Optimization Efforts for Identification of Novel Highly Potent Keap1-Nrf2 Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors

In research focused on protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors, the optimization process to achieve both high inhibitory activity and favorable physicochemical properties remains challenging. Our previous study reported the discovery of novel and bioavailable Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitor 8 which exhibited moderate in vivo activity in rats. In this work, we present our subsequent efforts to optimize this compound. Two distinct approaches were employed, targeting high energy water molecules and Ser602 as "hot spots" from the anchor with good aqueous solubility, metabolic stability, and membrane permeability. Through ligand efficiency (LE)-guided exploration, we identified two novel inhibitors 22 and 33 with good pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles and more potent in vivo activities, which appear to be promising chemical probes among the existing inhibitors.

Smad4 Loss in the Mouse Intestinal Epithelium Alleviates the Pathological Fibrotic Response to Injury in the Colon

Mucosal healing is associated with better clinical outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Unresolved injury and inflammation, on the other hand, increases pathological fibrosis and the predisposition to cancer. Loss of Smad4, a tumor suppressor, is known to increase colitis-associated cancer in mouse models of chronic IBD. Since common biological processes are involved in both injury repair and tumor growth, we sought to investigate the effect of Smad4 loss on the response to epithelial injury. To this end, Smad4 was knocked out specifically in the intestinal epithelium and transcriptomic and morphological changes compared between wild type mice and Smad4 knock out mice after DSS-induced injury. We find that Smad4 loss alleviates pathological fibrosis and enhances mucosal repair. The transcriptomic changes specific to epithelium indicate molecular changes that affect epithelial extracellular matrix (ECM) and promote enhanced mucosal repair. These findings suggest that the biological processes that promote wound healing alleviate the pathological fibrotic response to DSS. Therefore, these mucosal repair processes could be exploited to develop therapies that promote normal wound healing and prevent fibrosis.

NEW AND NOTEWORTHY

We show that transcriptomic changes due to Smad4 loss in the colonic epithelium alleviates the pathological fibrotic response to DSS in an IBD mouse model of acute inflammation. Most notably, we find that collagen deposition in the epithelial ECM, as opposed to that in the lamina propria, correlates with epithelial changes that enhance wound healing. This is the first report on a mouse model providing alleviated fibrotic response in a DSS-IBD mouse model in vivo .

Eucalyptol alleviates cisplatin-induced kidney damage in rats

This study was aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of eucalyptol on cisplatin induced kidney damage in Wistar albino rats. The animals were divided into four groups: sham (S), eucalyptol (E), cisplatin (C), and cisplatin + eucalyptol (CE) randomly, six animals in each group. Groups C and CE were received cisplatin (12 mg/kg, a single dose, intraperitoneally (i.p.)). Groups E and CE were treated with eucalyptol (100 mg/kg, for seven days, orally). The blood samples and kidney tissues were collected following sacrification and analyzed histopathologically and biochemically. Histopathological results revealed tubular degeneration and necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, tubular lumen dilatation, enlargement of bowman's space and hyaline cast were significantly irregular in the group C than group S. However, eucalyptol treatment (CE) modulated the alterations in the group C. Serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) were considerably higher in the group C compared to the other groups. There was no significant difference among the other groups statistically (except group C) in terms of BUN and CRE values. Eucalyptol treatment (at 100 mg/kg, for seven days) decreased the cisplatin induced increase in serum BUN and CRE levels and restored the reduced Vit C level and CAT activity of kidneys caused by cisplatin. Thus, eucalyptol's antioxidative, nephroprotective, and curative effects indicated the potential for future drug development.

Development of an optimized, non-stem cell line for intranasal delivery of therapeutic cargo to the central nervous system

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are considered to be valuable candidates for delivering a variety of anti-cancer agents, including oncolytic viruses, to brain tumors. However, owing to the previously reported tumorigenic potential of NSC cell lines after intranasal administration (INA), here we identified the human hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 as a cell type capable of longer resistance to replication of oncolytic adenoviruses (OAVs) as a therapeutic cargo, and that is non-tumorigenic after INA. Our data show that LX-2 cells can longer withstand the OAV XVir-N-31 replication and oncolysis than NSCs. By selecting the highly migratory cell population out of LX-2, an offspring cell line with a higher and more stable capability to migrate was generated. Additionally, as a safety backup, we applied genomic herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) integration into LX-2, leading to high vulnerability to ganciclovir (GCV). Histopathological analyses confirmed the absence of neoplasia in the respiratory tracts and brains of immuno-compromised mice 3 months after INA of LX-2 cells. Our data suggest that LX-2 is a novel, robust, and safe cell line for delivering anti-cancer and other therapeutic agents to the brain.

Epigenetic regulation and factors that influence the effect of iPSCs-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) in the treatment of spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological disorder that causes neurological impairment and disability. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a promising cell therapy strategy for spinal cord regeneration and repair. However, iPSC-derived NS/PCs face many challenges and issues in SCI therapy; one of the most significant challenges is epigenetic regulation and that factors that influence this mechanism. Epigenetics refers to the regulation of gene expression and function by DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin structure without changing the DNA sequence. Previous research has shown that epigenetics plays a crucial role in the generation, differentiation, and transplantation of iPSCs, and can influence the quality, safety, and outcome of transplanted cells. In this study, we review the effects of epigenetic regulation and various influencing factors on the role of iPSC-derived NS/PCs in SCI therapy at multiple levels, including epigenetic reprogramming, regulation, and the adaptation of iPSCs during generation, differentiation, and transplantation, as well as the impact of other therapeutic tools (e.g., drugs, electrical stimulation, and scaffolds) on the epigenetic status of transplanted cells. We summarize our main findings and insights in this field and identify future challenges and directions that need to be addressed and explored.

Enhancing Antibody-Specific Productivity: Unraveling the Impact of XBP1s Overexpression and Glutamine Availability in SP2/0 Cells

Augmentation of glycoprotein synthesis requirements induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) and triggering unconventional XBP1 splicing. As a result, XBP1s orchestrates the expression of essential genes to reduce stress and restore homeostasis. When this mechanism fails, chronic stress may lead to apoptosis, which is thought to be associated with exceeding a threshold in XBP1s levels. Glycoprotein assembly is also affected by glutamine (Gln) availability, limiting nucleotide sugars (NS), and preventing compliance with the increased demands. In contrast, increased Gln intake synthesizes ammonia as a by-product, potentially reaching toxic levels. IgA2m(1)-producer mouse myeloma cells (SP2/0) were used as the cellular mammalian model. We explored how IgA2m(1)-specific productivity (qIgA2m(1)) is affected by (i) overexpression of human XBP1s (h-XBP1s) levels and (ii) Gln availability, evaluating the kinetic behavior in batch cultures. The study revealed a two and a five-fold increase in qIgA2m(1) when lower and higher levels of XBP1s were expressed, respectively. High h-XBP1s overexpression mitigated not only ammonia but also lactate accumulation. Moreover, XBP1s overexpressor showed resilience to hydrodynamic stress in serum-free environments. These findings suggest a potential application of h-XBP1s overexpression as a feasible and cost-effective strategy for bioprocess scalability.

Pharmacological Activation of TRPC6 Channel Prevents Colitis Progression

We recently reported that transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) 6 channel activity contributes to intracellular Zn2+ homeostasis in the heart. Zn2+ has also been implicated in the regulation of intestinal redox and microbial homeostasis. This study aims to investigate the role of TRPC6-mediated Zn2+ influx in the stress resistance of the intestine. The expression profile of TRPC1-C7 mRNAs in the actively inflamed mucosa from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients was analyzed using the GEO database. Systemic TRPC3 knockout (KO) and TRPC6 KO mice were treated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce colitis. The Zn2+ concentration and the mRNA expression levels of oxidative/inflammatory markers in colon tissues were quantitatively analyzed, and gut microbiota profiles were compared. TRPC6 mRNA expression level was increased in IBD patients and DSS-treated mouse colon tissues. DSS-treated TRPC6 KO mice, but not TRPC3 KO mice, showed severe weight loss and increased disease activity index compared with DSS-treated WT mice. The mRNA abundances of antioxidant proteins were basically increased in the TRPC6 KO colon, with changes in gut microbiota profiles. Treatment with TRPC6 activator prevented the DSS-induced colitis progression accompanied by increasing Zn2+ concentration. We suggest that TRPC6-mediated Zn2+ influx activity plays a key role in stress resistance against IBD, providing a new strategy for treating colitis.

Cisplatin Toxicity Causes Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammation in Zebrafish Larvae

Cisplatin is an antineoplastic agent used to treat various tumors. In mammals, it can cause nephrotoxicity, tissue damage, and inflammation. The release of inflammatory mediators leads to the recruitment and infiltration of immune cells, particularly neutrophils, at the site of inflammation. Cisplatin is often used as an inducer of acute kidney injury (AKI) in experimental models, including zebrafish (Danio rerio), due to its accumulation in kidney cells. Current protocols in larval zebrafish focus on studying its effect as an AKI inducer but ignore other systematic outcomes. In this study, cisplatin was added directly to the embryonic medium to assess its toxicity and impact on systemic inflammation using locomotor activity analysis, qPCR, microscopy, and flow cytometry. Our data showed that larvae exposed to cisplatin at 7 days post-fertilization (dpf) displayed dose-dependent mortality and morphological changes, leading to a decrease in locomotion speed at 9 dpf. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (il)-12, il6, and il8 increased after 48 h of cisplatin exposure. Furthermore, while a decrease in the number of neutrophils was observed in the glomerular region of the pronephros, there was an increase in neutrophils throughout the entire animal after 48 h of cisplatin exposure. We demonstrate that cisplatin can have systemic effects in zebrafish larvae, including morphological and locomotory defects, increased inflammatory cytokines, and migration of neutrophils from the hematopoietic niche to other parts of the body. Therefore, this protocol can be used to induce systemic inflammation in zebrafish larvae for studying new therapies or mechanisms of action involving neutrophils.

Solobacterium moorei promotes the progression of adenomatous polyps by causing inflammation and disrupting the intestinal barrier

BACKGROUND

Adenomatous polyps (APs) with inflammation are risk factors for colorectal cancer. However, the role of inflammation-related gut microbiota in promoting the progression of APs is unknown.

METHODS

Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was conducted to identify characteristic bacteria in AP tissues and normal mucosa. Then, the roles of inflammation-related bacteria were clarified by Spearman correlation analysis. Furthermore, colorectal HT-29 cells, normal colon NCM460 cells, and azoxymethane-treated mice were used to investigate the effects of the characteristic bacteria on progression of APs.

RESULTS

The expression levels of inflammation-related markers (diamine oxidase, D-lactate, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β) were increased, whereas the expression levels of anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin-4 and interleukin-10) were significantly decreased in AP patients as compared to healthy controls. Solobacterium moorei (S. moorei) was enriched in AP tissues and fecal samples, and significantly positively correlated with serum inflammation-related markers. In vitro, S. moorei preferentially attached to HT-29 cells and stimulated cell proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory factors. In vivo, the incidence of intestinal dysplasia was significantly increased in the S. moorei group. Gavage of mice with S. moorei upregulated production of pro-inflammatory factors, suppressed proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+cells, and disrupted the integrity of the intestinal barrier, thereby accelerating progression of APs.

CONCLUSIONS

S. moorei accelerated the progression of AP in mice via activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, chronic low-grade inflammation, and intestinal barrier disruption. Targeted reduction of S. moorei presents a potential strategy to prevent the progression of APs.

Solobacterium moorei promotes the progression of adenomatous polyps by causing inflammation and disrupting the intestinal barrier

BACKGROUND

Adenomatous polyps (APs) with inflammation are risk factors for colorectal cancer. However, the role of inflammation-related gut microbiota in promoting the progression of APs is unknown.

METHODS

Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was conducted to identify characteristic bacteria in AP tissues and normal mucosa. Then, the roles of inflammation-related bacteria were clarified by Spearman correlation analysis. Furthermore, colorectal HT-29 cells, normal colon NCM460 cells, and azoxymethane-treated mice were used to investigate the effects of the characteristic bacteria on progression of APs.

RESULTS

The expression levels of inflammation-related markers (diamine oxidase, D-lactate, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β) were increased, whereas the expression levels of anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin-4 and interleukin-10) were significantly decreased in AP patients as compared to healthy controls. Solobacterium moorei (S. moorei) was enriched in AP tissues and fecal samples, and significantly positively correlated with serum inflammation-related markers. In vitro, S. moorei preferentially attached to HT-29 cells and stimulated cell proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory factors. In vivo, the incidence of intestinal dysplasia was significantly increased in the S. moorei group. Gavage of mice with S. moorei upregulated production of pro-inflammatory factors, suppressed proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+cells, and disrupted the integrity of the intestinal barrier, thereby accelerating progression of APs.

CONCLUSIONS

S. moorei accelerated the progression of AP in mice via activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, chronic low-grade inflammation, and intestinal barrier disruption. Targeted reduction of S. moorei presents a potential strategy to prevent the progression of APs.

Role of renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophages in cisplatin-induced acute renal injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden and continuous decline in renal function. The drug cisplatin is commonly used as chemotherapy for solid tumors, and cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), which is characterized by acute tubular necrosis and inflammation, frequently occurs in tumor patients. Renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) are severely damaged early in this process and play an important role in renal tubular injury and the recruitment of immune cells. Macrophages are the most common infiltrating immune cells in the kidney and have a significant impact on CI-AKI and subsequent repair. This article reviews the latest research progress on the effects of RTECs and macrophages on CI-AKI and their interactions in AKI to provide a direction for identifying therapeutic targets for treating AKI.

Renal transcriptome analysis of uninephrectomized db/db mice identified a mechanism for the transition to severe diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), included in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), is a primary driver of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) leading to dialysis treatment. To develop new therapeutic drugs to prevent ESRD and avoid dialysis treatment, insight into DKD pathophysiology and animal models suitable for drug efficacy testing are needed. In this study, transcriptome analysis of kidneys from 26-week-old and 35-week-old uninephrectomized (UNX) db/db mice was used to identify the pathways that affect the deterioration of renal function in db/db mice. Differentially expressed genes suggested that there was increased interferon (IFN)-γ signaling during the 26 to 35-week period. Modules that changed between 26 and 35 weeks of age extracted by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) suggested increased the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in component cells of glomeruli. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified Cxcl16 as a hub gene for those signaling pathways, and it was shown that the pathways in this module changed when the glomerular filtration rate decreased in patients with DN. These results suggested the possibility that signaling mediated by Cxcl16 induced by IFN-γ and TNF-α between 26 and 35 weeks of age leads to renal fibrosis, resulting in severe disease. Drugs that target such pathways can be options for developing drugs for DN. We also think that the uninephrectomized db/db mouse can be used as an animal model of severe DKD and to evaluate efficacy in patients with DN.

β-Glucan ameliorates cisplatin-induced oxidative and histological damage in kidney and liver of rats

We investigated the effects of β-glucan (βg) on kidney and liver damage caused by cisplatin (CP), an antineoplastic agent widely used to treat many types of cancer, in a rat model. The side effects of CP in many tissues and organs limit its usage. βg is a natural polysaccharide that is an effective free radical scavenger. A total of 28 rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 was a non-intervention control, only feed and water were given. Group 2 was administered 7 mg/kg CP in a single dose. Group 3 was administered 50 mg/kg βg orally for 14 days. Group 4 was administered βg for 14 days, following a single dose of CP. At the end of the experiment, kidney and liver tissues were evaluated biochemically and histopathologically. Increased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels, as well as decreased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, as well as histological damage, were noted in both the kidney and liver tissues of the CP group. However, βg treatment prevented the oxidative and histopathological effects of CP. The study demonstrates the protective efficacy of βg against CP-induced kidney and liver damage through the effect of its antioxidant properties.

Inhibiting cholesterol de novo synthesis promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by upregulating prostaglandin E synthase 2-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism under high fatty acid conditions

Inhibition of cholesterol de novo synthesis (DNS) by statins has controversial effects on the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). High fatty acid conditions have been reported to limit the effect of statins on metabolism diseases. Whether high fatty acid conditions interfere with the effect of statins on HCC remains unclear. Here, we reported that inhibiting cholesterol DNS with atorvastatin promoted the oncogenic capabilities of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in mice fed high fatty acid diets (HFD). The combined analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics revealed that arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism was the most significant changed pathway between mice with and without atorvastatin treatment. In vitro, in the presence of AA precursor linoleic acid (LA), atorvastatin promoted the proliferation and migration ability of HCC cell lines. However, in the absence of LA, these phenomena disappeared. TCGA and tissue microarray examination revealed that prostaglandin e synthase 2 (PTGES2), a key enzyme in AA metabolism, was associated with the poor outcome of HCC patients. Overexpression of PTGES2 promoted the proliferation and migration of HCC cell lines, and knockdown of PTGES2 inhibited the proliferation and migration of cells. Additionally, atorvastatin upregulated PTGES2 expression by enhancing Sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2)-mediated transcription. Knockdown of PTGES2 reversed the proliferation and migration ability enhanced by atorvastatin. Overall, our study reveals that a high fatty acid background is one of the possible conditions limiting the application of statins in HCC, under which statins promote the progression of HCC by enhancing SREBP2-mediated PTGES2 transcription.

Effect of human umbilical cord blood-mesenchymal stem cells on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

BACKGROUND

Cisplatin-containing regimen is an effective treatment for several malignancies. However, cisplatin is an important cause of nephrotoxicity. So, many trials were performed to transplant stem cells systemically or locally to control cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Stem cell therapeutic effect may be dependent on the regulation of inflammation and oxidant stress.

AIM

To investigate the effect of human umbilical cord blood-mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) on the histological structure, the oxidant stress, and the inflammatory gene expression in an experimental model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

METHOD

The rats were divided into 6 equal groups (each of 10 rats): Group I included normal rats that received no treatment. Group II included healthy rats that received IV hUCB-MSCs. Group III included untreated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxic rats. Group IV included cisplatin-induced nephrotoxic rats that received magnesium (Mg) injections after injury. Group V was injected with hUCB-MSCs after injury. Group VI received both Mg and hUCB-MSCs after injury. In tissue homogenates, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) activities were measured. Quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to assess iNOS, TLR4, and NF-kB gene expression. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to study the histological structure of the kidney. Immunohistochemical staining of iNOS and NF-κB was performed, as well.

RESULTS

Disturbed kidney functions, oxidative status, and histological structure were seen in the rats that received cisplatin. Treated groups showed improvements in kidney functions, oxidative status, and histological structure, particularly in the combined treatment group.

CONCLUSION

In the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity model, hUCB-MSCs could improve the functional and morphological kidney structure by modulation of oxidative and inflammatory status.

Nicorandil attenuates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats via activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade and inhibition of autophagy

Cisplatin is a highly effective antitumor agent, but its clinical use is limited due to critical adverse reactions including acute kidney injury (AKI). Nicorandil is an approved antianginal agent decreasing ischemia by potassium channel opening. The aim of this study was to investigate the nephroprotective effects of nicorandil and the possible role of activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in ameliorating cisplatin-induced AKI. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly allocated in 4 groups (n = 10). Group I: rats received the vehicle and served as control. Group II: rats received a single dose of cisplatin (7 mg/kg, i.p) on the 10th day of the experiment and served as AKI group. Group III: rats received cisplatin as in group II and nicorandil (3 mg/kg/day, p.o) for 14 days. Group IV: rats received cisplatin and nicorandil as in group III as well as wortmannin (15 μg/kg, i.v) for 14 days. Nicorandil exhibited obvious nephroprotective effects via the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Moreover, nicorandil succeed to reduce the expression of the autophagy markers beclin-1 and LC-3II/I. In parallel, nicorandil showed anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects via inhibition of NF-κB inflammatory pathway and depression of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Wortmannin, the PI3K inhibitor, was used to demonstrate the proposed pathway. Our study showed the nephroprotective effects of nicorandil in cisplatin-induced AKI in rats via activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade, inhibition of autophagy, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant activities. Thus, nicorandil could represent a promising renoprotective agent in cancer patients treated with cisplatin.

Glutathione Reductase Expression and Its Prognostic Significance in Colon Cancer

Maintaining a balanced redox state within cells is crucial for the sustenance of life. The process involves continuous cytosolic disulfide reduction reactions to restore oxidized proteins to their reduced thiol forms. There are two main cellular antioxidant pathways-the thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH)/glutaredoxin (Grx) systems. In the GSH/Grx system, glutathione reductase (GR; GSR) catalyses the reduction of GSH disulfide (GSSG) to its sulfhydryl form (GSH), which can then further reduce oxidized Grxs. GR is an essential enzyme that helps in maintaining the supply of reduced glutathione-GSH, which is a significant reducing thiol found in most cells and known for its antioxidant properties. Therefore, it can have a significant impact on cancer development. To investigate this further, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of GR protein expression in colon adenocarcinoma samples collected from patients with primary colon adenocarcinoma (stage I and II) and patients with metastasis to regional lymph nodes (stage III). The results of our study revealed a significant relationship between the immunohistochemical expression of GR and tumour histological grade, depth of invasion, regional lymph node involvement, staging, and PCNA immunohistochemical expression. It was found that 95% of patients with stage I had low levels of GR expression, whereas 89% of patients with stage III had high levels of immunohistochemical expression. A high level of expression was also detected in the patients with stage II of the disease, where almost 63% were characterized by a high expression of GR. The Western blot method revealed that the highest level of expression was found in the LS 174T cell line, which corresponds to stage II. The results of our study indicate that the immunohistochemical expression of GR may act as an independent prognostic factor associated with colon adenocarcinoma patients' prognosis.

Circadian Rhythm Perturbation Aggravates Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice

Circadian rhythm disruption is increasingly considered an environmental risk factor for the development and exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease. We have reported in a previous study that nychthemeral dysregulation is associated with an increase in intestinal barrier permeability and inflammation in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. To investigate the effect of circadian rhythm disruption on the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota (GM), sixty male C57BL/6J mice were initially divided to two groups, with the shifted group (n = 30) exposed to circadian shifts for three months and the non-shifted group (n = 30) kept under a normal light-dark cycle. The mice of the shifted group were cyclically housed for five days under the normal 12:12 h light-dark cycle, followed by another five days under a reversed light-dark cycle. At the end of the three months, a colitis was induced by 2% DSS given in the drinking water of 30 mice. Animals were then divided into four groups (n = 15 per group): sham group non-shifted (Sham-NS), sham group shifted (Sham-S), DSS non-shifted (DSS-NS) and DSS shifted (DSS-S). Fecal samples were collected from rectal content to investigate changes in GM composition via DNA extraction, followed by high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The mouse GM was dominated by three phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio decreased in mice with induced colitis. The richness and diversity of the GM were reduced in the colitis group, especially in the group with inverted circadian rhythm. Moreover, the GM composition was modified in the inverted circadian rhythm group, with an increase in Alloprevotella, Turicibacter, Bacteroides and Streptococcus genera. Circadian rhythm inversion exacerbates GM dysbiosis to a less rich and diversified extent in a DSS-induced colitis model. These findings show possible interplay between circadian rhythm disruption, GM dynamics and colitis pathogenesis.

Characteristics of Lactococcus petauri GB97 lysate isolated from porcine feces and its in vitro and in vivo effects on inflammation, intestinal barrier function, and gut microbiota composition in mice

IMPORTANCE

Weaning is a crucial step in piglet management to improve pork production. During the weaning phase, disruption of epithelial barrier function and intestinal inflammation can lead to decreased absorption of nutrients and diarrhea. Therefore, maintaining a healthy intestine, epithelial barrier function, and gut microbiota composition in this crucial phase is strategic for optimal weaning in pigs. We isolated a lysate of Lactococcus petauri GB97 (LPL97) from healthy porcine feces and evaluated its anti-inflammatory activities, barrier integrity, and gut microbial changes in LPS-induced murine macrophages and DSS-induced colitis mice. We found that LPL97 regulated the immune response by downregulating the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, LPL97 alleviated the disruption of intestinal epithelial integrity and gut microbiota dysbiosis in colitis mice. This study indicates that LPL97 has the potential to be developed as an alternative feed additive to antibiotics for the swine industry.

Effect of the Combination of Clostridium butyricum and Mycelium of Phellinus igniarius on Intestinal Microbiota and Serum Metabolites in DSS-Induced Colitis

Clostridium butyricum (CB) and Phellinus igniarius (PI) have anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, anti-tumor, and other functions. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of CB and mycelium of PI (MPI) alone and in combination on colitis mice induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Mice were randomly assigned to five groups: (1) control (CTRL), (2) DSS, (3) CB, (4) MPI, and (5) CB + MPI (CON). The weight of the mice was recorded daily during the experiment, and the length of the colon was measured on the last day of the experiment. The colons were collected for hematoxylin and eosin staining, colon contents were collected for intestinal flora analysis, and serum was collected for metabolite analysis. The results showed that compared with the DSS group, CB, MPI, and CON treatments inhibited the weight loss and colon length shortening caused by DSS, significantly increased the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and superoxide dismutase, and significantly decreased the concentrations of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and myeloperoxidase. Gene sequence analysis of 16S rRNA showed that CB, MPI, and CON treatments changed the composition and structure of intestinal microorganisms. Metabolome results showed that CB, MPI, and CON treatments changed serum metabolites in DSS-treated mice, including dodecenoylcarnitine, L-urobilinogen, and citric acid. In conclusion, CB, MPI, and CON treatments alleviated DSS-induced colitis in mice by regulating intestinal flora and metabolites, with the CON group having the best effect.

Pan PPAR agonist stimulation of induced MSCs produces extracellular vesicles with enhanced renoprotective effect for acute kidney injury

BACKGROUND

Acute kidney injury (AKI) has a complex pathophysiology and imposes serious health concerns worldwide. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from induced mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) have been recognized as novel cell-free therapeutics for various inflammatory and degenerative disorders. In this study, we investigated whether iMSCs stimulated with a pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of EVs against AKI.

METHODS

Human iMSCs were primed with or without lanifibranor, a PPAR agonist for 24 h, and EVs were collected after an additional 24 h. The basic characteristics of EVs were evaluated using cryo-transmission electron microscopy imaging, immunoblot detection of EV markers, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and localization in AKI kidneys. In vitro, the potential of the EVs to promote the growth and survival of HK-2 cells undergoing cisplatin-induced apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effects in M1-polarized THP-1 was compared. Subsequently, AKI was induced in BALB/c mice using cisplatin. After 8 and 24 h of cisplatin treatment, iMSC-EVs or pan-PPAR-iMSC-EVs were injected intravascularly. At 96 h after cisplatin administration, the renoprotective effects of iMSC-EVs or pan-PPAR-iMSC-EVs in inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis were compared using serum biochemistry, histology, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression analysis by qPCR.

RESULTS

Both EV types expressed EV markers and had typical EV morphology, and their localization in the renal tissue was confirmed. The proliferation and survival of HK-2 cells were higher in pan-PPAR-iMSC-EVs than those in iMSC-EVs. In M1-polarized THP-1 cells, the reduction in the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines was more significant in pan-PPAR-iMSC-EVs than that in iMSC-EVs. In the mouse model of cisplatin-induced AKI, pan-PPAR-iMSC-EVs markedly enhanced renoprotective effects compared to iMSC-EVs. Specifically, pan-PPAR-iMSC-EVs reduced tissue inflammation, immune cell infiltration, and apoptosis. Pan-PPAR-iMSC-EVs also increased renal capillary density.

CONCLUSION

Priming iMSCs with a PPAR agonist significantly improved the therapeutic potential of EVs by reducing inflammation and apoptosis. The reported strategy may contribute to the development of a novel cell-free option for AKI treatment.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Not applicable.

Micronutrients Importance in Cancer Prevention-Minerals

Cancer, a non-communicable disease with diverse kinds is one of the major global problems with high incidence and no proven method to prevent or treat. Minerals including trace elements are significant micronutrients for preserving the body's typical physiological function. In contrast to extremely processed industrial food, they are rich in natural sources of food and frequently included in nutritional supplements. The daily intake, storage capacities, and homeostasis of micronutrients depend on specific dietary practices in contemporary civilization and can be disturbed by various malignancies. Varied minerals have different effects on the status of cancer depending on how they affect these pathways. The outcomes could differ depending on the mineral such as calcium's supply and the cancer's location. A mineral called zinc helps the immune system function better and aids in wound healing. On the other hand, selenium exhibits anti-oxidant functions and has a dose-response relationship with many cancer types. However, this component can make the patient's condition worse. Although the body produces free radicals when iron is deficient, anaemia affects a patient's quality of life and ability to receive therapy. This chapter compiles the knowledge of minerals connected to unusual accumulation or depletion states in various malignancies.

Decrypting the Pathological Pathways in IgA Nephropathy

IgAN is the most common form of glomerulonephritis affecting 2000000 people annually. The disease ultimately progresses to chronic renal failure and ESRD. In this article, we focused on a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and thus identifying different target proteins that could be essential in therapeutic approaches in the management of the disease. Aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 produced by the suppression of the enzyme β-1, 3 galactosyltransferase ultimately triggered the formation of IgG autoantibodies which form complexes with Gd-IgA1. The complex gets circulated through the blood vessels through monocytes and ultimately gets deposited in the glomerular mesangial cells via CD71 receptors present locally. This complex triggers the inflammatory pathways activating the alternate complement system, various types of T Cells, toll-like receptors, cytokines, and chemokines ultimately recruiting the phagocytic cells to eliminate the Gd-IgA complex. The inflammatory proteins cause severe mesangial and podocyte damage in the kidney which ultimately initiates the repair process following chronic inflammation by an important protein named TGFβ1. TGF β1 is an important protein produced during chronic inflammation mediating the repair process via various downstream transduction proteins and ultimately producing fibrotic proteins which help in the repair process but permanently damage the glomerular cells.

Follicular Helper T Cells in Peyer's Patches and Galactose- Deficient Iga1 Contribute to Iga Nephropathy

BACKGROUND

Common primary glomerulonephritis with aberrant mucosal immunity is IgA nephropathy (IgAN). T follicular helper (TFH) cells are essential in regulating B cell differentiation. Peyer's patches (PPs) are the main site where IgA+ plasmablasts differentiate.

OBJECTIVE

Our study aimed to investigate the TFH cell's potential contribution to the etiology of IgA nephropathy.

METHODS

In PPs from IgAN mouse models, the ratio of the TFH cell, B220+IgA+, B220+IgM+, and B220-IgA+ lymphocytes were assessed. Then, we used Western blot to assess the expression of Bcl-6, Blimp- 1, and IL-21 proteins in PPs and used RTPCR to assess the expression of IL-21 and TGF-β1 mRNA. TFH cells coculture with spleen cells to measure the degree of IL-21 and the ratio of activation marker CD69 on the TFH cells. Naive B cells (CD27-IgD+) from children suffering from IgAN were cultured with TFH cell-related cytokines. The supernatant was detected to assess the excretion of galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1).

RESULTS

IgAN mice developed noticeably increased degrees of IL-21 and CD69 on TFH cells than controls did, as well as higher percentages of B220+IgA+, B220+IgM+, B220+IgA+, TGF- β1, and IL-21 mRNA and Bcl-6, IL-21 proteins in PPs. The Gd-IgA1 level in the supernatant and IgAN- positive children's serum were noticeably higher than those of the healthy controls (P < 0.05). PPs provide the microenvironment to induce the production of IgA-secreting plasmablasts.

CONCLUSION

TFH cells may be a key moderator to induce B cell differentiation into IgAsecreting plasmablasts and produce Gd-IgA1, which plays a significant part in IgAN's pathogenesis. It could be a new therapeutic target in the future.

The Expression of Non B Cell-Derived Immunoglobulins

Although V(D)J recombination and immunoglobulin (Ig) production are traditionally recognised to occur only in B lymphocytes and plasma cells, the expression of Igs in non-lymphoid cells, which we call non B cell-derived Igs (non B Igs), has been documented by growing studies. It has been demonstrated that non B-Igs can be widely expressed in most cell types, including, but not limited to, epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, myeloid cells, and cells from immune-privileged sites, such as neurons and spermatogenic cells. In particular, malignant tumour cells express high level of IgG. Moreover, different from B-Igs that mainly localised on the B cell membrane and in the serum and perform immune defence function mainly, non B-Igs have been found to distribute more widely and play critical roles in immune defence, maintaining cell proliferation and survival, and promoting progression. The findings of non B-Igs may provide a wealthier breakthrough point for more therapeutic strategies for a wide range of immune-related diseases.

Low-molar-mass oat beta-glucan impacts autophagy and apoptosis in early stages of induced colorectal carcinogenesis in rats

Oat beta-glucan is one of the soluble dietary fibre fractions with a wide spectrum of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour properties. In the present study, the effect of low-molar-mass oat beta-glucan isolate (OβGl) on the level of autophagy and apoptosis in the colorectum of rats with induced early stages of colorectal cancer was investigated. Forty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two main groups: control and azoxymethane-induced early-stage colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC). Both groups were divided into three dietary subgroups fed standard feed without OβGl (OβGl-), with 1 % of OβGl (OβGl+1 %) or with 3 % of OβGl (OβGl+3 %). The expression of autophagy (LC3B, beclin-1) and apoptosis (caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, BAX, BCL-2 and PARP-1) markers was determined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and PCR analysis. The obtained results showed that the expression of LC3B, caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 in the CRC mucosa, and LC3B-II expression in the CRC wall were higher in the OβGl+3 % compared to the OβGl- rats. A higher BAX/BCL-2 ratio was also observed in the CRC OβGl+1 % rats compared to the other CRC animals. In summary, OβGl+3 % has a modulatory effect, stimulating autophagy and the extrinsic apoptosis pathway, while OβGl+1 % has a stimulatory effect on the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.

DSS treatment does not affect murine colonic microbiota in absence of the host

The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising globally; however, its etiology is still not fully understood. Patient genetics, immune system, and intestinal microbiota are considered critical factors contributing to IBD. Preclinical animal models are crucial to better understand the importance of individual contributing factors. Among these, the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis model is the most widely used. DSS treatment induces gut inflammation and dysbiosis. However, its exact mode of action remains unclear. To determine whether DSS treatment induces pathogenic changes in the microbiota, we investigated the microbiota-modulating effects of DSS on murine microbiota in vitro. For this purpose, we cultured murine microbiota from the colon in six replicate continuous bioreactors. Three bioreactors were supplemented with 1% DSS and compared with the remaining PBS-treated control bioreactors by means of microbiota taxonomy and functionality. Using metaproteomics, we did not identify significant changes in microbial taxonomy, either at the phylum or genus levels. No differences in the metabolic pathways were observed. Furthermore, the global metabolome and targeted short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) quantification did not reveal any DSS-related changes. DSS had negligible effects on microbial functionality and taxonomy in vitro in the absence of the host environment. Our results underline that the DSS colitis mouse model is a suitable model to study host-microbiota interactions, which may help to understand how intestinal inflammation modulates the microbiota at the taxonomic and functional levels.

Extracellular vesicles from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhance the recovery of acute kidney injury

BACKGROUND AIMS

To investigate whether the extracellular vesicles (EVs) from mesenchymal stem cell-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iMSC-EVs) can inhibit the progression of acute kidney injury (AKI).

METHODS

The characteristics of iMSC-EVs were confirmed by immunoblotting, cryo-transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and their localization in kidneys. Using human renal epithelial cells, the potential of iMSC-EVs to stimulate the growth and survival of HK-2 cells undergoing cisplatin-induced cell death was investigated. The anti-inflammatory effects of iMSC-EVs was examined in M1-polarized THP-1 macrophages. Subsequently, the therapeutic potential of iMSC-EVs was assessed in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in BALB/c mice. The anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effect of iMSC-EVs was evaluated using serum biochemistry, histology, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression analysis.

RESULTS

iMSC-EVs promoted the growth of renal epithelial cell (HK-2) and enhanced the survival of HK-2 undergoing cisplatin-induced cell death. In cisplatin-induced mice with AKI, iMSC-EVs alleviated AKI, as shown by reduced blood nitrogen urea/creatinine and increased body weight. Also, iMSC-EVs enhanced renal tissue integrity and the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive tubules. iMSC-EVs decreased the infiltration of immune cells, reduced the expression of inflammatory genes in M1-induced THP-1 cells and enhanced capillary density in the kidney of AKI mice. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the expression of inflammatory genes in the kidney of AKI mice was reduced compared with that received vehicle. Immunoblotting revealed that iMSC-EVs led to a decreased protein expression of key inflammatory genes. Also, iMSC-EVs reversed the activation of ERK1/2 signaling induced by AKI. Finally, iMSC-EVs inhibited the apoptosis of HK-2 cells induced by cisplatin as well as that of renal tissue of AKI mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that iMSC-EVs have potential to become a novel, cell-free therapeutic for cisplatin-induced AKI.

Beneficial Effect of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation on Mild, Moderate and Severe Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in a Pseudo Germ-Free Animal Model

Transplantation of faecal microbiota (FMT) is generally considered a safe therapeutic procedure with few adverse effects. The main factors that limit the spread of the use of FMT therapy for idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are the necessity of minimising the risk of infection and transfer of another disease. Obtaining the animal model of UC (ulcerative colitis) by exposure to DSS (dextran sodium sulphate) depends on many factors that significantly affect the result. Per os intake of DSS with water is individual for each animal and results in the development of a range of various forms of induced UC. For this reason, the aim of our study was to evaluate the modulation and regenerative effects of FMT on the clinical and histopathological responses and the changes in the bowel microenvironment in pseudo germ-free (PGF) mice of the BALB/c line subjected to chemical induction of mild, moderate and serious forms of UC. The goal was to obtain new data related to the safety and effectiveness of FMT that can contribute to its improved and optimised use. The animals with mild and moderate forms of UC subjected to FMT treatment exhibited lower severity of the disease and markedly lower damage to the colon, including reduced clinical and histological disease index and decreased inflammatory response of colon mucosa. However, FMT treatment failed to achieve the expected therapeutic effect in animals with the serious form of UC activity. The results of our study indicated a potential safety risk involving development of bacteraemia and also translocation of non-pathogenic representatives of bowel microbiota associated with FMT treatment of animals with a diagnosed serious form of UC.

Noise exposure and the risk of cancer: a comprehensive systematic review

The association between noise exposure and increased risk of cancer has received little attention in the field of research. Therefore, the goal of this study was to conduct a systematic review on the relationship between noise exposure and the incidence of cancer in humans. In this study, four electronic bibliographic databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were systematically searched up to 21 April 2022. All types of noise exposure were considered, including environmental noise, occupational noise, and leisure or recreational noise. Furthermore, all types of cancers were studied, regardless of the organs involved. In total, 1836 articles were excluded on the basis of containing exclusion criteria or lacking inclusion criteria, leaving 19 articles retained for this study. Five of nine case-control studies showed a significant relationship between occupational or leisure noise exposure and acoustic neuroma. Moreover, four of five case-control and cohort studies indicated statistically significant relationships between environmental noise exposure and breast cancer. Of other cancer types, two case-control studies highlighted the risk of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma and two cohort studies identified an increased risk of colon cancer associated with environmental noise exposure. No relationship between road traffic and railway noise and the risk of prostate cancer was observed. In total, results showed that noise exposure, particularly prolonged and continuous exposure to loud noise, can lead to the incidence of some cancers. However, confirmation of this requires further epidemiological studies and exploration of the exact biological mechanism and pathway for these effects.

Nanocurcumin preserves kidney function and haematology parameters in DMBA-induced ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin via its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effect in rats

CONTEXT

Cisplatin, as a first-line treatment for ovarian cancer, is associated with debilitating adverse effects, including nephrotoxic and haematotoxic effects.

OBJECTIVE

This study determines whether nanocurcumin, combined with cisplatin, would give additional benefit to kidney function and haematological parameters in rats with ovarian cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-five Wistar rats were divided into five untreated rats and 20-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced ovarian cancer rats. The 20 ovarian cancer rats were divided into four treatment groups: vehicle, cisplatin, cisplatin-curcumin, and cisplatin-nanocurcumin. Cisplatin was given at the dose of 4 mg/kg BW once weekly, while curcumin or nanocurcumin was administered at 100 mg/kg BW daily for four weeks. At the end of treatment, we analysed kidney function, haematological parameters, and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers from plasma.

RESULTS

Nanocurcumin alleviates the increase in kidney function markers and abnormalities in haematological indices in rats treated with cisplatin. Compared to cisplatin-treated rats, plasma urea levels decreased from 66.4 to 47.7 mg/dL, creatinine levels lowered from 0.87 to 0.82 mg/dL, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels declined from 8.51 to 3.59 mIU/mg protein. Furthermore, the therapy increased glutathione activities (from 2.02 to 3.23 U/µL), reduced lipid peroxidation (from 0.54 to 0.45 nmol/mL), and decreased plasma TNF-α (from 270.6 to 217.8 pg/mL).

CONCLUSIONS

Cisplatin with nanocurcumin in an ovarian cancer rat model may provide additional benefits as a preventive agent against renal impairment and cisplatin-induced haematological toxicity. However, further research is required to prove that using nanocurcumin for a more extended time would not affect its anticancer properties.

Acid-base transformative HADLA micelles alleviate colitis by restoring adaptive immunity and gut microbiome

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a worldwide public health issue with an increasing number of patients annually. However, there is no curative drug for IBD, and the present medication for IBD generally focuses on suppressing hyperactive immune responses, which can only delay disease progression but inevitably induce off-target side effects, including infections and cancers. Herein, late-model orally administered nanotherapeutic micelles (HADLA) were developed based on a conjugate of hyaluronic acid (HA) and dehydrolithocholic acid (DLA), which was simple to achieve and obtained satisfactory therapeutic efficacy in a murine colitis model with a full safety profile. HADLA is capable of targeting inflammatory colon tissues, restoring intestinal barrier function and reducing intestinal epithelial cell death. Moreover, it modulates the adaptive immune system by inhibiting the activation of pathogenic T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and it exhibits more remarkable effects in preventing colitis than DLA alone. Finally, HADLA exhibits a remarkable ability to modulate dysregulated gut microbiomes by increasing beneficial probiotics and decreasing pathogenic bacteria, such as Turicibacter. Compared with the current systemic or subcutaneous administration of biologics, this study opens new avenues in the oral delivery of immune-modulating nanomedicine and introduces DLA as a new medication for IBD treatment.

Panx1 knockout promotes preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci development in a chemically induced model of mouse colon carcinogenesis

Colorectal cancer, which is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, is a multistep disease, featuring preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as the early morphological manifestation. The roles of hemichannel-forming transmembrane Pannexin 1 (Panx1) protein have not been investigated in the context of colon carcinogenesis yet, although it has contrasting roles in other cancer types. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the effects of Panx1 knockout (Panx1-/- ) on the early events of chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in mouse. Wild type (WT) and Panx1-/- female C57BL6J mice were submitted to a chemically induced model of colon carcinogenesis by receiving six intraperitoneal administrations of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) carcinogen. Animals were euthanized 8 h (week 7) or 30 weeks (week 37) after the last DMH administration in order to evaluate sub-acute colon toxicity outcomes or the burden of ACF, respectively. At week 7, Panx1 genetic ablation increased DMH-induced genotoxicity in peripheral blood cells, malondialdehyde levels in the colon, and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3) in colonic crypts. Of note, at week 37, Panx1-/- animals showed an increase in aberrant crypts (AC), ACF mean number, and ACF multiplicity (AC per ACF) by 56%, 57% and 20%, respectively. In essence, our findings indicate that Panx1 genetic ablation promotes preneoplastic ACF development during chemically induced mouse colon carcinogenesis, and a protective role of Panx1 is postulated.

Claudin-2 protects against colitis-associated cancer by promoting colitis-associated mucosal healing

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are susceptible to colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Chronic inflammation promotes the risk for CAC. In contrast, mucosal healing predicts improved prognosis in IBD and reduced risk of CAC. However, the molecular integration among colitis, mucosal healing, and CAC remains poorly understood. Claudin-2 (CLDN2) expression is upregulated in IBD; however, its role in CAC is not known. The current study was undertaken to examine the role for CLDN2 in CAC. The AOM/DSS-induced CAC model was used with WT and CLDN2-modified mice. High-throughput expression analyses, murine models of colitis/recovery, chronic colitis, ex vivo crypt culture, and pharmacological manipulations were employed in order to increase our mechanistic understanding. The Cldn2KO mice showed significant inhibition of CAC despite severe colitis compared with WT littermates. Cldn2 loss also resulted in impaired recovery from colitis and increased injury when mice were subjected to intestinal injury by other methods. Mechanistic studies demonstrated a possibly novel role of CLDN2 in promotion of mucosal healing downstream of EGFR signaling and by regulation of Survivin expression. An upregulated CLDN2 expression protected from CAC and associated positively with crypt regeneration and Survivin expression in patients with IBD. We demonstrate a potentially novel role of CLDN2 in promotion of mucosal healing in patients with IBD and thus regulation of vulnerability to colitis severity and CAC, which can be exploited for improved clinical management.

Heterogeneity in protocols and outcomes to study the effect of renin-angiotensin system blockers in inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), supporting translational relevance of RAS blockers. Comparability of study design/outcomes is fundamental for data analysis/discussion.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed at evaluating the heterogeneity among protocols and outcomes to study the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in IBD.

METHODS

This study was performed and reported in accordance with the Cochrane recommendations and PRISMA (PROSPERO-CRD42022323853). Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Quality assessment of the studies was done with the SYRCLES's risk of bias tools for animal studies.

RESULTS

Thirty-five pre-clinical studies and six clinical studies were included. Chemical induction of colitis was the most used model, but variable doses of the induction agent were reported. All studies reported at least a disease activity index, a macroscopic score, or a histologic assessment, but these scores were methodologically heterogeneous and reported for different characteristics. Great heterogeneity was also found in drug interventions. Inflammatory markers assessed as outcomes were different across studies.

CONCLUSION

Lack of standardization of protocols and outcomes among studies threatens the evidence on how RAS blockers influence IBD outcomes.

Evaluating the renoprotective effects of omega-3-6-9 against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice

Fatty acids, particularly omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9, play a vital role in various biological processes. As the body cannot synthesize omega-3 and omega-6, dietary sources of these fatty acids are essential. Each omega fatty acid has a distinct chemical structure, source, and function. Cisplatin (CP) treatment is known to cause acute kidney injury (AKI) due to its inflammatory effects. This study explored the renoprotective potential of omega-3-6-9 when co-administered with cisplatin in a mice model. We divided adult mice into five groups: a control group received 0.5 ml of liquid paraffin; a cisplatin-only group; two groups were treated with low (50 mg/kg) and high (100 mg/kg) doses of omega-3-6-9 plus cisplatin; and a final group received vitamin E before cisplatin administration. The administration of omega-3-6-9 significantly decreased pro-inflammatory modulators and kidney function markers such as TNF-α, IL-1β, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine, indicating potential renoprotective effects. Our research concluded that omega-3- 6- 9 had anti-inflammatory properties and was effective against the harmful effects of cisplatin.

Methyl cinnamate protects against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway

Effective and non-toxic therapeutic agents are lacking for the prevention and treatment of colitis. Previous studies found that methyl cinnamate (MC), extracted from galangal ( Alpinia officinarum Hance), has anti-inflammatory properties. However, whether MC is effective as anti-colitis therapy remains unknown. In this study, we investigate the therapeutic effects of MC on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and further explore its potential mechanism of action. MC treatment relieves symptoms associated with DSS-induced colitis, including the recovery of DSS-induced weight loss, decreases the disease activity index score, and increases the colon length without toxic side effects. MC treatment protects the integrity of the intestinal barrier in mice with DSS-induced colitis and inhibits the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the MAPK signaling pathway is found to be closely related to the treatment with MC of colitis. Western blot analysis show that phosphorylation of the p38 protein in colon tissues treated with MC is markedly reduced and phosphorylation levels of the p38, JNK and ERK proteins are significantly decreased in RAW 264.7 cells treated with MC, indicating that the mechanism of MC in treating DSS-induced colitis could be achieved by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, 16S RNA sequencing analysis show that MC can improve intestinal microbial dysbiosis in mice with DSS-induced colitis. Altogether, these findings suggest that MC may be a novel therapeutic candidate with anti-colitis efficacy. Furthermore, MC treatment relieves the symptoms of colitis by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway and improving the intestinal microbiota.

Effects of dietary traditional Chinese medicine residues on growth performance, intestinal health and gut microbiota compositions in weaned piglets

Weaning stress can induce diarrhea, intestinal damage and flora disorder of piglets, leading to slow growth and even death of piglets. Traditional Chinese medicine residue contains a variety of active ingredients and nutrients, and its resource utilization has always been a headache. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of traditional Chinese medicine residues (Xiasangju, composed of prunellae spica, mulberry leaves, and chrysanthemum indici flos) on growth performance, diarrhea, immune function, and intestinal health in weaned piglets. Forty-eight healthy Duroc× Landrace × Yorkshire castrated males weaned aged 21 days with similar body conditions were randomly divided into 6 groups with eight replicates of one piglet. The control group was fed a basal diet, the antibiotic control group was supplemented with 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline, and the residue treatment groups were supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% Xiasangju residues. The results showed that dietary Xiasangju residues significantly reduced the average daily feed intake, but reduced the diarrhea score (P < 0.05). The 1.0% and 2.0% Xiasangju residues significantly increased the serum IgM content of piglets, and the 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% Xiasangju residues significantly increased the serum IgG content, while the 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% Xiasangju residues significantly increased the sIgA content of ileal contents (P < 0.05). Dietary Xiasangju residues significantly increased the villus height and the number of villus goblet cells in the jejunum and ileum, and significantly decreased the crypt depth (P<0.05). The relative mRNA expression of IL-10 in the ileum was significantly increased in the 1% and 2% Xiasangju residues supplemented groups (P < 0.05), while IL-1β in the ileum was downregulated (P < 0.05). Xiasangju residues improved the gut tight barrier, as evidenced by the enhanced expression of Occludin and ZO-1 in the jejunum and ileum. The diets with 1% Xiasangju residues significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus johnsonii, and 2% and 4% Xiasangju residues significantly increased the relative abundance of Weissella jogaeotgali (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with 0.5%, 1.0%, 2% and 4% with Xiasangju residues significantly decreased the relative abundance of Escherichia coli and Treponema porcinum (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary supplementation with Xiasangju residues improves intestinal health and gut microbiota in weaned piglets.

Novel diagnostic biomarkers of oxidative stress, immune- infiltration characteristics and experimental validation of SERPINE1 in colon cancer

BACKGROUND

Colon cancer (CC) is a prevalent malignant tumor that affects the colon in the gastrointestinal tract. Its aggressive nature, strong invasiveness, and rapid progression make it a significant health concern. In addition, oxidative stress can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that surpass the body's antioxidant defense capacity, causing damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA, potentially promoting tumor development. However, the relationship between CC and oxidative stress requires further investigation.

METHODS

We collected gene expression data and clinical data from 473 CC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Additionally, we obtained 433 oxidative stress genes from Genecards ( https://www.genecards.org/ ). Using univariate, multivariate, and LASSO Cox regression analyses, we developed predictive models for oxidative stress-related genes in CC patients. To validate the models, we utilized data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We assessed the accuracy of the models through various techniques, including the creation of a nomogram, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). The Cytoscape program was utilized to identify hub genes among differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tumor patients using the TCGA dataset. Subsequently, we conducted survival analysis, clinical relevance analysis, and immune cell relevance analysis for the intersected genes obtained by combining the hub genes with the genes from the predictive models. Moreover, we investigated the mRNA expression and potential functions of these intersected genes using a range of experimental approaches.

RESULTS

In both the TCGA and GSE17538 datasets, patients classified as high-risk had significantly shorter overall survival compared to those in the low-risk group (TCGA: p < 0.001; GSE17538: p = 0.010). As a result, we decided to further investigate the role of SERPINE1. Our survival analysis revealed that patients with high expression of SERPINE1 had a significantly lower probability of survival compared to those with low expression (p < 0.05). Additionally, our clinical correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between SERPINE1 expression and T, N, and M stages, as well as tumor grade. Furthermore, our immune infiltration correlation analysis demonstrated notable differences in multiple immune cells between the high- and low-expression groups of SERPINE1. To validate our findings, we conducted experimental tests and observed that knocking down SERPINE1 in colon cancer cells resulted in significant reductions in cell viability and proliferation. Interestingly, we also noticed an increase in oxidative stress parameters, such as ROS and MDA levels, while the levels of reduced GSH decreased upon SERPINE1 knockdown. These findings suggest that the antineoplastic effect of silencing SERPINE1 may be associated with the induction of oxidative stress.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study introduces a new approach for the early diagnosis and treatment of CC, and further exploration of SERPINE1 could potentially lead to a significant advancement.

Therapeutic Effects of Zymomonas mobilis on Experimental DSS-Induced Colitis Mouse Model

Zymomonas mobilis, a Gram-negative bacteria observed in some popular beverages, is considered safe and has been studied for its potential therapeutic benefits. In this study, we explored its effects on the inflammatory process, tissue integrity, differential gene expression, and microbiota composition in an experimental dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model in mice. As a result, Z. mobilis alleviated the symptoms caused by DSS administration, as indicated by reduced weight loss, disease activity index, a significant reduction in the colon weight/length ratio, and histopathological improvement. Also, Z. mobilis could restore the mucosal barrier as well as increase the expression of Muc3 and Ocln genes. An analysis of 16S rRNA sequences showed that Z. mobilis alters gut microbiota, increasing Akkermansia muciniphila abundance and decreasing Escherichia coli. Furthermore, Z. mobilis seems to be involved in potentiating a regulatory phenotype by inducing immunomodulatory genes like Tgfb, Il5, Il10, and Foxp3 and reducing the relative mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF, Il6, and Il17. Our data suggest that Z. mobilis could alleviate disease progression and be considered a possible probiotic adjuvant for pathologies of the bowel.

Classification, function, and advances in tsRNA in non-neoplastic diseases

tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are non-coding small RNAs produced by specific endonucleases following the processing and splicing of precursor or mature tRNAs upon starvation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and other adverse conditions. tRNAs are classified into two major categories, tRNA fragments (tRFs) and tRNA-derived stress-induced small RNAs (tiRNAs), based on differences in splice sites. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies in recent years, tsRNAs have been found to have important biological functions, including inhibition of apoptosis, epigenetic regulation, cell-cell communication, translation, and regulation of gene expression. Additionally, these molecules have been found to be aberrantly expressed in various diseases and to be involved in several pathological processes. In this article, the classification and nomenclature, biological functions, and potential use of tsRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in non-neoplastic diseases are reviewed. Although tsRNA research is at its infancy, their potential in the treatment of non-tumor diseases warrants further investigation.

Evaluation of oxidative stress in an experimental model of Crohn's disease treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy

INTRODUCTION

Treatments of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are able to control symptoms in most cases, however, a fraction of patients do not improve or have a loss of response to treatments, making it important to explore new therapeutic strategies. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) may represent one of them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of HBO therapy in an experimental model of IBD.

METHODS

Sixty male BALBc mice were divided into six groups. Group 1 was colitis-induced with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) + ethanol, group 2 received TNBS + ethanol plus HBO, group 3 received only ethanol, group 4 received ethanol plus HBO, group 5 received saline solution, and group 6 received saline solution plus HBO. HBO was performed for four days, subsequently, the mice were evaluated daily. At the end of the study, samples from the intestine were collected for histological analysis as well as for measurement of antioxidant enzymes and cytokine levels.

RESULTS

HBO significantly improved the clinical and histological status of the animals. Treatment with HBO increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in all of the groups; moreover, the difference was only significant between the TNBS and TNBS + HBO groups and treatments promoted a reduction in the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-17 and TNF-α and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, with no changes in IL-13.

CONCLUSION

HBO effectively treats TNBS-induced colitis by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and modulating cytokine profiles.

Investigating the Replacement of Carboxylates with Carboxamides to Modulate the Safety and Efficacy of Platinum(II) Thioether Cyanide Scavengers

Cyanide represents a persistent threat for accidental or malicious misuse due to easy conversion into a toxic gas and access to large quantities through several industries. The high safety index of hydroxocobalamin is a cornerstone quality as a cyanide scavenger. Unfortunately, intravenous infusion of hydroxocobalamin limits the utility in a mass casualty setting. We previously reported platinum(II) [Pt(II)] complexes with trans-directing sulfur ligands as an efficacious alternative to hydroxocobalamin when delivered by a bolus intramuscular injection in mice and rabbits. Thus, to enable Pt(II) as an alternative to hydroxocobalamin, a high safety factor is needed. The objective is to maintain efficacy and mitigate the risk for nephrotoxicity. Platinum amino acid complexes with the ability to form five- or six-membered rings and possessing either carboxylates or carboxamides are evaluated in vitro for cyanide scavenging. In vivo efficacy was evaulated in the zebrafish and mice cyanide exposure models. In addition, Pt(II) complex toxicity and pharmacokinetics were evaluated in a cyanide naive Sprague-Dawley model. Doses for toxicity are escalated to 5x from the efficacious dose in mice using a body surface area adjustment. The results show the carboxamide ligands display a time and pH dependence on cyanide scavenging in vitro and efficacy in vivo. Additionally, exchanging the carboxylate for carboxamide showed reduced indications of renal injury. A pharmacokinetic analysis of the larger bidentate complexes displayed rapid absorption by intramuscular administration and having similar plasma exposure. These findings point to the importance of pH and ligand structures for methionine carboxamide complexes with Pt(II).

Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment after a Single Intratracheal Inhalation of Chlorhexidine Aerosol in Mice

Guanidine disinfectants are important chemical agents with a broad spectrum of activity that are effective against most microorganisms. Chlorhexidine, one of the most used guanidine disinfectants, is added to shampoo and mouthwash and applied in medical device sterilization. During the use of chlorhexidine, aerosols with micron particle size may be formed, which may cause inhalation toxicity. To assess the toxicity of inhaled chlorhexidine aerosol, mice underwent the intratracheal instillation of different concentrations of chlorhexidine (0, 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%) using a MicroSprayer Aerosolizer. The mice were exposed for eight weeks and then sacrificed to obtain lung tissue for subsequent experiments. Histopathology staining revealed damaged lung tissues and increased collagen exudation. At the same time, pulmonary function tests showed that chlorhexidine exposure could cause restrictive ventilatory dysfunction, consistent with pulmonary fibrosis. The results of transcriptome analyses suggest that chlorhexidine may trigger an inflammatory response and promote the activation of pathways related to extracellular matrix deposition. Further, we identified that chlorhexidine exposure might enhance mucus secretion by up-regulating Muc5b and Muc5ac genes, thereby inducing fibrosis-like injury. These findings underscore the need for standardized use of disinfectants and the assessment of their inhalation toxicity.

Sanguisorba officinalis ethyl acetate extract attenuates ulcerative colitis through inhibiting PI3K-AKT/NF-κB/ STAT3 pathway uncovered by single-cell RNA sequencing

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) accounts for the untreatable illness nowadays. Bloody stools are the primary symptom of UC, and the first-line drugs used to treat UC are associated with several drawbacks and negative side effects. S. officinalis has long been used as a medicine to treat intestinal infections and bloody stools. However, what the precise molecular mechanism, the exact etiology, and the material basis of the disease remain unclear.

PURPOSE

This work aimed to comprehensively explore pharmacological effects as well as molecular mechanisms underlying the active fraction of S. officinalis, and to produce a comprehensive and brand-new guideline map of its chemical base and mechanism of action.

METHODS

First, different polarity S. officinalis extracts were orally administered to the DSS-induced UC model mice for the sake of investigating its active constituents. Using the UPLC-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS) technique, the most active S. officinalis (S. officinalis ethyl acetate fraction, SOEA) extract was characterized. Subsequently, the effectiveness of its active fraction on UC was evaluated through phenotypic observation (such as weight loss, colon length, and stool characteristics), and histological examination of pathological injuries, mRNA and protein expression. Cell profile, cell-cell interactions and molecular mechanisms of SOEA in different cell types of the colon tissue from UC mice were described using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). As a final step, the molecular mechanisms were validated by appropriate molecular biological methods.

RESULTS

For the first time, this study revealed the significant efficacy of SOEA in the treatment of UC. SOEA reduced DAI and body weight loss, recovered the colon length, and mitigated colonic pathological injuries along with mucosal barrier by promoting goblet cell proliferation. Following treatment with SOEA, inflammatory factors showed decreased mRNA and protein expression. SOEA restored the dynamic equilibrium of cell profile and cell-cell interactions in colon tissue. All of these results were attributed to the ability of SOEA to inhibit the PI3K-AKT/NF-κB/STATAT pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

By integrating the chemical information of SOEA derived from UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS with single-cell transcriptomic data extracted from scRNA-seq, this study demonstrates that SOEA exerts the therapeutic effect through suppressing PI3K-AKT/NF-B/STAT3 pathway to improve clinical symptoms, inflammatory response, mucosal barrier, and intercellular interactions in UC, and effectively eliminates the interference of cellular heterogeneity.

Protective effect of Arum maculatum against dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis in rats

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disease of the large intestine that is characterized by diarrhea, bloody stools, abdominal pain and mucosal ulceration. UC is treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, but long-term use of these drugs can cause adverse effects. Arum maculatum is used as a traditional treatment for digestive system disorders, but its use for treatment of UC has not been investigated rigorously. We investigated the possible protective effect of a methanol extract of A. maculatum against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced experimental UC in rats. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were 32.919 ± 1.125 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 52.045 ± 7.902 µg rutin equivalent (RE)/mg, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the extract was 105.76 µg/ml according to the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay. Effects of A. maculatum extract on UC induced by DSS were assessed both macroscopically and histologically. We also investigated effects of A. maculatum extract on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the oxidative stress index (OSI) in normal rats and rats with UC. We found that treatment with A. maculatum extract protected the colon against DSS induced UC in a dose-dependent manner.

FBXO38 regulates macrophage polarization to control the development of cancer and colitis

Macrophages are highly plastic cells that differentially regulate multiple pathological conditions, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. In response to various stimuli, macrophages activate different intrinsic signaling pathways and polarize into distinct macrophage subsets. We aimed to identify key new effectors that could control macrophage polarization and impact the development of cancer or colitis. Following treatment with the supernatants of tumor cells, macrophages showed an upregulation in Fbxo38 expression. Subsequently, we further identified that FBXO38 promotes macrophage immunosuppressive function by upregulating the expression of M2-like genes via MAPK and IRF4 signaling without affecting M1-like macrophage polarization. Deletion of Fbxo38 in macrophages was found to block tumor development and protect against DSS-induced colitis. Considering the distinct regulation of tumor development by FBXO38 in T cells and macrophages, we suggest that a comprehensive understanding of FBXO38 function in different cell types is critical for its further translational usage.

Exploring the potential hypothalamic role in mediating cisplatin-induced negative energy balance

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic drug commonly used for treating different types of cancer. However, long-term use can lead to side effects, including anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss, which negatively affect the patient's quality of life and ability to undergo chemotherapy. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the development of a negative energy balance during cisplatin treatment. Mice treated with cisplatin exhibit reduced food intake, body weight, and energy expenditure. We observed altered neuronal activity in the hypothalamic nuclei involved in the regulation of energy metabolism in cisplatin-treated mice. In addition, we observed activation of microglia and inflammation in the hypothalamus following treatment with cisplatin. Consistent with this finding, inhibition of microglial activation effectively rescued cisplatin-induced anorexia and body weight loss. The present study identified the role of hypothalamic neurons and inflammation linked to microglial activation in the anorexia and body weight loss observed during cisplatin treatment. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the development of metabolic abnormalities during cisplatin treatment and suggest new strategies for managing these side effects.

Vitamin B12 is a limiting factor for induced cellular plasticity and tissue repair

Transient reprogramming by the expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC (OSKM) is a therapeutic strategy for tissue regeneration and rejuvenation, but little is known about its metabolic requirements. Here we show that OSKM reprogramming in mice causes a global depletion of vitamin B12 and molecular hallmarks of methionine starvation. Supplementation with vitamin B12 increases the efficiency of reprogramming both in mice and in cultured cells, the latter indicating a cell-intrinsic effect. We show that the epigenetic mark H3K36me3, which prevents illegitimate initiation of transcription outside promoters (cryptic transcription), is sensitive to vitamin B12 levels, providing evidence for a link between B12 levels, H3K36 methylation, transcriptional fidelity and efficient reprogramming. Vitamin B12 supplementation also accelerates tissue repair in a model of ulcerative colitis. We conclude that vitamin B12, through its key role in one-carbon metabolism and epigenetic dynamics, improves the efficiency of in vivo reprogramming and tissue repair.