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Martinez P, Lopez C, Saravia C, Vanegas M, Patarroyo MA. Evaluation of the antigenicity of universal epitopes from PvDBPII in individuals exposed to Plasmodium vivax malaria. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:1188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
The Plasmodium parasite, the causative agent of malaria, is an excellent model for immunomic-based approaches to vaccine development. The Plasmodium parasite has a complex life cycle with multiple stages and stage-specific expression of ∼5300 putative proteins. No malaria vaccine has yet been licensed. Many believe that an effective vaccine will need to target several antigens and multiple stages, and will require the generation of both antibody and cellular immune responses. Vaccine efforts to date have been stage-specific and based on only a very limited number of proteins representing <0.5% of the genome. The recent availability of comprehensive genomic, proteomic and transcriptomic datasets from human and selected non-human primate and rodent malarias provide a foundation to exploit for vaccine development. This information can be mined to identify promising vaccine candidate antigens, by proteome-wide screening of antibody and T cell reactivity using specimens from individuals exposed to malaria and technology platforms such as protein arrays, high throughput protein production and epitope prediction algorithms. Such antigens could be incorporated into a rational vaccine development process that targets specific stages of the Plasmodium parasite life cycle with immune responses implicated in parasite elimination and control. Immunomic approaches which enable the selection of the best possible targets by prioritising antigens according to clinically relevant criteria may overcome the problem of poorly immunogenic, poorly protective vaccines that has plagued malaria vaccine developers for the past 25 years. Herein, current progress and perspectives regarding Plasmodium immunomics are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Doolan
- Division of Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
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Sidney J, Steen A, Moore C, Ngo S, Chung J, Peters B, Sette A. Divergent motifs but overlapping binding repertoires of six HLA-DQ molecules frequently expressed in the worldwide human population. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4189-98. [PMID: 20810981 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the binding repertoires and specificities of HLA-DQ molecules is somewhat limited and contradictory, partly because of the scarcity of reports addressing some of the most common molecules and possibly because of the diversity of the techniques used. In this paper, we report the development of high-throughput binding assays for the six most common DQ molecules in the general worldwide population. Using comprehensive panels of single substitution analogs of specific ligands, we derived detailed binding motifs for DQA1*0501/DQB1*0301, DQA1*0401/DQB1*0402, and DQA1*0101/DQB1*0501 and more detailed motifs for DQA1*0501/DQB1*0201, DQA1*0301/DQB1*0302, and DQA1*0102/DQB1*0602, previously characterized on the basis of sets of eluted ligands and/or limited sets of substituted peptides. In contrast to what has previously been observed for DR and DP molecules, DQ motifs were generally less clearly defined in terms of chemical specificity and, strikingly, had little overlap with each other. However, testing a panel of peptides spanning a set of Phleum pratense Ags, and panels of known DQ epitopes, revealed a surprisingly significant and substantial overlap in the repertoire of peptides bound by these DQ molecules. Although the mechanism underlying these apparently contradictory findings is not clear, it likely reflects the peculiar mode of interaction between DQ (and not DR or DP) molecules and their peptide ligands. Because the DQ molecules studied are found in >85% of the general human population, these findings have important implications for epitope identification studies and monitoring of DQ-restricted immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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McCall MBB, Sauerwein RW. Interferon-γ--central mediator of protective immune responses against the pre-erythrocytic and blood stage of malaria. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1131-43. [PMID: 20610802 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0310137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses against Plasmodium parasites, the causative organisms of malaria, are traditionally dichotomized into pre-erythrocytic and blood-stage components. Whereas the central role of cellular responses in pre-erythrocytic immunity is well established, protection against blood-stage parasites has generally been ascribed to humoral responses. A number of recent studies, however, have highlighted the existence of cellular immunity against blood-stage parasites, in particular, the prominence of IFN-γ production. Here, we have undertaken to chart the contribution of this prototypical cellular cytokine to immunity against pre-erythrocytic and blood-stage parasites. We summarize the various antiparasitic effector functions that IFN-γ serves to induce, review an array of data about its protective effects, and scrutinize evidence for any deleterious, immunopathological outcome in malaria patients. We discuss the activation and contribution of different cellular sources of IFN-γ production during malaria infection and its regulation in relation to exposure. We conclude that IFN-γ forms a central mediator of protective immune responses against pre-erythrocytic and blood-stage malaria parasites and identify a number of implications for rational malaria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B B McCall
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Guilbride DL, Gawlinski P, Guilbride PDL. Why functional pre-erythrocytic and bloodstage malaria vaccines fail: a meta-analysis of fully protective immunizations and novel immunological model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10685. [PMID: 20502667 PMCID: PMC2873430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically protective malaria vaccines consistently fail to protect adults and children in endemic settings, and at best only partially protect infants. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We identify and evaluate 1916 immunization studies between 1965-February 2010, and exclude partially or nonprotective results to find 177 completely protective immunization experiments. Detailed reexamination reveals an unexpectedly mundane basis for selective vaccine failure: live malaria parasites in the skin inhibit vaccine function. We next show published molecular and cellular data support a testable, novel model where parasite-host interactions in the skin induce malaria-specific regulatory T cells, and subvert early antigen-specific immunity to parasite-specific immunotolerance. This ensures infection and tolerance to reinfection. Exposure to Plasmodium-infected mosquito bites therefore systematically triggers immunosuppression of endemic vaccine-elicited responses. The extensive vaccine trial data solidly substantiate this model experimentally. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude skinstage-initiated immunosuppression, unassociated with bloodstage parasites, systematically blocks vaccine function in the field. Our model exposes novel molecular and procedural strategies to significantly and quickly increase protective efficacy in both pipeline and currently ineffective malaria vaccines, and forces fundamental reassessment of central precepts determining vaccine development. This has major implications for accelerated local eliminations of malaria, and significantly increases potential for eradication.
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Sidney J, Steen A, Moore C, Ngo S, Chung J, Peters B, Sette A. Five HLA-DP molecules frequently expressed in the worldwide human population share a common HLA supertypic binding specificity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:2492-503. [PMID: 20139279 PMCID: PMC2935290 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Compared with DR and DQ, knowledge of the binding repertoires and specificities of HLA-DP alleles is somewhat limited. However, a growing body of literature has indicated the importance of DP-restricted responses in the context of cancer, allergy, and infectious disease. In the current study, we developed high-throughput binding assays for the five most common HLA-DPB1 alleles in the general worldwide population. Using these assays on a comprehensive panel of single-substitution analogs and large peptide libraries, we derived novel detailed binding motifs for DPB1*0101 and DPB1*0501. We also derived more detailed quantitative motifs for DPB1*0201, DPB1*0401, and DPB1*0402, which were previously characterized on the basis of sets of eluted ligands and/or limited sets of substituted peptides. Unexpectedly, all five DP molecules, originally selected only on the basis of their frequency in human populations, were found to share largely overlapping peptide motifs. Testing panels of known DP epitopes and a panel of peptides spanning a set of Phleum pratense Ags revealed that these molecules also share largely overlapping peptide-binding repertoires. This demonstrates that a previously hypothesized DP supertype extends far beyond what was originally envisioned and includes at least three additional very common DP specificities. Taken together, these DP supertype molecules are found in >90% of the human population. Thus, these findings have important implications for epitope-identification studies and monitoring of human class II-restricted immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Lima-Junior JC, Banic DM, Tran TM, Meyer VSE, De-Simone SG, Santos F, Porto LCS, Marques MTQ, Moreno A, Barnwell JW, Galinski MR, Oliveira-Ferreira J. Promiscuous T-cell epitopes of Plasmodium merozoite surface protein 9 (PvMSP9) induces IFN-gamma and IL-4 responses in individuals naturally exposed to malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Vaccine 2010; 28:3185-91. [PMID: 20189487 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein (PvMSP9) stimulates both cellular and humoral immune responses in individuals who are naturally infected by this parasite species. To identify immunodominant human T-cell epitopes in PvMSP9, we used the MHC class II binding peptide prediction algorithm ProPred. Eleven synthetic peptides representing predicted putative promiscuous T-cell epitopes were tested in IFN-gamma and IL-4 ELISPOT assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) derived from 142 individuals from Rondonia State, Brazil who had been naturally exposed to P. vivax infections. To determine whether the predicted epitopes are preferentially recognized in the context of multiple alleles, MHC Class II typing of the cohort was also performed. Five synthetic peptides elicited robust cellular responses, and the overall frequencies of IFN-gamma and IL-4 responders to at least one of the promiscuous peptides were 62% and 46%, respectively. The frequencies of IFN-gamma and IL-4 responders to each peptide were not associated with a particular HLA-DRB1 allelic group since most of the peptides induced a response in individuals of 12 out of 13 studied allelic groups. The prediction of promiscuous epitopes using ProPred led to the identification of immunodominant epitopes recognized by PBMC from a significant proportion of a genetically heterogeneous population exposed to malaria infections. The combination of several such T-cell epitopes in a vaccine construct may increase the frequency of responders and the overall efficacy of subunit vaccines in genetically distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lima-Junior
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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58
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CD4+ T cell epitope discovery and rational vaccine design. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:121-30. [PMID: 20155490 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cell epitope-driven vaccine design employs bioinformatic algorithms to identify potential targets of vaccines against infectious diseases or cancer. Potential epitopes can be identified with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-binding algorithms, and the ability to bind to MHC class I or class II indicates a predominantly CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cell response. Furthermore, an epitope-based vaccine can circumvent evolutionary events favoring immune escape present in native proteins from pathogens. It can also focus on only the most relevant epitopes (i.e. conserved and promiscuous) recognized by the majority of the target population. Mounting evidence points to the critical role of CD4(+) T cells in natural antigen encounter and active immunization. In this paper the need for CD4(+) T cell help in vaccine development, the selection of CD4(+) T cell epitopes for an epitope-based vaccine, and how the approach can be used to induce a protective effect are reviewed.
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59
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Singh SP, Khan F, Mishra BN. Computational characterization of Plasmodium falciparum proteomic data for screening of potential vaccine candidates. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vekemans J, Leach A, Cohen J. Development of the RTS,S/AS malaria candidate vaccine. Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 6:G67-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kouiavskaia DV, Southwood S, Berard CA, Klyushnenkova EN, Alexander RB. T-cell recognition of prostatic peptides in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol 2009; 182:2483-9. [PMID: 19765754 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A potential etiology of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is autoimmunity. We determined whether T cells from men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome would recognize peptides derived from the normal self-prostatic proteins prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD4 T cells purified from peripheral blood of 31 patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and from the buffy coat preparation of 27 normal male blood donors were stimulated in vitro with a panel of immunogenic peptides from prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase, and assayed for reactivity with the peptides by interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. Intermediate resolution HLA typing was done by polymerase chain reaction. Peptides were also tested by binding assay against different class II alleles. RESULTS Peptide PAP(173-192) was recognized more frequently by CD4 T cells from patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome than from healthy donors. The recognition of prostate specific antigen peptides was not statistically different when comparing cases to normal male blood donors individually. Peptide reactivity was more common in patients than in normal male blood donors for any prostate specific antigen peptide or any tested peptide. All peptides showed high promiscuity on binding assays. There was no association of cases with any specific HLA class II phenotype at intermediate resolution. CONCLUSIONS CD4 T cells from patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome have a higher rate of recognizing the self-prostatic proteins prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen compared to those from normal male blood donors. Data provide further evidence to support the role of autoimmunity in some men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Kouiavskaia
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM. Personalized vaccines: the emerging field of vaccinomics. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 8:1659-67. [PMID: 18847302 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.11.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The next 'golden age' in vaccinology will be ushered in by the new science of vaccinomics. In turn, this will inform and allow the development of personalized vaccines, based on our increasing understanding of immune response phenotype: genotype information. Rapid advances in developing such data are already occurring for hepatitis B, influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, anthrax and smallpox vaccines. In addition, newly available data suggest that some vaccine-related adverse events may also be genetically determined and, therefore, predictable. This paper reviews the basis and logic of personalized vaccines, and describes recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Program in TranslationalImmunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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63
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Kim M, Taylor J, Sidney J, Mikloska Z, Bodsworth N, Lagios K, Dunckley H, Byth-Wilson K, Denis M, Finlayson R, Khanna R, Sette A, Cunningham AL. Immunodominant epitopes in herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein D are recognized by CD4 lymphocytes from both HSV-1 and HSV-2 seropositive subjects. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:6604-15. [PMID: 18941251 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In human recurrent cutaneous herpes simplex, there is a sequential infiltrate of CD4 and then CD8 lymphocytes into lesions. CD4 lymphocytes are the major producers of the key cytokine IFN-gamma in lesions. They recognize mainly structural proteins and especially glycoproteins D and B (gD and gB) when restimulated in vitro. Recent human vaccine trials using recombinant gD showed partial protection of HSV seronegative women against genital herpes disease and also, in placebo recipients, showed protection by prior HSV1 infection. In this study, we have defined immunodominant peptide epitopes recognized by 8 HSV1(+) and/or 16 HSV2(+) patients using (51)Cr-release cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays. Using a set of 39 overlapping 20-mer peptides, more than six immunodominant epitopes were defined in gD2 (two to six peptide epitopes were recognized for each subject). Further fine mapping of these responses for 4 of the 20-mers, using a panel of 9 internal 12-mers for each 20-mers, combined with MHC II typing and also direct in vitro binding assay of these peptides to individual DR molecules, showed more than one epitope per 20-mers and promiscuous binding of individual 20-mers and 12-mers to multiple DR types. All four 20-mer peptides were cross-recognized by both HSV1(+)/HSV2(-) and HSV1(-)/HSV2(+) subjects, but the sites of recognition differed within the 20-mers where their sequences were divergent. This work provides a basis for CD4 lymphocyte cross-recognition of gD2 and possibly cross-protection observed in previous clinical studies and in vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kim
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales and University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Assarsson E, Bui HH, Sidney J, Zhang Q, Glenn J, Oseroff C, Mbawuike IN, Alexander J, Newman MJ, Grey H, Sette A. Immunomic analysis of the repertoire of T-cell specificities for influenza A virus in humans. J Virol 2008; 82:12241-51. [PMID: 18842709 PMCID: PMC2593359 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01563-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuing antigenic drift allows influenza viruses to escape antibody-mediated recognition, and as a consequence, the vaccine currently in use needs to be altered annually. Highly conserved epitopes recognized by effector T cells may represent an alternative approach for the generation of a more universal influenza virus vaccine. Relatively few highly conserved epitopes are currently known in humans, and relatively few epitopes have been identified from proteins other than hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein. This prompted us to perform a study aimed at identifying a set of human T-cell epitopes that would provide broad coverage against different virus strains and subtypes. To provide coverage across different ethnicities, seven different HLA supertypes were considered. More than 4,000 peptides were selected from a panel of 23 influenza A virus strains based on predicted high-affinity binding to HLA class I or class II and high conservancy levels. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 44 healthy human blood donors were tested for reactivity against HLA-matched peptides by using gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Interestingly, we found that PB1 was the major target for both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. The 54 nonredundant epitopes (38 class I and 16 class II) identified herein provided high coverage among different ethnicities, were conserved in the majority of the strains analyzed, and were consistently recognized in multiple individuals. These results enable further functional studies of T-cell responses during influenza virus infection and provide a potential base for the development of a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Assarsson
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Alvarez MG, Postan M, Weatherly DB, Albareda MC, Sidney J, Sette A, Olivera C, Armenti AH, Tarleton RL, Laucella SA. HLA Class I-T cell epitopes from trans-sialidase proteins reveal functionally distinct subsets of CD8+ T cells in chronic Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e288. [PMID: 18846233 PMCID: PMC2565697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we identified a set of HLA-A020.1-restricted trans-sialidase peptides as targets of CD8+ T cell responses in HLA-A0201+ individuals chronically infected by T. cruzi. Methods and Findings Herein, we report the identification of peptides encoded by the same trans-sialidase gene family that bind alleles representative of the 6 most common class I HLA-supertypes. Based on a combination of bioinformatic predictions and HLA-supertype considerations, a total of 1001 epitopes predicted to bind to HLA A01, A02, A03, A24, B7 and B44 supertypes was selected. Ninety-six supertype-binder epitopes encoded by multiple trans-sialidase genes were tested for the ability to stimulate a recall CD8+ T cell response in the peripheral blood from subjects with chronic T. cruzi infection regardless the HLA haplotype. An overall hierarchy of antigenicity was apparent, with the A02 supertype peptides being the most frequently recognized in the Chagas disease population followed by the A03 and the A24 supertype epitopes. CD8+ T cell responses to promiscuous epitopes revealed that the CD8+ T cell compartment specific for T. cruzi displays a functional profile with T cells secreting interferon-γ alone as the predominant pattern and very low prevalence of single IL-2-secreting or dual IFN-γ/IL-2 secreting T cells denoting a lack of polyfunctional cytokine responses in chronic T. cruzi infection. Conclusions This study identifies a set of T. cruzi peptides that should prove useful for monitoring immune competence and changes in infection and disease status in individuals with chronic Chagas disease. At present, 16–20 million people in Central and South America are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease in humans. The primary clinical consequence of the infection is a cardiomyopathy, which manifests in approximately 30% of infected individuals, many years after the initial infection. Our work in Chagas disease patients began as an effort to assess the range and specificity of antigens that were recognized by T cells, in particular CD8+ T cells, in individuals with long-term infections with Trypanosoma cruzi. Trans-sialidase proteins from T. cruzi are major surface and released proteins that are targets of humoral and cellular immune responses. We previously, identified a set of trans-sialidase peptides that were recognized by a very low frequency of chronically T. cruzi-infected subjects. Based on bioinformatic predictions, herein we report the identification of new trans-sialidase epitopes that are recognized by a higher proportion of T. cruzi-infected people. The functional profile of T cells specific for these peptides is characteristic of an infection with long term stimulation of the immune system, with high levels of IFN-γ-secreting T cells and low levels of IL-2 production. This set of T. cruzi peptides should prove useful for monitoring immune competence and changes in infection and disease status in individuals with chronic Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María G. Alvarez
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos “Eva Perón”, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miriam Postan
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D. Brent Weatherly
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - María C. Albareda
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Carina Olivera
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro H. Armenti
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos “Eva Perón”, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rick L. Tarleton
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Susana A. Laucella
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Martin P, Simon B, Lone YC, Chatel L, Barry R, Inchauspé G, Fournillier A. A vector-based minigene vaccine approach results in strong induction of T-cell responses specific of hepatitis C virus. Vaccine 2008; 26:2471-81. [PMID: 18423948 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiepitope-based vaccines against hepatitis C virus (HCV) were designed in the form of three minigenes encompassing four domains of the NS3, NS4 and NS5B proteins that contain multiple class I/II restricted epitopes. The polyEp-WT minigene encodes all four domains in fusion, the polyEp-C minigene encodes the same fusion but optimised for mammalian translation and the polyEp-E3 minigene has an additional endoplasmic reticulum targeting sequence. Whereas the minigenes vectorised by DNA were poorly immunogenic, adenovirus vectorisation induced strong and broader IFNgamma-ELISpot and CTL responses in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. In addition, polyEp-WT and polyEp-E3 responses were found cross-reactive in a recombinant Listeria-NS3-based surrogate challenge. This study illustrates the potency of vectorised minigenes in the field of HCV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Martin
- TRANSGENE SA, Infectious Diseases Department, Site de l'AFSSA, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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In silico identification and in vivo analysis of a novel T-cell antigen from Chlamydia, NrdB. Vaccine 2008; 26:1285-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Karunakaran KP, Rey-Ladino J, Stoynov N, Berg K, Shen C, Jiang X, Gabel BR, Yu H, Foster LJ, Brunham RC. Immunoproteomic Discovery of Novel T Cell Antigens from the Obligate Intracellular Pathogen Chlamydia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2459-65. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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An asymmetric model of heterozygote advantage at major histocompatibility complex genes: degenerate pathogen recognition and intersection advantage. Genetics 2008; 178:1473-89. [PMID: 18245836 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.082131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterize the function of MHC molecules by the sets of pathogens that they recognize, which we call their "recognition sets." Two features of the MHC-pathogen interaction may be important to the theory of polymorphism construction at MHC loci: First, there may be a large degree of overlap, or degeneracy, among the recognition sets of MHC molecules. Second, when infected with a pathogen, an MHC genotype may have a higher fitness if that pathogen belongs to the overlapping portion, or intersection, of the two recognition sets of the host, when compared with a genotype that contains that pathogen in only one of its recognition sets. We call this benefit "intersection advantage," gamma, and incorporate it, as well as the degree of recognition degeneracy, m, into a model of heterozygote advantage that utilizes a set-theoretic definition of fitness. Counterintuitively, we show that levels of polymorphism are positively related to m and that a high level of recognition degeneracy is necessary for polymorphism at MHC loci under heterozygote advantage. Increasing gamma reduces levels of polymorphism considerably. Hence, if intersection advantage is significant for MHC genotypes, then heterozygote advantage may not explain the very high levels of polymorphism observed at MHC genes.
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70
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Calvo-Calle JM, Strug I, Nastke MD, Baker SP, Stern LJ. Human CD4+ T cell epitopes from vaccinia virus induced by vaccination or infection. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:1511-29. [PMID: 17937498 PMCID: PMC2014795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of vaccinia virus in basic and applied immunology, our knowledge of the human immune response directed against this virus is very limited. CD4+ T cell responses are an important component of immunity induced by current vaccinia-based vaccines, and likely will be required for new subunit vaccine approaches, but to date vaccinia-specific CD4+ T cell responses have been poorly characterized, and CD4+ T cell epitopes have been reported only recently. Classical approaches used to identify T cell epitopes are not practical for large genomes like vaccinia. We developed and validated a highly efficient computational approach that combines prediction of class II MHC-peptide binding activity with prediction of antigen processing and presentation. Using this approach and screening only 36 peptides, we identified 25 epitopes recognized by T cells from vaccinia-immune individuals. Although the predictions were made for HLA-DR1, eight of the peptides were recognized by donors of multiple haplotypes. T cell responses were observed in samples of peripheral blood obtained many years after primary vaccination, and were amplified after booster immunization. Peptides recognized by multiple donors are highly conserved across the poxvirus family, including variola, the causative agent of smallpox, and may be useful in development of a new generation of smallpox vaccines and in the analysis of the immune response elicited to vaccinia virus. Moreover, the epitope identification approach developed here should find application to other large-genome pathogens. Although the routine use of vaccinia virus for vaccination against smallpox was stopped after eradication of this disease, there is a possibility for an accidental or intentional release of this virus. In response to this challenge, vaccination of at least emergency personnel has been suggested. However, adverse reactions induced by the smallpox vaccine have had a negative impact in the success of this program. For these reasons development of new smallpox vaccines is a public health priority. Identification of strong helper T cell epitopes is central to these efforts. However, identification of T cell epitopes in large genomes like vaccinia is difficult using current screening methods. In this work, we develop a new computational approach for prediction of T cell epitopes, validate it using epitopes already identified by classical methods, and apply it to the prediction of vaccinia epitopes. Twenty-five of 36 peptides containing predicted sequences were recognized by T cells from individuals exposed to vaccinia virus. These peptides are highly conserved across the orthopox virus family and may be useful in development of a new generation of smallpox vaccines and in the analysis of the immune response against vaccinia virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Mauricio Calvo-Calle
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iwona Strug
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria-Dorothea Nastke
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen P Baker
- Department of Information Services, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J Stern
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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71
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Ovsyannikova IG, Johnson KL, Bergen HR, Poland GA. Mass spectrometry and peptide-based vaccine development. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 82:644-52. [PMID: 17971823 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of new vaccines against pathogens is an important part of infectious disease control. In the last decade, a variety of proteins giving rise to naturally processed pathogen-derived antigenic peptides, representing B-cell and T-cell epitopes, have been characterized. Numerous candidate vaccines consisting of synthetic peptides are being designed and evaluated, with encouraging results. In this context, the application of mass spectrometry based on the isolation and identification of pathogen-derived peptides from the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules is a major focus of peptide-based vaccine development. Dramatic improvements have been made in mass spectrometer performance for peptide sequencing in terms of increased sensitivity, the ability to rapidly obtain data-directed tandem mass spectra, and the accuracy of mass measurement. This review focuses on the efforts to identify T-cell epitopes for viral and microbial pathogens for directed vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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72
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Frahm N, Yusim K, Suscovich TJ, Adams S, Sidney J, Hraber P, Hewitt HS, Linde CH, Kavanagh DG, Woodberry T, Henry LM, Faircloth K, Listgarten J, Kadie C, Jojic N, Sango K, Brown NV, Pae E, Zaman MT, Bihl F, Khatri A, John M, Mallal S, Marincola FM, Walker BD, Sette A, Heckerman D, Korber BT, Brander C. Extensive HLA class I allele promiscuity among viral CTL epitopes. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2419-33. [PMID: 17705138 PMCID: PMC2628559 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Promiscuous binding of T helper epitopes to MHC class II molecules has been well established, but few examples of promiscuous class I-restricted epitopes exist. To address the extent of promiscuity of HLA class I peptides, responses to 242 well-defined viral epitopes were tested in 100 subjects regardless of the individuals' HLA type. Surprisingly, half of all detected responses were seen in the absence of the originally reported restricting HLA class I allele, and only 3% of epitopes were recognized exclusively in the presence of their original allele. Functional assays confirmed the frequent recognition of HLA class I-restricted T cell epitopes on several alternative alleles across HLA class I supertypes and encoded on different class I loci. These data have significant implications for the understanding of MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Frahm
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Karina Yusim
- Theoretical Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM
| | - Todd J. Suscovich
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, Redmond, WA
| | - Peter Hraber
- Theoretical Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM
| | - Hannah S. Hewitt
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Caitlyn H. Linde
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel G. Kavanagh
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tonia Woodberry
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Leah M. Henry
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kellie Faircloth
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Kaori Sango
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nancy V. Brown
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eunice Pae
- Fenway Community Health Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Florian Bihl
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ashok Khatri
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mina John
- Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Simon Mallal
- Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Bruce D. Walker
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Bette T. Korber
- Theoretical Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Christian Brander
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Bui HH, Sidney J, Li W, Fusseder N, Sette A. Development of an epitope conservancy analysis tool to facilitate the design of epitope-based diagnostics and vaccines. BMC Bioinformatics 2007; 8:361. [PMID: 17897458 PMCID: PMC2233646 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-8-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In an epitope-based vaccine setting, the use of conserved epitopes would be expected to provide broader protection across multiple strains, or even species, than epitopes derived from highly variable genome regions. Conversely, in a diagnostic and disease monitoring setting, epitopes that are specific to a given pathogen strain, for example, can be used to monitor responses to that particular infectious strain. In both cases, concrete information pertaining to the degree of conservancy of the epitope(s) considered is crucial. Results To assist in the selection of epitopes with the desired degree of conservation, we have developed a new tool to determine the variability of epitopes within a given set of protein sequences. The tool was implemented as a component of the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resources (IEDB), and is directly accessible at . Conclusion An epitope conservancy analysis tool was developed to analyze the variability or conservation of epitopes. The tool is user friendly, and is expected to aid in the design of epitope-based vaccines and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh-Hoa Bui
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Antisense Drug Discovery, 1896 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wei Li
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicolas Fusseder
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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74
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Mitra-Kaushik S, Cruz J, Stern LJ, Ennis FA, Terajima M. Human cytotoxic CD4+ T cells recognize HLA-DR1-restricted epitopes on vaccinia virus proteins A24R and D1R conserved among poxviruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1303-12. [PMID: 17617623 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that vaccinia virus (VV)-specific CD4(+) cytolytic T cells can persist for >50 years after immunization against smallpox in the absence of re-exposure to VV. Nevertheless, there have been few studies focusing on CD4(+) T cell responses to smallpox vaccination. To ensure successful vaccination, a candidate vaccine should contain immunodominant CD4(+) T cell epitopes as well as CD8(+) T and B cell epitopes. In the present study, we established cytotoxic CD4(+) T cell lines from VV-immune donors, which recognize epitopes in VV proteins D1R and A24R in association with HLA-DR1 Ags. Comparisons of sequences between different members of the poxvirus family show that both epitopes are completely conserved among VV, variola viruses, and most mammalian poxviruses, including monkeypox, cowpox, and ectromelia. The CD4(+) T cell lines lysed VV-infected, Ag- and peptide-pulsed targets, and the lysis was inhibited by concanamycin A. We also detected these peptide-specific cytolytic and IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) T cells in short-term bulk cultures of PBMC from each of the three VV-immune donors tested. These are the first VV-specific CD4(+) T cell epitopes identified in humans restricted by one of the most common MHC class II molecules, HLA-DR1, and this information may be useful in analyzing CD4(+) T cell responses to pre-existing or new generation VV vaccines against smallpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Mitra-Kaushik
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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75
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Moutaftsi M, Bui HH, Peters B, Sidney J, Salek-Ardakani S, Oseroff C, Pasquetto V, Crotty S, Croft M, Lefkowitz EJ, Grey H, Sette A. Vaccinia virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses target a set of antigens largely distinct from those targeted by CD8+ T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6814-20. [PMID: 17513729 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have defined vaccinia virus (VACV)-specific CD8(+) T cell epitopes in mice and humans. However, little is known about the epitope specificities of CD4(+) T cell responses. In this study, we identified 14 I-A(b)-restricted VACV-specific CD4(+) T cell epitopes by screening a large set of 2146 different 15-mer peptides in C57BL/6 mice. These epitopes account for approximately 20% of the total anti-VACV CD4(+) T cell response and are derived from 13 different viral proteins. Surprisingly, none of the CD4(+) T cell epitopes identified was derived from VACV virulence factors. Although early Ags were recognized, late Ags predominated as CD4(+) T cell targets. These results are in contrast to what was previously found in CD8(+) T cells responses, where early Ags, including virulence factors, were prominently recognized. Taken together, these results highlight fundamental differences in immunodominance of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to a complex pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Moutaftsi
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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76
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Van Walle I, Gansemans Y, Parren PWHI, Stas P, Lasters I. Immunogenicity screening in protein drug development. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:405-18. [PMID: 17309332 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.3.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Most therapeutic proteins in clinical trials or on the market are, to a variable extent, immunogenic. Formation of antidrug antibodies poses a risk that should be assessed during drug development, as it possibly compromises drug safety and alters pharmacokinetics. The generation of these antibodies is critically dependent on the presence of T helper cell epitopes, which have classically been identified by in vitro methods using blood cells from human donors. As a novel development, in silico methods that identify T cell epitopes have been coming on line. These methods are relatively inexpensive and allow the mapping of epitopes from virtually all human leukocyte antigen molecules derived from a wide genetic background. In vitro assays remain important, but guided by in silico data they can focus on selected peptides and human leukocyte antigen haplotypes, thereby significantly reducing time and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Van Walle
- Algonomics NV, Technologiepark 4, 9052 Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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77
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Tarzi M, Klunker S, Texier C, Verhoef A, Stapel SO, Akdis CA, Maillere B, Kay AB, Larché M. Induction of interleukin-10 and suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 gene expression following peptide immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:465-74. [PMID: 16630151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-derived (T cell epitope) peptides may be safer for immunotherapy than native allergen, as they do not cross-link immunoglobulin (Ig)E. However, HLA polymorphism results in multiple potential epitopes. Synthetic peptides of phospholipase (PL) A(2) were selected for a peptide vaccine, on the basis of binding affinity for commonly expressed HLA-DR molecules. OBJECTIVE To evaluate treatment with an HLA-DR-based PLA(2) peptide vaccine in subjects with mild honeybee allergy in an open, controlled study. METHODS Twelve volunteers with allergy to bee venom received nine intradermal injections of PLA(2) peptides, with six untreated subjects serving as controls. Outcome was assessed by the size of the late-phase cutaneous reaction to allergen, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation, cytokine release, and expression of genes associated with immune regulation. RESULTS Subjects receiving peptides showed a decrease in the magnitude of the late-phase cutaneous reaction to bee venom compared with controls (P=0.03). The proliferation of venom-stimulated PBMCs decreased in treated subjects compared with controls (P=0.01). Peptide treatment reduced the production of IL-13 by PLA(2)-stimulated PBMCs (P<0.01) and IFN-gamma (P<0.01), and increased the production of IL-10 (P=0.02). Transcription of the suppressor of cytokine signalling (Socs)3 gene was significantly increased following therapy. A transient, but modest, increase in allergen-specific IgG was also observed. CONCLUSION HLA-DR-based T cell epitopes modify surrogate markers associated with successful immunotherapy and induction of immune regulation, supporting the concept that this form of treatment may be efficacious in human allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tarzi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
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78
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Ovsyannikova IG, Dhiman N, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. Human leukocyte antigen polymorphisms: variable humoral immune responses to viral vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 5:33-43. [PMID: 16451106 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody formation in response to antigen stimulation remains the basis for measuring an individual's response and protection for most viral vaccines. A significant proportion of the variation in individual humoral immune response to vaccination appears to be genetic. The collection of genes found on chromosome 6 forming the human leukocyte antigen system provides one of the greatest sources of genetic variation in individuals with respect to their immunological responses. Recent research has demonstrated significant associations between vaccine response and human leukocyte antigen alleles. These associations not only explain why vaccine-induced humoral immune responses vary among individuals and between populations, but these variations may also hold the key to the development of future generations of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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79
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Bui HH, Sidney J, Dinh K, Southwood S, Newman MJ, Sette A. Predicting population coverage of T-cell epitope-based diagnostics and vaccines. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:153. [PMID: 16545123 PMCID: PMC1513259 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells recognize a complex between a specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule and a particular pathogen-derived epitope. A given epitope will elicit a response only in individuals that express an MHC molecule capable of binding that particular epitope. MHC molecules are extremely polymorphic and over a thousand different human MHC (HLA) alleles are known. A disproportionate amount of MHC polymorphism occurs in positions constituting the peptide-binding region, and as a result, MHC molecules exhibit a widely varying binding specificity. In the design of peptide-based vaccines and diagnostics, the issue of population coverage in relation to MHC polymorphism is further complicated by the fact that different HLA types are expressed at dramatically different frequencies in different ethnicities. Thus, without careful consideration, a vaccine or diagnostic with ethnically biased population coverage could result. RESULTS To address this issue, an algorithm was developed to calculate, on the basis of HLA genotypic frequencies, the fraction of individuals expected to respond to a given epitope set, diagnostic or vaccine. The population coverage estimates are based on MHC binding and/or T cell restriction data, although the tool can be utilized in a more general fashion. The algorithm was implemented as a web-application available at http://epitope.liai.org:8080/tools/population. CONCLUSION We have developed a web-based tool to predict population coverage of T-cell epitope-based diagnostics and vaccines based on MHC binding and/or T cell restriction data. Accordingly, epitope-based vaccines or diagnostics can be designed to maximize population coverage, while minimizing complexity (that is, the number of different epitopes included in the diagnostic or vaccine), and also minimizing the variability of coverage obtained or projected in different ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh-Hoa Bui
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Vaccine Discovery, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Vaccine Discovery, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Kenny Dinh
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Vaccine Discovery, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Scott Southwood
- IDM Inc., 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mark J Newman
- IDM Inc., 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Vaccine Discovery, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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80
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Lombard Z, Brune AE, Hoal EG, Babb C, Van Helden PD, Epplen JT, Bornman L. HLA class II disease associations in southern Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 67:97-110. [PMID: 16441480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Southern Africa harbors several population groups representing a diversity of gene pool origins. This provides a unique opportunity to study genetic disease predisposition in these populations against a common environmental background. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) association studies of these populations could improve knowledge on inter-population variation and HLA-related disease susceptibility. The aim of this paper is to review HLA class II disease associations reported for southern African population groups, compare them with findings in other populations and identify those unique to southern Africa. A number of HLA class II disease associations appear to be unique to southern African populations. These include DRB1*14011 association with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus susceptibility in the Xhosa and DRB1*10 and DQB1*0302 with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in the South African (SA) Indian and SA Coloreds, respectively. A noteworthy similarity in class II disease association was observed among southern African Caucasoid and their European parental populations. Unique HLA class II disease associations observed in southern Africa are consistent with the notion that unique environmental and natural selective factors have resulted in certain ethnic-specific HLA class II disease associations, while common HLA class II disease associations found across different populations support the notion that common diseases are caused by common, ancient alleles present in indigenous African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lombard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
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81
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Tongren JE, Corran PH, Jarra W, Langhorne J, Riley EM. Epitope-specific regulation of immunoglobulin class switching in mice immunized with malarial merozoite surface proteins. Infect Immun 2006; 73:8119-29. [PMID: 16299306 PMCID: PMC1307071 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.12.8119-8129.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that bind to Fc receptors and activate complement are implicated in the efficient control of pathogens, but the processes that regulate their induction are still not well understood. To investigate antigen-dependent factors that regulate class switching, we have developed an in vivo model of class switching to immunoglobulin G2b (IgG2b) using the malaria antigen Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2). C57BL/6 mice were immunized with recombinant proteins representing discrete domains of MSP2, and a T-cell epitope (C8) was identified within the conserved C terminus of the protein that preferentially induces IgG2b antibodies. The ability of C8 to induce IgG2b is ablated in both homozygous gamma interferon-negative and interleukin 10-negative mice. The IgG2b-inducing properties of C8 override the IgG1-inducing properties of both the fusion protein partner, glutathione S-transferase, and the adjuvant. Furthermore, when attached to other proteins that normally induce IgG1 responses, C8 induces a switch to IgG2b secretion. This is the first description of a defined T-cell epitope that drives specific IgG2b subclass switching, and our data offer proof of the concept that chimeric vaccines incorporating specific T-cell "switch epitopes" might be used to enhance qualitative aspects of the antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Eric Tongren
- Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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82
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Schulze zur Wiesch J, Lauer GM, Day CL, Kim AY, Ouchi K, Duncan JE, Wurcel AG, Timm J, Jones AM, Mothe B, Allen TM, McGovern B, Lewis-Ximenez L, Sidney J, Sette A, Chung RT, Walker BD. Broad repertoire of the CD4+ Th cell response in spontaneously controlled hepatitis C virus infection includes dominant and highly promiscuous epitopes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2005; 175:3603-13. [PMID: 16148104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A vigorous hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific Th cell response is regarded as essential to the immunological control of HCV viremia. The aim of this study was to comprehensively define the breadth and specificity of dominant HCV-specific CD4(+) T cell epitopes in large cohorts of subjects with chronic and spontaneously resolved HCV viremia. Following in vitro stimulation of PBMC, HCV-specific cell cultures from each subject were screened with an overlapping panel of synthetic 20-mer peptides spanning the entire HCV polyprotein. Of 22 subjects who spontaneously controlled HCV viremia, all recognized at least one of a group of six epitopes situated within the nonstructural (NS) proteins NS3, NS4, and NS5, each of which was detected by >30% of subjects, but most subjects recognized additional, more heterogeneous specificities. In contrast, none of the most frequently targeted epitopes was detected by >5% of persons with chronic infection. The most frequently recognized peptides showed promiscuous binding to multiple HLA-DR molecules in in vitro binding assays and were restricted by different HLA-DR molecules in functional assays in different persons. These data demonstrate that predominant CD4(+) T cell epitopes in persons with resolved HCV infection are preferentially located in the nonstructural proteins and are immunogenic in the context of multiple class II molecules. This comprehensive characterization of CD4(+) T cell epitopes in resolved HCV infection provides important information to facilitate studies of immunopathogenesis and HCV vaccine design and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- Partners AIDS Research Center and Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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83
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Doytchinova IA, Flower DR. In silico identification of supertypes for class II MHCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7085-95. [PMID: 15905552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of epitope-based vaccines, which have wide population coverage, is greatly complicated by MHC polymorphism. The grouping of alleles into supertypes, on the basis of common structural and functional features, addresses this problem directly. In the present study we applied a combined bioinformatics approach, based on analysis of both protein sequence and structure, to identify similarities in the peptide binding sites of 2225 human class II MHC molecules, and thus define supertypes and supertype fingerprints. Two chemometric techniques were used: hierarchical clustering using three-dimensional Comparative Similarity Indices Analysis fields and nonhierarchical k-means clustering using sequence-based z-descriptors. An average consensus of 84% was achieved, i.e., 1872 of 2225 class II molecules were classified in the same supertype by both techniques. Twelve class II supertypes were defined: five DRs, three DQs, and four DPs. The HLA class II supertypes and their fingerprints given in parenthesis are DR1 (Trp(9beta)), DR3 (Glu(9beta), Gln(70beta), and Gln/Arg(74beta)), DR4 (Glu(9beta), Gln/Arg(70beta), and Glu/Ala(74beta)), DR5 (Glu(9beta), Asp(70beta)), and DR9 (Lys/Gln(9beta)); DQ1 (Ala/Gly(86beta)), DQ2 (Glu(86beta), Lys(71beta)), and DQ3 (Glu(86beta), Thr/Asp(71beta)); DPw1 (Asp(84beta) and Lys(69beta)), DPw2 (Gly/Val(84beta) and Glu(69beta)), DPw4 (Gly/Val(84beta) and Lys(69beta)), and DPw6 (Asp(84beta) and Glu(69beta)). Apart from the good agreement between known binding motifs and our classification, several new supertypes, and corresponding thematic binding motifs, were also defined.
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84
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Wang R, Richie TL, Baraceros MF, Rahardjo N, Gay T, Banania JG, Charoenvit Y, Epstein JE, Luke T, Freilich DA, Norman J, Hoffman SL. Boosting of DNA vaccine-elicited gamma interferon responses in humans by exposure to malaria parasites. Infect Immun 2005; 73:2863-72. [PMID: 15845492 PMCID: PMC1087336 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.5.2863-2872.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A mixture of DNA plasmids expressing five Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocyte-stage antigens was administered with or without a DNA plasmid encoding human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) as an immune enhancer. After DNA immunization, antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) responses were detected by ELISPOT in 15/31 volunteers to multiple class I- and/or class II-restricted T-cell epitopes derived from all five antigens. Responses to multiple epitopes (</=7) were detected simultaneously in some volunteers. By 4 weeks after challenge with P. falciparum parasites, 23/31 volunteers had positive IFN-gamma responses and the magnitude of responses was increased from 2- to 143-fold. Nonetheless, none was protected against malaria. Volunteers who received hGM-CSF had a reduced frequency of IFN-gamma responses to class I peptides compared to those who only received plasmids expressing P. falciparum proteins before challenge (3/23 versus 3/8; P = 0.15) or after parasite challenge (4/23 versus 5/8; P = 0.015) but not to class II peptides before or after challenge. The responses to one antigen (P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein [PfCSP]) were similar among volunteers who received the five-gene mixture compared to volunteers who only received the PfCSP DNA plasmid in a previous study. In summary, DNA-primed IFN-gamma responses were boosted in humans by exposure to native antigen on parasites, coadministration of a plasmid expressing hGM-CSF had a negative effect on boosting of class I-restricted IFN-gamma responses, and there was no evidence that immunization with PfCSP DNA in the mixture reduced T-cell responses to PfCSP compared to when it was administered alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Wang
- Sanaria, Inc., 12115 Parklawn Drive, Suite L, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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85
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Patarroyo ME, Cifuentes G, Vargas LE, Rosas J. Structural Modifications Enable Conserved Peptides to Fit into MHC Molecules thus Inducing Protection against Malaria. Chembiochem 2004; 5:1588-93. [PMID: 15515079 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunologia de Colombia (FIDIC), Cra. 50 No. 26-00 Bogotá, Colombia.
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86
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BenMohamed L, Thomas A, Druilhe P. Long-term multiepitopic cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte responses induced in chimpanzees by combinations of Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage peptides and lipopeptides. Infect Immun 2004; 72:4376-84. [PMID: 15271893 PMCID: PMC470687 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.8.4376-4384.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical immunogenicity studies of 12 malaria peptides, selected from four Plasmodium falciparum antigens (Ags), namely, LSA1, LSA3, SALSA, and STARP, that are expressed at the pre-erythrocytic (sporozoite and liver) stages of the human parasite were carried out in chimpanzees. To strengthen their immunogenicity, six of these synthetic peptides were modified by the C-terminal addition of a single palmitoyl chain (lipopeptides) and delivered without adjuvant, whereas the remaining six unmodified peptides were emulsified and delivered by using Montanide ISA51 adjuvant. We have previously reported that these peptides and lipopeptides induce high B-cell and CD4(+)-T-helper responses in chimpanzees. In this report, we show their ability to induce multiepitopic and long-lasting antigen-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses. The magnitude, consistency, and memory of CTL responses generated by LSA3 peptides point to the strong immunogenicity of this liver-stage Ag. These findings support the screening strategy used to select the four P. falciparum pre-erythrocytic Ags and emphasize their valuable immunogenic properties. The successful immunization of nonhuman primates with combinations of corresponding peptides in a mineral oil emulsion (ISA51) and lipopeptides in saline provide a vaccine formulation that can be tested in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lbachir BenMohamed
- Unité de Parasitologie Bio-Médicale, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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87
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Williams KM, Bigley EC. Identification of an I-Ed-restricted T-cell epitope of Escherichia coli outer membrane protein F. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3907-13. [PMID: 15213134 PMCID: PMC427395 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.7.3907-3913.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A predominant T-cell epitope of Escherichia coli outer membrane protein F (OmpF) that encompasses amino acids 295 to 314 was identified in H-2(d) mice. BALB/c-derived T-cell hybridomas generated against this region were CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(-), and T-cell receptor alphabeta(+) and secreted TH-1-associated cytokines (interleukin-2 [IL-2] and gamma interferon), but not a TH-2-associated cytokine (IL-4), when restimulated with peptide 295-314. Class II(+) mouse lymphoma (A20) cells, but not class II(-) mouse mastocytoma (P815) cells, supported IL-2 secretion of hybridomas when substituted for syngeneic splenocytes as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Antibodies specific for I-E(d) blocked IL-2 secretion by hybridomas, but I-A(d)-specific antiserum did not. When transfected L cells expressing I-A(d) (AalphaAbeta(d)), I-E(d) (EalphaEbeta(d)), or the hybrid molecule I-EalphaAbeta(d) were used as APCs, hybridomas recognized peptide only when presented by the I-E(d)-transfected cells. When peptide 295-314 truncated at either the C or the N terminus of the sequence was used, the minimal epitope was determined. Critical residues were determined by using alanine-substituted peptide analogues. T-cell hybridomas were only stimulated by peptides that encompassed amino acids 295 to 303 (9-mer), and the core sequence required a minimum of three additional amino acids at either the amino or the carboxy terminus to induce IL-2 secretion. Critical residues were determined to be phenylalanine at position 295, threonine at position 300, and tyrosines at positions 301 and 302. This study is the first to identify a minimal T-cell epitope and major histocompatibility complex restriction element of the OmpF protein and confirms previous observations that there is considerable degeneracy in the length of peptides that can bind I-E(d) and variability in the amino acid composition of the C and N termini of these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Williams
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Immunobiology Branch, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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88
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Chen Q, Jackson H, Parente P, Luke T, Rizkalla M, Tai TY, Zhu HC, Mifsud NA, Dimopoulos N, Masterman KA, Hopkins W, Goldie H, Maraskovsky E, Green S, Miloradovic L, McCluskey J, Old LJ, Davis ID, Cebon J, Chen W. Immunodominant CD4+ responses identified in a patient vaccinated with full-length NY-ESO-1 formulated with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:9363-8. [PMID: 15197261 PMCID: PMC438982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403271101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence showing the involvement of CD4(+) T cells in initiating and maintaining antitumor immune responses. NY-ESO-1 is expressed by various tumors but not normal tissues except testis. We conducted a cancer clinical trial by using full-length NY-ESO-1 protein formulated with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant and injected into patients intramuscularly. Autologous dendritic cells pulsed with NY-ESO-1 ISCOMATRIX in combination with overlapping synthetic peptides were used to identify immunodominant T cells from a vaccinated patient. We show here the identification and characterization of two novel CD4(+) T cell epitopes. T cells specific to these epitopes not only recognized autologous dendritic cells loaded with NY-ESO-1 but also NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cell lines treated with IFN-gamma. One of the two responses identified was greater than the previously identified immunodominant HLA-DP4-restricted response and correlated with NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T cell induction after vaccination. This T cell response was vaccinated in most patients who expressed HLA-DR2. This study has systematically surveyed patients vaccinated with full-length tumor antigen for a vaccinated CD4 helper T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Chen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Health, 145-163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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89
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Wang R, Epstein J, Charoenvit Y, Baraceros FM, Rahardjo N, Gay T, Banania JG, Chattopadhyay R, de la Vega P, Richie TL, Tornieporth N, Doolan DL, Kester KE, Heppner DG, Norman J, Carucci DJ, Cohen JD, Hoffman SL. Induction in Humans of CD8+ and CD4+ T Cell and Antibody Responses by Sequential Immunization with Malaria DNA and Recombinant Protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5561-9. [PMID: 15100299 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced protection against diseases like malaria, AIDS, and cancer may require induction of Ag-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell and Ab responses in the same individual. In humans, a recombinant Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) candidate vaccine, RTS,S/adjuvant system number 2A (AS02A), induces T cells and Abs, but no measurable CD8(+) T cells by CTL or short-term (ex vivo) IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays, and partial short-term protection. P. falciparum DNA vaccines elicit CD8(+) T cells by these assays, but no protection. We report that sequential immunization with a PfCSP DNA vaccine and RTS,S/AS02A induced PfCSP-specific Abs and Th1 CD4(+) T cells, and CD8(+) cytotoxic and Tc1 T cells. Depending upon the immunization regime, CD4(+) T cells were involved in both the induction and production phases of PfCSP-specific IFN-gamma responses, whereas, CD8(+) T cells were involved only in the production phase. IFN-gamma mRNA up-regulation was detected in both CD45RA(-) (CD45RO(+)) and CD45RA(+)CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell populations after stimulation with PfCSP peptides. This finding suggests CD45RA(+) cells function as effector T cells. The induction in humans of the three primary Ag-specific adaptive immune responses establishes a strategy for developing immunization regimens against diseases in desperate need of vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hepatitis B Antibodies/biosynthesis
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Wang
- Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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90
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Sun P, Schwenk R, White K, Stoute JA, Cohen J, Ballou WR, Voss G, Kester KE, Heppner DG, Krzych U. Protective immunity induced with malaria vaccine, RTS,S, is linked to Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFN-gamma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:6961-7. [PMID: 14662904 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.12.6961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein-based pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine, RTS,S, induces a high level of protection against experimental sporozoite challenge. The immune mechanisms that constitute protection are only partially understood, but are presumed to rely on Abs and T cell responses. In the present study we compared CS protein peptide-recalled IFN-gamma reactivity of pre- and RTS,S-immune lymphocytes from 20 subjects vaccinated with RTS,S. We observed elevated IFN-gamma in subjects protected by RTS,S; moreover, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells produced IFN-gamma in response to CS protein peptides. Significantly, protracted protection, albeit observed only in two of seven subjects, was associated with sustained IFN-gamma response. This is the first study demonstrating correlation in a controlled Plasmodia sporozoite challenge study between protection induced by a recombinant malaria vaccine and Ag-specific T cell responses. Field-based malaria vaccine studies are in progress to validate the establishment of this cellular response as a possible in vitro correlate of protective immunity to exo-erythrocytic stage malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifang Sun
- Department of Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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91
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Ovsyannikova IG, Poland GA, Easler NJ, Vierkant RA. Influence of HLA-DRB1 alleles on lymphoproliferative responses to a naturally processed and presented measles virus phosphoprotein in measles immunized individuals. Hum Immunol 2004; 65:209-17. [PMID: 15041159 PMCID: PMC1853292 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/05/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Identification of stimulatory T-cell epitopes recognized by CD4+ T lymphocytes is important for vaccine development. Our previous studies using mass spectrometry identified a naturally processed HLA class II restricted DRB1*0301 T cell epitope in the measles virus phosphoprotein, MV-P1 (residues 179-197). Here we provide lymphocyte proliferation data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from 131 HLA-DRB1*0301-positive and HLA-DRB1*0301-negative (HLA discordant) individuals previously immunized against measles and report that a single amino acid substitution in the MV-P1 T cell epitope can reduce T cell proliferation and CD4+ T-cell recognition. Measles virus and measles peptide-specific lymphoproliferative responses and HLA-DRB1 allele associations reveal that the DRB1*0701 allele provided suggestive evidence of association with both measles virus (p = 0.03) and MV-P1 peptide (p = 0.06) lymphoproliferation. A marginally significant increase in the frequency of the *0301 allele (p = 0.10) was found among subjects who demonstrated low cellular responses to the measles virus. We found no associations between proliferation levels to the MV-P1 and MV-P2 peptides with *0301 alleles. We speculate that the glutamic acid at position 192 of the measles phosphoprotein is a critical immunogenicity factor and may influence the antigenicity of the naturally processed HLA class II MV-P1 epitope.
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92
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Ovsyannikova IG, Johnson KL, Muddiman DC, Vierkant RA, Poland GA. Identification and characterization of novel, naturally processed measles virus class II HLA-DRB1 peptides. J Virol 2004; 78:42-51. [PMID: 14671086 PMCID: PMC303425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.1.42-51.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we identified a naturally processed and presented measles virus (MV) 19-amino-acid peptide, ASDVETAEGGEIHELLRLQ (MV-P), derived from the phosphoprotein and eluted from the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecule by using mass spectrometry. We report here the identification of a 14-amino-acid peptide, SAGKVSSTLASELG, derived from the MV nucleoprotein (MV-N) bound to HLA-DRB1*0301. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 281 previously vaccinated measles-mumps-rubella II (MMR-II) subjects (HLA discordant) were studied for peptide recognition by T cells. Significant gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) responses to MV-P and MV-N peptides were observed in 55.9 and 15.3% of subjects, respectively. MV-P- and MV-N-specific interleukin-4 (IL-4) responses were detected in 19.2 and 23.1%, respectively, of PBMC samples. Peptide-specific cytokine responses and HLA-DRB1 allele associations revealed that, for the MV-P peptide, the allele with the strongest association with both IFN-gamma (P = 0.02) and IL-4 (P = 0.03) secretion was DRB1*0301. For MV-N, the allele with the strongest association with IFN-gamma secretion was DRB1*1501 (P = 0.04), and the alleles with the strongest associations with IL-4 secretion were DRB1*1103 and DRB1*1303 (P = 0.01). These results indicate that HLA class II MV proteins can be processed, presented, and identified, and the ability to generate cell-mediated immune responses can be demonstrated. This information is promising for new vaccine design strategies with peptide-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic and College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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93
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Stickler M, Chin R, Faravashi N, Gebel W, Razo OJ, Rochanayon N, Power S, Valdes AM, Holmes S, Harding FA. Human population-based identification of CD4(+) T-cell peptide epitope determinants. J Immunol Methods 2003; 281:95-108. [PMID: 14580884 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A human cell-based method to identify functional CD4(+) T-cell epitopes in any protein has been developed. Proteins are tested as synthetic 15-mer peptides offset by three amino acids. Percent responses within a large donor population are tabulated for each peptide in the set. Peptide epitope regions are designated by difference in response frequency from the overall background response rate for the compiled dataset. Epitope peptide responses are reproducible, with a median coefficient of variance of 21% when tested on multiple random-donor sets. The overall average response rate within the dataset increases with increasing putative human population antigenic exposure to a given protein. The background rate was high for HPV16 E6, and was low for human-derived cytokine proteins. The assay identified recall epitope regions within the donor population for the protein staphylokinase. For an industrial protease with minimal presumed population exposure, immunodominant epitope peptides were identified that were found to bind promiscuously to many HLA class II molecules in vitro. The peptide epitope regions identified in presumably unexposed donors represent a subset of the total recall epitopes. Finally, as a negative control, the assay found no peptide epitope regions in human beta2-microglobulin. This method identifies functional CD4(+) T-cell epitopes in any protein without pre-selection for HLA class II, suggests whether a donor population is pre-exposed to a protein of interest, and does not require sensitized donors for in vitro testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Stickler
- Genencor International, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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94
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Luke TC, Hoffman SL. Rationale and plans for developing a non-replicating, metabolically active, radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccine. J Exp Biol 2003; 206:3803-8. [PMID: 14506215 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Annually, malaria causes >300 million clinical cases and 1 million deaths, is responsible for the loss of >1% of gross domestic product (GDP)in Africa and is a serious concern for travelers. An effective vaccine could have a dramatic impact on the disease. For 20 years, scientists have tried to develop modern, recombinant `subunit' malaria vaccines. This has been difficult. In fact, there is only one recombinant protein vaccine on the market for any disease, and no vaccines based on synthetic peptides,recombinant viruses, recombinant bacteria or DNA plasmids. Most vaccines are based on attenuated or inactivated whole pathogens or material derived directly from the infectious agent. It is in that context that our recent report summarizing the protection of humans with attenuated Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites produced at four different sites over 25 years is important. In studies utilizing live mosquitoes as the vaccine delivery mechanism, there was complete protection against malaria in 93% of volunteers (13/14) and 94% of challenges (33/35). Sanaria's goal is to develop and commercialize a non-replicating, metabolically active Pfsporozoite vaccine.
Three practical questions must be addressed before manufacturing for clinical trials: (1) can one administer the vaccine by a route that is clinically practical; (2) can one produce adequate quantities of sporozoites;and (3) can sporozoites be produced with the physical characteristics that meet the regulatory, potency and safety requirements of regulatory authorities? Once these questions have been answered, Sanaria will demonstrate that the vaccine protects >90% of human recipients against experimental challenge with Pf sporozoites, can be produced with an efficiency that makes it economically feasible, and protects >90% of African infants and children from infection, and thus from severe morbidity and mortality. By producing a vaccine for travelers, Sanaria will provide the infrastructure,regulatory foundation and funds necessary to speed licensure, manufacturing and deployment of the vaccine for the infants and children who need it most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Luke
- Uniformed University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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95
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Doolan DL, Aguiar JC, Weiss WR, Sette A, Felgner PL, Regis DP, Quinones-Casas P, Yates JR, Blair PL, Richie TL, Hoffman SL, Carucci DJ. Utilization of genomic sequence information to develop malaria vaccines. J Exp Biol 2003; 206:3789-802. [PMID: 14506214 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYRecent advances in the fields of genomics, proteomics and molecular immunology offer tremendous opportunities for the development of novel interventions against public health threats, including malaria. However, there is currently no algorithm that can effectively identify the targets of protective T cell or antibody responses from genomic data. Furthermore, the identification of antigens that will stimulate the most effective immunity against the target pathogen is problematic, particularly if the genome is large. Malaria is an attractive model for the development and validation of approaches to translate genomic information to vaccine development because of the critical need for effective anti-malarial interventions and because the Plasmodium parasite is a complex multistage pathogen targeted by multiple immune responses. Sterile protective immunity can be achieved by immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites, and anti-disease immunity can be induced in residents in malaria-endemic areas. However, the 23 Mb Plasmodium falciparum genome encodes more than 5300 proteins, each of which is a potential target of protective immune responses. The current generation of subunit vaccines is based on a single or few antigens and therefore might elicit too narrow a breadth of response. We are working towards the development of a new generation vaccine based on the presumption that duplicating the protection induced by the whole organism may require a vaccine nearly as complex as the organism itself. Here, we present our strategy to exploit the genomic sequence of P. falciparum for malaria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Doolan
- Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA.
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96
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BenMohamed L, Bertrand G, McNamara CD, Gras-Masse H, Hammer J, Wechsler SL, Nesburn AB. Identification of novel immunodominant CD4+ Th1-type T-cell peptide epitopes from herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D that confer protective immunity. J Virol 2003; 77:9463-73. [PMID: 12915561 PMCID: PMC187395 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.17.9463-9473.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular characterization of the epitope repertoire on herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigens would greatly expand our knowledge of HSV immunity and improve immune interventions against herpesvirus infections. HSV glycoprotein D (gD) is an immunodominant viral coat protein and is considered an excellent vaccine candidate antigen. By using the TEPITOPE prediction algorithm, we have identified and characterized a total of 12 regions within the HSV type 1 (HSV-1) gD bearing potential CD4(+) T-cell epitopes, each 27 to 34 amino acids in length. Immunogenicity studies of the corresponding medium-sized peptides confirmed all previously known gD epitopes and additionally revealed four new immunodominant regions (gD(49-82), gD(146-179), gD(228-257), and gD(332-358)), each containing naturally processed epitopes. These epitopes elicited potent T-cell responses in mice of diverse major histocompatibility complex backgrounds. Each of the four new immunodominant peptide epitopes generated strong CD4(+) Th1 T cells that were biologically active against HSV-1-infected bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Importantly, immunization of H-2(d) mice with the four newly identified CD4(+) Th1 peptide epitopes but not with four CD4(+) Th2 peptide epitopes induced a robust protective immunity against lethal ocular HSV-1 challenge. These peptide epitopes may prove to be important components of an effective immunoprophylactic strategy against herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lbachir BenMohamed
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, College of Medicine, Orange, California 92868, USA.
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97
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Doolan DL, Southwood S, Freilich DA, Sidney J, Graber NL, Shatney L, Bebris L, Florens L, Dobano C, Witney AA, Appella E, Hoffman SL, Yates JR, Carucci DJ, Sette A. Identification of Plasmodium falciparum antigens by antigenic analysis of genomic and proteomic data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9952-7. [PMID: 12886016 PMCID: PMC187898 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1633254100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent explosion in genomic sequencing has made available a wealth of data that can now be analyzed to identify protein antigens, potential targets for vaccine development. Here we present, in the context of Plasmodium falciparum, a strategy that rapidly identifies target antigens from large and complex genomes. Sixteen antigenic proteins recognized by volunteers immunized with radiation-attenuated P. falciparum sporozoites, but not by mock immunized controls, were identified. Several of these were more antigenic than previously identified and well characterized P. falciparum-derived protein antigens. The data suggest that immune responses to Plasmodium are dispersed on a relatively large number of parasite antigens. These studies have implications for our understanding of immunodominance and breadth of responses to complex pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Doolan
- Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA
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98
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Ovsyannikova IG, Johnson KL, Naylor S, Muddiman DC, Poland GA. Naturally processed measles virus peptide eluted from class II HLA-DRB1*03 recognized by T lymphocytes from human blood. Virology 2003; 312:495-506. [PMID: 12919753 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of the direct identification of a HLA-DRB1*03 measles-derived peptide from measles virus infected EBV-transformed B cells. We purified HLA-DR3-peptide complexes from EBV-B cells infected with measles virus (Edmonston strain) and sequenced the HLA-DR3-peptides by mass spectrometry. A class II peptide, derived from a measles phosphoprotein, ASDVETAEGGEIHELLRLQ (P1, residues 179-197), exhibited the capacity to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells to proliferate. Our data provides direct evidence that the antigenic peptide of measles virus was processed by antigen-presenting cells, presented in the context of HLA class II molecules, and was recognized by peripheral blood T cells from healthy individuals previously immunized with measles vaccine. The approach described herein provides a useful methodology for the future identification of HLA-presented pathogen-derived epitopes using mass spectrometry. The study of cell-mediated immune responses to the measles-derived peptide in immune persons should provide significant insight into the design and development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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99
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Sette A, Fikes J. Epitope-based vaccines: an update on epitope identification, vaccine design and delivery. Curr Opin Immunol 2003; 15:461-70. [PMID: 12900280 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The basic premise of the epitope-based approach to vaccine development is that, in certain cases, the responses induced by the natural immunogen are not optimal, and can be improved upon by isolation or optimization of specific components of the response. For example, immunodominance is a key factor limiting the type and breadth of adaptive immunity. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of immunodominance thus represent an opportunity to further develop the epitope-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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100
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Ong'echa JMO, Lal AA, Terlouw DJ, Ter Kuile FO, Kariuki SK, Udhayakumar V, Orago ASS, Hightower AW, Nahlen BL, Shi YP. Association of interferon-gamma responses to pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine candidate antigens of Plasmodium falciparum in young Kenyan children with improved hemoglobin levels: XV. Asembo Bay Cohort Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 68:590-7. [PMID: 12812352 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in animal models have revealed an association between interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), produced by CD8+ T cells and irradiated sporozoite-induced sterile immunity. To determine whether IFN-gamma can serve as a marker of pre-erythrocytic protective immunity in individuals naturally exposed to malaria, we characterized IFN-gamma and lymphocyte proliferative responses to previously defined CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes from six pre-erythrocytic stage antigens in 107 children six months to two years old from a community-based birth cohort in western Kenya. We found that IFN-gamma positive responders had higher hemoglobin (Hb) levels and significantly reduced prevalence of severe malarial anemia one month after the test compared with IFN-gamma non-responders, suggesting that IFN-gamma immune responses to these pre-erythrocytic antigens were associated with protection against malarial anemia. Children who responded by lymphocyte proliferation had a significantly longer time to first documented malaria parasitemia after birth; however, there was no correlation between the presence of lymphocyte proliferative response and higher Hb levels. We propose that IFN-gamma production could be used as a potential marker of protective immunity against malaria associated anemia in young children living in malaria holoendemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M O Ong'echa
- Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
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