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KESER G, NAMDAR PEKİNER F. TREAMENT APPROACH FOR ORAL CANDIDIASIS: TWO CASE REPORTS. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.862928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rajendra Santosh AB, Muddana K, Bakki SR. Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 3:1373-1384. [PMID: 33817556 PMCID: PMC8003891 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-021-00873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of fungal infections is increasing due to immunodeficiency viruses and immunosuppressive drugs. The most common fungal infection of the oral cavity is candidiasis. The existence of Candida can be a part of normal commensal; hence, the isolation of Candida in the absence of clinical symptoms should exclude candidiasis. The pathogenicity of Candida is witnessed as opportunistic when immune status is compromised. Oral fungal infections are uncommon, but when identified, these infections are associated with greater discomfort and are sometimes destruction of tissues. Cytology and tissue biopsy are helpful in confirming the clinical diagnosis. The management of oral fungal infections must strategically focus on signs, symptoms, and culture reports. This article reviews information on diagnosis and therapeutic management of aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, mucormycosis, and geotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keerthi Muddana
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tirumala Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Nizamabad, Telangana India
| | - Shobha Rani Bakki
- Department of Oral Pathology, Meghna Institute of Dental Sciences, Nizamabad, Telangana India
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Okonogi S, Phumat P, Khongkhunthian S, Chaijareenont P, Rades T, Müllertz A. Development of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Containing 4-Allylpyrocatechol for Treatment of Oral Infections Caused by Candida albicans. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020167. [PMID: 33513803 PMCID: PMC7911929 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical use of 4-Allylpyrocatechol (APC), a potential antifungal agent from Piper betle, is limited because of its low water solubility. The current study explores the development of the self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) containing APC (APC-SNEDDS) to enhance APC solubility. Results demonstrated that excipient type and concentration played an important role in the solubility of APC in the obtained SNEEDS. SNEDDS, comprising 20% Miglyol 812N, 30% Maisine 35-1, 40% Kolliphor RH40, and 10% absolute ethanol, provided the highest loading capacity and significantly increased water solubility of APC. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions (NE) with droplet sizes of less than 40 nm and a narrow size distribution were obtained after dispersing this APC-SNEDDS in water. The droplets had a negative zeta potential between -10 and -20 mV. The release kinetics of APC from APC-SNEDDS followed the Higuchi model. The NE containing 1.6 mg APC/mL had effective activity against Candida albicans with dose-dependent killing kinetics and was nontoxic to normal cells. The antifungal potential was similar to that of 1 mg nystatin/mL. These findings suggest that APC-SNEDDS are a useful system to enhance the apparent water solubility of APC and are a promising system for clinical treatment of oral infection caused by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Okonogi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-944-311
| | - Pimpak Phumat
- Interdisciplinary Program in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Sakornrat Khongkhunthian
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (P.C.)
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pisaisit Chaijareenont
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (P.C.)
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (T.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (T.R.); (A.M.)
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Ré ACS, Martins JF, Cunha-Filho M, Gelfuso GM, Aires CP, Gratieri T. New perspectives on the topical management of recurrent candidiasis. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:1568-1585. [PMID: 33469892 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection caused by fungi of the Candida genus that affects mainly mucocutaneous tissues (e.g., vaginal, oral, and mammary). This condition has been known for a long time; thus, innumerous topical and systemic treatments are already available on the market worldwide. Yet, recurrent superficial candidiasis (RSC) is an expected outcome, still lacking effective and convenient treatments. Although several individual conditions may contribute to disease recurrence, biofilms' presence seems to be the main etiological factor contributing to antifungal resistance. More than proposing novel antifungal agents, current research seems to be focusing on improving the pharmaceutical technology aspects of formulations to address such a challenge. These include extending and improving intimate contact of drug delivery systems with the mucocutaneous tissues, increasing drug loading dose, and enhancing topical drug permeation. This review discusses the current understanding of the RSC and the use of pharmaceutical technology tools in obtaining better results. Even though several drawbacks of conventional formulations have been circumvented with the help of nano- or microencapsulation techniques and with the use of mucoadhesive formulation excipients, many challenges remain. In particular, the need to mask the unpalatable taste of formulations for the treatment of oral candidiasis, and the necessity of formulations with a "dryer" sensorial feeling and improved performances in providing higher bioavailability for the treatment of mammary and vaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina S Ré
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Jayanaraian F Martins
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcílio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina P Aires
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Taís Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil. .,Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
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55
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Ok SM, Ho D, Lynd T, Ahn YW, Ju HM, Jeong SH, Cheon K. Candida Infection Associated with Salivary Gland-A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2020; 10:E97. [PMID: 33396602 PMCID: PMC7795466 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are common global opportunistic pathogens that could repeatedly and chronically cause oral mucosa infection and create an inflammatory environment, leading to organ dysfunction. Oral Candida infections may cause temporary or permanent damage to salivary glands, resulting in the destruction of acinar cells and the formation of scar tissue. Restricted function of the salivary glands leads to discomfort and diseases of the oral mucosa, such as dry mouth and associated infection. This narrative review attempts to summarize the anatomy and function of salivary glands, the associations between Candida and saliva, the effects of Candida infection on salivary glands, and the treatment strategies. Overall, clinicians should proactively manage Candida infections by educating patients on oral hygiene management for vulnerable populations, conducting frequent checks for a timely diagnosis, and providing an effective treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Min Ok
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.-m.O.); (Y.-W.A.); (H.-M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (D.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Donald Ho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (D.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Tyler Lynd
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (D.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Yong-Woo Ahn
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.-m.O.); (Y.-W.A.); (H.-M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Hye-Min Ju
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.-m.O.); (Y.-W.A.); (H.-M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Jeong
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.-m.O.); (Y.-W.A.); (H.-M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Kyounga Cheon
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (D.H.); (T.L.)
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56
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Le PH, Nguyen DHK, Aburto-Medina A, Linklater DP, Crawford RJ, MacLaughlin S, Ivanova EP. Nanoscale Surface Roughness Influences Candida albicans Biofilm Formation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8581-8591. [PMID: 35019629 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The microbial contamination of surfaces presents a significant challenge due to the adverse effects associated with biofilm formation, particularly on implantable devices. Here, the attachment and biofilm formation of the opportunistic human pathogen, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, were studied on surfaces with decreasing magnitudes of nanoscale roughness. The nanoscale surface roughness of nonpolished titanium, polished titanium, and glass was characterized according to average surface roughness, skewness, and kurtosis. Nonpolished titanium, polished titanium, and glass possessed average surface roughness (Sa) values of 350, 20, and 2.5 nm; skewness (Sskw) values of 1.0, 4.0, and 1.0; and (Skur) values of 3.5, 16, and 4, respectively. These unique characteristics of the surface nanoarchitecture were found to play a key role in limiting C. albicans attachment and modulating the functional phenotypic changes associated with biofilm formation. Our results suggest that surfaces with a specific combination of surface topographical parameters could prevent the attachment and biofilm formation of C. albicans. After 7 days, the density of attached C. albicans cells was recorded to be 230, 70, and 220 cells mm-2 on nonpolished titanium, polished titanium, and glass surfaces, respectively. Despite achieving a very low attachment density, C. albicanscells were only observed to produce hyphae associated with biofilm formation on nonpolished titanium surfaces, possessing the highest degree of surface roughness (Sa = 350 nm). This study provides a more comprehensive picture of the impact of surface architectures on C. albicans attachment, which is beneficial for the design of antifungal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc H Le
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Duy H K Nguyen
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Arturo Aburto-Medina
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Denver P Linklater
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Russell J Crawford
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | | | - Elena P Ivanova
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Homsiang W, Kamonkhantikul K, Arksornnukit M, Takahashi H. Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles incorporated into tissue conditioner on antifungal, physical, and mechanical properties. Dent Mater J 2020; 40:481-486. [PMID: 33268694 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2020-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the antifungal, physical, and mechanical properties of tissue conditioner incorporated with different amounts of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnOnps) at different storage times (0, 7, and 14 days). Specimens of 0, 5, 10, 15 wt% ZnOnps, or 15 wt% nystatin incorporated into tissue conditioner were fabricated (control, 5Zn, 10Zn, 15Zn, and Nys). The direct contact test (n=6) was performed to evaluate the antifungal effect against C. albicans suspension. The penetration depth (n=6) and tensile bond strength (n=8) were evaluated following ISO 13139. The 15Zn significantly reduced C. albicans cell number compared with control at all storage times (p<0.001). The penetration depths and tensile bond strengths of the 5Zn, 10Zn, 15Zn, and Nys were not significantly different compared with control at all storage times (p>0.05). In conclusion, the 15Zn provides antifungal effect up to 14 days without adverse effects on penetration depth and tensile bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woraporn Homsiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University
| | - Krid Kamonkhantikul
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University
| | | | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Department of Oral Biomaterials Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
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58
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Isoeugenol and Hybrid Acetamides against Candida albicans Isolated from the Oral Cavity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100291. [PMID: 33023068 PMCID: PMC7599878 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Isougenol is a phytoconstituent found in several essential oils. Since many natural products are potent antimicrobials, the synthesis of hybrid molecules-combining the chemical skeleton of the phytochemical with synthetic groups-can generate substances with enhanced biological activity. Based on this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of isoeugenol and hybrid acetamides against Candida albicans isolated from the oral cavity. The methodologies used were the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), action on fungal micromorphology, interaction test with nystatin by the checkerboard method and molecular docking study with important enzymes in the maintenance of fungal viability. The synthetic molecules did not demonstrate significant antifungal activity in vitro. The isoeugenol MIC and MFC varied between 128 and 256 µg/mL, being the phytoconstituent able to interfere in the formation of blastoconid and chlamydoconid structures, important in the pathogenic process of the species. The molecular docking study revealed that isoeugenol is a potential inhibitor of the enzymes 14-α-demethylase and delta-14-sterol reductase, interfering in the fungal cell membrane biosynthesis. Thus, this research provides clearer expectations for future pharmacological studies with isoeugenol and derived molecules, aiming at its therapeutic application against infections caused by Candida spp.
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Gerós-Mesquita Â, Carvalho-Pereira J, Franco-Duarte R, Alves A, Gerós H, Pais C, Sampaio P. Oral Candida albicans colonization in healthy individuals: prevalence, genotypic diversity, stability along time and transmissibility. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1820292. [PMID: 33062200 PMCID: PMC7534343 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1820292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 181 healthy individuals, including 29 couples, were analysed regarding oral yeast colonization using a culture-based approach. Results showed that 39% of the individuals were yeast carriers, 89% being colonized with Candida albicans, 5% with C. guilliermondi, 3% with C. lusitaniae and 3% with C. parapsilosis. Sixty-two percent of the couples had at least one member colonized. Colonization and CFU counts were higher in the couples´ group. Eighty percent of the volunteers were colonized with C. albicans strains with only one CAI genotype, while two but similar CAI genotypes inhabited the oral cavity of the remaining 20% individuals. The same CAI genotypes were found in 66.6% of the couples when both were colonized. Our results indicate that the intimacy among couples increases the probability of heavy cross-colonization, which is potentiated when one member of the couple is a smoker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Gerós-Mesquita
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho-Pereira
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Franco-Duarte
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Hernâni Gerós
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- CITAB (Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences) / University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- CEB (Centre of Biological Engineering) /Department of Biological Engineering / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Célia Pais
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Sampaio
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Bonilla-Represa V, Abalos-Labruzzi C, Herrera-Martinez M, Guerrero-Pérez MO. Nanomaterials in Dentistry: State of the Art and Future Challenges. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1770. [PMID: 32906829 PMCID: PMC7557393 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are commonly considered as those materials in which the shape and molecular composition at a nanometer scale can be controlled. Subsequently, they present extraordinary properties that are being useful for the development of new and improved applications in many fields, including medicine. In dentistry, several research efforts are being conducted, especially during the last decade, for the improvement of the properties of materials used in dentistry. The objective of the present article is to offer the audience a complete and comprehensive review of the main applications that have been developed in dentistry, by the use of these materials, during the last two decades. It was shown how these materials are improving the treatments in mainly all the important areas of dentistry, such as endodontics, periodontics, implants, tissue engineering and restorative dentistry. The scope of the present review is, subsequently, to revise the main applications regarding nano-shaped materials in dentistry, including nanorods, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanospheres/nanoparticles, and zeolites and other orders porous materials. The results of the bibliographic analysis show that the most explored nanomaterials in dentistry are graphene and carbon nanotubes, and their derivatives. A detailed analysis and a comparative study of their applications show that, although they are quite similar, graphene-based materials seem to be more promising for most of the applications of interest in dentistry. The bibliographic study also demonstrated the potential of zeolite-based materials, although the low number of studies on their applications shows that they have not been totally explored, as well as other porous nanomaterials that have found important applications in medicine, such as metal organic frameworks, have not been explored. Subsequently, it is expected that the research effort will concentrate on graphene and zeolite-based materials in the coming years. Thus, the present review paper presents a detailed bibliographic study, with more than 200 references, in order to briefly describe the main achievements that have been described in dentistry using nanomaterials, compare and analyze them in a critical way, with the aim of predicting the future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Bonilla-Represa
- Departamento de Operatoria Dental y Endodoncia, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain; (V.B.-R.); (M.H.-M.)
| | | | - Manuela Herrera-Martinez
- Departamento de Operatoria Dental y Endodoncia, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain; (V.B.-R.); (M.H.-M.)
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Serrano J, López-Pintor RM, Ramírez L, Fernández-Castro M, Sanz M, Melchor S, Peiteado D, Hernández G. Risk factors related to oral candidiasis in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2020; 25:e700-e705. [PMID: 32683379 PMCID: PMC7473438 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candidiasis is the most frequent mycotic infection of the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of clinical oral candidiasis and Candida albicans yeast in a population diagnosed of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and to study the possible factors associated with this infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in 61 pSS patients (60 women, 1 man, mean age 57.64±13.52) where patient based information (demographic and medical, tobacco and alcohol consumption history), intraoral parameters (presence of dentures, clinical signs of candidiasis), salivary analytical information (number of Candida albicans as colony-forming units per millilitre (CFU/mL), salivary pH levels, unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) and stimulated whole saliva (SWS) were collected. RESULTS 13.1% of pSS patients presented oral signs of candidiasis. Denture stomatitis and angular cheilitis were the most common lesions. 87.5% of patients with clinical candidiasis presented reduced pH levels and salivary flow in both UWS and SWS. A significant statistical negative correlation was found between CFU/mL of Candida albicans and levels of UWS and SWS. A negative correlation was found between pH levels and CFU/mL, although not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS A reduced salivary flow may predispose pSS patients to Candida albicans overgrowth, which may show with clinical signs. Preventive measures are of great importance to avoid and to treat this condition promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Serrano
- Departamento de Especialidades Clínicas Odontológicas Facultad de Odontología Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid. Spain
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Waghule T, Sankar S, Rapalli VK, Gorantla S, Dubey SK, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Singhvi G. Emerging role of nanocarriers based topical delivery of
anti‐fungal
agents in combating growing fungal infections. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13905. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tejashree Waghule
- Department of Pharmacy Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani India
| | - Shridula Sankar
- Department of Pharmacy Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani India
| | | | - Srividya Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacy Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences School of Pharmacy, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS) Ultimo New South Wales Australia
- Center for Inflammation Centenary Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Center for Healthy Lungs Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle (UoN) Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani India
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63
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Oktay EA, Ersahan S, Sabuncuoglu FA, Tort H, Karaoglanoglu S. Impact of various finishing and polishing techniques and composite materials on Candida albicans biofilm formation. Med Mycol 2020; 58:698-702. [PMID: 31535132 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilms are commonly associated with severe oral infections. In dentistry, prosthetic and restorative materials are potential structures for the adhesion of C. albicans facilitating the formation of Candida biofilm and infection. Three composite resins (Charisma Classic, Sonic Fill, Estelite ∑ Quick) and two finishing-polishing systems (Biscover LV, Dental Finishing Disc) were evaluated for Candida biofilm formation. A Candida biofilm assay showed that both the resin and the finishing/polishing procedures affect Candida biofilm formation. Specifically, Candida biofilm formation was significantly lower in Sonic Fill resin than both Charisma Classic and Estelite ∑ Quick (P = .021). The type of finishing and polishing procedure also significantly affected the Candida biofilm formation to composite material (P < .001). Candida biofilm formation was more advanced after Biscover LV procedure than Dental Finishing Disc procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Aybala Oktay
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Gulhane Dentistry Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seyda Ersahan
- Istanbul Medipol University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fidan Alakus Sabuncuoglu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Gulhane Dentistry Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Tort
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Gulhane Dentistry Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serpil Karaoglanoglu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Gulhane Dentistry Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Barbosa A, Araújo D, Ribeiro E, Henriques M, Silva S. Candida albicans Adaptation on Simulated Human Body Fluids under Different pH. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040511. [PMID: 32260085 PMCID: PMC7232421 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans remains the most problematic of all Candida species, causing severe infections. Adaptation to different human body niches, such oral and urinary tracts, has been shown to be essential for survival and critical for virulence of C. albicans. Thus, the present work aimed to study the behaviour of C. albicans on simulated human body fluids (artificial saliva and urine) at different values of pH (pH 5.8 and 7) by determining its ability to develop two of the most important virulence factors: biofilms and filamentous forms. Under this study, it was demonstrated that C. albicans was able to grow as free cells and to develop biofilm communities composed of multiple cell types (yeast and elongated hyphal cells) on both simulated human body fluids and under different pH. It was interesting to note that the pH had little impact on C. albicans planktonic and biofilm growth, despite influencing the development of filamentous shapes in artificial saliva and urine. So, it was possible to infer that C. albicans presents a high plasticity and adaptability to different human body fluids, namely saliva and urine. These can be the justification for the high number of oral and urinary candidiasis in the whole world.
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Peptide Self-Assembly Is Linked to Antibacterial, but Not Antifungal, Activity of Histatin 5 Derivatives. mSphere 2020; 5:5/2/e00021-20. [PMID: 32238567 PMCID: PMC7113582 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00021-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are important modulators of host defense against bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens in humans and other multicellular organisms. Two converging paradigms point to a link between antimicrobial peptides that self-assemble into amyloid-like nanoassemblies and classical amyloidogenic peptides that often have potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, suggesting that antimicrobial and amyloidogenic peptides may represent two sides of the same coin. Here, we asked if the ability of an antifungal peptide to self-assemble affects its antifungal or antibacterial activity. We found that modifications of classical antifungal peptide derivative allowed it to self-assemble and did not alter its antifungal activity, and yet self-assembly substantially increased the antibacterial activity of the peptide. These results support the idea that peptide self-assembly can enhance antibacterial activities and emphasize a distinction between the action of antifungal peptides and that of antibacterial peptides. Accordingly, we suggest that the possible generality of this distinction should be widely tested. The rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens has awakened interest in new drug candidates such as antimicrobial peptides and their derivatives. Recent work suggests that some antimicrobial peptides have the ability to self-assemble into ordered amyloid-like nanostructures which facilitate their antibacterial activity. Here, we evaluate a histatin-based antimicrobial peptide, and its self-assembling derivative, in the interplay between self-assembly, membrane interactions, and antibacterial and antifungal activities. We demonstrate substantial membrane targeting by both peptides, as well as mechanistic insights into this mode of action, which correlates to their antifungal activity and is not affected by their self-assembling state. The ability to self-assemble does, however, significantly affect peptide antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These results are surprising and hint at important distinctions between antifungal and antibacterial peptide activities in prokaryotes and eukaryotic microbes. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial peptides are important modulators of host defense against bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens in humans and other multicellular organisms. Two converging paradigms point to a link between antimicrobial peptides that self-assemble into amyloid-like nanoassemblies and classical amyloidogenic peptides that often have potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, suggesting that antimicrobial and amyloidogenic peptides may represent two sides of the same coin. Here, we asked if the ability of an antifungal peptide to self-assemble affects its antifungal or antibacterial activity. We found that modifications of classical antifungal peptide derivative allowed it to self-assemble and did not alter its antifungal activity, and yet self-assembly substantially increased the antibacterial activity of the peptide. These results support the idea that peptide self-assembly can enhance antibacterial activities and emphasize a distinction between the action of antifungal peptides and that of antibacterial peptides. Accordingly, we suggest that the possible generality of this distinction should be widely tested.
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Fluconazole Resistant Oral Candidiasis on HIV Patient - What Other Drug can We Choose? A Case Report. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.1.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Fidel PL, Yano J, Esher SK, Noverr MC. Applying the Host-Microbe Damage Response Framework to Candida Pathogenesis: Current and Prospective Strategies to Reduce Damage. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010035. [PMID: 32168864 PMCID: PMC7151217 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease is a complex outcome that can occur as a result of pathogen-mediated damage, host-mediated damage or both. This has led to the revolutionary concept of the damage response framework (DRF) that defines microbial virulence as a function of host immunity. The DRF outlines six scenarios (classes) of host damage or beneficial outcomes, depending on the microbe and the strength of the immune response. Candida albicans is uniquely adapted to its human host and can exist as either a commensal, colonizing various anatomical sites without causing notable damage, or as a pathogen, with the ability to cause a diverse array of diseases, ranging from mucosal to invasive systemic infections that result in varying levels of microbe-mediated and/or host-mediated damage. We recently categorized six different forms of candidiasis (oropharyngeal, hematogenous, intra-abdominal, gastrointestinal, denture stomatitis, and vulvovaginitis) into independent DRF classes, supporting a contemporary view of unique mechanisms of pathogenesis for these Candida infections. In this review, we summarize the evidence for the pathogenesis of these various forms of candidiasis in the context of the DRF with the further intent to provide insights into strategies to achieve a level of host response or outcome otherwise, that limits host damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Fidel
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Dentistry, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-504-941-8425
| | - Junko Yano
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Dentistry, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA;
| | - Shannon K. Esher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (S.K.E.); (M.C.N.)
| | - Mairi C. Noverr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (S.K.E.); (M.C.N.)
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Khoury ZH, Vila T, Puthran TR, Sultan AS, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Melo MAS, Jabra-Rizk MA. The Role of Candida albicans Secreted Polysaccharides in Augmenting Streptococcus mutans Adherence and Mixed Biofilm Formation: In vitro and in vivo Studies. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:307. [PMID: 32256460 PMCID: PMC7093027 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is a complex environment harboring diverse microbial species that often co-exist within biofilms formed on oral surfaces. Within a biofilm, inter-species interactions can be synergistic in that the presence of one organism generates a niche for another enhancing colonization. Among these species are the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans and the bacterial species Streptococcus mutans, the etiologic agents of oral candidiasis and dental caries, respectively. Recent studies have reported enhanced prevalence of C. albicans in children with caries indicating potential clinical implications for this fungal-bacterial interaction. In this study, we aimed to specifically elucidate the role of C. albicans-derived polysaccharide biofilm matrix components in augmenting S. mutans colonization and mixed biofilm formation. Comparative evaluations of single and mixed species biofilms demonstrated significantly enhanced S. mutans retention in mixed biofilms with C. albicans. Further, S. mutans single species biofilms were enhanced upon exogenous supplementation with purified matrix material derived from C. albicans biofilms. Similarly, growth in C. albicans cell-free spent biofilm culture media enhanced S. mutans single species biofilm formation, however, the observed increase in S. mutans biofilms was significantly affected upon enzymatic digestion of polysaccharides in spent media, identifying C. albicans secreted polysaccharides as a key factor in mediating mixed biofilm formation. The enhanced S. mutans biofilms mediated by the various C. albicans effectors was also demonstrated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Importantly, a clinically relevant mouse model of oral co-infection was adapted to demonstrate the C. albicans-mediated enhanced S. mutans colonization in a host. Analyses of harvested tissue and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated significantly higher S. mutans retention on teeth and tongues of co-infected mice compared to mice infected only with S. mutans. Collectively, the findings from this study strongly indicate that the secretion of polysacharides from C. albicans in the oral environment may impact the development of S. mutans biofilms, ultimately increasing dental caries and, therefore, Candida oral colonization should be considered as a factor in evaluating the risk of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid H Khoury
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Taissa Vila
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Taanya R Puthran
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ahmed S Sultan
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mary Anne S Melo
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Pandey N, Gupta MK, Tilak R. Extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activities of the different Candida spp. isolated from the blood of the Intensive Care Unit-admitted patients. J Lab Physicians 2020; 10:392-396. [PMID: 30498309 PMCID: PMC6210849 DOI: 10.4103/jlp.jlp_81_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida spp. secretes various extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes are the important virulence factor for the pathogenesis of Candida. We assessed four different enzymatic activities of Candida isolates obtained from bloodstream infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS We isolated 79 strains of different Candida species from the blood of the Intensive Care Unit-admitted patients. Species were identified by conventional methods including culture characteristic, germ tube, sugar assimilation, and Dalmau's culture technique. Phospholipase, proteinase, hemolysin, and esterase enzymatic activities were determined by the Plate method. RESULTS Non albicans candida were the most common isolates from the blood of the ICU admitted patient with a predominance of Candida tropicalis. Hemolytic activity was the most prominent enzyme activity followed by the proteinase activity. Candida albicans (89.86%) was the major proteinase producer, while 95.8% of C. tropicalis produced hemolysin. No esterase activity was shown by the Candida glabrata and Candida krusei. CONCLUSION No significant difference was observed between the two most common causative agents of candidemia: C. albicans and C. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Munesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ragini Tilak
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Methylcellulose Hydrogel with Melissa officinalis Essential Oil as a Potential Treatment for Oral Candidiasis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020215. [PMID: 32041100 PMCID: PMC7074814 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. are the most prevalent fungi of the human microbiota and are opportunistic pathogens that can cause oral candidiasis. Management of such infections is limited due to the low number of antifungal drugs available, their relatively high toxicity and the emergence of antifungal resistance. Therefore, much interest in the antimicrobial potential of natural compounds has recently been evident. The use of hydrogels in the delivery of biocides has been explored due to their biocompatibility, ease with drug encapsulation, and due to their potential to confer mechanical and structural properties similar to biological tissue. Methylcellulose hydrogels (10% (w/v)) with 1% (v/v) and 2% (v/v) Melissa officinalis oil were synthesised. The rheological properties and gelation time of the hydrogels were evaluated. Antimicrobial action, the antifungal potential and ability to displace Candida were determined. Rheological tests revealed that the hydrogel jellified in three minutes at 37 °C. Loaded hydrogels successfully inhibited Candida albicans growth as evident by zone of inhibition and time-kill assays. A significant reduction in retained C. albicans was demonstrated with the hydrogel at 2% Melissa officinalis concentration. This work demonstrated that an essential oil-loaded hydrogel had the potential to provide a novel antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of oral candidiasis.
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71
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Vila T, Sultan AS, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Jabra-Rizk MA. Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010015. [PMID: 31963180 PMCID: PMC7151112 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis, commonly referred to as “thrush,” is an opportunistic fungal infection that commonly affects the oral mucosa. The main causative agent, Candida albicans, is a highly versatile commensal organism that is well adapted to its human host; however, changes in the host microenvironment can promote the transition from one of commensalism to pathogen. This transition is heavily reliant on an impressive repertoire of virulence factors, most notably cell surface adhesins, proteolytic enzymes, morphologic switching, and the development of drug resistance. In the oral cavity, the co-adhesion of C. albicans with bacteria is crucial for its persistence, and a wide range of synergistic interactions with various oral species were described to enhance colonization in the host. As a frequent colonizer of the oral mucosa, the host immune response in the oral cavity is oriented toward a more tolerogenic state and, therefore, local innate immune defenses play a central role in maintaining Candida in its commensal state. Specifically, in addition to preventing Candida adherence to epithelial cells, saliva is enriched with anti-candidal peptides, considered to be part of the host innate immunity. The T helper 17 (Th17)-type adaptive immune response is mainly involved in mucosal host defenses, controlling initial growth of Candida and inhibiting subsequent tissue invasion. Animal models, most notably the mouse model of oropharyngeal candidiasis and the rat model of denture stomatitis, are instrumental in our understanding of Candida virulence factors and the factors leading to host susceptibility to infections. Given the continuing rise in development of resistance to the limited number of traditional antifungal agents, novel therapeutic strategies are directed toward identifying bioactive compounds that target pathogenic mechanisms to prevent C. albicans transition from harmless commensal to pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taissa Vila
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.S.); (D.M.-J.)
| | - Ahmed S. Sultan
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.S.); (D.M.-J.)
| | - Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.S.); (D.M.-J.)
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.S.); (D.M.-J.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-706-0508; Fax: +1-410-706-0519
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72
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Hirschfeld J, Higham J, Blair F, Richards A, Chapple ILC. Systemic disease or periodontal disease? Distinguishing causes of gingival inflammation: a guide for dental practitioners. Part 2: cancer related, infective, and other causes of gingival pathology. Br Dent J 2020; 227:1029-1034. [PMID: 31873257 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-019-1053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis and gingivitis are highly prevalent inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, and typically are characterised by the presence of dental plaque. However, other causes of oral inflammation exist, which can resemble plaque-induced gingivitis and periodontitis, and may thus first be seen by a dental practitioner. This paper aims to provide dentists with an understanding of the manifestations of systemic diseases to the periodontium and highlights anamnestic and clinical clues important for distinguishing between plaque-induced and non plaque-induced lesions. In the first part of this series immune-mediated and hereditary conditions as causes of gingival lesions were discussed; this second part highlights cancer-related gingival lesions as well as those caused by specific pathogens, medication or malnutrition. A clear clinical, epidemiological and visual overview of the different conditions is provided. Early diagnosis of non plaque-related causes of gingival lesions can be vital for affected patients. Therefore, dental practitioners should be aware of the various manifestations of systemic diseases to the periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Hirschfeld
- Department of Periodontology, Birmingham Dental School and Hospital, 5 Mill Pool Way, B5 7EG, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Jon Higham
- Department of Oral Medicine, Birmingham Dental School and Hospital, 5 Mill Pool Way, B5 7EG, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fiona Blair
- Department of Periodontology, Birmingham Dental School and Hospital, 5 Mill Pool Way, B5 7EG, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Richards
- Department of Oral Medicine, Birmingham Dental School and Hospital, 5 Mill Pool Way, B5 7EG, Birmingham, UK
| | - Iain L C Chapple
- Department of Periodontology, Birmingham Dental School and Hospital, 5 Mill Pool Way, B5 7EG, Birmingham, UK
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Ferreira MRA, Santiago RR, Silva-Rocha WP, Souza LBFCD, Faria MGI, Mello JCPD, Langassner SMZ, Chaves GM, Milan EP, Svidzinski TIE, Soares LAL. In vitro antifungal activity and phytochemical characterization of Eugenia uniflora, Libidibia ferrea and Psidium guajava. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000118456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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74
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Basso V, Tran DQ, Schaal JB, Tran P, Eriguchi Y, Ngole D, Cabebe AE, Park AY, Beringer PM, Ouellette AJ, Selsted ME. Rhesus Theta Defensin 1 Promotes Long Term Survival in Systemic Candidiasis by Host Directed Mechanisms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16905. [PMID: 31729441 PMCID: PMC6858451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is an increasingly frequent cause of serious and often fatal infections in hospitalized and immunosuppressed patients. Mortality rates associated with these infections have risen sharply due to the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of C. albicans and other Candida spp., highlighting the urgent need of new antifungal therapies. Rhesus theta (θ) defensin-1 (RTD-1), a natural macrocyclic antimicrobial peptide, was recently shown to be rapidly fungicidal against clinical isolates of MDR C. albicans in vitro. Here we found that RTD-1 was rapidly fungicidal against blastospores of fluconazole/caspofungin resistant C. albicans strains, and was active against established C. albicans biofilms in vitro. In vivo, systemic administration of RTD-1, initiated at the time of infection or 24 h post-infection, promoted long term survival in candidemic mice whether infected with drug-sensitive or MDR strains of C. albicans. RTD-1 induced an early (4 h post treatment) increase in neutrophils in naive and infected mice. In vivo efficacy was associated with fungal clearance, restoration of dysregulated inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17, and homeostatic reduction in numbers of circulating neutrophils and monocytes. Because these effects occurred using peptide doses that produced maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) of less than 1% of RTD-1 levels required for in vitro antifungal activity in 50% mouse serum, while inducing a transient neutrophilia, we suggest that RTD-1 mediates its antifungal effects in vivo by host directed mechanisms rather than direct fungicidal activity. Results of this study suggest that θ-defensins represent a new class of host-directed compounds for treatment of disseminated candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Basso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dat Q Tran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Oryn Therapeutics, Vacaville, California, United States of America
| | - Justin B Schaal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Patti Tran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Eriguchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology/Infectious DiseaseKyushu University HospitalDepartment of Medicine and Biosystemic ScienceKyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Diana Ngole
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony E Cabebe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - A Young Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Paul M Beringer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - André J Ouellette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael E Selsted
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
- Oryn Therapeutics, Vacaville, California, United States of America.
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
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Immunohistochemical Expression Patterns of Inflammatory Cells Involved in Chronic Hyperplastic Candidosis. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040232. [PMID: 31718115 PMCID: PMC6963680 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The profile of the inflammatory cell infiltrate in chronic hyperplastic candidosis (CHC) was determined in oral mucosal biopsies by immunohistochemistry. One tonsillar tissue section was included as an immunohistochemistry control, whilst squamous papilloma (n = 4) with secondary Candida infection was used as Candida controls. Oral lichen planus tissues (n = 10) provided negative controls for Candida presence, as well as positive controls for inflammation. Immunohistochemistry employed antibodies specific for CD3+ (T lymphocytes), CD4+ (T helper cells), CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells), and CD20+ (B lymphocytes). Manual counting of stained cells from digitised images determined the proportion of each cell type relative to the total number of cells, and these were assessed in the mucosa, the epithelium, and the lamina propria. The mean proportion of CD3+ cells was significantly higher than CD20+ cells in all tissue types. For CHC, the mean proportion of CD3+ cells in entire tissues was 15.6%, with the highest proportion in the lamina propria (32.6%) compared with the epithelium (3.9%). CD20+ cells were in much lower proportions (1.8%) in CHC, with the highest proportion (3.6%) in the lamina propria. T lymphocytes were predominately CD4+ cells (9.0%) compared with CD8+ cells (4.4%). CD4+ cells were most prevalent in the lamina propria (23.1%) compared with the epithelium (mean = 3.2%). From these results, it was concluded that the immune response invoked by Candida in CHC is primarily driven by the T helper cells.
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Mundula T, Ricci F, Barbetta B, Baccini M, Amedei A. Effect of Probiotics on Oral Candidiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102449. [PMID: 31615039 PMCID: PMC6836010 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis (OC) is an increasing health problem due to the introduction of new drugs, population aging, and increasing prevalence of chronic illness. This study systematically reviews the effects of the oral intake of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on Candida spp. counts (colony-forming units (CFU)/mL) in oral and palatal samples. A literature search was conducted. Twelve studies, eight randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and four pre-post studies, resulted as eligible for the meta-analysis, which was performed through a Bayesian random-effects model. All studies analyzed probiotics, and none of them analyzed prebiotics or synbiotics. The treatments effects were measured in terms of odds ratio (OR) of OC (CFU/mL >102, 103, or 104). The meta-analytic OR was 0.71 (95% credibility interval (CrI): 0.37, 1.32), indicating a beneficial effect of treatment; the I2 index was 56.3%. Focusing only on RCTs, the OR was larger and more precise at 0.53 (95% CrI: 0.27, 0.93). The effect of treatment appeared to be larger on denture wearers. Our findings indicate that the intake of probiotics can have a beneficial effect on OC and that the effects could vary according to the patients' characteristics. Due to the presence of medium-high-risk studies, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Mundula
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health. University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Federica Ricci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Barbetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Rottapharm Biotech, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Michela Baccini
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
- SOD of Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), 50134 Florence, Italy.
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Visconti MJ, Ashack KA. Dermatologic manifestations associated with electronic cigarette use. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 81:1001-1007. [PMID: 30965061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarette use continues to rise, yet there are no reviews summarizing dermatologic manifestations associated with electronic cigarettes in the literature. OBJECTIVE To review the literature regarding cutaneous manifestations associated with electronic cigarette use and increase awareness of side effects associated with this rapidly developing public health epidemic. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for related literature. All studies involving the effects of electronic cigarette use on the skin or mucosa were obtained and reviewed for evidence. RESULTS Contact dermatitis, thermal injuries, and oral mucosal lesions have been reported with the use of electronic cigarettes. LIMITATIONS The conclusions presented in individual case reports or series are not based on randomized controlled trials. CONCLUSION Electronic cigarettes can present with harmful dermatologic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Visconti
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Kurt A Ashack
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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78
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Das S, Singh VK, Dwivedy AK, Chaudhari AK, Upadhyay N, Singh A, Dubey NK. Antimicrobial activity, antiaflatoxigenic potential and in situ efficacy of novel formulation comprising of Apium graveolens essential oil and its major component. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 160:102-111. [PMID: 31519243 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the formulation of Apium graveolens essential oil (AGEO) with its major components linalyl acetate (LA) and geranyl acetate (GA) (1:1:1) as a novel green preservative for protection of postharvest food commodities from fungal infestations, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) secretion, free radical generation and lipid peroxidation. The essential oil based novel formulation displayed considerable inhibitory action against fourteen food borne molds responsible for deterioration of stored food commodities, in addition to the most toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus (AFLHPR14) isolated from fungal and aflatoxin contaminated rice seeds. The observed higher efficacy of designed formulation was due to the synergistic action of essential oil and its major components. Fungal plasma membrane was recorded as the possible target site of antifungal action of the formulation as revealed through reduction in membrane ergosterol content, increased intracellular propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence and enhanced leakage of cellular ions (sodium, potassium, calcium) and 260, 280 nm absorbing materials. Further, inhibition of methylglyoxal (an aflatoxin inducer) confirmed the aflatoxin inhibitory potential of novel formulation based on essential oil and its major components. High antioxidant potential as observed through DPPH and ABTS·+ radical scavenging assay, improved phenolic content, considerable inhibition of lipid peroxidation in stored rice seeds, in situ efficacy on AFB1 inhibition in food system under storage container system, acceptable sensorial characteristics and favorable safety profile during animal trials suggest the recommendation of the designed formulation for large scale application as green preservative by food and agriculture based industries against fungal and aflatoxin contamination of stored commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somenath Das
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Singh
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anand Kumar Chaudhari
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Neha Upadhyay
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nawal Kishore Dubey
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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79
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Evaluation of the Antifungal and Wound-Healing Properties of a Novel Peptide-Based Bioadhesive Hydrogel Formulation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00888-19. [PMID: 31332066 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00888-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis (OC) caused by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is the most common opportunistic infection in immunocompromised populations. The dramatic increase in resistance to common antifungal agents has emphasized the importance of identifying alternative therapeutic options. Antimicrobial peptides have emerged as promising drug candidates due to their antimicrobial properties; specifically, histatin-5 (Hst-5), a peptide naturally produced and secreted by human salivary glands, has demonstrated potent activity against C. albicans However, as we previously demonstrated vulnerability for Hst-5 to proteolysis by C. albicans proteolytic enzymes at specific amino acid residues, a new variant (K11R-K17R) was designed with amino acid substitutions at the identified cleavage sites. The new resistant peptide demonstrated no cytotoxicity to erythrocytes or human oral keratinocytes. To evaluate the potential of the new peptide for clinical application, we utilized our FDA-approved polymer-based bioadhesive hydrogel as a delivery system and developed a therapeutic formulation specifically designed for oral topical application. The new formulation was demonstrated to be effective against C. albicans strains resistant to the traditional antifungals, and the in vitro therapeutic efficacy was found to be comparable to that of the common topical antifungal agents in clinical use. Importantly, in addition to its antifungal properties, our findings also demonstrated that the new peptide variant induces cell proliferation and rapid cell migration of human oral keratinocytes, indicative of wound healing properties. The findings from this study support the progression of the novel formulation as a therapeutic agent against oral candidiasis, as well as a therapeutic modality for promoting wound healing.
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80
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Suchodolski J, Muraszko J, Bernat P, Krasowska A. A Crucial Role for Ergosterol in Plasma Membrane Composition, Localisation, and Activity of Cdr1p and H +-ATPase in Candida albicans. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100378. [PMID: 31546699 PMCID: PMC6843828 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans. Treatment of C. albicans infections relies on azoles, which target the lanosterol 14α-demethylase (Erg11p) encoded by the ERG11 gene. Our results show that targeted gene disruption of ERG11 can result in resistance to ergosterol-dependent drugs (azoles and amphotericin B), auxotrophy and aerobically viable erg11Δ/Δ cells. Abnormal sterol deposition and lack of ergosterol in the erg11Δ/Δ strain leads to reduced plasma membrane (PM) fluidity, as well as dysfunction of the vacuolar and mitochondrial membranes, resulting respectively in defects in vacuole fusion and a reduced intracellular ATP level. The altered PM structure of the erg11Δ/Δ strain contributes to delocalisation of H+-ATPase and the Cdr1 efflux pump from the PM to vacuoles and, resulting in a decrease in PM potential (Δψ) and increased sensitivity to ergosterol-independent xenobiotics. This new insight into intracellular processes under Erg11p inhibition may lead to a better understanding of the indirect effects of azoles on C. albicans cells and the development of new treatment strategies for resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Suchodolski
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jakub Muraszko
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-237 Łódź, Banacha 12/16, Poland.
| | - Anna Krasowska
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
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81
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Qi M, Chi M, Sun X, Xie X, Weir MD, Oates TW, Zhou Y, Wang L, Bai Y, Xu HHK. Novel nanomaterial-based antibacterial photodynamic therapies to combat oral bacterial biofilms and infectious diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6937-6956. [PMID: 31695368 PMCID: PMC6718167 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s212807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases such as tooth caries, periodontal diseases, endodontic infections, etc., are prevalent worldwide. The heavy burden of oral infectious diseases and their consequences on the patients' quality of life indicates a strong need for developing effective therapies. Advanced understandings of such oral diseases, e.g., inflammatory periodontal lesions, have raised the demand for antibacterial therapeutic strategies, because these diseases are caused by viruses and bacteria. The application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on oral infectious diseases has attracted tremendous interest in the past decade. However, aPDT had a minimal effect on the viability of organized biofilms due to the hydrophobic nature of the majority of the photosensitizers (PSs). Therefore, novel nanotechnologies were rapidly developed to target the delivery of hydrophobic PSs into microorganisms for the antimicrobial performance improvement of aPDT. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art of nanomaterials applications in aPDT against oral infectious diseases. The first part of this article focuses on the cutting-edge research on the synthesis, toxicity, and therapeutic effects of various forms of nanomaterials serving as PS carriers for aPDT applications. The second part discusses nanomaterials applications for aPDT in treatments of oral diseases. These novel bioactive nanomaterials have demonstrated great potential to serve as carriers for PSs to substantially enhance the PDT therapeutic effects. Furthermore, the novel aPDT applications not only have exciting therapeutic potential to inhibit bacterial plaque-initiated oral diseases, but also have a wide applicability to other biomedical and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlin Qi
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, Changchun130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minghan Chi
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, Changchun130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, Changchun130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianju Xie
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD21201, USA
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD21201, USA
| | - Thomas W Oates
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD21201, USA
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, Changchun130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, Changchun130021, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD21201, USA
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hockin HK Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD21201, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201, USA
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201, USA
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82
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dos Santos KF, Sousa MS, Valverde JV, Olivati CA, Souto PC, Silva JR, de Souza NC. Fractal analysis and mathematical models for the investigation of photothermal inactivation of Candida albicans using carbon nanotubes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 180:393-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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83
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Phumat P, Khongkhunthian S, Wanachantararak P, Okonogi S. Potential of Piper betle extracts on inhibition of oral pathogens. Drug Discov Ther 2019; 11:307-315. [PMID: 29332888 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2017.01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, antimicrobial activity of Piper betle crude ethanol extract against 4 strains of oral pathogens; Candida albicans DMST 8684, C. albicans DMST 5815, Streptococcus gordonii DMST 38731 and Streptococcus mutans DMST 18777 was compared with other medicinal plants. P. betle showed the strongest antimicrobial activity against all tested strains. Fractionated extracts of P. betle using hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, respectively, were subjected to antimicrobial assay. The result revealed that the fractionated extract from ethyl acetate (F-EtOAc) possessed the strongest antimicrobial activity against all tested strains. Its inhibition zones against those pathogens were 23.00 ± 0.00, 24.33 ± 0.58, 12.50 ± 0.70 and 11.00 ± 0.00 mm, respectively and its minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.50, 1.00, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, the minimum concentration to completely kill those pathogens was the same for all strains and found to be 2.00 mg/mL. Killing kinetic study revealed that the activity of F-EtOAc was dose dependent. HPLC chromatograms of P. betle extracts were compared with its antimicrobial activity. An obvious peak at a retention time of 4.11 min was found to be a major component of F-EtOAc whereas it was a minor compound in the other extracts. This peak was considered to be an active compound of P. betle as it was consistent with the antimicrobial activity of F-EtOAc, the most potential extract against the tested pathogens. It is suggested that F-EtOAc is a promising extract of P. betle for inhibition of oral pathogens. Separation and structure elucidation of the active compound of this extract will be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimpak Phumat
- Interdisciplinary Program in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Graduate School, Chiang Mai University.,Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University
| | - Sakornrat Khongkhunthian
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University.,Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University
| | | | - Siriporn Okonogi
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University
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84
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Astuty SD, Suhariningsih, Baktir A, Astuti SD. The Efficacy of Photodynamic Inactivation of the Diode Laser in Inactivation of the Candida albicans Biofilms With Exogenous Photosensitizer of Papaya Leaf Chlorophyll. J Lasers Med Sci 2019; 10:215-224. [PMID: 31749949 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2019.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Photodynamic inactivation has been developed to kill pathogenic microbes. In addition, some techniques have been introduced to minimize the biofilm resistance to antifungal properties in inhibiting cell growth. The principle of photodynamic inactivation different to antifungal drugs therapy which is resistant to biofilms. The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that generating in photodynamic inactivation mechanisms can be damaging of biofilm cells and the principle of light transmission that could be penetrating in matrix layers of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) until reaching the target cells at the base layers of biofilm. The present work aims to explore the potential of chlorophyll extract of papaya leaf as an exogenous photosensitizer to kill the Candida albicans biofilms after being activated by the laser. The potential of chlorophyll photosensitizer was evaluated based on the efficacy of inactivation C. albicans biofilm cell through a cell viability test and an organic compound test. Methods: The treatment of photoinactivation was administered to 12 groups of C. albicans biofilm for four days using the 445 nm laser and the 650 nm laser. The 445 nm and 650 nm lasers activated the chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf (0.5 mg/L) at the same energy density. The energy density variation was determined as 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 J/cm2 with the duration of exposure of each laser adjusted to the absorbance percentage of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf. Results: The absorbance percentage of chlorophyll extracts of the papaya leaf on wavelengths of 650 nm and 445 nm respectively were 22.26% and 60.29%, respectively. The most effective treated group was a group of the laser with the addition of chlorophyll, done by the 650 nm lasers with inactivation about 32% (P=0.001), while the 445 nm lasers only 25% (P=0.061). The maximum malondialdehyde levels by treatment of the laser 650 nm were (0.046±0.004) nmol/mg. Conclusion: The use of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf as a photosensitizer, resulted in the maximum spectrum of absorption at 414 nm and 668 nm, which produced a maximum reduction effect after photoinactivation up to 32% (with chlorophyll) and 25% (without chlorophyll). The utilization of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf would increase the antifungal effects with the activation by the diode laser in the biofilm of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Dewi Astuty
- Doctoral Program of Mathematics and Natural Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Physics of Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Suhariningsih
- Department of Physics Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Afaf Baktir
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suryani Dyah Astuti
- Department of Physics Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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85
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Contributions of Candida albicans Dimorphism, Adhesive Interactions, and Extracellular Matrix to the Formation of Dual-Species Biofilms with Streptococcus gordonii. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01179-19. [PMID: 31213561 PMCID: PMC6581863 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01179-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities have a great impact in health and disease. C. albicans interacts with multiple microorganisms in the oral cavity, frequently forming polymicrobial biofilms. We report on the synergistic interactions between C. albicans and the Gram-positive bacterium S. gordonii, for which we have examined the different contributions of adhesive interactions, filamentation, and the extracellular matrix to the formation of dual-species biofilms. Our results demonstrate that growth in the presence of the bacterium can restore the biofilm-forming ability of different C. albicans mutant strains with defects in adhesion and filamentation. The mixed-species biofilms also show high levels of resistance to antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics, and our results indicate that the fungal biofilm matrix protects bacterial cells within these mixed-species biofilms. Our observations add to a growing body of evidence indicating a high level of complexity in the reciprocal interactions and consortial behavior of fungal/bacterial biofilms. Fungal and bacterial populations coexist in the oral cavity, frequently forming mixed-species biofilms that complicate treatment against polymicrobial infections. However, despite relevance to oral health, the bidirectional interactions between these microbial populations are poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the interactions between the fungal species Candida albicans and the bacterial species Streptococcus gordonii as they coexist in mixed-species biofilms. Specifically, the interactions of different C. albicans mutant strains deficient in filamentation (efg1Δ/Δ and brg1Δ/Δ), adhesive interactions (als3Δ/Δ and bcr1Δ/Δ), and production of matrix exopolymeric substances (EPS) (kre5Δ/Δ, mnn9Δ/Δ, rlm1Δ/Δ, and zap1Δ/Δ) were evaluated with S. gordonii under different conditions mimicking the environment in the oral cavity. Interestingly, our results revealed that growth of the biofilm-deficient C. albicansals3Δ/Δ and bcr1Δ/Δ mutant strains in synthetic saliva or with S. gordonii restored their biofilm-forming ability. Moreover, challenging previous observations indicating an important role of morphogenetic conversions in the interactions between these two species, our results indicated a highly synergistic interaction between S. gordonii and the C. albicans filamentation-deficient efg1Δ/Δ and brg1Δ/Δ deletion mutants, which was particularly noticeable when the mixed biofilms were grown in synthetic saliva. Importantly, dual-species biofilms were found to exhibit increase in antimicrobial resistance, indicating that components of the fungal exopolymeric material confer protection to streptococcal cells against antibacterial treatment. Collectively, these findings unravel a high degree of complexity in the interactions between C. albicans and S. gordonii in mixed-species biofilms, which may impact homeostasis in the oral cavity.
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86
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Nadhe SB, Singh R, Wadhwani SA, Chopade BA. Acinetobacter sp. mediated synthesis of AgNPs, its optimization, characterization and synergistic antifungal activity against C. albicans. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:445-458. [PMID: 31074075 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with cell free extract of Acinetobacter sp. and evaluate antifungal activity against planktonic and biofilm of Candida. Also, to study mechanism of antifungal action of AgNPs. METHODS AND RESULT Acinetobacter spp were screened for synthesis of AgNPs. Physio-chemical parameters were optimized to obtained monodispersed nanoparticles. Optimized nanoparticles were characterized using spectroscopic, microscopic and diffraction techniques. Antifungal and biofilm disruption activity of AgNPs (10 ± 5 nm) were investigated against C. albicans. Mechanism of antifungal activity of nanosilver was deduced by growth curve, reactive oxygen species generation, thiol interaction and microscopic analysis. Acinetobacter sp. GWRFH 45 gave maximum synthesis of AgNPs. At optimized condition monodispersed, spherical nanoparticles were obtained which were crystalline with negative surface charge. AgNPs exhibited antifungal activity against planktonic cells and biofilm of Candida. AgNPs showed synergistic effect with amphotericin B as well as fluconazole against biofilm disruption. AgNPs were found to affect growth of Candida, generate reactive oxygen species and disrupt cellular morphology. CONCLUSIONS Cell free extract of A. calcoaceticus GWRFH 45 has ability to synthesize AgNPs. AgNPs alone and in combination with drugs have potential to inhibit C. albicans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report of bacteriogenic AgNPs used in combination with antifungal drugs against Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Nadhe
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - R Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, SIES College of Arts Science and Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - S A Wadhwani
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - B A Chopade
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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87
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Pathirana RU, McCall AD, Norris HL, Edgerton M. Filamentous Non- albicans Candida Species Adhere to Candida albicans and Benefit From Dual Biofilm Growth. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1188. [PMID: 31231324 PMCID: PMC6558389 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-albicans Candida species (NACS) are often isolated along with Candida albicans in cases of oropharyngeal candidiasis. C. albicans readily forms biofilms in conjunction with other oral microbiota including both bacteria and yeast. Adhesion between species is important to the establishment of these mixed biofilms, but interactions between C. albicans and many NACS are not well-characterized. We adapted a real-time flow biofilm model to study adhesion interactions and biofilm establishment in C. albicans and NACS in mono- and co-culture. Out of five NACS studied, only the filamenting species C. tropicalis and C. dubliniensis were capable of adhesion with C. albicans, while C. parapsilosis, C. lusitaniae, and C. krusei were not. Over the early phase (0-4 h) of biofilm development, both mono- and co-culture followed similar kinetics of attachment and detachment events, indicating that initial biofilm formation is not influenced by inter-species interactions. However, the NACS showed a preference for inter-species cell-cell interactions with C. albicans, and at later time points (5-11 h) we found that dual-species interactions impacted biofilm surface coverage. Dual-species biofilms of C. tropicalis and C. albicans grew more slowly than C. albicans alone, but achieved higher surface coverage than C. tropicalis alone. Biofilms of C. dubliniensis with C. albicans increased surface coverage more rapidly than either species alone. We conclude that dual culture biofilm of C. albicans with C. tropicalis or C. dubliniensis offers a growth advantage for both NACS. Furthermore, the growth and maintenance, but not initial establishment, of dual-species biofilms is likely facilitated by interspecies cell-cell adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruvini U Pathirana
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Andrew D McCall
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hannah L Norris
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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88
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Comparison of Virulence Factors of Different Candida Species Isolated from the Oral Cavity of Cancer Patients and Normal Individuals. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.91556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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89
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de Fátima Souto Maior L, Maciel PP, Ferreira VYN, de Lima Gouveia Dantas C, de Lima JM, Castellano LRC, Batista AUD, Bonan PRF. Antifungal activity and Shore A hardness of a tissue conditioner incorporated with terpinen-4-ol and cinnamaldehyde. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23:2837-2848. [PMID: 31111285 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02925-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the anti-Candida activity and the Shore A hardness of a tissue conditioner (Softone™) modified by incorporation of terpinen-4-ol and cinnamaldehyde. MATERIAL AND METHODS Agar diffusion, microdilution, and mechanism of action methods were performed to determine to evaluate the antifungal activity of phytoconstituents. Then, phytoconstituents in varying concentrations were incorporated into the tissue conditioner. The anti-Candida effect of the modified conditioner was evaluated through agar punch well and biofilm formation methods. Shore A hardness of the experimental liners was evaluated after baseline, 24 h, 48 h, 4 days, and 7 days immersion on artificial saliva. RESULTS The phytoconstituents incorporated into Softone showed completely inhibited fungal growth in concentrations of 20-40% and did not present significant antifungal activity until their concentrations where higher than 5%. There were differences between non-modified Softone and M5, M10, C10, and T10% (p < 0.05). The groups containing 10-40% of cinnamaldehyde incorporated into Softone were able to completely inhibit the biofilm. Concentrations below 40% of terpinen-4-ol showed unsatisfactory biofilm inhibition. The T40% and C40% groups presented the lowest Shore A hardness values. Hardness values from groups T40% at 7 days (p = 0.476); C40% at 4 days (p = 0.058); and T20% (p = 0.058), C20% (p = 0.205), T30% (p = 0.154), and C30% (p = 0.874) after 48 h did not differ from the control group. CONCLUSIONS Cinnamaldehyde incorporated into Softone inhibited Candida biofilm formation at concentrations of 10-40%, being more effective than terpinen-4-ol modification despite of halo inhibition observed by both products. CLINICAL RELEVANCE All modifications showed a very similar pattern of hardness being useful for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Fátima Souto Maior
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil. .,Dentistry Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I / Cidade Universitaria, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.
| | - Panmella Pereira Maciel
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dentistry Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I / Cidade Universitaria, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Victor Yuri Nicolau Ferreira
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dentistry Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I / Cidade Universitaria, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Cíntia de Lima Gouveia Dantas
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dentistry Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I / Cidade Universitaria, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Muniz de Lima
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dentistry Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I / Cidade Universitaria, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Roberto Cançado Castellano
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dental Graduation Program and Health Technical School, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - André Ulisses Dantas Batista
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dental Graduation Program and Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rogério Ferreti Bonan
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dental Graduation Program and Department of Clinic and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
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90
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Chevalier M, Doglio A, Rajendran R, Ramage G, Prêcheur I, Ranque S. Inhibition of adhesion-specific genes by Solidago virgaurea extract causes loss of Candida albicans biofilm integrity. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:68-77. [PMID: 31013388 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Candida albicans biofilms are commonly associated with severe oral infections. We previously discovered that a crude extract from the Solidago virgaurea plant (SV extract) was a potent inhibitor of C. albicans biofilm formation. Here, we further investigate the mechanisms underlying C. albicans biofilm inhibition by the SV extract. METHODS AND RESULTS The SV extract was shown to inhibit laboratory and clinical C. albicans isolates adherence and hyphal transition on inert support and epithelial human cells, without affecting viability and growth of planktonic yeasts. Interestingly, RT-PCR-based experiments demonstrated that some key genes involved in adhesion and hyphal morphological switch (e.g. Hwp1p, Ece1p, Als3p) were strongly down-regulated by the SV extract. Moreover, antimicrobial synergy testing (checkerboard assay) demonstrated that antifungal effects of miconazole, nystatin or a common antiseptic mouthwash were synergistically improved when used in combination with the SV extract. CONCLUSIONS The SV extract prevents C. albicans biofilm formation through direct inhibition of key adherence and hyphae-associated genes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Biofilm is considered as a key virulence factor of C. albicans infection. Our discovery of an inhibitor specifically acting on genes involved in biofilm formation paves the way for the future development of a new class of antifungal product.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chevalier
- Micoralis, UFR Odontologie, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,AP-HM, IRD, VITROME, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - A Doglio
- Micoralis, UFR Odontologie, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Génique (UTCG), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - R Rajendran
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - G Ramage
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - I Prêcheur
- Micoralis, UFR Odontologie, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Pôle Odontologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - S Ranque
- AP-HM, IRD, VITROME, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
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91
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Silva DR, Rosalen PL, Freires IA, Sardi JDCO, Lima RF, Lazarini JG, Costa TKVLD, Pereira JV, Godoy GP, Costa EMMDB. Anadenanthera Colubrina vell Brenan: anti-Candida and antibiofilm activities, toxicity and therapeutical action. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33:e023. [PMID: 30970088 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the antifungal and antibiofilm potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of bark from Anadenanthera colubrina (vell.) Brenan, known as Angico, against Candida spp. Antifungal activity was evaluated using the microdilution technique through the Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicide Concentrations (MIC and MFC). The antibiofilm potential was tested in mature biofilms formed by Candida species and analyzed through the counting of CFU/mL and scanning electron micrograph (SEM). In vivo toxicity and therapeutic action was evaluated in the Galleria mellonella model. The treatment with the extract, in low doses, was able to reduce the growth of planktonic cells of Candida species. MIC values range between 19.5 and 39 µg/mL and MFC values range between 79 and 625 µg/mL. In addition was able to reduce the number of CFU/mL in biofilms and to cause structural alteration and cellular destruction, observed via SEM. A. colubrina showed low toxicity in the in vivo assay, having not affected the viability of the larvae at doses below 100mg/kg and high potential in the treatment of C. albicans infection. Considering its high antifungal potential, its low toxicity and potential to treatment of infections in in vivo model, A. colubrina extract is a strong candidate for development of a new agent for the treatment of oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Romário Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Irlan Almeida Freires
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, 32610, Flórida, United States
| | - Janaína de Cássia Orlandi Sardi
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rennaly Freitas Lima
- Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPb, Department of Dentistry, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Josy Goldoni Lazarini
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Jozinete Vieira Pereira
- Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPb, Department of Dentistry, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Pina Godoy
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Department of Pathology, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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92
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Morse D, Wilson M, Wei X, Bradshaw D, Lewis M, Williams D. Modulation of Candida albicans virulence in in vitro biofilms by oral bacteria. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 68:337-343. [PMID: 30825340 PMCID: PMC6849710 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Candida-associated denture stomatitis presents as erythema of the palatal mucosa and is caused by biofilms containing the fungus Candida albicans that co-reside with oral bacteria on the denture-fitting surface. This study aimed to assess the effect of several frequently encountered oral bacteria on the expression of C. albicans virulence factors in in vitro polymicrobial biofilms. Biofilms containing C. albicans and selected bacterial species were grown on denture acrylic, and analysed by microscopy and by qPCR for expression of putative virulence genes. Candida albicans-only biofilms showed limited hyphal production. Hyphal development was significantly (P < 0·001) increased when biofilms also contained four species of oral bacteria (Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces odontolyticus and Actinomyces viscosus), as was the expression of virulence genes (P < 0·05). Importantly, inclusion of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the biofilm consortium resulted in significant (P < 0·05) inhibition of virulence gene expression and production of hyphae. The in vitro expression of C. albicans virulence factors was modulated in polymicrobial biofilms. The complexity of this modulation was highlighted by the reversal of effects following introduction of a single bacterial species into a biofilm community. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The impact of individual bacterial species on Candida albicans virulence highlights both the complexity of predicting infection mediated by polymicrobial communities and the potential for management through pro- or prebiotic therapy. The possibility to selectively modulate microbial virulence by addition of, or treatment with pro- or prebiotics avoids the use of conventional antimicrobial compounds, thus reducing the contribution to potential drug resistance. Understanding which bacterial species modulate virulence, and the mechanisms by which this occurs, particularly in biofilms, provides excellent foundations for further research questions, and the potential for novel clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.J. Morse
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - M.J. Wilson
- School of DentistryCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - X. Wei
- School of DentistryCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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93
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Tams RN, Cassilly CD, Anaokar S, Brewer WT, Dinsmore JT, Chen YL, Patton-Vogt J, Reynolds TB. Overproduction of Phospholipids by the Kennedy Pathway Leads to Hypervirulence in Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:86. [PMID: 30792701 PMCID: PMC6374345 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening systemic infections, as well as oral mucosal infections. Phospholipids are crucial for pathogenesis in C. albicans, as disruption of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis within the cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) pathway causes avirulence in a mouse model of systemic infection. The synthesis of PE by this pathway plays a crucial role in virulence, but it was unknown if downstream conversion of PE to phosphatidylcholine (PC) is required for pathogenicity. Therefore, the enzymes responsible for methylating PE to PC, Pem1 and Pem2, were disrupted. The resulting pem1Δ/Δ pem2Δ/Δ mutant was not less virulent in mice, but rather hypervirulent. Since the pem1Δ/Δ pem2Δ/Δ mutant accumulated PE, this led to the hypothesis that increased PE synthesis increases virulence. To test this, the alternative Kennedy pathway for PE/PC synthesis was exploited. This pathway makes PE and PC from exogenous ethanolamine and choline, respectively, using three enzymatic steps. In contrast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. albicans was found to use one enzyme, Ept1, for the final enzymatic step (ethanolamine/cholinephosphotransferase) that generates both PE and PC. EPT1 was overexpressed, which resulted in increases in both PE and PC synthesis. Moreover, the EPT1 overexpression strain is hypervirulent in mice and causes them to succumb to system infection more rapidly than wild-type. In contrast, disruption of EPT1 causes loss of PE and PC synthesis by the Kennedy pathway, and decreased kidney fungal burden during the mouse systemic infection model, indicating a mild loss of virulence. In addition, the ept1Δ/Δ mutant exhibits decreased cytotoxicity against oral epithelial cells in vitro, whereas the EPT1 overexpression strain exhibits increased cytotoxicity. Taken altogether, our data indicate that mutations that result in increased PE synthesis cause greater virulence and mutations that decrease PE synthesis attenuate virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Tams
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Chelsi D Cassilly
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Sanket Anaokar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - William T Brewer
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Justin T Dinsmore
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Ying-Lien Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jana Patton-Vogt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Todd B Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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94
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Černáková L, Light C, Salehi B, Rogel-Castillo C, Victoriano M, Martorell M, Sharifi-Rad J, Martins N, Rodrigues CF. Novel Therapies for Biofilm-Based Candida spp. Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1214:93-123. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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95
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Malic S, Rai S, Redfern J, Pritchett J, Liauw CM, Verran J, Tosheva L. Zeolite-embedded silver extends antimicrobial activity of dental acrylics. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 173:52-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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96
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Tantivitayakul P, Panpradit N, Maudcheingka T, Klaophimai A, Lapirattanakul J. Genotyping of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis by 25S rDNA analysis shows association with virulence attributes in oral candidiasis. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 97:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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97
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Moreira-Oliveira SS, Amaral-Machado L, de Oliveira WN, Alencar ÉN, Zatta KC, de Souza LBFC, Medeiros ADC, Chaves GM, Egito EST. Buccal Bullfrog ( Rana catesbeiana Shaw) Oil Emulsion: A Mucoadhesive System Intended for Treatment of Oral Candidiasis. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E257. [PMID: 30513861 PMCID: PMC6320908 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis (OC) is an infectious disease caused by microorganisms of the genus Candida, leading to lesions in the buccal cavity. Its treatment consists of the administration of topical or systemic antifungal agents, which may compromise the patient compliance due to its side effects, highlighting the need for alternative treatments. In this scenario, bullfrog oil, an animal oil composed of a pool of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, is introduced as a potential antifungal raw material. Thus, the aim of this work was to produce a mucoadhesive emulsified system able to deliver the bullfrog oil in the buccal cavity to treat the OC. The emulsion was produced and characterized by visual inspection, droplet size, polydispersity index (PdI), and zeta potential over the course of 60 days. In addition, its mucoadhesive ability was evaluated using an in vitro mucin model. The antifungal activity, evaluated by the broth microdilution assay and the biocompatibility, performed against human erythrocytes, were also carried out. The emulsion showed a droplet size of 320.79 ± 35.60 nm, a PdI of 0.49 ± 0.08, and a zeta potential of -38.53 ± 6.23 mV, with no significant changes over 60 days. The mucoadhesive properties of the system was improved by the use of pharmaceutical excipients. The antifungal activity showed that the bullfrog oil and the emulsion were able to inhibit the growth of different Candida species. Furthermore, the emulsion showed no significant hemolytic effect. Overall, the system showed suitable physicochemical characteristics and biocompatibility, with substantial in vitro antifungal activity, suggesting that this system can be further investigated for OC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susiane S Moreira-Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Faria-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Amaral-Machado
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Faria-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Wógenes Nunes de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, UFRN, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Faria-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Éverton N Alencar
- Laboratory of Dispersed Systems (LaSiD), UFRN, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Faria-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Cristine Zatta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga-2752-Santana, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Luanda B F C de Souza
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, UFRN, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Faria-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Aldo da Cunha Medeiros
- Department of Surgery, UFRN Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Faria-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Maranhão Chaves
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Faria-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, UFRN, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Faria-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Eryvaldo S T Egito
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Faria-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, UFRN, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Faria-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Dispersed Systems (LaSiD), UFRN, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Faria-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Sistemas Dispersos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rua Praia de Areia Branca, 8948, Natal 59094-450, RN, Brazil.
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98
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Manoharan RK, Lee J, Lee J. Efficacy of 7-benzyloxyindole and other halogenated indoles to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm and hyphal formation. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:1060-1069. [PMID: 29656577 PMCID: PMC6196399 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain pathogenic bacteria and yeast form biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces including medical devices and implants. Hence, the development of antibiofilm coating materials becomes relevant. The virulence of those colonizing pathogens can be reduced by inhibiting biofilm formation rather than killing pathogens using excessive amounts of antimicrobials, which is touted as one of the main reasons for the development of drug resistance. Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen, and the transition of yeast cells to hyphal cells is believed to be a crucial virulence factor. Previous studies have shown that indole and its derivatives possess antivirulence properties against various bacterial pathogens. In this study, we used various indole derivatives to investigate biofilm-inhibiting activity against C. albicans. Our study revealed that 7-benzyloxyindole, 4-fluoroindole and 5-iodoindole effectively inhibited biofilm formation compared to the antifungal agent fluconazole. Particularly, 7-benzyloxyindole at 0.02 mM (4.5 μg ml-1 ) significantly reduced C. albicans biofilm formation, but had no effect on planktonic cells, and this finding was confirmed by a 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay and three-dimensional confocal laser scanning microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed that 7-benzyloxyindole effectively inhibited hyphal formation, which explains biofilm inhibition. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 7-benzyloxyindole downregulated the expressions of several hypha/biofilm-related genes (ALS3, ECE1, HWP1 and RBT1). A C. albicans-infected Caenorhabditis elegans model system was used to confirm the antivirulence efficacy of 7-benzyloxyindole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin‐Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical EngineeringYeungnam UniversityGyeongsan38541Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical EngineeringYeungnam UniversityGyeongsan38541Korea
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99
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Bezerra CF, Rocha JE, Nascimento Silva MKD, de Freitas TS, de Sousa AK, dos Santos ATL, da Cruz RP, Ferreira MH, da Silva JCP, Machado AJT, Carneiro JNP, Sales DL, Coutinho HDM, Ribeiro PRV, de Brito ES, Morais-Braga MFB. Analysis by UPLC-MS-QTOF and antifungal activity of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:122-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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100
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Ohshima T, Ikawa S, Kitano K, Maeda N. A Proposal of Remedies for Oral Diseases Caused by Candida: A Mini Review. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1522. [PMID: 30038607 PMCID: PMC6046406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An opportunistic pathogen, Candida is not only related to oral problems such as oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis, but also to systemic diseases such as aspiration pneumonia and fungemia. The carriage rate of Candida species in the oral cavity of individuals wearing dentures and with removable orthodontic appliances, has increased. Moreover, it is one of the causal pathogens in refractory infected root canals because of its resistance to antifungal drugs in root canal therapy and poses a great challenge during the treatment of patients. This problem has led to the search for alternative strategies for the treatment and management of C. albicans infections. In this mini review, recent preventive strategies against Candida infection in the oral mucosa with natural product-derived antifungal molecules were discussed. Inhibitory strategies by introducing competitive naturally-derived antifungal peptide molecules with Candida adhesion molecules were specifically introduced. In addition, novel sterilization methods for Candida-infected root canals and tooth structures in the oral cavity were considered, with focused attention on the activities of reactive oxygen species. The possibility of application of these novel strategies in clinical treatments and daily life was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ohshima
- School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
- School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikawa
- Technology Research Institute of Osaka Prefecture, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kitano
- School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
- School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Nobuko Maeda
- School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
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