflammatory signals downstream of TNF- (TNF-Rs), interleukin (IL)-1-, Toll-like- (TLRs), and IL-17 receptors. TRAFs play a pivotal role in regulating cell survival and immune cell function and are fundamental regulators of acute and chronic inflammation. Lately, the inhibition of inflammation by anti-cytokine therapy has emerged as novel treatment strategy in patients with atherosclerosis. Likewise, growing evidence from preclinical experiments proposes TRAFs as potent modulators of inflammation in atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation. Yet, TRAFs show a highly complex interplay between different TRAF-family members with partially opposing and overlapping functions that are determined by the level of cellular expression, concomitant signaling events, and the context of the disease. Therefore, inhibition of specific TRAFs may be beneficial in one condition and harmful in others. Here, we carefully discuss the cellular expression and signaling events of TRAFs and evaluate their role in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. We also highlight metabolic effects of TRAFs and discuss the development of TRAF-based therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Colin Gissler
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Peter Stachon
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dennis Wolf
| | - Timoteo Marchini
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Qi H, Xia FN, Xiao S, Li J. TRAF proteins as key regulators of plant development and stress responses. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:431-448. [PMID: 34676666 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins are conserved in higher eukaryotes and play key roles in transducing cellular signals across different organelles. They are characterized by their C-terminal region (TRAF-C domain) containing seven to eight anti-parallel β-sheets, also known as the meprin and TRAF-C homology (MATH) domain. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made toward understanding the diverse roles of TRAF proteins in mammals and plants. Compared to other eukaryotic species, the Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa) genomes encode many more TRAF/MATH domain-containing proteins; these plant proteins cluster into five classes: TRAF/MATH-only, MATH-BPM, MATH-UBP (ubiquitin protease), Seven in absentia (SINA), and MATH-Filament and MATH-PEARLI-4 proteins, suggesting parallel evolution of TRAF proteins in plants. Increasing evidence now indicates that plant TRAF proteins form central signaling networks essential for multiple biological processes, such as vegetative and reproductive development, autophagosome formation, plant immunity, symbiosis, phytohormone signaling, and abiotic stress responses. Here, we summarize recent advances and highlight future prospects for understanding on the molecular mechanisms by which TRAF proteins act in plant development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Fan-Nv Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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Tai Y, Huang B, Guo PP, Wang Z, Zhou ZW, Wang MM, Sun HF, Hu Y, Xu SL, Zhang LL, Wang QT, Wei W. TNF-α impairs EP4 signaling through the association of TRAF2-GRK2 in primary fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:401-416. [PMID: 33859345 PMCID: PMC8791952 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that chronic treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) decreased cAMP concentration in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats. In this study we investigated how TNF-α impairs cAMP homeostasis, particularly clarifying the potential downstream molecules of TNF-α and prostaglandin receptor 4 (EP4) signaling that would interact with each other. Using a cAMP FRET biosensor PM-ICUE3, we demonstrated that TNF-α (20 ng/mL) blocked ONO-4819-triggered EP4 signaling, but not Butaprost-triggered EP2 signaling in normal rat FLSs. We showed that TNF-α (0.02-20 ng/mL) dose-dependently reduced EP4 membrane distribution in normal rat FLS. TNF-α significantly increased TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) expression and stimulated proliferation in human FLS (hFLS) via ecruiting TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) to cell membrane. More interestingly, we revealed that TRAF2 interacted with G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK2) in the cytoplasm of primary hFLS and helped to bring GRK2 to cell membrane in response of TNF-α stimulation, the complex of TRAF2 and GRK2 then separated on the membrane, and translocated GRK2 induced the desensitization and internalization of EP4, leading to reduced production of intracellular cAMP. Silencing of TRAF2 by siRNA substantially diminished TRAF2-GRK2 interaction, blocked the translocation of GRK2, and resulted in upregulated expression of membrane EP4 and intracellular cAMP. In CIA rats, administration of paroxetine to inhibit GRK2 effectively improved the symptoms and clinic parameters with significantly reduced joint synovium inflammation and bone destruction. These results elucidate a novel form of cross-talk between TNFR (a cytokine receptor) and EP4 (a typical G protein-coupled receptor) signaling pathways. The interaction between TRAF2 and GRK2 may become a potential new drug target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tai
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Bei Huang
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032 China ,Department of Pharmacy, Maanshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Maanshan, 243000 China
| | - Pai-pai Guo
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Zhen Wang
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Zheng-wei Zhou
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Man-man Wang
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Han-fei Sun
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Yong Hu
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Sheng-lin Xu
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Ling-ling Zhang
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Qing-tong Wang
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Wei Wei
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032 China
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Wang X, Meng C, Zhang H, Xing W, Cao K, Zhu B, Zhang C, Sun F, Gao Z. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Characterizations of the Molecular Response to Blue Light and Salicylic Acid in Haematococcus pluvialis. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010001. [PMID: 35049856 PMCID: PMC8780009 DOI: 10.3390/md20010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates a large amount of astaxanthin under various stresses, e.g., blue light and salicylic acid (SA). However, the metabolic response of H. pluvialis to blue light and SA is still unclear. We investigate the effects of blue light and SA on the metabolic response in H. pluvialis using both transcriptomic and proteomic sequencing analyses. The largest numbers of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs; 324) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 13,555) were identified on day 2 and day 7 of the treatment with blue light irradiation (150 μmol photons m−2s−1), respectively. With the addition of SA (2.5 mg/L), a total of 63 DEPs and 11,638 DEGs were revealed on day 2 and day 7, respectively. We further analyzed the molecular response in five metabolic pathways related to astaxanthin synthesis, including the astaxanthin synthesis pathway, the fatty acid synthesis pathway, the heme synthesis pathway, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) clearance pathway, and the cell wall biosynthesis pathway. Results show that blue light causes a significant down-regulation of the expression of key genes involved in astaxanthin synthesis and significantly increases the expression of heme oxygenase, which shows decreased expression by the treatment with SA. Our study provides novel insights into the production of astaxanthin by H. pluvialis treated with blue light and SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (X.W.); (C.M.); (W.X.); (K.C.); (B.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chunxiao Meng
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (X.W.); (C.M.); (W.X.); (K.C.); (B.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China;
| | - Wei Xing
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (X.W.); (C.M.); (W.X.); (K.C.); (B.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Kai Cao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (X.W.); (C.M.); (W.X.); (K.C.); (B.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Bingkui Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (X.W.); (C.M.); (W.X.); (K.C.); (B.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chengsong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (X.W.); (C.M.); (W.X.); (K.C.); (B.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Fengjie Sun
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China;
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (Z.G.)
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Potjewyd FM, Axtman AD. Exploration of Aberrant E3 Ligases Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease and Development of Chemical Tools to Modulate Their Function. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:768655. [PMID: 34867205 PMCID: PMC8637409 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.768655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) is responsible for the degradation of misfolded or aggregated proteins via a multistep ATP-dependent proteolytic mechanism. This process involves a cascade of ubiquitin (Ub) transfer steps from E1 to E2 to E3 ligase. The E3 ligase transfers Ub to a targeted protein that is brought to the proteasome for degradation. The inability of the UPS to remove misfolded or aggregated proteins due to UPS dysfunction is commonly observed in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). UPS dysfunction in AD drives disease pathology and is associated with the common hallmarks such as amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation, among others. E3 ligases are key members of the UPS machinery and dysfunction or changes in their expression can propagate other aberrant processes that accelerate AD pathology. The upregulation or downregulation of expression or activity of E3 ligases responsible for these processes results in changes in protein levels of E3 ligase substrates, many of which represent key proteins that propagate AD. A powerful way to better characterize UPS dysfunction in AD and the role of individual E3 ligases is via the use of high-quality chemical tools that bind and modulate specific E3 ligases. Furthermore, through combining gene editing with recent advances in 3D cell culture, in vitro modeling of AD in a dish has become more relevant and possible. These cell-based models of AD allow for study of specific pathways and mechanisms as well as characterization of the role E3 ligases play in driving AD. In this review, we outline the key mechanisms of UPS dysregulation linked to E3 ligases in AD and highlight the currently available chemical modulators. We present several key approaches for E3 ligase ligand discovery being employed with respect to distinct classes of E3 ligases. Where possible, specific examples of the use of cultured neurons to delineate E3 ligase biology have been captured. Finally, utilizing the available ligands for E3 ligases in the design of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) to degrade aberrant proteins is a novel strategy for AD, and we explore the prospects of PROTACs as AD therapeutics.
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Lin CY, Shih MC, Chang HC, Lin KJ, Chen LF, Huang SW, Yang ML, Ma SK, Shiau AL, Wang JR, Chen KR, Ling P. Influenza a virus NS1 resembles a TRAF3-interacting motif to target the RNA sensing-TRAF3-type I IFN axis and impair antiviral innate immunity. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:66. [PMID: 34610835 PMCID: PMC8491413 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) evolves strategies to counteract the host antiviral defense for establishing infection. The influenza A virus (IAV) non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a key viral factor shown to counteract type I IFN antiviral response mainly through targeting RIG-I signaling. Growing evidence suggests that viral RNA sensors RIG-I, TLR3, and TLR7 function to detect IAV RNA in different cell types to induce type I IFN antiviral response to IAV infection. Yet, it remains unclear if IAV NS1 can exploit a common mechanism to counteract these RNA sensing pathways to type I IFN production at once, then promoting viral propagation in the host. METHODS Luciferase reporter assays were conducted to determine the effect of NS1 and its mutants on the RIG-I and TLR3 pathways to the activation of the IFN-β and NF-κB promoters. Coimmunoprecipitation and confocal microscopic analyses were used to the interaction and colocalization between NS1 and TRAF3. Ubiquitination assays were performed to study the effect of NS1 and its mutants on TRAF3 ubiquitination. A recombinant mutant virus carrying NS1 E152A/E153A mutations was generated by reverse genetics for biochemical, ex vivo, and in vivo analyses to explore the importance of NS1 E152/E153 residues in targeting the RNA sensing-TRAF3-type I IFN axis and IAV pathogenicity. RESULTS Here we report that NS1 subverts the RIG-I, TLR3, and TLR7 pathways to type I IFN production through targeting TRAF3 E3 ubiquitin ligase. NS1 harbors a conserved FTEE motif (a.a. 150-153), in which the E152/E153 residues are critical for binding TRAF3 to block TRAF3 ubiquitination and type I IFN production by these RNA sensing pathways. A recombinant mutant virus carrying NS1 E152A/E153A mutations induces higher type I IFN production ex vivo and in vivo, and exhibits the attenuated phenotype in infected mice, indicating the importance of E152/E153 residues in IAV pathogenicity. CONCLUSIONS Together our work uncovers a novel mechanism of IAV NS1-mediated immune evasion to promote viral infection through targeting the RNA sensing-TRAF3-type I IFN axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yang Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Cen Shih
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Jung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Fang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Huang
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lin Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kai Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Li Shiau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ru Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Pin Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Paprocka J, Nowak M, Nieć M, Janik I, Rydzanicz M, Robert Ś, Klaniewska M, Rutkowska K, Płoski R, Jezela-Stanek A. Case Report: Blepharophimosis and Ptosis as Leading Dysmorphic Features of Rare Congenital Malformation Syndrome With Developmental Delay - New Cases With TRAF7 Variants. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:708717. [PMID: 34513876 PMCID: PMC8428514 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.708717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline variants in tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7) gene have recently been described in about 50 patients with developmental delay and cardiac, facial, and digital anomalies (CAFDADD). We aimed to depict further the clinical and genetic spectrum associated with TRAF7 germline variants in two additional patients, broaden the mutational spectrum, and support the characteristic clinical variety to facilitate the diagnostics of the syndrome among physician involved in the evaluation of patients with developmental delay/congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Paprocka
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Nowak
- Students' Scientific Society, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maria Nieć
- Students' Scientific Society, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Izabela Janik
- Students' Scientific Society, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Śmigiel Robert
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Propaedeutic of Paediatrics and Rare Disorders, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klaniewska
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Propaedeutic of Paediatrics and Rare Disorders, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Rutkowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
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Thoresen D, Wang W, Galls D, Guo R, Xu L, Pyle AM. The molecular mechanism of RIG-I activation and signaling. Immunol Rev 2021; 304:154-168. [PMID: 34514601 PMCID: PMC9293153 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RIG‐I is our first line of defense against RNA viruses, serving as a pattern recognition receptor that identifies molecular features common among dsRNA and ssRNA viral pathogens. RIG‐I is maintained in an inactive conformation as it samples the cellular space for pathogenic RNAs. Upon encounter with the triphosphorylated terminus of blunt‐ended viral RNA duplexes, the receptor changes conformation and releases a pair of signaling domains (CARDs) that are selectively modified and interact with an adapter protein (MAVS), thereby triggering a signaling cascade that stimulates transcription of interferons. Here, we describe the structural determinants for specific RIG‐I activation by viral RNA, and we describe the strategies by which RIG‐I remains inactivated in the presence of host RNAs. From the initial RNA triggering event to the final stages of interferon expression, we describe the experimental evidence underpinning our working knowledge of RIG‐I signaling. We draw parallels with behavior of related proteins MDA5 and LGP2, describing evolutionary implications of their collective surveillance of the cell. We conclude by describing the cell biology and immunological investigations that will be needed to accurately describe the role of RIG‐I in innate immunity and to provide the necessary foundation for pharmacological manipulation of this important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Thoresen
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenshuai Wang
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Drew Galls
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rong Guo
- Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ling Xu
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anna Marie Pyle
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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So T. The immunological significance of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). Int Immunol 2021; 34:7-20. [PMID: 34453532 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor (TRAF) family of molecules are intracellular signaling adaptors and control diverse signaling pathways mediated not only by the TNFR superfamily and the Toll-like receptor/interleukin-1 receptor superfamily but also by unconventional cytokine receptors such as IL-6 and IL-17 receptors. There are seven family members, TRAF1 to TRAF7, in mammals. Exaggerated immune responses induced through TRAF signaling downstream of these receptors often lead to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and autoinflammatory syndromes, and thus those signals are major targets for therapeutic intervention. For this reason, it has been very important to understand signaling mechanisms regulated by TRAFs that greatly impact on life/death decisions and the activation, differentiation and survival of cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulated cellular expression and/or signaling of TRAFs causes overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, which facilitates aberrant activation of immune cells. In this review, I will explain the structural and functional aspects that are responsible for the cellular activity and disease outcomes of TRAFs, and summarize the findings of recent studies on TRAFs in terms of how individual TRAF family molecules regulates biological and disease processes in the body in both positive and negative ways. This review also discusses how TRAF mutations contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori So
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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TRAF6 Promoted Tumor Glycolysis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer by Activating the Akt-HIF α Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3431245. [PMID: 34409101 PMCID: PMC8367595 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3431245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TRAF6 has been reported to be associated with poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its precise role in tumor development has not been elaborated. In the present study, the function and the mechanism by which TRAF6 contributes to development were intensively investigated. TRAF6 was found to be overexpressed in primary NSCLC tumor tissue and all tested cell lines. Knockdown of TRAF6 with shRNA substantially attenuated NSCLC cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. Moreover, tumor glycolysis, such as glucose consumption and lactate production, also significantly impaired. In TRAF6-deficient cells, hexokinase-2 expression was significantly reduced, which was caused by the decrease of HIF-1α transcriptional activity. Further investigations demonstrated that TRAF6 played an important role in the regulation of Akt activation, and exogenous overexpression of constitutively activated Akt substantially rescued glycolysis suppression in TRAF6 knockdown cells. The results of the xenograft model confirmed that downregulation of TRAF6 in NSCLC tumor cells dramatically restrained tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, our studies revealed the mechanism by which TRAF6 exerts its role in NSCLC development and suggested TRAF6 maybe was a promising candidate target for lung cancer prevention and therapy.
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Liu E, Sun J, Yang J, Li L, Yang Q, Zeng J, Zhang J, Chen D, Sun Q. ZDHHC11 Positively Regulates NF-κB Activation by Enhancing TRAF6 Oligomerization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:710967. [PMID: 34490261 PMCID: PMC8417235 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.710967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is a RING domain ubiquitin ligase that plays an important role in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling by regulating activation of the TAK1 and IKK complexes. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate TRAF6 E3 activity remain unclear. Here, we found that ZDHHC11, a member of the DHHC palmitoyl transferase family, functions as a positive modulator in NF-κB signaling. ZDHHC11 overexpression activated NF-κB, whereas ZDHHC11 deficiency impaired NF-κB activity stimulated by IL-1β, LPS, and DNA virus infection. Furthermore, Zdhhc11 knockout mice had a lower level of serum IL6 upon treatment with LPS and D-galactosamine or HSV-1 infection than control mice. Mechanistically, ZDHHC11 interacted with TRAF6 and then enhanced TRAF6 oligomerization, which increased E3 activity of TRAF6 for synthesis of K63-linked ubiquitination chains. Collectively, our study indicates that ZDHHC11 positively regulates NF-κB signaling by promoting TRAF6 oligomerization and ligase activity, subsequently activating TAK1 and IKK complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Stem Cells and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Stem Cells and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Stem Cells and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Stem Cells and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuqin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Stem Cells and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Stem Cells and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dahua Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qinmiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Stem Cells and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wu S, Sun M, Zhang X, Liao J, Liu M, Qin Q, Wei J. Grouper TRAF4, a Novel, CP-Interacting Protein That Promotes Red-Spotted Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116136. [PMID: 34200212 PMCID: PMC8201248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) play important roles in the biological processes of immune regulation, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis. TRAF4 belongs to the TRAF family and plays a major role in many biological processes. Compared with other TRAF proteins, the functions of TRAF4 in teleosts have been largely unknown. In the present study, the TRAF4 homologue (EcTRAF4) of the orange-spotted grouper was characterized. EcTRAF4 consisted of 1413 bp encoding a 471-amino-acid protein, and the predicted molecular mass was 54.27 kDa. EcTRAF4 shares 99.79% of its identity with TRAF4 of the giant grouper (E. lanceolatus). EcTRAF4 transcripts were ubiquitously and differentially expressed in all the examined tissues. EcTRAF4 expression in GS cells was significantly upregulated after stimulation with red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV). EcTRAF4 protein was distributed in the cytoplasm of GS cells. Overexpressed EcTRAF4 promoted RGNNV replication during viral infection in vitro. Yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that EcTRAF4 interacted with the coat protein (CP) of RGNNV. EcTRAF4 inhibited the activation of IFN3, IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Overexpressed EcTRAF4 also reduced the expression of interferon (IFN)-related molecules and pro-inflammatory factors. Together, these results demonstrate that EcTRAF4 plays crucial roles in RGNNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.W.); (M.S.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengshi Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.W.); (M.S.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.W.); (M.S.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Jiaming Liao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.W.); (M.S.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengke Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.W.); (M.S.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.W.); (M.S.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- Correspondence: (Q.Q.); (J.W.)
| | - Jingguang Wei
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.W.); (M.S.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (Q.Q.); (J.W.)
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63
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Lin K, Zhou D, Li M, Meng J, He F, Yang X, Dong D, Wang X, Wu X, Chen X, Hou J. Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting TRAF6 signalling in macrophages. Parasitology 2021; 148:887-894. [PMID: 33775265 PMCID: PMC11010193 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato has complex defence mechanisms that protect it from the anti-parasitic immune response for long periods. Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid (EgCF) is involved in the immune escape. Nevertheless, whether and how EgCF modulates the inflammatory response in macrophages remains poorly understood. Here, real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that EgCF could markedly attenuate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of pro-inflammatory factors including tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-6 but increase the expression of IL-10 at mRNA and protein levels in mouse peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. Mechanically, western blotting and immunofluorescence assay showed that EgCF abolished the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ERK1/2 signalling pathways by LPS stimulation in mouse macrophages. EgCF's anti-inflammatory role was at least partly contributed by promoting proteasomal degradation of the critical adaptor TRAF6. Moreover, the EgCF-promoted anti-inflammatory response and TRAF6 proteasomal degradation were conserved in human THP-1 macrophages. These findings collectively reveal a novel mechanism by which EgCF suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting TRAF6 and the downstream activation of NF-κB and MAPK signalling in both human and mouse macrophages, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the E. granulosus-induced immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lin
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Medical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Min Li
- Nursing School of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jin Meng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Feiming He
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dan Dong
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xueling Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Danis J, Kelemen E, Rajan N, Nagy N, Széll M, Ádám É. TRAF3 and NBR1 both influence the effect of the disease-causing CYLD(Arg936X) mutation on NF-κB activity. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1705-1710. [PMID: 33999445 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recently described Hungarian and Anglo-Saxon pedigrees that are affected by CYLD cutaneous syndrome (syn: Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS)) carry the same disease-causing mutation (c.2806C>T, p.Arg936X) of the cylindromatosis (CYLD) gene but exhibit striking phenotypic differences. Using whole exome sequencing, missense genetic variants of the TRAF3 and NBR1 genes were identified in the affected family members of the Hungarian pedigree that are not present in the Anglo-Saxon pedigree. This suggested that the affected proteins (TRAF3 and NBR1) are putative phenotype-modifying factors. An in vitro experimental system was set up to clarify how wild type and mutant TRAF3 and NBR1 modify the effect of CYLD on the NF-κB signal transduction pathway. Our study revealed that the combined expression of mutant CYLD(Arg936X) with TRAF3 and NBR1 caused increased NF-κB activity, regardless of the presence or absence of mutations in TRAF3 and NBR1. We concluded that increased expression levels of these proteins further strengthen the effect of the CYLD(Arg936X) mutation on NF-κB activity in HEK293 cells and may explain the phenotype-modifying effect of these genes in CYLD cutaneous syndrome. These results raise the potential that detecting the levels of TRAF3 and NBR1 might help explaining phenotypic differences and prognosis of CCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Danis
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.,HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Evelyn Kelemen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Neil Rajan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nikoletta Nagy
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márta Széll
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Ádám
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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65
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Meitinger F, Kong D, Ohta M, Desai A, Oegema K, Loncarek J. TRIM37 prevents formation of condensate-organized ectopic spindle poles to ensure mitotic fidelity. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212098. [PMID: 33983387 PMCID: PMC8127006 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are composed of a centriolar core surrounded by pericentriolar material that nucleates microtubules. The ubiquitin ligase TRIM37 localizes to centrosomes, but its centrosomal roles are not yet defined. We show that TRIM37 does not control centriole duplication, structure, or the ability of centrioles to form cilia but instead prevents assembly of an ectopic centrobin-scaffolded structured condensate that forms by budding off of centrosomes. In ∼25% of TRIM37-deficient cells, the condensate organizes an ectopic spindle pole, recruiting other centrosomal proteins and acquiring microtubule nucleation capacity during mitotic entry. Ectopic spindle pole-associated transient multipolarity and multipolar segregation in TRIM37-deficient cells are suppressed by removing centrobin, which interacts with and is ubiquitinated by TRIM37. Thus, TRIM37 ensures accurate chromosome segregation by preventing the formation of centrobin-scaffolded condensates that organize ectopic spindle poles. Mutations in TRIM37 cause the disorder mulibrey nanism, and patient-derived cells harbor centrobin condensate-organized ectopic poles, leading us to propose that chromosome missegregation is a pathological mechanism in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Meitinger
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA.,Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Dong Kong
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Midori Ohta
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA.,Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA.,Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA.,Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
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66
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Park HH. Structural feature of TRAFs, their related human diseases and therapeutic intervention. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:475-486. [PMID: 33970438 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01330-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have been conducted over the years to unravel the structural information on the receptors that bind to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) and the driving forces for the TRAF/receptor complex. In addition, studies have also been performed to highlight the influence of TRAF malfunctioning and mutations on the development of human disease. However, a holistic study that systematically summarizes the available information and the existing clinical trends towards development of the TRAF-targeting drugs has not been conducted to date. Herein, I reviewed existing research that focused on the structural information of various receptors recognized by the different members of the TRAF family. I also reviewed studies on the different human diseases that occur due to TRAF malfunctioning or mutations as well as the clinical trials undertaken to treat TRAF-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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67
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Wu Y, Dhusia K, Su Z. Mechanistic dissection of spatial organization in NF-κB signaling pathways by hybrid simulations. Integr Biol (Camb) 2021; 13:109-120. [PMID: 33893499 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is one of the most important transcription factors involved in the regulation of inflammatory signaling pathways. Inappropriate activation of these pathways has been linked to autoimmunity and cancers. Emerging experimental evidences have been showing the existence of elaborate spatial organizations for various molecular components in the pathways. One example is the scaffold protein tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor (TRAF). While most TRAF proteins form trimeric quaternary structure through their coiled-coil regions, the N-terminal region of some members in the family can further be dimerized. This dimerization of TRAF trimers can drive them into higher-order clusters as a response to receptor stimulation, which functions as a spatial platform to mediate the downstream poly-ubiquitination. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the TRAF protein clustering and its functional impacts are not well-understood. In this article, we developed a hybrid simulation method to tackle this problem. The assembly of TRAF-based signaling platform at the membrane-proximal region is modeled with spatial resolution, while the dynamics of downstream signaling network, including the negative feedbacks through various signaling inhibitors, is simulated as stochastic chemical reactions. These two algorithms are further synchronized under a multiscale simulation framework. Using this computational model, we illustrated that the formation of TRAF signaling platform can trigger an oscillatory NF-κB response. We further demonstrated that the temporal patterns of downstream signal oscillations are closely regulated by the spatial factors of TRAF clustering, such as the geometry and energy of dimerization between TRAF trimers. In general, our study sheds light on the basic mechanism of NF-κB signaling pathway and highlights the functional importance of spatial regulation within the pathway. The simulation framework also showcases its potential of application to other signaling pathways in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Wu
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kalyani Dhusia
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Zhaoqian Su
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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68
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Moon SW, Son HJ, Choi EJ, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Brief Research Report Regional Difference in TRAF2 and TRAF3 Gene Mutations in Colon Cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:625438. [PMID: 34257589 PMCID: PMC8262244 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.625438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
TRAF2 and TRAF3 genes of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family are involved in diverse cell signaling, and function as both tumor suppressor gene and oncogene. Alterations of TRAF2 and TRAF3 in colon cancer (CC) along with their regional difference and microsatellite instability (MSI) are largely unknown. In the present study, we analyzed TRAF2 and TRAF3 frameshift mutations in 168 sporadic CCs (100 high MSI (MSI-H) and 68 microsatellite-stable (MSS) CCs). We identified TRAF2 and TRAF3 frameshift mutations in 4 (4%) and 3 CCs (3%) with MSI-H, respectively, but none in 68 cases of MSS CCs. Of the 168 CCs, we analyzed the mutations in multi-regions for 39 CCs (16 MSI-H and 23 MSS CCs), and discovered that 12.5% (2/16) and 6.3% (1/16) of MSI-H CCs exhibited regional difference in TRAF2 and TRAF3 mutations, respectively. In the multi-region samples of 23 MSS CCs, neither TRAF2 nor TRAF3 frameshift mutation was found. In 40% of CCs, both TRAF2 and TRAF3 expressions were increased compared to normal colon cells. Our data indicate that TRAF2 and TRAF3 frameshift mutations and their regional difference as well as altered expressions are present in MSI-H CCs, which could contribute to MSI-H cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Won Moon
- Departments of Pathology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Son
- Departments of Pathology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Choi
- Departments of Pathology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Jin Yoo
- Departments of Pathology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.,College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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69
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Piao W, Kasinath V, Saxena V, Lakhan R, Iyyathurai J, Bromberg JS. LTβR Signaling Controls Lymphatic Migration of Immune Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040747. [PMID: 33805271 PMCID: PMC8065509 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic functions of lymphotoxin (LT)β receptor (LTβR) signaling are linked to the control of secondary lymphoid organ development and structural maintenance, inflammatory or autoimmune disorders, and carcinogenesis. Recently, LTβR signaling in endothelial cells has been revealed to regulate immune cell migration. Signaling through LTβR is comprised of both the canonical and non-canonical-nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways, which induce chemokines, cytokines, and cell adhesion molecules. Here, we focus on the novel functions of LTβR signaling in lymphatic endothelial cells for migration of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and specific targeting of LTβR signaling for potential therapeutics in transplantation and cancer patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Piao
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (W.P.); (R.L.)
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (V.S.); (J.I.)
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Vikas Saxena
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (V.S.); (J.I.)
| | - Ram Lakhan
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (W.P.); (R.L.)
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (V.S.); (J.I.)
| | - Jegan Iyyathurai
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (V.S.); (J.I.)
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (W.P.); (R.L.)
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (V.S.); (J.I.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +410-328-6430
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70
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Hsu SY, Morris R, Cheng F. Signaling Pathways Regulated by Silica Nanoparticles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051398. [PMID: 33807638 PMCID: PMC7961477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles are a class of molecules commonly used in drug or gene delivery systems that either facilitate the delivery of therapeutics to specific drug targets or enable the efficient delivery of constructed gene products into biological systems. Some in vivo or in vitro studies have demonstrated the toxic effects of silica nanoparticles. Despite the availability of risk management tools in response to the growing use of synthetic silica in commercial products, the molecular mechanism of toxicity induced by silica nanoparticles is not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of silica nanoparticle exposure in three types of cells including human aortic endothelial cells, mouse-derived macrophages, and A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells using toxicogenomic analysis. The results indicated that among all three cell types, the TNF and MAPK signaling pathways were the common pathways upregulated by silica nanoparticles. These findings may provide insight into the effects of silica nanoparticle exposure in the human body and the possible mechanism of toxicity.
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71
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Kucka K, Wajant H. Receptor Oligomerization and Its Relevance for Signaling by Receptors of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:615141. [PMID: 33644033 PMCID: PMC7905041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the exception of a few signaling incompetent decoy receptors, the receptors of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) are signaling competent and engage in signaling pathways resulting in inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, and cell migration and also in cell death induction. TNFRSF receptors (TNFRs) become activated by ligands of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF). TNFSF ligands (TNFLs) occur as trimeric type II transmembrane proteins but often also as soluble ligand trimers released from the membrane-bound form by proteolysis. The signaling competent TNFRs are efficiently activated by the membrane-bound TNFLs. The latter recruit three TNFR molecules, but there is growing evidence that this is not sufficient to trigger all aspects of TNFR signaling; rather, the formed trimeric TNFL–TNFR complexes have to cluster secondarily in the cell-to-cell contact zone for full TNFR activation. With respect to their response to soluble ligand trimers, the signaling competent TNFRs can be subdivided into two groups. TNFRs of one group, designated as category I TNFRs, are robustly activated by soluble ligand trimers. The receptors of a second group (category II TNFRs), however, failed to become properly activated by soluble ligand trimers despite high affinity binding. The limited responsiveness of category II TNFRs to soluble TNFLs can be overcome by physical linkage of two or more soluble ligand trimers or, alternatively, by anchoring the soluble ligand molecules to the cell surface or extracellular matrix. This suggests that category II TNFRs have a limited ability to promote clustering of trimeric TNFL–TNFR complexes outside the context of cell–cell contacts. In this review, we will focus on three aspects on the relevance of receptor oligomerization for TNFR signaling: (i) the structural factors which promote clustering of free and liganded TNFRs, (ii) the signaling pathway specificity of the receptor oligomerization requirement, and (iii) the consequences for the design and development of TNFR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Kucka
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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72
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The Structure and Ubiquitin Binding Properties of TRAF RING Heterodimers. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166844. [PMID: 33539883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor (TRAF) family members share a common domain architecture, but play non-redundant physiological roles in cell signalling. At the N terminus, most TRAFs have a RING domain, followed by a series of Zinc finger (ZF) domains. The RING domain of TRAF6 dimerizes, and the RING homodimer together with the first ZF assembles ubiquitin chains that form a platform which facilitates activation of downstream kinases. The RING dimer interface is conserved amongst TRAF proteins, suggesting that functional heterodimers could be possible. Here we report the structure of the TRAF5-TRAF6 RING heterodimer, which accounts for the stability of the heterodimer as well as its ability to assemble ubiquitin chains. We also show that the RING domain of TRAF6 heterodimerizes with TRAF3 and TRAF2, and demonstrate that the linker helix and first ZF of TRAF2 can cooperate with TRAF6 to promote chain assembly. Collectively our results suggest that TRAF RING homo- and hetero-dimers have the potential to bridge interaction of nearby TRAF trimers and modulate TRAF-mediated signalling.
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73
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Verma R. Exploiting Ubiquitin Ligases for Induced Target Degradation as an Antiviral Strategy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:339-357. [PMID: 34258747 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of targeted substrates alter their cellular fate. Ubiquitin is a highly conserved and ubiquitous covalent modifier protein that tags substrates with a single molecule or with a polyubiquitin chain. Monoubiquitination affects trafficking and signaling patterns of modified proteins. In contrast, polyubiquitination, particularly K48-linked polyubiquitination, targets the protein for degradation by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) resulting in a committed fate through irreversible inactivation of substrate. Given the diversity of cellular functions impacted by ubiquitination, it is no surprise that the wily pathogenic viruses have co-opted the UPS in myriad ways to ensure their survival. In this review, I describe viral exploitation of nondegradative ubiquitin signaling pathways to effect entry, replication, and egress. Additionally, viruses also harness the UPS to degrade antiviral cellular host factors. Finally, I describe how we can exploit the same proteolytic machinery to enable PROTACs (Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras) to degrade essential viral proteins. Successful implementation of this modality will add to the arsenal of emerging antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Verma
- AMGEN Research, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
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74
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Mechanism by which TRAF6 Participates in the Immune Regulation of Autoimmune Diseases and Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4607197. [PMID: 33294443 PMCID: PMC7714562 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4607197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is a signal transduction molecule shared by the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)/Toll-like receptor (TLR) family and the TNFR superfamily. TRAF6 has a unique TRAF domain and RING finger domain that mediate intracellular signaling events. In the immune system, TRAF6-mediated signaling has been shown to be critical for the development, homeostasis, and activation of a variety of immune cells, including B cells, T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Although the pathogenesis and etiology of autoimmune diseases and cancer are not fully understood, it is worth noting that existing studies have shown that TRAF6 is involved in the pathogenesis and development of a variety of these diseases. Herein, we reviewed the role of TRAF6 in certain immune cells, as well as the function and potential effect of TRAF6 in autoimmune diseases and cancer. Our review indicates that TRAF6 may be a novel target for autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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75
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The Nucleoprotein of H7N9 Influenza Virus Positively Regulates TRAF3-Mediated Innate Signaling and Attenuates Viral Virulence in Mice. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01640-20. [PMID: 33028715 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01640-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
H7N9 influenza A virus (IAV) is an emerged contagious pathogen that may cause severe human infections, even death. Understanding the precise cross talk between virus and host is vital for the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics. In the present study, we identified the nucleoprotein (NP) of H7N9 IAV as a positive regulator of RIG-I like receptor (RLR)-mediated signaling. Based on a loss-of-function strategy, we replaced H1N1 (mouse-adapted PR8 strain) NP with H7N9 NP, by using reverse genetics, and found that the replication and pathogenicity of recombinant PR8-H7N9NP (rPR8-H7N9NP) were significantly attenuated in cells and mice. Biochemical and cellular analyses revealed that H7N9 NP specifically interacts with tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) after viral infection. Subsequently, we identified a PXXQXS motif in the H7N9 NP that may be a determinant for the NP and TRAF3 interaction. Furthermore, H7N9 NP stabilized TRAF3 expression via competitively binding to TRAF3 with cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (cIAP2), leading to the inhibition of the Lys48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of TRAF3. Taken together, these data uncover a novel mechanism by which the NP of H7N9 IAV positively regulates TRAF3-mediated type I interferon signaling. Our findings provide insights into virus and host survival strategies that involve a specific viral protein that modulates an appropriate immune response in hosts.IMPORTANCE The NS1, PB2, PA-X, and PB1-F2 proteins of influenza A virus (IAV) are known to employ various strategies to counteract and evade host defenses. However, the viral components responsible for the activation of innate immune signaling remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the NP of H7N9 IAV specifically associates with and stabilizes the important adaptor molecule TRAF3, which potentiates RLR-mediated type I interferon induction. Moreover, we reveal that this H7N9 NP protein prevents the interaction between TRAF3 and cIAP2 that mediates Lys48-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3 for degradation. The current study revealed a novel mechanism by which H7N9 NP upregulates TRAF3-mediated type I interferon production, leading to attenuation of viral replication and pathogenicity in cells and mice. Our finding provides a possible explanation for virus and host commensalism via viral manipulation of the host immune system.
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76
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Ziman B, Barghouth PG, Maciel EI, Oviedo NJ. TRAF-like Proteins Regulate Cellular Survival in the Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. iScience 2020; 23:101665. [PMID: 33134895 PMCID: PMC7586133 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis relies on the timely renewal of cells that have been damaged or have surpassed their biological age. Nonetheless, the underlying molecular mechanism coordinating tissue renewal is unknown. The planarian Schmidtea mediterranea harbors a large population of stem cells that continuously divide to support the restoration of tissues throughout the body. Here, we identify that TNF Receptor Associated Factors (TRAFs) play critical roles in cellular survival during tissue repair in S. mediterranea. Disruption with RNA-interference of TRAF signaling results in rapid morphological defects and lethality within 2 weeks. The TRAF phenotype is accompanied by an increased number of mitoses and cell death. Our results also reveal TRAF signaling is required for proper regeneration of the nervous system. Taken together, we find functional conservation of TRAF-like proteins in S. mediterranea as they act as crucial regulators of cellular survival during tissue homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ziman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Paul G. Barghouth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Eli Isael Maciel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Néstor J. Oviedo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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77
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Zhou W, Lin D, Zhong Z, Ye Q. Roles of TRAFs in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:586487. [PMID: 33224951 PMCID: PMC7674171 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.586487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins are a family of signaling molecules that function downstream of multiple receptor signaling pathways, and they play a pivotal role in the regulation of intracellular biological progresses. These TRAF-dependent signaling pathways and physiological functions have been involved in the occurrence and progression of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), which is a common pathophysiological process that occurs in a wide variety of clinical events, including ischemic shock, organ transplantation, and thrombolytic therapy, resulting in a poor prognosis and high mortality. IRI occurs in multiple organs, including liver, kidney, heart, lung, brain, intestine, and retina. In recent years, mounting compelling evidence has confirmed that the genetic alterations of TRAFs can cause subversive phenotype changes during IRI of those organs. In this review, based on current knowledge, we summarized and analyzed the regulatory effect of TRAFs on the IRI of various organs, providing clear direction and a firm theoretical basis for the development of treatment strategies to manipulate TRAF proteins or TRAF-dependent signaling pathways in IRI-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Engineering Research Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Danni Lin
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Engineering Research Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zibiao Zhong
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Engineering Research Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Qifa Ye
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Engineering Research Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha, China
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78
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TRIM37 controls cancer-specific vulnerability to PLK4 inhibition. Nature 2020; 585:440-446. [PMID: 32908304 PMCID: PMC7501188 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes catalyze microtubule formation for mitotic spindle assembly1. Centrosomes duplicate once per cell cycle in a process controlled the kinase PLK42,3. Following chemical PLK4 inhibition, cell division in the absence of centrosome duplication generates centrosome-less cells that exhibit delayed, acentrosomal spindle assembly4. Whether PLK4 inhibitors can be leveraged for cancer treatment is not yet clear. Here, we show that acentrosomal spindle assembly following PLK4 inhibition depends on levels of the centrosomal ubiquitin ligase TRIM37. Low TRIM37 accelerates acentrosomal spindle assembly and improves proliferation following PLK4 inhibition, whereas high TRIM37 inhibits acentrosomal spindle assembly, leading to mitotic failure and cessation of proliferation. The Chr17q region containing the TRIM37 gene is frequently amplified in neuroblastoma and in breast cancer5–8, which renders these cancer types highly sensitive to PLK4 inhibition. TRIM37 inactivation improves acentrosomal mitosis because TRIM37 prevents PLK4 self-assembly into centrosome-independent condensates that serve as ectopic microtubule-organizing centers. By contrast, elevated TRIM37 expression inhibits acentrosomal spindle assembly via a distinct mechanism that involves degradation of the centrosomal component CEP192. Thus, TRIM37 is a critical determinant of mitotic vulnerability to PLK4 inhibition. Linkage of TRIM37 to prevalent cancer-associated genomic changes, including 17q gain in neuroblastoma and 17q23 amplification in breast cancer, may offer an opportunity to use PLK4 inhibition to trigger selective mitotic failure and provide new avenues to treatments for these cancers.
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79
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Kim CM, Jang H, Ha HJ, Kim GE, Park HH. Structural and biochemical characterization of TRAF5 from Notothenia coriiceps and its implications in fish immune cell signaling. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:56-63. [PMID: 32283248 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conserved immune cell signaling in fish was recently highlighted by the identification of various immune cell signaling molecules. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins are critical adaptor molecules in immune cell signaling and contain E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Here, we report the first crystal structure of the TRAF5 TRAF domain from the black rockcod (Notothenia coriiceps; ncTRAF5). Our structure revealed both similarities and differences with mammalian TRAF5. Structural and biochemical analyses indicated that ncTRAF5 forms a functional trimer unit in solution, with a structural flexibility that might be critical for imparting resistance to cold temperature-induced stress. We also found conserved surface residues on ncTRAF5 that might be critical binding hot spots for interaction with various receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseok Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Eob Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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80
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Liu T, Wu Y, Han Y, Liu Q, Chen S, Zhao H. Genome-wide characterization of TNF receptor-associated factors in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis and their expression profiling in response to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 101:88-98. [PMID: 32229294 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors (TRAFs) are a family of crucial signaling molecules that mediate the signal transduction of various immune signaling pathways. Extensive studies have demonstrated that TRAFs play vital roles in regulating cellular immune responses. However, the biological functions and expression profiling of TRAFs in Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) remain unclear. In this study, the genes of the PsTRAF family at the genome-wide level were identified in P. sinensis, revealing six PsTRAF members that contained the conserved TRAF domain in the C-terminal regions. Molecular evolutionary analysis showed that PsTRAFs shared close evolutionary relationships and similar protein crystal structures with the TRAF homologs from other turtles, indicating the evolutionary conservation of PsTRAFs. Further expression analysis revealed the tissue-specific expression of PsTRAF genes. Obvious variations in the expression of PsTRAF genes were observed in the spleen in response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Three PsTRAF genes, PsTRAF2, PsTRAF3, and PsTRAF6, were significantly upregulated at the mRNA and protein levels post-infection, indicating their potential function in the immune response. Moreover, the protein-protein associations of PsTRAFs with several signaling receptors were predicted in P. sinensis. These results provide a basis for the investigation of the functional roles of PsTRAFs in immune defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Yongjie Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Yawen Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Qingyang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Shulin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Huiying Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
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81
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Kotsaris G, Kerselidou D, Koutsoubaris D, Constantinou E, Malamas G, Garyfallos DA, Ηatzivassiliou EG. TRAF3 can interact with GMEB1 and modulate its anti-apoptotic function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:7. [PMID: 32514408 PMCID: PMC7257233 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-020-00117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Members of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor-Associated Factors (TRAFs) family interact with the cytoplasmic tails of TNF receptor family members to mediate signal transduction processes. TRAF3 has a major immunomodulatory function and TRAF3 deficiency has been linked to malignancies, such as multiple myeloma and lymphoid defects. In order to characterize the molecular mechanisms of TRAF3 signaling, the yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify proteins that interact with TRAF3. Results The yeast two-hybrid screen of a human B cell cDNA library with TRAF3 as bait, identified Glucocorticoid Modulatory Element-Binding Protein 1 (GMEB1) as a TRAF3-interacting protein. Previous studies indicated that GMEB1 functions as a potent inhibitor of caspase activation and apoptosis. The interaction of TRAF3 and GMEB1 proteins was confirmed in mammalian cells lines, using immunoprecipitation assays. The RING and TRAF-C domains of TRAF3 were not essential for this interaction. The overexpression of TRAF3 protein enhanced the anti-apoptotic function of GMEB1 in HeLa cells. On the other hand, downregulation of TRAF3 by RNA interference decreased significantly the ability of GMEB1 to inhibit apoptosis. In addition, LMP1(1–231), a truncated form of the EBV oncoprotein LMP1, that can interact and oligomerize with TRAF3, was also able to cooperate with GMEB1, in order to inhibit apoptosis. Conclusions Our protein-interaction experiments demonstrated that TRAF3 can interact with GMEB1, which is an inhibitor of apoptosis. In addition, cell viability assays showed that overexpression of TRAF3 enhanced the anti-apoptotic activity of GMEB1, supporting a regulatory role of TRAF3 in GMEB1-mediated inhibition of apoptosis. Better understanding of the molecular mechanism of TRAF3 function will improve diagnostics and targeted therapeutic approaches for TRAF3-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kotsaris
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia Greece.,Present Address: Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Despoina Kerselidou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia Greece.,Present Address: Université de Liège, Place du 20-Août, 7 B, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Dimitrios Koutsoubaris
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia Greece
| | - Elena Constantinou
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia Greece
| | - George Malamas
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia Greece
| | - Dimitrios A Garyfallos
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia Greece.,Present Address: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Eudoxia G Ηatzivassiliou
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia Greece
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Accogli A, Scala M, Pavanello M, Severino M, Gandolfo C, De Marco P, Musacchia F, Torella A, Pinelli M, Nigro V, Capra V. Sinus pericranii, skull defects, and structural brain anomalies in TRAF7-related disorder. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1085-1092. [PMID: 32459067 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several somatic mutations in TRAF7 have been reported in cancers, whereas a few germline heterozygous mutations have been recently linked to a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by craniofacial dysmorphisms, congenital heart defects, and digital anomalies. CASES We report two subjects harboring de novo heterozygous missense variants in TRAF7, namely the recurrent 1964G>A(p.Arg655Gln) and the novel missense c.1204C>G(p.Leu402Val) variants. In addition to the typical hallmarks of the TRAF7-related disorder, both subjects presented with a recognizable "pear-shaped" skull due to multiple craniosynostosis, sinus pericranii, skull base/cranio-cervical junction anomalies, dysgyria, and inferior cerebellar vermis hypoplasia. CONCLUSIONS Hence, we expand the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of this neurodevelopmental disorder, discussing possible implications for clinical management of subjects with germline TRAF7 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Scala
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Pavanello
- UOC Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Gandolfo
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia De Marco
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Annalaura Torella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Pinelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- UOC Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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83
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Combined administration of a small-molecule inhibitor of TRAF6 and Docetaxel reduces breast cancer skeletal metastasis and osteolysis. Cancer Lett 2020; 488:27-39. [PMID: 32474152 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) has been implicated in breast cancer and osteoclastic bone destruction. Here, we report that 6877002, a verified small-molecule inhibitor of TRAF6, reduced metastasis, osteolysis and osteoclastogenesis in models of osteotropic human and mouse breast cancer. First, we observed that TRAF6 is highly expressed in osteotropic breast cancer cells and its level of expression was higher in patients with bone metastasis. Pre-exposure of osteoclasts and osteoblasts to non-cytotoxic concentrations of 6877002 inhibited cytokine-induced NFκB activation and osteoclastogenesis, and reduced the ability of osteotropic human MDA-MB-231 and mouse 4T1 breast cancer cells to support bone cell activity. 6877002 inhibited human MDA-MB-231-induced osteolysis in the mouse calvaria organ system, and reduced soft tissue and bone metastases in immuno-competent mice following intra-cardiac injection of mouse 4T1-Luc2 cells. Of clinical relevance, combined administration of 6877002 with Docetaxel reduced metastasis and inhibited osteolytic bone damage in mice bearing 4T1-Luc2 cells. Thus, TRAF6 inhibitors such as 6877002 - alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapy - show promise for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
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84
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Kim CM, Park HH. Comparison of Target Recognition by TRAF1 and TRAF2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082895. [PMID: 32326186 PMCID: PMC7215387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although TRAF1 and TRAF2 share common receptors and have extremely conserved amino acid residues, recent studies have shown that key differences in receptor binding preferences with different affinities exist, which might be important for their different functions in TRAF-mediated signal transduction. To better understand TRAF1 and TRAF2 signaling, we analyzed and compared their receptor binding-affinities. Our study revealed that TRADD, TANK, and caspase-2 bind to both TRAF1 and TRAF2 with different affinities in vitro. Sequence and structural analyses revealed that S454 on TRAF2 (corresponding to A369 of TRAF1) is critical for the binding of TRADD, and F347 on TRAF1 (corresponding to L432 of TRAF2) is a critical determinant for high affinity binding of TANK and caspase-2.
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85
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Hou J, Pang Y, Li Q. Comprehensive Evolutionary Analysis of Lamprey TNFR-Associated Factors (TRAFs) and Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase (RIPKs) and Insights Into the Functional Characterization of TRAF3/6 and RIPK1. Front Immunol 2020; 11:663. [PMID: 32373123 PMCID: PMC7179693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFR-associated factors (TRAFs) and receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIPKs) are important immunological linker molecules in mammals and play important roles in the TNFα, TLR and IFN signaling pathways. However, the evolutionary origins of these genes in vertebrates have not previously been described in lampreys. In this study, we searched the genomes of Lampetra japonicum, Lethenteron reissneri, and Petromyzon marinus for genes encoding trafs and ripks and performed homologous sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree, functional domain, conserved motif, gene structure, and synteny analyses to determine their evolutionary relationships. The distribution of the lamprey traf and ripk families and the immune response of the gene families in lampreys stimulated by different pathogens were also demonstrated, suggesting a role of structural changes in expression and functional diversification. Additionally, the dual luciferase reporter gene assay showed that the addition of exogenous immunomodulator (TNFα or IFN) to the overexpression of LjLRIPK1a or LjTRAF3/6 significantly downregulated NF-κB or ISRE activation. LjRIPK1a can significantly enhance caspase-8 activity, and overexpression of LjRIPK1a or LjTRAF3a/6 in HEK293T cells results in cell apoptosis. In summary, this study makes an important contribution to the understanding of the traf and ripk gene families in different vertebrates. Our results also provide new evidence for the evolution of vertebrate TRAFs and RIPKs and their impacts on immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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86
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Kloth KJ, Kormelink R. Defenses against Virus and Vector: A Phloem-Biological Perspective on RTM- and SLI1-Mediated Resistance to Potyviruses and Aphids. Viruses 2020; 12:E129. [PMID: 31979012 PMCID: PMC7077274 DOI: 10.3390/v12020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining plant resistance against virus and vector presents an attractive approach to reduce virus transmission and virus proliferation in crops. RestrictedTobacco-etch virus Movement (RTM) genes confer resistance to potyviruses by limiting their long-distance transport. Recently, a close homologue of one of the RTM genes, SLI1, has been discovered but this gene instead confers resistance to Myzus persicae aphids, a vector of potyviruses. The functional connection between resistance to potyviruses and aphids, raises the question whether plants have a basic defense system in the phloem against biotic intruders. This paper provides an overview on restricted potyvirus phloem transport and restricted aphid phloem feeding and their possible interplay, followed by a discussion on various ways in which viruses and aphids gain access to the phloem sap. From a phloem-biological perspective, hypotheses are proposed on the underlying mechanisms of RTM- and SLI1-mediated resistance, and their possible efficacy to defend against systemic viruses and phloem-feeding vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J. Kloth
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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87
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Cao C, An R, Yu Y, Dai H, Qu Z, Gao M, Wang J. BICP0 Negatively Regulates TRAF6-Mediated NF-κB and Interferon Activation by Promoting K48-Linked Polyubiquitination of TRAF6. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3040. [PMID: 31969874 PMCID: PMC6960150 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The infected cell protein 0 (BICP0) is an immediate early protein encoded by BHV-1, and its RING finger domain, which endows BICP0 with intrinsic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, is common in all ICP0 proteins. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is one of the TRAF family members and is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues. TRAF6 forms the MyD88-TRAF6-IRF7 complex and activates interferon induction in the TLR (Toll-like receptors) and the RLR (RIG-I-like receptor) pathway. Previous studies showed that BICP0 reduced IFN-β promoter activity by interacting with IRF7. In this study, we found that BICP0 promoted the K48-ubiquitination and degradation of TRAF6 through the ubiquitin proteasome system. The interaction between BICP0 and TRAF6 is a prerequisite for ubiquitination modification, and the 346-PAERQY-351 of BICP0 is indispensable. The motif mutation experiments showed that the tyrosine 351 of BICP0 is the key amino acid involved. Further studies demonstrated that BICP0 suppressed the NF-κB pathway via the interference of TRAF6. Moreover, degradation of TRAF6 protein influenced the K63-linked ubiquitination of IRF7 and activation of interferon promoter. Collectively, these findings indicate that the BICP0 protein suppresses the inflammation signaling and IFN production by K48-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF6 and may further clarify the immune evasion function of BICP0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Cao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ran An
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - YueYang Yu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - HaiYue Dai
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - ZheHui Qu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - MingChun Gao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - JunWei Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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88
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Abstract
The antiviral innate immune and inflammatory responses are critical for host defense against viral infection. How these antiviral responses are initiated and regulated has been intensively investigated. Viral nucleic acids are sensed by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which trigger various signaling pathways by utilizing distinct adaptor proteins, kinases and regulatory proteins. These pathways lead to activation of the transcriptional factors NF-κB and IRF3 and ultimate induction of antiviral effector proteins including type I interferons (IFNs), TNF and IL-1β, which are critical mediators of antiviral innate immune and inflammatory responses. For the past 20 years, our groups at Peking University and Wuhan University have made restless efforts in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of antiviral innate immune and inflammatory responses. Here, we summarize the major discoveries from our groups, including the identifications of the critical adaptors VISA/MAVS and MITA/STING, regulatory mechanisms of these adapter-mediated signaling, and regulation of TNF- and IL1β-triggered inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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89
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Warchal SJ, Dawson JC, Shepherd E, Munro AF, Hughes RE, Makda A, Carragher NO. High content phenotypic screening identifies serotonin receptor modulators with selective activity upon breast cancer cell cycle and cytokine signaling pathways. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115209. [PMID: 31757681 PMCID: PMC6961118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in disease mechanisms between genetically distinct patients contributes to high attrition rates in late stage clinical drug development. New personalized medicine strategies aim to identify predictive biomarkers which stratify patients most likely to respond to a particular therapy. However, for complex multifactorial diseases not characterized by a single genetic driver, empirical approaches to identifying predictive biomarkers and the most promising therapies for personalized medicine are required. In vitro pharmacogenomics seeks to correlate in vitro drug sensitivity testing across panels of genetically distinct cell models with genomic, gene expression or proteomic data to identify predictive biomarkers of drug response. However, the vast majority of in vitro pharmacogenomic studies performed to date are limited to dose-response screening upon a single viability assay endpoint. In this article we describe the application of multiparametric high content phenotypic screening and the theta comparative cell scoring method to quantify and rank compound hits, screened at a single concentration, which induce a broad variety of divergent phenotypic responses between distinct breast cancer cell lines. High content screening followed by transcriptomic pathway analysis identified serotonin receptor modulators which display selective activity upon breast cancer cell cycle and cytokine signaling pathways correlating with inhibition of cell growth and survival. These methods describe a new evidence-led approach to rapidly identify compounds which display distinct response between different cell types. The results presented also warrant further investigation of the selective activity of serotonin receptor modulators upon breast cancer cell growth and survival as a potential drug repurposing opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Warchal
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Emelie Shepherd
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison F Munro
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E Hughes
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ashraff Makda
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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90
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Das S, Sutoh Y, Cancro MP, Rast JP, Han Q, Bommakanti G, Cooper MD, Hirano M. Ancient BCMA-like Genes Herald B Cell Regulation in Lampreys. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2909-2916. [PMID: 31666307 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TNF superfamily ligands BAFF and APRIL interact with three receptors, BAFFR, BCMA, and TACI, to play discrete and crucial roles in regulating B cell selection and homeostasis in mammals. The interactions between these ligands and receptors are both specific and redundant: BAFFR binds BAFF, whereas BCMA and TACI bind to either BAFF or APRIL. In a previous phylogenetic inquiry, we identified and characterized a BAFF-like gene in lampreys, which, with hagfish, are the only extant jawless vertebrates, both of which have B-like and T-like lymphocytes. To gain insight into lymphocyte regulation in jawless vertebrates, in this study we identified two BCMA-like genes in lampreys, BCMAL1 and BCMAL2, which were found to be preferentially expressed by B-like lymphocytes. In vitro analyses indicated that the lamprey BAFF-like protein can bind to a BCMA-like receptor Ig fusion protein and to both BCMAL1- and BCMAL2-transfected cells. Discriminating regulatory roles for the two BCMA-like molecules are suggested by their differential expression before and after activation of the B-like lymphocytes in lampreys. Our composite results imply that BAFF-based mechanisms for B cell regulation evolved before the divergence of jawed and jawless vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Das
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; .,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317; and
| | - Yoichi Sutoh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317; and
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jonathan P Rast
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317; and
| | - Qifeng Han
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317; and
| | - Gayathri Bommakanti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317; and
| | - Max D Cooper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317; and
| | - Masayuki Hirano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; .,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317; and
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91
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Recognition of TRAIP with TRAFs: Current understanding and associated diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 115:105589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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92
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Targeting the CD40-CD154 Signaling Pathway for Treatment of Autoimmune Arthritis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080927. [PMID: 31426619 PMCID: PMC6721639 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Full activation of T lymphocytes requires signals from both T cell receptors and costimulatory molecules. In addition to CD28, several T cell molecules could deliver costimulatory signals, including CD154, which primarily interacts with CD40 on B-cells. CD40 is a critical molecule regulating several B-cell functions, such as antibody production, germinal center formation and cellular proliferation. Upregulated expression of CD40 and CD154 occurs in immune effector cells and non-immune cells in different autoimmune diseases. In addition, therapeutic benefits have been observed by blocking the CD40-CD154 interaction in animals with collagen-induced arthritis. Given the therapeutic success of the biologics abatacept, which blocks CD28 costimulation, and rituximab, which deletes B cells in the treatment of autoimmune arthritis, the inhibition of the CD40-CD154 axis has two advantages, namely, attenuating CD154-mediated T cell costimulation and suppressing CD40-mediated B-cell stimulation. Furthermore, blockade of the CD40-CD154 interaction drives the conversion of CD4+ T cells to regulatory T cells that mediate immunosuppression. Currently, several biological products targeting the CD40-CD154 axis have been developed and are undergoing early phase clinical trials with encouraging success in several autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune arthritis. This review addresses the roles of the CD40-CD154 axis in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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93
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Swaidani S, Liu C, Zhao J, Bulek K, Li X. TRAF Regulation of IL-17 Cytokine Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1293. [PMID: 31316496 PMCID: PMC6610456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors or (TRAFs) are important mediators of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokine signaling and contribute to driving tissue responses that are crucial for protective immunity but are often implicated in immunopathology. By amplifying tissue immune activity, IL-17 cytokine pathways contribute to maintaining barrier function as well as activation of innate and adaptive immunity necessary for host defense. IL-17 receptors signaling is orchestrated in part, by the engagement of TRAFs and the subsequent unlocking of downstream cellular machinery that can promote pathogen clearance or contribute to immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and disease. Originally identified as signaling adaptors for TNFR superfamily, TRAF proteins can mediate the signaling of a variety of intercellular and extracellular stimuli and have been shown to regulate the downstream activity of many cytokine receptors including receptors for IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, IL-33, type I IFNs, type III IFNs, GM-CSF, M-CSF, and TGF-β Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I- like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors. This review will focus on discussing studies that reveal our current understanding of how TRAFs mediate and regulate biochemical activities downstream of the IL-17 cytokines signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Swaidani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Caini Liu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Katarzyna Bulek
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
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94
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Dainichi T, Matsumoto R, Mostafa A, Kabashima K. Immune Control by TRAF6-Mediated Pathways of Epithelial Cells in the EIME (Epithelial Immune Microenvironment). Front Immunol 2019; 10:1107. [PMID: 31156649 PMCID: PMC6532024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the protective responses of epithelial tissues, not only immune cells but also non-immune cells directly respond to external agents. Epithelial cells can be involved in the organization of immune responses through two phases. First, the exogenous harmful agents trigger the primary responses of the epithelial cells leading to various types of immune cell activation. Second, cytokines produced by the immune cells that are activated directly by the external agents and indirectly by the epithelial cell products elicit the secondary responses giving rise to further propagation of immune responses. TRAF6 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase, which intermediates between various types of receptors for exogenous agents or endogenous mediators and activation of subsequent transcriptional responses via NF-kappaB and MAPK pathways. TRAF6 ubiquitously participates in many protective responses in immune and non-immune cells. Particularly, epithelial TRAF6 has an essential role in the primary and secondary responses via driving type 17 response in psoriatic inflammation of the skin. Consistently, many psoriasis susceptibility genes encode the TRAF6 signaling players, such as ACT1 (TRAF3IP2), A20 (TNFAIP3), ABIN1 (TNIP1), IL-36Ra (IL36RN), IkappaBzeta (NFKBIZ), and CARD14. Herein, we describe the principal functions of TRAF6, especially in terms of positive and regulatory immune controls by interaction between immune cells and epithelial cells. In addition, we discuss how TRAF6 in the epithelial cells can organize the differentiation of immune responses and drive inflammatory loops in the epithelial immune microenvironment, which is termed EIME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Dainichi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Reiko Matsumoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alshimaa Mostafa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
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95
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Maubach G, Feige MH, Lim MCC, Naumann M. NF-kappaB-inducing kinase in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:40-49. [PMID: 30419317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the alternative NF-κB signaling has severe developmental consequences that can ultimately lead to oncogenesis. Pivotal for the activation of the alternative NF-κB pathway is the stabilization of the NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK). The aim of this review is to focus on the emerging role of NIK in cancer. The documented subversion of NIK in cancers highlights NIK as a possible therapeutic target. Recent studies show that the alterations of NIK or the components of its regulatory complex are manifold including regulation on the transcript level, copy number changes, mutations as well as protein modifications. High NIK activity is associated with different human malignancies and has adverse effects on tumor patient survival. We discuss here research focusing on deciphering the contribution of NIK towards cancer development and progression. We also report that it is possible to engineer inhibitors with high specificity for NIK and describe developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Maubach
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael H Feige
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michelle C C Lim
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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96
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Edilova MI, Abdul-Sater AA, Watts TH. TRAF1 Signaling in Human Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2969. [PMID: 30619326 PMCID: PMC6305416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) associated factor 1 (TRAF1) is a signaling adaptor first identified as part of the TNFR2 signaling complex. TRAF1 plays a key role in pro-survival signaling downstream of TNFR superfamily members such as TNFR2, LMP1, 4-1BB, and CD40. Recent studies have uncovered another role for TRAF1, independent of its role in TNFR superfamily signaling, in negatively regulating Toll-like receptor and Nod-like receptor signaling, through sequestering the linear ubiquitin assembly complex, LUBAC. TRAF1 has diverse roles in human disease. TRAF1 is overexpressed in many B cell related cancers and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TRAF1 have been linked to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Genome wide association studies have identified an association between SNPs in the 5' untranslated region of the TRAF1 gene with increased incidence and severity of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. The loss of TRAF1 from chronically stimulated CD8 T cells results in desensitization of the 4-1BB signaling pathway, thereby contributing to T cell exhaustion during chronic infection. These apparently opposing roles of TRAF1 as both a positive and negative regulator of immune signaling have led to some confusion in the literature. Here we review the role of TRAF1 as a positive and negative regulator in different signaling pathways. Then we discuss the role of TRAF1 in human disease, attempting to reconcile seemingly contradictory roles based on current knowledge of TRAF1 signaling and biology. We also discuss avenues for future research to further clarify the impact of TRAF1 in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Edilova
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali A Abdul-Sater
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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97
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Zapata JM, Perez-Chacon G, Carr-Baena P, Martinez-Forero I, Azpilikueta A, Otano I, Melero I. CD137 (4-1BB) Signalosome: Complexity Is a Matter of TRAFs. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2618. [PMID: 30524423 PMCID: PMC6262405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB, Tnsfr9) is a member of the TNF-receptor (TNFR) superfamily without known intrinsic enzymatic activity in its cytoplasmic domain. Hence, akin to other members of the TNFR family, it relies on the TNFR-Associated-Factor (TRAF) family of adaptor proteins to build the CD137 signalosome for transducing signals into the cell. Thus, upon CD137 activation by binding of CD137L trimers or by crosslinking with agonist monoclonal antibodies, TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 are readily recruited to the cytoplasmic domain of CD137, likely as homo- and/or heterotrimers with different configurations, initiating the construction of the CD137 signalosome. The formation of TRAF2-RING dimers between TRAF2 molecules from contiguous trimers would help to establish a multimeric structure of TRAF-trimers that is probably essential for CD137 signaling. In addition, available studies have identified a large number of proteins that are recruited to CD137:TRAF complexes including ubiquitin ligases and proteases, kinases, and modulatory proteins. Working in a coordinated fashion, these CD137-signalosomes will ultimately promote CD137-mediated T cell proliferation and survival and will endow T cells with stronger effector functions. Current evidence allows to envision the molecular events that might take place in the early stages of CD137-signalosome formation, underscoring the key roles of TRAFs and of K63 and K48-ubiquitination of target proteins in the signaling process. Understanding the composition and fine regulation of CD137-signalosomes assembly and disassembly will be key to improve the therapeutic activities of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) encompassing the CD137 cytoplasmic domain and a new generation of CD137 agonists for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Zapata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Perez-Chacon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Carr-Baena
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Martinez-Forero
- Departamento de Inmunologia and Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Departamento de Inmunologia and Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itziar Otano
- Departamento de Inmunologia and Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Departamento de Inmunologia and Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,MSD, London, United Kingdom.,Departamento de Inmunologia e Inmunoterapia, Clinica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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