Role of Zinc in Immune System and Anti-Cancer Defense Mechanisms

Elucidating cuproptosis-related gene SLC31A1 diagnostic and prognostic values in cancer

OBJECTIVES

Cancer remains a global health challenge, necessitating the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Cuproptosis, a recently recognized form of cell death linked to copper metabolism, presents a promising avenue for anticancer strategies. We investigated the clinical significance of SLC31A1, a key regulator of cuproptosis, in multiple cancer types, aiming to elucidate its potential as a diagnostic biomarker, prognostic, indicator and therapeutic target.

METHODS

We conducted a pan-cancer analysis through TIMER2.0, evaluating SLC31A1 expression across multiple cancer types. Survival analysis was performed using KM plotter. Expression validation was carried out using UALCAN and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. Methylation analysis was conducted with the help of ULACAN and OncoDB. Mutational analysis was performed using cBioPortal database. Immune infiltration analysis via the TIMER2.0 and gene enrichment analysis via the Metascape were performed to gain insights into the potential mechanisms underlying SLC31A1's role in cancer. Finally, Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to confirm SLC31A1 expression in clinical samples.

RESULTS

Out of analyzed cancer, SLC31A1 exhibited significant up-regulation and correlation with worse overall survival (OS) across Breast Cancer (BRCA), Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CESC), Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSC), and Esophageal Carcinoma (ESCA). Mutational and promoter methylation analyses further revealed that hypomethylation is the major cause of SLC31A1 overexpression among BRCA, CESC, HNSC, and ESCA. Immune infiltration analysis showed significant associations between SLC31A1 expression and the presence of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Gene enrichment analysis provided valuable insights into potential molecular pathways in context to BRCA, CESC, HNSC, and ESCA. Furthermore, when SLC31A1 was analyzed using clinical samples through RT-qPCR, this gene showed promising diagnostic potential, reflected by high Area Under the Curve (AUC) values.

CONCLUSION

Our pan-cancer study highlights the up-regulation of SLC31A1 and its correlation with worse OS in BRCA, CESC, HNSC, and ESCA. In sum, outcomes of this study showed that SLC31A1 could be a potential biomarker and novel therapeutic target of BRCA, CESC, HNSC, and ESCA.

Multifunctional 3D-printed scaffolds eradiate orthotopic osteosarcoma and promote osteogenesis via microwave thermo-chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy

Tumor recurrence and a lack of bone-tissue integration are two critical concerns in the surgical treatment of osteosarcoma. Thus, an advanced multifunctional therapeutic platform capable of simultaneously eliminating residual tumor cells and promoting bone regeneration is urgently needed for efficient osteosarcoma treatment. Herein, to thoroughly eliminate tumors and simultaneously promote bone regeneration, an intelligent multifunctional therapeutic scaffold has been engineered by integrating microwave-responsive zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) nanomaterials loaded with a chemotherapeutic drug and an immune checkpoint inhibitor onto 3D-printed titanium scaffolds. The constructed scaffold features distinct microwave-thermal sensitization and tumor microenvironment-responsive characteristics, which can induce tumor immunogenic death by microwave hyperthermia and chemotherapy. Orthotopic implantation of the nanocomposite scaffold results in an enhanced immune response against osteosarcoma that may effectively inhibit tumor recurrence through synergistic immunotherapy. During long-term implantation, the zinc ions released from the degradation of ZIF-8 can induce the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. The porous structure and mechanical properties of the 3D-printed titanium scaffolds provide a structural microenvironment for bone regeneration. This study provides a paradigm for the design of multifunctional microwave-responsive composite scaffolds for use as a therapy for osteosarcoma, which could lead to improved strategies for the treatment of the disease.

Zinc-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Proton-Activatable Agent for Dose Range Verification in Proton Therapy

Proton therapy allows the treatment of specific areas and avoids the surrounding tissues. However, this technique has uncertainties in terms of the distal dose fall-off. A promising approach to studying the proton range is the use of nanoparticles as proton-activatable agents that produce detectable signals. For this, we developed an iron oxide nanoparticle doped with Zn (IONP@Zn-cit) with a hydrodynamic size of 10 nm and stability in serum. Cytotoxicity, defined as half of the surveillance, was 100 μg Zn/mL in the U251 cell line. The effect on clonogenic cell death was tested after X-ray irradiation, which suggested a radioprotective effect of these nanoparticles at low concentrations (1-10 μg Zn/mL). To evaluate the production of positron emitters and prompt-gamma signals, IONP@Zn-cit was irradiated with protons, obtaining prompt-gamma signals at the lowest measured concentration (10 mg Zn/mL). Finally, 67Ga-IONP@Zn-cit showed accumulation in the liver and spleen and an accumulation in the tumor tissue of 0.95% ID/g in a mouse model of U251 cells. These results suggest the possibility of using Zn nanoparticles as proton-activatable agents to verify the range by prompt gamma detection and face the challenges of prompt gamma detection in a specific biological situation, opening different avenues to go forward in this field.

Homo- and heterometallic complexes of Zn(II), {Zn(II)Au(I)}, and {Zn(II)Ag(I)} with pentadentate Schiff base ligands as promising anticancer agents

Two families of homo- and heterometallic complexes, [Zn2L1(μ-OH)(H2O)2](ClO4)2, [Zn2L2(μ-OH)(H2O)2](ClO4)2, [Zn2L3(μ-OH)(H2O)2](ClO4)2, 1∞[{L1Zn2(μ-OH)}{μ-[Ag(CN)2]}](ClO4), [{L1Zn2(μ-OH)}2{μ-[Au(CN)2]}{[Au(CN)2]2}](ClO4)·H2O, 1∞[{L2Zn2(μ3-OH)}2(H2O){μ-[Ag(CN)2]}](ClO4)3·THF·0.5MeOH, 1∞[{L2Zn2(μ3-OH)}2(H2O){μ-[Au(CN)2]}](ClO4)3·THF·H2O, and 1∞[{L3Zn2(μ-OH)}{μ-[Ag(CN)2]}][Ag(CN)2]·H2O, respectively, have been synthesized and characterized. The Schiff bases used as ligands were obtained by condensation reactions of 2,6-diformyl-p-cresol with N,N-dimethyl-ethylenediamine (HL1), 2-aminomethyl-pyridine (HL2), and 2-aminoethyl-pyridine (HL3), respectively. The cytotoxic/cytostatic and genotoxic effects in cultured human MCF-7 (luminal type A breast cancer), MDA-MB-231 (triple negative breast cancer), HeLa (cervical carcinoma), and Lep-3 (non-tumor embryonal fibroblastoid cells) were studied. The investigations were performed by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide test (MTT test), neutral red uptake cytotoxicity assay, crystal violet staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining, double staining with acridine orange and propidium iodide, AnnexinV/FITC, and Comet assay in short-term experiments (24-72 h, with monolayer cell cultures) as well as by 3D colony-forming method in long-term experiments (28 days, with 3D cancer cell colonies). The results obtained revealed that: (i) applied at a concentration range of 0.1-100 μg mL-1, the compounds investigated decrease in a time- and concentration-dependent manner the viability and/or proliferation of the treated cells; (ii) complexes of {Zn(II)Au(I)} show relatively higher cytotoxic/genotoxic activity and antitumor potential as compared to {Zn(II)Ag(I)}; (iii) some of the complexes demonstrate more pronounced cytotoxic potential than commercially available antitumor agents cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and epirubicin.

Resorbable Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration: Critical Features, Potentials, and Limitations

Lack of horizontal and vertical bone at the site of an implant can lead to significant clinical problems that need to be addressed before implant treatment can take place. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a commonly used surgical procedure that employs a barrier membrane to encourage the growth of new bone tissue in areas where bone has been lost due to injury or disease. It is a promising approach to achieve desired repair in bone tissue and is widely accepted and used in approximately 40% of patients with bone defects. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive examination of recent advances in resorbable membranes for GBR including natural materials such as chitosan, collagen, silk fibroin, along with synthetic materials such as polyglycolic acid (PGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and their copolymers. In addition, the properties of these materials including foreign body reaction, mechanical stability, antibacterial property, and growth factor delivery performance will be compared and discussed. Finally, future directions for resorbable membrane development and potential clinical applications will be highlighted.

Therapeutic effect of trace elements on multiple myeloma and mechanisms of cancer process

In the human body, trace elements and other micronutrients play a vital role in growth, health and immune system function. The trace elements are Iron, Manganese, Copper, Iodine, Zinc, Cobalt, Fluoride, and Selenium. Estimating the serum levels of trace elements in hematologic malignancy patients can determine the severity of the tumor. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematopoietic malignancy and is characterized by plasma cell clonal expansion in bone marrow. Despite the advances in treatment methods, myeloma remains largely incurable. In addition to conventional medicine, treatment is moving toward less expensive noninvasive alternatives. One of the alternative treatments is the use of dietary supplements. In this review, we focused on the effect of three trace elements including iron, zinc and selenium on important mechanisms such as the immune system, oxidative and antioxidant factors and cell cycle. Using some trace minerals in combination with approved drugs can increase patients' recovery speed. Trace elements can be used as not only a preventive but also a therapeutic tool, especially in reducing inflammation in hematological cancers such as multiple myeloma. We hope that the prospect of the correct use of trace element supplements in the future could be promising for the treatment of diseases.

Zinc-Organometallic Framework Vaccine Controlled-Release Zn2+ Regulates Tumor Extracellular Matrix Degradation Potentiate Efficacy of Immunotherapy

Tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) not only forms a physical barrier for T cells infiltration, but also regulates multiple immunosuppressive pathways, which is an important reason for immunotherapy failure. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway plays a key role in activating CD8+ T cells, maintaining CD8+ T cells stemness and enhancing the antitumor effect. Herein, a zinc-organometallic framework vaccine (ZPM@OVA-CpG) prepared by self-assembly, which achieves site-directed release of Zn2+ in dendritic cell (DC) lysosomes and tumor microenvironment under acidic conditions, is reported. The vaccine actively targets DC, significantly enhances cGAS-STING signal, promotes DC maturation and antigen cross-presentation, and induces strong activation of CD8+ T cells. Meanwhile, the vaccine reaches the tumor site, releasing Zn2+ , significantly up-regulates the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2, degrades various collagen components of tumor ECM, effectively alleviates immune suppression, and significantly enhances the tumor infiltration and killing of CD8+ T cells. ZPM@OVA-CpG vaccine not only solves the problem of low antigen delivery efficiency and weak CD8+ T cells activation ability, but also achieves the degradation of tumor ECM via the vaccine for the first time, providing a promising therapeutic platform for the development of efficient novel tumor vaccines.

Selenium in Cancer Rehabilitation-A Retrospective Study from a Specialized Clinic

BACKGROUND

Micronutrient deficiencies are common at the time of cancer diagnosis and are associated with worse prognosis. Little is known about them in cancer rehabilitation.

METHODS

Data from routine health-related quality of life (HRQOL) were analyzed at an inpatient cancer rehabilitation center. Rehabilitation patients completed the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire before and after multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment and three months after discharge. Selenium and zinc status were measured in whole blood at these three time points. In case of selenium deficiency, up to 600 µg selenium per day as sodium selenite was supplemented for three weeks during and for three months after rehabilitation.

RESULTS

A total of 271 patients (breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer) were included in the analysis. There was clinically meaningful improvement in many domains of the EORTC QLQ-C30 during rehabilitation. However, the effect often waned in the three months after. Prevalence for selenium deficiency varied between 34 to 90% depending on cancer type (breast < colon < pancreas). In contrast, zinc deficiency was rare. Daily selenium supplementation of 600 µg was more efficient to correct selenium deficiency compared to 300 µg selenium per day. Rehabilitation and increasing selenium status after rehabilitation were associated with improved global quality of life, physical and emotional functioning, and fatigue. In cancer patients with decreasing selenium status, values of global quality of life, physical and emotional functioning, and fatigue were back to the values at the beginning of rehabilitation.

CONCLUSIONS

Selenium deficiency is common in cancer patients admitted to a cancer rehabilitation clinic. Selenium supplementation during rehabilitation effectively corrected selenium deficiency in most cases. The positive effects of rehabilitation persisted longer when selenium status did not decrease after rehabilitation.

Association of maternal metals exposure, metabolites and birth outcomes in newborns: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Maternal exposure to metals may pose a risk to the health of newborns, however, the underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. Herein, we aimed to investigate the influence of metals exposure on birth outcomes and reveal the importance of metabolites in the exposure-outcomes association by using metabolomics methods.

METHODS

In our study, 292 mother-pairs were included who were recruited from the affiliated hospitals of Nanjing Medical University between 2006 and 2011. We measured fifteen metals (mercury, lead, vanadium, arsenic, zinc, cadmium, rubidium, copper, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, strontium, thallium, magnesium and calcium) and metabolites in maternal second trimester serums by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography high resolution accurate mass spectrometry, respectively. A multi-step statistical analysis strategy including exposome-wide association study (ExWAS) model, variable selection models and multiple-exposure models were performed to systematically appraise the associations of individual and mixed metals exposure with birth outcomes. Furthermore, differential metabolites that associated with metals exposure and birth outcomes were identified using linear regression models.

RESULTS

Metal's levels in maternal serums ranged from 0.05 μg/L to 1864.76 μg/L. In the ExWAS model, maternal exposure to arsenic was negatively associated with birth weight (β = 188.83; 95% CI: -368.27, -9.39), while maternal mercury exposure showed a positive association (β = 533.65; 95%CI: 179.40, 887.90) with birth weight. Moreover, each unit increase in mercury (1 ng/mL-log transformed) was associated with a 1.82 week-increase (95%CI: 0.85, 2.79) in gestational age. These findings were subsequently validated by variable selection models and multiple exposure models. Metabolomic analysis further revealed the significant role of 3-methyladenine in the relationship between arsenic exposure and birth weight.

CONCLUSION

This study provides new epidemiological evidence indicating the associations of metals exposure and neonatal birth outcomes, and emphasizes the potential role of metabolite biomarkers and their importance in monitoring adverse birth outcomes.

ZnSO4 Protects against premature ovarian failure through PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system. We aimed to investigate the protective effect of ZnSO4 on premature ovarian failure (POF) in SD rats and granulosa cells (GCs) treated with cisplatin. We also explored the underlying mechanisms. In vivo experiments showed that ZnSO4 increased the serum levels of Zn2+, increased estrogen (E2) secretion, and decreased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion in rats. ZnSO4 increased ovarian index, protected ovarian tissues and blood vessels, reduced excessive follicular atresia, and maintained follicular development. At the same time, ZnSO4 inhibited apoptosis in the ovaries. In vitro experiments showed that ZnSO4 combination treatment restored the intracellular levels of Zn2+ and inhibited the apoptosis of GCs. ZnSO4 inhibited cisplatin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and preserved mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). We also found that ZnSO4 protected against POF by activating the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway and reducing apoptosis of GCs. These data suggest that ZnSO4 may be a potential therapeutic agent for protecting the ovaries and preserving fertility during chemotherapy.

Nutraceuticals and Their Contribution to Preventing Noncommunicable Diseases

The high rate of deaths around the world from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) (70%) is a consequence of a poor diet lacking in nutrients and is linked to lifestyle and environmental conditions that together trigger predisposing factors. NCDs have increased 9.8% of public health spending worldwide, which has been increasing since 2000. Hence, international organizations such as the WHO, the Pan American Health Organization, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations have been developing strategic plans to implement government and economic policies to strengthen programs in favor of food security and nutrition. A systematic review is presented to document an analysis of the origin and characteristics of obesity, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, and cancers affecting a large part of the world's population. This review proposes a scientifically based report of functional foods including fruits, vegetables, grains, and plants, and how their bioactive compounds called nutraceuticals-when consumed as part of a diet-benefit in the prevention and treatment of NCDs from an early age. Multifactorial aspects of NCDs, such as culture and eating habits, are limitations to consider from the clinical, nutritional, and biochemical points of view of everyone who suffers from them.

Combined Dextran-Graft-Polyacrylamide/Zinc Oxide Nanocarrier for Effective Anticancer Therapy in vitro

Introduction

Cancer chemotherapy faces two major challenges - high toxicity of active substances and tumor resistance to drugs. Low toxic nanocarriers in combination with anticancer agents can significantly increase the effectiveness of therapy. Modern advances in nanotechnology make it easy to create materials with the necessary physical and chemical properties.

Methods

Two hybrid nanosystems of dextran-polyacrylamide/ zinc oxide nanoparticles (D-PAA/ZnO NPs) were synthesized in aqueous solution with zinc sulphate (D-PAA/ZnO NPs (SO42-)) and zinc acetate (D-PAA/ZnO NPs (-OAc)). The light absorption, fluorescence, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy for nanocomposite characterization were used. MTT, neutral red uptake and scratch assays were selected as fibroblasts cytotoxicity assays. Cytotoxicity was tested in vitro for normal fibroblasts, MAEC, prostate (LNCaP, PC-3, DU-145) and breast (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7) cancer cells lines. Immunocytochemical methods were used for detection of Ki-67, p53, Bcl-2, Bax, e-cadherin, N-cadherin and CD44 expression. Acridine orange was used to detect morphological changes in cells.

Results

The radius of ZnO NPs (SO42-) was 1.5 nm and ZnO NPs (-OAc) was 2 nm. The nanosystems were low-toxic to fibroblasts, MAEC. Cells in the last stages of apoptosis with the formation of apoptotic bodies were detected for all investigated cancer cell lines. Proapoptotic proteins expression in cancer cells indicates an apoptotic death. Increased expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin was registered for cancer cells line LNCaP, PC-3, DU-145 and MCF-7 after 48 h incubation with D-PAA/ZnO NPs (SO42-).

Conclusion

The nanosystems were low-toxic to fibroblasts, MAEC. The D-PAA/ZnO NPs nanosystem synthesized using zinc sulphate demonstrates high cytotoxicity due to destruction of various types of cancer cells in vitro and potentially increases adhesion between cells. Thus, our findings indicate the selective cytotoxicity of D-PAA/ZnO NPs against cancer cells and can be potentially used for cancer treatment.

The Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Growth, Diarrhea, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immune Function in Holstein Dairy Calves

The current study examined the effects of supplementary zinc proteinate (ZnPro) and zinc oxide (ZnO) on growth performance, diarrhea, antioxidant capacity, immune function, and mineral element concentrations of calves aged 1 to 28 days. A total of twenty-four newborn calves were divided randomly into 3 groups (n = 8; 2 males and 6 females per group), and each received: 0 mg/d Zn (CON), 627 mg/d ZnPro (80 mg/d Zn; ZnPro group), and 101 mg/d ZnO (80 mg/d Zn; ZnO group). The calves received the additive in their milk during the first 28 days of life. Compared with the CON group: ZnPro and ZnO improved average daily gain (ADG) and decreased the feed:gain ratio (FGR) between days 1 and 14 (p < 0.05), while the ADG increased and FGR decreased only in the ZnPro group between days 1 and 28 (p < 0.05). The incidence of diarrhea decreased (p < 0.05) in the ZnPro and ZnO groups between days 15 and 28 as well as days 1 and 28, but decreased (p < 0.05) only in the ZnPro group between days 1 and 14. The serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration of the ZnPro and ZnO groups increased on days 14 and 28 (p < 0.05). ZnPro supplementation increased serum IgM concentration during the whole study, while ZnO enhanced serum IgM concentration only on day 14 (p < 0.05). In the ZnO group, the serum concentration of cytokines interleukin (IL)-10 increased on day 14, while that of IL-1β increased on day 28 (p < 0.05). In addition, ZnPro reduced the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration on days 14 and 28 (p < 0.05). Both ZnPro and ZnO increased the serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and metallothionein (MT) on day 14 (p < 0.05). With zinc supplementation, plasma Zn concentration increased (p < 0.05) on days 14 and 28 of age. We concluded that supplementary ZnPro and ZnO reduced incidences of diarrhea and promoted the immune function, but ZnPro improved the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of Holstein dairy calves to a greater extent.

Association of Dietary Intake of Zinc and Selenium with Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in Chinese Women

As major nonenzymatic antioxidant components in the body, dietary Zinc (Zn) and Selenium (Se) may have an impact on breast cancer development. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary Zn, Se intake and breast cancer risk in Chinese women. The case-control study included 1591 cases and 1622 age-frequency matched controls. Dietary intake was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Dietary Zn and Se were divided into four categories: Zn/Se from plants, Zn/Se from meat, Zn/Se from red meat, and Zn/Se from white meat. Unconditional logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline analyses were performed to identify potential associations. Zn from white meat intake was linearly and inversely associated with breast cancer risk, and Se from red meat intake was linearly and positively associated with breast cancer risk, with adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of 0.76 (0.61-0.95) and 1.36 (1.04-1.77), respectively. Non-linear relationships were found between total dietary Zn, Zn from meat, Zn from red meat intake and breast cancer risk (p_{non-linearity} < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary Zn and Se intake were associated with breast cancer risk in Chinese women, and the optimal intake of Zn may be beneficial for breast cancer prevention.

Development, characterization and in vivo zinc absorption capacity of a novel soy meal hydrolysate-zinc complexes

Background

Zinc is an essential trace element for the human body. Recently, a novel Zn-binding peptide, Lys-Tyr-Lys-Arg-Gln-Arg-Trp (PP), was purified and identified from soy protein hydrolysates with high Zn-binding capacity (83.21 ± 2.65%) by our previous study. The preparation of soy meal hydrolysates (SMHs)-Zn complexes is convenient and low-cost, while PP (Lys-Tyr-Lys-Arg-Gln-Arg-Trp)-Zn complexes have a higher coordination rate but a relatively high cost. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of soy meal hydrolysates (SMHs)-Zn complexes on zinc absorption in mice model, and synthetic soy peptide (PP)-Zn complexes with high Zn-binding capacity were used as control. Firstly, SMHs were prepared by enzymolysis, and the PP (Lys-Tyr-Lys-Arg-Gln-Arg-Trp) were synthesized based on previous studies. The binding mechanism of soy hydrolysates and zinc was analyzed by spectral analysis. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the SMHs-Zn complexes was also studied using the CCK-8 method. The effect of zinc absorption was evaluated based on Zn content, total protein and albumin content, relevant enzyme system, and the PeT1 and ZnT1 mRNA expression levels.

Result

The result showed that zinc was bound with carboxyl oxygen and amino nitrogen atoms on SMHs, with hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions as auxiliary stabilizing forces. SMHs-Zn were proved to have great solubility and a small particle size at different pH values, and it showed a beneficial effect on Caco-2 cells growth. Moreover, it was proved that SMHs-Zn and PP-Zn could increase the levels of zinc and the activity of Zn-related enzymes in mice. SMHs-Zn possessed higher PepT1 and ZnT1 mRNA expression levels than PP-Zn in the small intestine.

Conclusion

SMHs-Zn with a lower Zn-binding capacity had similar effects on zinc absorption in mice as PP-Zn, suggesting that the bioavailability of peptide-zinc complexes in mice was not completely dependent on their Zn-binding capacity, but may also be related to the amino acid composition.

Nutritional aspects of inflammatory bowel disease

INTRODUCTION

The number of people diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) continues to increase in most parts of the world. Although the exact etiology of this chronic intestinal disease is not fully understood, nutritional factors appear to play key roles. Furthermore, individuals with IBD are at increased risk of adverse nutritional impacts, including micronutrient deficiencies.

AREAS COVERED

This review aims to summarize recent reports focusing on nutritional factors relevant to the development of IBD and to also review data on nutritional deficiencies seen in individuals with IBD.

EXPERT OPINION

The typical western diet, characterized by high-fat/high-sugar foods, along with food additives, appears to contribute to the etiopathogenesis of IBD. In contrast, some reports indicate that some foods are likely protective. However, there are inconsistencies in the currently available data, reflecting study design and other confounding factors. Furthermore, some of the conclusions are inferred from animal or in vitro studies. The presence of IBD can compromise the nutrition of individuals with one of these disorders: ongoing monitoring is critical. Nutrition and diet in the setting of IBD remain key areas for further and ongoing study.

Toenail arsenic species and metallome profiles associated with breast, cervical, prostate, and skin cancer prevalence in the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow's Health cohort

Introduction

Chronic exposure to arsenic through drinking water has been linked to several cancers. The metabolism of arsenic is thought to play a key role in arsenic-related carcinogenesis as metabolites of varying toxicity are produced and either stored in or excreted from the body. Atlantic Canada has the highest age-standardized incidence rates of all cancers in the country. This may be due to its high levels of environmental arsenic and the prevalence of unregulated private wells for water consumption. Here, we aimed to characterize the profiles of arsenic species and metallome in the toenails of four cancer groups, compare them to healthy participants (N = 338), and assess potential associations between the profiles with cancer prevalence.

Methods

This study employed a case-control design. Toenail samples and questionnaire data from cases (breast, cervical, prostate, and skin cancers) and controls were sourced from the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow's Health (PATH) cohort study. The levels of arsenic species were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) paired with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and total concentrations of metallome (23 metals) were determined by ICP-MS separately. Multivariate analyses were conducted to compare cases with controls within each cancer group.

Results

Arsenic speciation profiles varied by cancer type and were significantly different between cases and controls in the breast (p = 0.0330), cervical (p = 0.0228), and skin (p = 0.0228) cancer groups. In addition, the profiles of metallome (nine metals) were significantly differentiated in the prostate (p = 0.0244) and skin (p = 0.0321) cancer groups, with higher zinc concentrations among cases compared to controls.

Conclusion

History of cancer diagnosis was associated with specific profiles of arsenic species and metallome. Our results indicate that arsenic methylation and zinc levels, as measured in toenails, may be an important biomarker for cancer prevalence. Further research is needed to use toenails as a prognostic measure of arsenic-and other metal-induced cancer.

Variability in Macro- and Micronutrients of 15 Rarely Researched Microalgae

Microalgae have enormous potential for human nutrition, yet the European Commission has authorized the consumption of only eleven species. Strains of fifteen rarely researched microalgae from two kingdoms were screened regarding their nutritional profile and value for human health in two cultivation phases. Contents of protein, fiber, lipids, fatty acids, minerals, trace elements and heavy metals were determined. In the growth phase, microalgae accumulated more arginine, histidine, ornithine, pure and crude protein, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn and less Ni, Mo and I₂ compared to the stationary phase. Higher contents of total fat, C14:0, C14:1_n5, C16:1_n7, C20:4_n6, C20:5_n3 and also As were observed in microalgae from the chromista kingdom in comparison to microalgae from the plantae kingdom (p < 0.05). Conversely, the latter had higher contents of C20:0, C20:1_n9 and C18:3_n3 as well as Ca and Pb (p < 0.05). More precisely, Chrysotila carterae appeared to have great potential for human nutrition because of its high nutrient contents such as fibers, carotenoids, C20:6_n3, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Se, Zn, Ni, Mo and I₂. In summary, microalgae may contribute to a large variety of nutrients, yet the contents differ between kingdoms, cultivation phases and also species.

Distribution of Iron, Copper, Zinc and Cadmium in Glia, Their Influence on Glial Cells and Relationship with Neurodegenerative Diseases

Recent data on the distribution and influence of copper, zinc and cadmium in glial cells are summarized. This review also examines the relationship between those metals and their role in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which have become a great challenge for today's physicians. The studies suggest that among glial cells, iron has the highest concentration in oligodendrocytes, copper in astrocytes and zinc in the glia of hippocampus and cortex. Previous studies have shown neurotoxic effects of copper, iron and manganese, while zinc can have a bidirectional effect, i.e., neurotoxic but also neuroprotective effects depending on the dose and disease state. Recent data point to the association of metals with neurodegeneration through their role in the modulation of protein aggregation. Metals can accumulate in the brain with aging and may be associated with age-related diseases.

Inhibitory Effect of Zinc on Colorectal Cancer by Granzyme B Transcriptional Regulation in Cytotoxic T Cells

Zinc is one of the essential trace elements and is involved in various functions in the body. Zinc deficiency is known to cause immune abnormalities, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Therefore, we focused our research on tumor immunity to elucidate the effect of zinc on colorectal cancer and its mechanisms. Mice were treated with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to develop colorectal cancer, and the relationship between zinc content in the diet and the number and area of tumors in the colon was observed. The number of tumors in the colon was significantly higher in the no-zinc-added group than in the normal zinc intake group, and about half as many in the high-zinc-intake group as in the normal-zinc-intake group. In T-cell-deficient mice, the number of tumors in the high-zinc-intake group was similar to that in the normal-zinc-intake group, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of zinc was dependent on T cells. Furthermore, we found that the amount of granzyme B transcript released by cytotoxic T cells upon antigen stimulation was significantly increased by the addition of zinc. We also showed that granzyme B transcriptional activation by zinc addition was dependent on calcineurin activity. In this study, we have shown that zinc exerts its tumor-suppressive effect by acting on cytotoxic T cells, the center of cellular immunity, and increases the transcription of granzyme B, one of the key molecules in tumor immunity.

Serum copper, zinc and copper/zinc ratio in relation to survival after breast cancer diagnosis: A prospective multicenter cohort study

BACKGROUND

The essential trace elements copper and zinc, and their ratio (copper/zinc), are important for maintaining redox homeostasis. Previous studies suggest that these elements may impact breast cancer survival. However, no epidemiological study has so far been conducted on the potential association between copper and copper/zinc levels and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between serum copper, zinc and copper/zinc levels and survival following breast cancer diagnosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The Sweden Cancerome Analysis Network - Breast Initiative (SCAN-B) is a population-based cohort study including multiple participating hospitals in Sweden. A total of 1998 patients diagnosed with primary invasive breast cancer were followed for approximately nine years. Serum levels of copper and zinc and their ratio at the time of diagnosis was analyzed in relation to breast cancer survival using multivariate Cox regression, yielding hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS

A higher copper/zinc ratio was associated with lower overall survival after breast cancer diagnosis. Comparing patients with a copper/zinc ratio in quartile 4 vs 1, the crude HR was 2.29 (1.65-3.19) (P_trend <0.01) and the fully adjusted HR was 1.58 (1.11-2.25) (P_trend = 0.01). No overall associations were seen between serum copper or zinc levels on their own and survival after breast cancer diagnosis, although a tendency toward lower breast cancer survival was seen for higher copper levels and lower zinc levels.

CONCLUSION

There is evidence that the serum copper/zinc ratio provides an independent predictive value for overall survival following breast cancer diagnosis.

Recapitulating Antioxidant and Antibacterial Compounds into a Package for Tissue Regeneration: Dual Function Materials with Synergistic Effect

Oxidative damage and infection can prevent or delay tissue repair. Moreover, infection reinforces reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, which makes the wound's condition even worse. Therefore, the need for antioxidant and antibacterial agents is felt for tissue regeneration. There are emerging up-and-coming biomaterials that recapitulate both properties into a package, offering an effective solution to turn the wound back into a healing state. In this article, the principles of antioxidant and antibacterial activity are summarized. The review starts with biological aspects, getting the readers to familiarize themselves with tissue barriers against infection. This is followed by the chemistry and mechanism of action of antioxidant and antibacterial materials (dual function). Eventually, the outlook and challenges are underlined to provide where the dual-function biomaterials are and where they are going in the future. It is expected that the present article inspires the designing of dual-function biomaterials to more advanced levels by providing the fundamentals and comparative points of view and paving the clinical way for these materials.

Antioxidants as Protection against Reactive Oxidative Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) belongs to a group of chronic diseases characterised by periods of exacerbation and remission. Despite many studies and observations, its aetiopathogenesis is still not fully understood. The interactions of genetic, immunological, microbiological, and environmental factors can induce disease development and progression, but there is still a lack of information on these mechanisms. One of the components that can increase the risk of occurrence of IBD, as well as disease progression, is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. The endogenous and exogenous components that make up the body's antioxidant defence can significantly affect IBD prophylaxis and reduce the risk of exacerbation by neutralising and removing ROS, as well as influencing the inflammatory state.

The Biochemistry and Effectiveness of Antioxidants in Food, Fruits, and Marine Algae

It is more effective to maintain good health than to regain it after losing it. This work focuses on the biochemical defense mechanisms against free radicals and their role in building and maintaining antioxidant shields, aiming to show how to balance, as much as possible, the situations in which we are exposed to free radicals. To achieve this aim, foods, fruits, and marine algae with a high antioxidant content should constitute the basis of nutritional elements, since natural products are known to have significantly greater assimilation efficiency. This review also gives the perspective in which the use of antioxidants can extend the life of food products, by protecting them from damage caused by oxidation as well as their use as food additives.

Aspartate beta-hydroxylase domain containing 1 as a prognostic marker associated with immune infiltration in skin cutaneous melanoma

BACKGROUND

Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is an extremely malignant tumor and accounts for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Aspartate beta-hydroxylase domain containing 1 (ASPHD1) may participate in cancer progression through controlling α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. However, its role in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) has not been well studied.

METHODS

The gene expression data of ASPDH1 and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from TCGA and GTEx were evaluated, and verified via the GEO database. Then, we performed GO/KEGG, GSEA, PPI network analysis to analyze the functional implications of the DEGs related to ASPHD1. Then, the association between the ASPHD1 expression and clinical parameters was investigated by Cox regression analysis. Subsequently, the survival time of SKCM patients was evaluated by plotting Kaplan-Meier curves. Moreover, we investigated the correlation between the ASPHD1 expression and lymphocytic infiltration by using the data from TISIDB and TIMER 2.0. Next, we explored the association between ASPHD1 expression and drug sensitivity. Finally, we validate the expression differences by analyzing the results of qPCR, Western blot from human normal epidermal melanocytes and melanoma cells, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) from non-tumor skin as well as melanoma tissues.

RESULTS

The ASPHD1 expression level was significantly upregulated in several cancers, including SKCM especially SKCM-metastasis tissues, and patients with an increased ASPHD1 expression had longer overall survival time than low expression ones. The functional enrichment analysis of ASPHD1-related DEGs showed an association with cell development regulation and tumorigenic pathways. Furthermore, the increased ASPHD1 expression level was associated with the level of immunostimulors, immunoinhibitors, chemokines, and TILs, such as CD4⁺, CD8⁺ T cell, mast cell, Th2 cell, and dendritic cell. More interesting, we found that ASPHD1 expression was tightly associated with CTLA4 and CD276 which are immune checkpoint markers. Moreover, the upregulated expression of ASPHD1 exhibited higher IC50 values for 24 chemotherapy drugs, including doxorubicin, and masitinib. Finally, the differential expression of ASPHD1 in SKCM was validated by the results of qPCR, Western blot, and IHC.

CONCLUSION

The expression of ASPHD1 in SKCM patients is closely related to patient survival. ASPHD1 may participate in the regulation of tumor immune microenvironment. Additionally, it may serve as a prognostic biomarker for SKCM and future in-depth studies are necessary to explore its value.

A Systematic Study on Zinc-Related Metabolism in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer has become the most common cancer worldwide. Despite the major advances made in the past few decades in the treatment of breast cancer using a combination of chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and immunotherapy, the genesis, treatment, recurrence, and metastasis of this disease continue to pose significant difficulties. New treatment approaches are therefore urgently required. Zinc is an important trace element that is involved in regulating various enzymatic, metabolic, and cellular processes in the human body. Several studies have shown that abnormal zinc homeostasis can lead to the onset and progression of various diseases, including breast cancer. This review highlights the role played by zinc transporters in pathogenesis, apoptosis, signal transduction, and potential clinical applications in breast cancer. Additionally, the translation of the clinical applications of zinc and associated molecules in breast cancer, as well as the recent developments in the zinc-related drug targets for breast cancer treatment, is discussed. These developments offer novel insights into understanding the concepts and approaches that could be used for the diagnosis and management of breast cancer.

Zinc/Cerium-Substituted Magnetite Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Numerous studies have reported the possibility of enhancing the properties of materials by incorporating foreign elements within their crystal lattice. In this context, while magnetite has widely known properties that have been used for various biomedical applications, the introduction of other metals within its structure could prospectively enhance its effectiveness. Specifically, zinc and cerium have demonstrated their biomedical potential through significant antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial features. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a series of zinc and/or cerium-substituted magnetite nanoparticles that could further be used in the medical sector. The nanostructures were synthesized through the co-precipitation method and their morpho-structural characteristics were evaluated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. Furthermore, the nanostructures were subjected to a ROS-Glo H2O2 assay for assessing their antioxidant potential, MTT assay for determining their anticancer effects, and antimicrobial testing against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans strains. Results have proven promising for future biomedical applications, as the nanostructures inhibit oxidative stress in normal cells, with between two- and three-fold reduction and cell proliferation in tumor cells; a two-fold decrease in cell viability and microbial growth; an inhibition zone diameter of 4–6 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1–2 mg/mL.

Role of Antioxidant Vitamins and Other Micronutrients on Regulations of Specific Genes and Signaling Pathways in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer

Cancer is an escalating global issue, with 19.3 million new cases and 9.9 million deaths in 2020. Therefore, effective approaches to prevent cancer are urgently required. Diet plays a significant role in determining cancer risk. Nutrients and food bioactives influence specific signaling pathways in the body. Recently, there have been significant advances in cancer prevention research through nutrigenomics or with the effects of dietary components on the genome. Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases were used to search for peer-reviewed articles between 2017 and 2023. Criteria used were vitamins, minerals, tumors, cancer, genes, inflammation, signaling pathways, and nutrigenomics. Among the total of 1857 articles available, the highest relevant 90 articles that specifically discussed signaling pathways and genes on cancer cell lines and human cancer patients were selected and reviewed. Food sources are rich in antioxidant micronutrients, which are effective in activating or regulating signaling pathways involved in pathogenesis and cancer therapy by activating enzymes such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase C (PKC), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). The micronutrients are involved in the regulation of β-catenin (WNT/β-catenin) including mutations in Kras and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) alongside inhibition of the NF-kB pathway. The most common mechanism of cancer prevention by these micronutrients is their antioxidative, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis effects. This review discusses how nutrigenomics is essential and beneficial for developing cancer prevention and treatment approaches.

Nutritional deficiencies that may predispose to long COVID

Multiple nutritional deficiencies (MND) confound studies designed to assess the role of a single nutrient in contributing to the initiation and progression of disease states. Despite the perception of many healthcare practitioners, up to 25% of Americans are deficient in five-or-more essential nutrients. Stress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic further increases the prevalence of deficiency states. Viral infections compete for crucial nutrients with immune cells. Viral replication and proliferation of immunocompetent cells critical to the host response require these essential nutrients, including zinc. Clinical studies have linked levels of more than 22 different dietary components to the likelihood of COVID-19 infection and the severity of the disease. People at higher risk of infection due to MND are also more likely to have long-term sequelae, known as Long COVID.

Zinc: From Biological Functions to Therapeutic Potential

The trace element zinc (Zn) displays a wide range of biological functions. Zn ions control intercellular communication and intracellular events that maintain normal physiological processes. These effects are achieved through the modulation of several Zn-dependent proteins, including transcription factors and enzymes of key cell signaling pathways, namely those involved in proliferation, apoptosis, and antioxidant defenses. Efficient homeostatic systems carefully regulate intracellular Zn concentrations. However, perturbed Zn homeostasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic human diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, depression, Wilson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other age-related diseases. This review focuses on Zn's roles in cell proliferation, survival/death, and DNA repair mechanisms, outlines some biological Zn targets, and addresses the therapeutic potential of Zn supplementation in some human diseases.

Cadmium exposure and the risk of prostate cancer among Nigerian men: effect modification by zinc status

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer (PCa) may result from an interplay between many factors including exposure to trace elements. This study examined the association between cadmium exposure and PCa among Nigerian men and evaluated possible modification of this effect by zinc status.

METHODS

This case-control study involved men with histologically confirmed PCa (n = 82), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH; n = 93) and controls (n = 98), aged between 40 and 80 years. Study participants were recruited from the main teaching hospital that draws clients from the entire Anambra State in South-Eastern Nigeria. Blood and urine samples were collected from these participants and were analyzed for trace elements using ICP-MS. Statistical models were used to assess the exposure risk for cadmium exposure as well as the mediating effect of zinc status.

RESULTS

Among men with prostatic disorders (case-case analysis), every 10-fold increase in urinary cadmium was associated with increased risk of PCa (adjusted odds ratios: 2.526; 95% CI: 1.096-5.821). Men in the highest blood zinc quartile had lower odds of PCa compared to the lowest quartile (AOR: 0.19; 95% CI, 0.06-0.54; p-for trend = 0.001). Zinc-specific effect was observed in this group: every 10-fold increase in urinary cadmium was associated with increased risk of PCa among men with creatinine-adjusted urinary zinc levels below the median value (AOR: 8.46; 95% CI: 1.97 -36.39) but not in those above the median value (AOR: 1.55; 95% CI: 0.45 - 5.39).

CONCLUSION

Higher exposure to cadmium may be associated with increased risk of PCa in Nigeria and probably other countries with high prevalence of Zn deficiency. These results point to the need to consider co-occurring trace metals in any effort to mitigate the toxicity of Cd in the environment.

Human papillomavirus infection, cervical cancer and the less explored role of trace elements

Cervical cancer is an aggressive type of cancer affecting women worldwide. Many affected individuals rely on smear tests for the diagnosis, surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation for their treatment. However, due to a broad set of undesired results and side-effects associated with the existing protocols, the search for better diagnostic and therapeutic interventions is a never-ending pursuit. In the purview, the bio-concentration of trace elements (copper, selenium, zinc, iron, arsenic, manganese, and cadmium) is seen to fluctuate during the occurrence of cervical cancer and its progression from pre-cancerous to metastatic nature. Thus, during the occurrence of cervical cancer, the detection of trace elements and their supplementation will prove to be highly advantageous in developing diagnostic tools and therapeutics, respectively. This review provides a detailed overview of cervical cancer, its encouragement by human papillomavirus infections, the mechanism of pathology, and resistance. Majorly, the review emphasizes the less explored role of trace elements, their contribution to the growth and inhibition of cervical cancer. Numerous clinical trials have been listed, thereby providing a comprehensive reference to the exploration of trace elements in the management of cervical cancer.

The Role of Chosen Essential Elements (Zn, Cu, Se, Fe, Mn) in Food for Special Medical Purposes (FSMPs) Dedicated to Oncology Patients-Critical Review: State-of-the-Art

The scoping review aimed to characterise the role of selected essential elements (Zn, Cu, Se, Fe, Mn) in food for special medical purposes (FSMPs) aimed at oncology patients. The scope review was conducted using Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to find published references on this subject. Data from the reviewed literature were related to the physiological functions of the element in the body, and the effects of deficiencies and excesses, referring to the latest ESPEN and EFSA guidelines, among others. Important dietary indices/parameters based on the literature review are provided for each element. On the basis of the literature, data on the level of elements in patients with cancer were collected. The content of these elements in 100 mL of FSMPs was read from the manufacturers' declarations. The literature has been provided on the importance of each element in cancer. Our findings show that the essential elements (Zn, Cu, Se, Fe, and Mn) of FSMPs for cancer patients are not adequately treated. We suggest solutions to ensure the safe use of FSMPs in oncology patients.

Zinc Chloride Can Mitigate the Alterations in Metallothionein and Some Apoptotic Proteins Induced by Cadmium Chloride in Mice Hepatocytes: A Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

The heavy metal cadmium is extremely harmful to both humans and animals. Zinc supplementation protects the biological system and reduces cadmium-induced toxicity. This study aimed to determine whether zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) could protect male mice with the damaged liver induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl₂). The protective role of zinc chloride and expression of the metallothionein (MT), Ki-67, and Bcl-2 apoptotic proteins in hepatocytes were studied after subchronic exposure of mice to cadmium chloride for 21 days. Thirty male mice were randomly categorized into 6 groups (5 mice/group) as follows: a control group that did not receive any treatment, a group given ZnCl₂ at 10 mg/kg alone, and two groups received ZnCl₂ (10 mg/kg) in combination with CdCl₂ at two concentrations (1.5 and 3 mg/kg), while the last two groups received CdCl₂ alone at 1.5 and 3 mg/kg, respectively. Immunohistochemical examination revealed a decrease in Ki-67 expression in Kupffer and endothelial cells, which reflected cell proliferation downregulation accompanied by MT increased expression. However, the Bcl-2 was ameliorated and reduced to demonstrate an enhanced rate of necrosis rather than apoptosis. Furthermore, histopathological results showed significant alteration such as hepatocytes with a pyknotic nucleus, infiltration of inflammatory cells around the central vein, and the presence of many binucleated hepatocytes. Zinc chloride treatment resulted in histological and morphological improvements that were average in the expression of apoptosis proteins modifications induced by cadmium. Our findings revealed that the positive effects of zinc might be linked to the high metallothionein expression and enhanced cell proliferation. Furthermore, at low-dose exposure, cadmium-induced damage to cells could be more closely related to necrosis rather than apoptosis.

Associations of serum zinc, copper, and selenium with sleep disorders in the American adults: Data from NHANES 2011-2016

BACKGROUND

Even though various studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between trace metals and sleep, few epidemiological studies have evaluated the relationship between trace metals and sleep disorders in American adults.

OBJECTIVE

This study intended to evaluate the associations of serum zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), Zn/Cu, Zn/Se, and Cu/Se ratios with sleep disorders in American adults.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 3660 adults aged ≥18 years old who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2016. Binary logistic regression was employed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) of either serum trace metals or serum trace metals ratios with risks among sleep disorder phenotypes. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was additionally utilized to check the dose-response relationships between serum trace metals, serum trace metals ratios, and sleep disorders.

RESULTS

Logistic regression demonstrated that higher serum Zn (OR: 0.70, 95 % CI: 0.51-0.97, p = 0.035), Zn/Cu (OR: 0.62, 95 % CI: 0.45-0.87, p = 0.007), and Zn/Se (OR: 0.68, 95 % CI: 0.49-0.95, p = 0.025) were related to a decreased likelihood of self-reported sleep disorders, and dose-response relationships were detected by the RCS models, after adjustment for sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics. No associations between serum Cu, Se, Cu/Se, and sleep disorders were observed. The findings in the sensitivity analyses were consistent with these results.

CONCLUSION

Our study revealed that serum Zn, Zn/Cu, and Zn/Se were inversely associated with the risk of self-reported sleep disorders in US adults.

FBXO30 functions as a tumor suppressor and an E3 ubiquitin ligase for hZIP1‑mediated HIF‑1α degradation in renal cell carcinoma

Studies on clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are gaining momentum due to its high malignancy and potential to metastasize. F‑box protein 30 (FBXO30) is a member of the F‑box protein family; however, its role and mechanism in cancer remains to be fully elucidated. Western blotting, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and immunohistochemsitry were performed to detect the expression levels of FBXO30 in ccRCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Tumor biological function assays and animal experiments were conducted to clarify the inhibitory effect of FBXO30 on the progression and metastasis of ccRCC. Protein half‑life assay, MG132 inhibition assay, immunofluorescence assay and co‑immunoprecipitation assay were performed to explore the ubiquitination mechanism of FBXO30 and HIF‑1α. Zinc supplementation assay was used to verify the regulatory relationship between human ZRT, IRT‑like protein 1 (hZIP1), FBXO30 and HIF‑1α. The present study revealed that the expression levels of FBXO30 were lower in ccRCC tissues compared with those in normal adjacent tissues. In addition, FBXO30 inhibited the tumorigenesis and metastatic capacity of ccRCC cells in vivo and in vitro. FBXO30 mediated the ubiquitination and degradation of hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α (HIF‑1α) in ccRCC cells under normoxia, thereby inhibiting the oncogenic effect of HIF‑1α. Notably, hZIP1 served as an upstream regulator of FBXO30, regulating the expression of FBXO30 and HIF‑1α by recruiting Zn²⁺. In conclusion, the present data suggested that FBXO30 is a novel E3 ubiquitination ligase that can function as a tumor suppressor in ccRCC, and the hZIP1/Zn²⁺/FBXO30/HIF‑1α axis may provide potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for ccRCC.

An Assessment of Serum Selenium Concentration in Women with Ovarian Cancer

BACKGROUND

Available studies on the effect of serum selenium levels on the risk of malignancies show some conflicting results. In this study, we investigated the correlation between serum selenium levels and ovarian cancer occurrence.

METHODS

314 women (157 diseased patients and 157 healthy ones) matched in terms of age and BMI were included in the study. The measurements of selenium in the collected blood samples were performed using an ICP mass spectrometer. Univariable and multivariable analyzes were performed to determine the relationship between the factors under the study and the occurrence of ovarian cancer.

RESULTS

The mean concentration of selenium was lower among diseased ones than among controls (53.31 μg/L vs. 78.99 μg/L). A decrease in selenium concentration was noticed with the advancement of ovarian cancer. In univariable and multivariable analyzes, a clear relationship between low selenium concentration and the occurrence of ovarian cancer was found (35.3 (95% CI: 11.2-111; p < 0.001) and 45.8 (95% CI: 12.8-164; p < 0.001)).

CONCLUSION

The studied patients with ovarian cancer are characterized by statistically significant lower serum selenium levels than patients from the control group. Among the study group, a decrease in selenium concentration was observed with an increase in the FIGO stage. The determination of the role of selenium as a prophylactic factor in ovarian cancer requires further prospective studies.

Serum zinc levels in cancer patients are low and difficult to elevate when complicated by liver cirrhosis: A retrospective study

In this study, we analyzed blood zinc concentration in patients with various cancer types and the degree of improvement in relation to the underlying disease following treatment with zinc preparations. Serum zinc levels of 530 cancer patients whose blood zinc levels were measured at our hospital from 2016 to 2021 were retrospectively examined in accordance with the primary disease. Changes in zinc levels were analyzed in 155 patients whose zinc levels had been measured on 2 or more occasions in accordance with whether they had received zinc preparations. In addition, the concentration course of zinc before and after zinc formulation administration in 73 patients was examined in accordance with the presence or absence of liver cirrhosis complications. Mean serum zinc levels were below normal in all carcinomas measured, and zinc levels were significantly lower in cirrhosis-hepatocarcinoma cases than in other primary disease cases. Furthermore, serum zinc levels in patients who did not receive zinc preparations decreased significantly over time. In patients who received zinc preparations, the elevated levels of zinc after treatment were significantly lower in patients with cirrhosis than in those without cirrhosis. There was a weak inverse correlation between pre-dose zinc concentration and increased zinc concentration in patients with cirrhosis. In the analysis of covariance, the presence of liver cirrhosis was predominantly correlated with elevated zinc per dose. In summary, serum zinc levels in cancer patients are low and especially low in cancer patients with liver cirrhosis compared with those without cirrhosis after the administration of zinc preparations.

Comparative evaluation of serum zinc level in head and neck cancer patients before and after radiation therapy

Background

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) include 5.3% of all cancers and they are the cause of the same 5.3% of cancer deaths. Oxidative stress has a crucial role in cancer progression and cancer therapy. Ionizing radiation causes cell malfunction and death by creating reactive oxygen species. Due to its antioxidant activity, immune system power enhancement and role in apoptosis, zinc is a crucial trace element in oncology including HNCs. We decided to compare serum zinc level of HNC patients before and after RT, to assess the potential effects of ionizing radiation therapy on serum zinc.

Methods

Fifty-seven HNC patients, who were candidates for curative radiation therapy (RT), were enrolled and their serum zinc level just before and 2 months after completion of RT were checked in a single laboratory. RT was prescribed by linear accelerator with 60 to 70 Gy by conventional method. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20.

Results

Mean serum zinc prior to RT and following RT were 77.64±13.45 mg/dl and 68.28±11.93 mg/dl, respectively, which was lower following RT (p<0.001). Patients' sex, age and duration from diagnosis to treatment and site of disease didn't have any impact on serum zinc difference.

Conclusion

This study showed that RT of HNCs leads to serum zinc reduction, which is greater in nodal disease because of either larger field or higher dose of radiation. Taking zinc supplements while being treated by RT, may be necessary.

A novel zinc metabolism-related gene signature to predict prognosis and immunotherapy response in lung adenocarcinoma

Background

Zinc is a key mineral element in regulating cell growth, development, and immune system. We constructed the zinc metabolism-related gene signature to predict prognosis and immunotherapy response for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

Methods

Zinc metabolism-associated gene sets were obtained from Molecular Signature Database. Then, the zinc metabolism-related gene signature (ZMRGS) was constructed and validated. After combining with clinical characteristics, the nomogram for practical application was constructed. The differences in biological pathways, immune molecules, and tumor microenvironment (TME) between the different groups were analyzed. Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion algorithm (TIDE) and two immunotherapy datasets were used to evaluate the immunotherapy response.

Results

The signature was constructed according to six key zinc metabolism-related genes, which can well predict the prognosis of LUAD patients. The nomogram also showed excellent prediction performance. Functional analysis showed that the low-risk group was in the status of immune activation. More importantly, the lower risk score of LUAD patients showed a higher response rate to immunotherapy.

Conclusion

The state of zinc metabolism is closely connected to prognosis, tumor microenvironment, and response to immunotherapy. The zinc metabolism-related signature can well evaluate the prognosis and immunotherapy response for LUAD patients.

Systemic Essential Metal and Metalloid Levels in Patients with Benign Breast Disease and Breast Cancer

The objective of the present study is evaluation of serum and hair levels of essential metals and metalloids in women with benign breast disease and breast cancer in order to define similar and distinct patterns that may mediate the link between these pathologies. A total of 310 adult women aged 20-80 years old were enrolled in the present study. Of those, 103 patients had benign (fibrocystic) breast disease, 107 patients had breast cancer (stage II), and 100 women were healthy and with absence of breast pathology. Trace metal and metalloid levels in hair and serum were evaluated by inductively coupled argon plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS). The data demonstrate that breast cancer patients were characterized by significantly higher hair Cr and V levels, as well as reduced Cu and Mn content as compared to both benign breast disease patients and controls. In contrast, serum Cu levels in women with breast cancer exceeded those in the controls and benign breast disease cases. Patients with both benign and malignant breast tumors were characterized by lower serum Mn levels as compared to the control values. Serum Cu/Zn and especially Cu/Mn were found to be significantly increased in cancer patients. Significantly reduced hair and serum Se levels were noted only in women with fibrocystic disease. Based on the analysis of two biosamples, it is proposed that malignant breast tumor development is associated with the reduction of systemic Mn and Zn levels, and a concomitant elevation of Cu concentrations.

Nutraceuticals: A Promising Therapeutic Approach in Ophthalmology

Oxidative stress represents one of the main factors driving the pathophysiology of multiple ophthalmic conditions including presbyopia, cataracts, dry eye disease (DED), glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Currently, different studies have demonstrated the role of orally administered nutraceuticals in these diseases. For instance, they have demonstrated to improve lens accommodation in presbyopia, reduce protein aggregation in cataracts, ameliorate tear film stability, break up time, and tear production in dry eye, and participate in the avoidance of retinal neuronal damage and a decrease in intraocular pressure in glaucoma, contribute to the delayed progression of AMD, or in the prevention or treatment of neuronal death in diabetic retinopathy. In this review, we summarized the nutraceuticals which have presented a positive impact in ocular disorders, emphasizing the clinical assays. The characteristics of the different types of nutraceuticals are specified along with the nutraceutical concentration used to achieve a therapeutic outcome in ocular diseases.

Zinc deficiency is associated with gynecologic cancer recurrence

Zinc deficiency can cause various symptoms, including hair loss, anemia, and taste disorders. Recently, the association between cancer and zinc deficiency has received much attention with respect to its antioxidant properties. However, only a few studies have investigated the association between gynecologic cancers and zinc; to date, no studies have evaluated serum zinc status at the onset of gynecologic cancer or the relationship between zinc and cancer recurrence. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether serum zinc concentrations are associated with the development of gynecologic cancer, to clarify serum zinc dynamics between the onset and recurrence of gynecologic cancer, and to identify the associated factors. Accordingly, we retrospectively determined serum zinc concentrations before treatment in gynecologic patients with benign disease or cancer at the Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital. We investigated anemia and hypoalbuminemia-the most common causes of zinc deficiency-as indicators of hyponutrition to determine the causal relationship of this deficiency with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and recurrence, which may affect zinc concentration during cancer recurrence. The results indicated that there was no difference in zinc concentration between preoperative cancer patients and noncancer patients and that serum zinc concentrations were not associated with developing gynecologic cancers. However, patients with gynecologic cancer exhibited significantly lower serum zinc concentrations following treatment, and patients with recurrent cancer were 4.8 times more likely to develop zinc deficiency than those with nonrecurrent cancer. A serum zinc concentration of <61 μg/dL was an independent predictor of recurrence. Once zinc deficiency occurred, the recurrence rate of zinc deficiency reached as high as 69%. Overall, our study indicates that zinc deficiency is associated with recurrence in gynecological cancers and physicians should monitor zinc levels during disease management.

The Significance of Zinc in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

Zinc is an essential trace element for the maintenance of life because it acts as a center of activity or cofactor for hundreds of enzymes. Zinc deficiency causes a variety of symptoms, including anemia, dermatitis, stomatitis, alopecia, bedsores, decreased appetite, impaired growth, gonadal dysfunction, susceptibility to infection, and taste disorders, etc. In March 2017, zinc acetate hydrate, which had been approved for Wilson disease in Japan, received an additional indication for hypozincemia. Hypozincemia is frequently observed in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), especially cirrhosis, and it has recently been shown that hypozincemia is closely related to the development of liver fibrosis and increased risk of liver carcinogenesis, in addition to the appearance of various subjective symptoms. Moreover, hypozincemia in CLD may be associated with sarcopenia (i.e., decrease in muscle strength and muscle mass) and frailty (i.e., vulnerability), which receive much attention these days. It is assumed that treatment with zinc acetate hydrate will become widespread in patients with CLD. Zinc acetate hydrate may also have potential for improving sarcopenia in patients with CLD. This review primarily outlines the significance of zinc in patients with CLD.

Potential effect of dietary zinc intake on telomere length: A cross-sectional study of US adults

BACKGROUND

Telomere length, which is related to chronic diseases and premature mortality, is influenced by dietary factors. Zinc is known as a dietary antioxidant micronutrient, however, its impact on telomere length remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to examine the potential effect of dietary zinc intake on telomere length among middle-aged and older individuals in the US.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Our study included 3,793 US participants aged 45 years and older from the 1999 to 2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). 24-h dietary recall interviews were employed to evaluate zinc consumption. Leukocyte telomere length was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We adopted generalized linear models to investigate the effect of dietary zinc intake on telomere length, and subgroup analyses were further applied. We further evaluated the dose-response relationship using restricted cubic spline analysis.

RESULTS

Among the 3,793 participants, the average telomere length was 0.926 ± 0.205 (T/S ratio) or 5509.5 ± 494.9 (bp). After adjusting for major confounders, every 5 mg increment in dietary zinc consumption was related to 0.64% (95% CI: 0.17%, 1.10%) longer telomere length. In the subgroup analyses, significant relationships were found in females (Percentage change: 1.11%; 95% CI: 0.48%, 1.75%), obese (Percentage change: 0.88%; 95% CI: 0.26%, 1.50%), and low energy intake individuals (Percentage change: 0.99%; 95% CI: 0.51%, 1.46%). Additionally, we revealed a positive linear relationship between dietary zinc intake and telomere length (P for non-linearity = 0.636).

CONCLUSION

Our study revealed that elevated dietary zinc intake was significantly related to longer telomere length among adults aged 45 years and older in the US. And the association was more pronounced in females, obese, and low energy intake individuals.

Evaluation of nutrients in bread: a systematic review

Background

A balanced and optimized amount of nutrients in bread, which is the main food in many countries, is necessary to maintain human health. Considering the importance of nutritional values of bread in the food basket of Iranian households, the purpose of this study was to determine the nutrients and their concentrations in breads consumed in Iran.

Methods

This systematic review study was performed to determine the types of nutrients in breads consumed in Iran by searching reputable international databases including Scopus and Google scholar, PubMed, Science direct, ISI (Web of Science). Data were collected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and by searching for relevant keywords, emphasizing the types of nutrients in breads consumed in Iran. Qualitative data were collected using the standard PRISMA checklist (preferential reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis). After verifying the quality of the articles, the information was entered into a checklist such as the name of the first author and year of publication of the research, type of study, number of samples, type of nutrition, type of bread and amount of nutrition measured.

Results

After reviewing the information and quality of articles, 10 articles were qualified for systematic review. The review of the articles showed that different breads were experimented, including: Sangak, Barbari, Taftoon, Lavash, French and local bread. The highest number of experimented bread samples was Sangak. Examination of the articles showed that 6 nutrients were experimented in different breads such as Fe, K, Mg, Ca, Cu and Zn. The highest number of experimented in breads was related to the amount of Zn (13 times) and Cu (10 times), respectively. The results of quality assessment of articles showed that most of the studies were of good quality. The results of articles on the amount of nutrients measured in different breads showed that only in two articles the amount of nutrients was reported to be desirable. In most articles, the amount of nutrients in breads was reported to be lower or higher than standard.

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that the concentration of nutrients in most articles was undesirable. It is suggested that optimal methods of enrichment of breads and flours be done with interdisciplinary cooperation between food hygiene, environmental health, nutrition, farmers and bakers. It is recommended that food hygiene and environmental health researchers investigate other nutrients (including phosphorus, selenium, manganese, boron and molybdenum) in breads and other staple foods used by people to constructive and practical measures to increase public health.

Zinc's Association with the CmPn/CmP Signaling Network in Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis

It is well-known that serum and cellular concentrations of zinc are altered in breast cancer patients. Specifically, there are notable zinc hyper-aggregates in breast tumor cells when compared to normal mammary epithelial cells. However, the mechanisms responsible for zinc accumulation and the consequences of zinc dysregulation are poorly understood. In this review, we detailed cellular zinc regulation/dysregulation under the influence of varying levels of sex steroids and breast cancer tumorigenesis to try to better understand the intricate relationship between these factors based on our current understanding of the CmPn/CmP signaling network. We also made some efforts to propose a relationship between zinc signaling and the CmPn/CmP signaling network.

Dietary zinc intake and mortality in patients with intestinal-type gastric cancer: A prospective cohort study in Korea

PURPOSE

Current evidence regarding the association between zinc intake and gastric cancer (GC)-specific survival in patients with intestinal-type GC is lacking. Therefore, this cohort study investigated the association between zinc intake and GC mortality through follow-up on GC death among patients with intestinal-type GC and whether these effects differ according to the source of zinc intake.

METHODS

A total of 185 patients with intestinal-type GC were enrolled from two hospitals between 2002 and 2006. Their survival or death was prospectively followed up until December 31, 2016, through a review of medical records and telephone surveys.

RESULTS

A total of 178 patients were included and analyzed. The median follow-up period was 7.3 years. In the fully adjusted models, the highest tertile of total zinc intake showed a significantly lower GC mortality than the lowest tertile (hazard ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval: 0.08-0.64). In addition, the tertile of total zinc intake showed a dose-response association with GC mortality (p=0.015). Analysis of the source of zinc intake revealed that when zinc intake from staples (rice and noodles), animal, and plant food sources were combined, the results were similar to those of total zinc intake and GC mortality.

CONCLUSION

Zinc intake through various foods may be effective in reducing GC mortality by achieving balance with other nutrients. Our results suggest that zinc improves the survival of patients with intestinal-type GC in Korea.

Effective treatment of intractable diseases using nanoparticles to interfere with vascular supply and angiogenic process

Angiogenesis is a vital biological process involving blood vessels forming from pre-existing vascular systems. This process contributes to various physiological activities, including embryonic development, hair growth, ovulation, menstruation, and the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue. On the other hand, it is essential in treating a wide range of pathological diseases, such as cardiovascular and ischemic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, malignancies, ophthalmic and retinal diseases, and other chronic conditions. These diseases and disorders are frequently treated by regulating angiogenesis by utilizing a variety of pro-angiogenic or anti-angiogenic agents or molecules by stimulating or suppressing this complicated process, respectively. Nevertheless, many traditional angiogenic therapy techniques suffer from a lack of ability to achieve the intended therapeutic impact because of various constraints. These disadvantages include limited bioavailability, drug resistance, fast elimination, increased price, nonspecificity, and adverse effects. As a result, it is an excellent time for developing various pro- and anti-angiogenic substances that might circumvent the abovementioned restrictions, followed by their efficient use in treating disorders associated with angiogenesis. In recent years, significant progress has been made in different fields of medicine and biology, including therapeutic angiogenesis. Around the world, a multitude of research groups investigated several inorganic or organic nanoparticles (NPs) that had the potential to effectively modify the angiogenesis processes by either enhancing or suppressing the process. Many studies into the processes behind NP-mediated angiogenesis are well described. In this article, we also cover the application of NPs to encourage tissue vascularization as well as their angiogenic and anti-angiogenic effects in the treatment of several disorders, including bone regeneration, peripheral vascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, ischemic stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, post-ischemic cardiovascular injury, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, gene delivery-based angiogenic therapy, protein delivery-based angiogenic therapy, stem cell angiogenic therapy, and diabetic retinopathy, cancer that may benefit from the behavior of the nanostructures in the vascular system throughout the body. In addition, the accompanying difficulties and potential future applications of NPs in treating angiogenesis-related diseases and antiangiogenic therapies are discussed.