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Staubo SC, Aakre JA, Vemuri P, Syrjanen JA, Mielke MM, Geda YE, Kremers WK, Machulda MM, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Roberts RO. Mediterranean diet, micronutrients and macronutrients, and MRI measures of cortical thickness. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 13:168-177. [PMID: 27461490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Mediterranean diet (MeDi) is associated with reduced risk of cognitive impairment, but it is unclear whether it is associated with better brain imaging biomarkers. METHODS Among 672 cognitively normal participants (mean age, 79.8 years, 52.5% men), we investigated associations of MeDi score and MeDi components with magnetic resonance imaging measures of cortical thickness for the four lobes separately and averaged (average lobar). RESULTS Higher MeDi score was associated with larger frontal, parietal, occipital, and average lobar cortical thickness. Higher legume and fish intakes were associated with larger cortical thickness: legumes with larger superior parietal, inferior parietal, precuneus, parietal, occipital, lingual, and fish with larger precuneus, superior parietal, posterior cingulate, parietal, and inferior parietal. Higher carbohydrate and sugar intakes were associated with lower entorhinal cortical thickness. DISCUSSION In this sample of elderly persons, higher adherence to MeDi was associated with larger cortical thickness. These cross-sectional findings require validation in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Staubo
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Charles University in Prague, Faculty in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jeremiah A Aakre
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jeremy A Syrjanen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yonas E Geda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Walter K Kremers
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mary M Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Ronald C Petersen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Rosebud O Roberts
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Gu Y, Vorburger RS, Gazes Y, Habeck CG, Stern Y, Luchsinger JA, Manly JJ, Schupf N, Mayeux R, Brickman AM. White matter integrity as a mediator in the relationship between dietary nutrients and cognition in the elderly. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:1014-25. [PMID: 27129740 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the association of nutrient intake with microstructural white matter integrity, and the role of white matter integrity in the association between nutrient consumption and cognition. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis included 239 elderly (age ≥ 65 years) participants of a multiethnic cohort. White matter integrity was measured with fractional anisotropy (FA) from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Nutrient patterns were derived from principal component analysis based on energy-adjusted intake of 24 selected nutrients. Generalized linear models were used to assess the association between nutrient patterns and mean FA of 26 white matter tracts. Mediation analysis was used to determine whether FA mediates the nutrient-cognition relationship. All models were adjusted for age at time of scan, gender, ethnicity, education, caloric intake, and apolipoprotein genotype. RESULTS Among the identified 6 nutrient patterns, 1 (nutrient pattern 6, characterized by high intakes of Ω-3 and Ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E) was positively associated with FA. Those with the highest tertile of nutrient pattern 6 score had a mean of 0.01 (p = 0.01) higher FA value than those with the lowest tertile, similar to the effect of a 10-year decrease in age (b for age = -0.001, p = 0.01). FA mediated the relationship between nutrient pattern 6 and memory, language, visuospatial and speed/executive function, and mean cognitive scores. INTERPRETATION Our study suggests that older adults consuming more polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E rich foods had better white matter integrity, and that maintaining white matter microstructural integrity might be a mechanism for the beneficial role of diet on cognition. Ann Neurol 2016;79:1014-1025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yian Gu
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Robert S Vorburger
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Yunglin Gazes
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Christian G Habeck
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - José A Luchsinger
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Division of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jennifer J Manly
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Division of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 and (select 8682 from (select(sleep(5)))aqxj)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 order by 1-- rkdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 waitfor delay '0:0:5'-- bmov] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 order by 1-- bcpd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 waitfor delay '0:0:5'] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 and 2364=4691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 and 8336=8336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 and 8336=8336-- yvja] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 and 9592=(select 9592 from pg_sleep(5))-- pgrd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 and 9592=(select 9592 from pg_sleep(5))] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 and (select 8682 from (select(sleep(5)))aqxj)-- zwlx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 and 5109=2486-- lenk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Yusufov M, Weyandt LL, Piryatinsky I. Alzheimer's disease and diet: a systematic review. Int J Neurosci 2016; 127:161-175. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2016.1155572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Yusufov
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lisa L. Weyandt
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Irene Piryatinsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Abstract
Cognitive decline is an increasingly important public health problem, with more than 100 million adults worldwide projected to develop dementia by 2050. Accordingly, there has been an increased interest in preventive strategies that diminish this risk. It has been recognized that lifestyle factors including dietary patterns, may be important in the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia in later life. Several dietary components have been examined, including antioxidants, fatty acids, and B vitamins. In addition, whole dietary eating plans, including the Mediterranean diet (MeDi), and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, with and without weight loss, have become areas of increasing interest. Although prospective epidemiological studies have observed that antioxidants, fatty acids, and B vitamins are associated with better cognitive functioning, randomized clinical trials have generally failed to confirm the value of any specific dietary component in improving neurocognition. Several randomized trials have examined the impact of changing 'whole' diets on cognitive outcomes. The MeDi and DASH diets offer promising preliminary results, but data are limited and more research in this area is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - J A Blumenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
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127
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Red meat consumption and healthy ageing: A review. Maturitas 2016; 84:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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128
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Granic A, Davies K, Adamson A, Kirkwood T, Hill TR, Siervo M, Mathers JC, Jagger C. Dietary Patterns High in Red Meat, Potato, Gravy, and Butter Are Associated with Poor Cognitive Functioning but Not with Rate of Cognitive Decline in Very Old Adults. J Nutr 2016; 146:265-74. [PMID: 26740685 PMCID: PMC4725429 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.216952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy dietary patterns (DPs) have been linked to better cognition and reduced risk of dementia in older adults, but their role in cognitive functioning and decline in the very old (aged ≥85 y) is unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between previously established DPs from the Newcastle 85+ Study and global and attention-specific cognition over 5 y. METHODS We followed up with 302 men and 489 women (1921 birth cohort from Northeast United Kingdom) for change in global cognition [measured by the Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (SMMSE)] over 5 y and attention (assessed by the cognitive drug research attention battery) over 3 y. We used 2-step clustering to derive DPs and mixed models to determine the relation between DPs and cognition in the presence of the dementia susceptibility gene. RESULTS Previously, we characterized 3 DPs that differed in intake of red meat, potato, gravy, and butter and varied with key health measures. When compared with participants in DP1 (high red meat) and DP3 (high butter), participants in DP2 (low meat) had higher SMMSE scores at baseline (P < 0.001) and follow-ups, and better initial attention (P < 0.05). Membership in DP1 and DP3 was associated with overall worse SMMSE scores (β = 0.09, P = 0.01 and β = 0.08, P = 0.02, respectively) than membership in DP2 after adjustment for sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, multimorbidity, and body mass index (BMI). Additional adjustment for apolipoprotein (apoE) ε4 genotype attenuated the association to nonsignificant in women but not in men in DP1 (β = 0.13, P = 0.02). Participants in DP1 and DP3 also had overall worse concentration (β = 0.04, P = 0.002 and β = 0.028, P = 0.03, respectively) and focused attention (β = 0.02, P = 0.01 and β = 0.02, P = 0.03, respectively), irrespective of apoE ε4 genotype, but similar rate of decline in all cognitive measures over time. CONCLUSION DPs high in red meat, potato, gravy (DP1), or butter (DP3) were associated with poor cognition but not with the rate of cognitive decline in very old adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoneta Granic
- The Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Institute of Health & Society,
| | - Karen Davies
- The Newcastle University Institute for Ageing,,Institute of Health & Society
| | - Ashley Adamson
- The Newcastle University Institute for Ageing,,Institute of Health & Society,,Human Nutrition Research Centre
| | - Thomas Kirkwood
- The Newcastle University Institute for Ageing,,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences
| | - Tom R Hill
- Human Nutrition Research Centre,,School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, and
| | - Mario Siervo
- The Newcastle University Institute for Ageing,,Human Nutrition Research Centre,,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John C Mathers
- The Newcastle University Institute for Ageing,,Human Nutrition Research Centre,,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Jagger
- The Newcastle University Institute for Ageing,,Institute of Health & Society
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129
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Effect of Crystalline Structure on Oxidation of Fish Oil in Stearin:Fish Oil Mixtures. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-015-1664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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130
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Wallace R, Lo J, Devine A. Tailored Nutrition Education in the Elderly Can Lead to Sustained Dietary Behaviour Change. J Nutr Health Aging 2016; 20:8-15. [PMID: 26728927 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate a 4-week dementia specific nutrition education intervention to determine long term knowledge and healthy dietary behaviour changes in 72 elderly men and women. DESIGN A mixed method design used qualitative findings to triangulate quantitative within-subject changes to determine efficacy and sustained dietary behaviour change. SETTING Community. PARTICIPANTS 72 independently-living individuals. INTERVENTION 4-week dementia specific nutrition education intervention. MEASUREMENTS Change in participant attitude, confidence, dietary patterns, cooking behaviour, and knowledge were analysed within-subjects using non-parametric repeated-measures procedures. Significance level was set at 5% (α = 0.05). Effect size (ES) was reported and identified as small (S), medium (M) or large (L) if a significant change was observed. RESULTS Compared to before the nutrition education intervention participants had an increase in total knowledge (p < 0.001, ES = 0.972 (L)), consumed a greater variety of vegetables (p = 0.007, ES = 0.35 (M)), used less salt (p = 0.006, ES = -0.42 (M-L)) and increased spice use (p < 0.001, ES = 0.40 (M-L)). Participants overcame barriers to enable sustained change, held a positive view on healthy living and believed government should invest in this sector of the community. Sharing and socialisation emerged as important themes that increased program satisfaction. CONCLUSION The dementia specific nutrition program produced a large effect in knowledge improvement from pre to post, which was retained at follow up, consolidated observational and participatory learning which produced a moderate increase in healthy dietary behaviours which participants valued and sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wallace
- Amanda Devine, PhD, AN, RPHNutr, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Building 8.511, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup WA 6027, T: 61 8 6304 5527
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Kim HY, Lee JS, Youn JC, Chang MJ. Food and nutrient intake status of Korean elderly by degree of cognitive function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4163/jnh.2016.49.5.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Kim
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Korea
| | - Jung-Sug Lee
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Youn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Gyeonggi Provincial Hospital for the Elderly, Yongin 17089, Korea
| | - Moon-Jeong Chang
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
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Melnik BC. Milk: an epigenetic amplifier of FTO-mediated transcription? Implications for Western diseases. J Transl Med 2015; 13:385. [PMID: 26691922 PMCID: PMC4687119 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms within intron 1 of the FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) gene are associated with enhanced FTO expression, increased body weight, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase FTO plays a pivotal regulatory role for postnatal growth and energy expenditure. The purpose of this review is to provide translational evidence that links milk signaling with FTO-activated transcription of the milk recipient. FTO-dependent demethylation of m6A regulates mRNA splicing required for adipogenesis, increases the stability of mRNAs, and affects microRNA (miRNA) expression and miRNA biosynthesis. FTO senses branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and activates the nutrient sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which plays a key role in translation. Milk provides abundant BCAAs and glutamine, critical components increasing FTO expression. CpG hypomethylation in the first intron of FTO has recently been associated with T2DM. CpG methylation is generally associated with gene silencing. In contrast, CpG demethylation generally increases transcription. DNA de novo methylation of CpG sites is facilitated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) 3A and 3B, whereas DNA maintenance methylation is controlled by DNMT1. MiRNA-29s target all DNMTs and thus reduce DNA CpG methylation. Cow´s milk provides substantial amounts of exosomal miRNA-29s that reach the systemic circulation and target mRNAs of the milk recipient. Via DNMT suppression, milk exosomal miRNA-29s may reduce the magnitude of FTO methylation, thereby epigenetically increasing FTO expression in the milk consumer. High lactation performance with increased milk yield has recently been associated with excessive miRNA-29 expression of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs). Notably, the galactopoietic hormone prolactin upregulates the transcription factor STAT3, which induces miRNA-29 expression. In a retrovirus-like manner milk exosomes may transfer DCMEC-derived miRNA-29s and bovine FTO mRNA to the milk consumer amplifying FTO expression. There is compelling evidence that obesity, T2DM, prostate and breast cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases are all associated with increased FTO expression. Maximization of lactation performance by veterinary medicine with enhanced miRNA-29s and FTO expression associated with increased exosomal miRNA-29 and FTO mRNA transfer to the milk consumer may represent key epigenetic mechanisms promoting FTO/mTORC1-mediated diseases of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, 49090, Osnabrück, Germany.
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Abstract
This report discusses the public health impact of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including incidence and prevalence, mortality rates, costs of care and the overall effect on caregivers and society. It also examines the challenges encountered by health care providers when disclosing an AD diagnosis to patients and caregivers. An estimated 5.3 million Americans have AD; 5.1 million are age 65 years, and approximately 200,000 are age <65 years and have younger onset AD. By mid-century, the number of people living with AD in the United States is projected to grow by nearly 10 million, fueled in large part by the aging baby boom generation. Today, someone in the country develops AD every 67 seconds. By 2050, one new case of AD is expected to develop every 33 seconds, resulting in nearly 1 million new cases per year, and the estimated prevalence is expected to range from 11 million to 16 million. In 2013, official death certificates recorded 84,767 deaths from AD, making AD the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death in Americans age 65 years. Between 2000 and 2013, deaths resulting from heart disease, stroke and prostate cancer decreased 14%, 23% and 11%, respectively, whereas deaths from AD increased 71%. The actual number of deaths to which AD contributes (or deaths with AD) is likely much larger than the number of deaths from AD recorded on death certificates. In 2015, an estimated 700,000 Americans age 65 years will die with AD, and many of them will die from complications caused by AD. In 2014, more than 15 million family members and other unpaid caregivers provided an estimated 17.9 billion hours of care to people with AD and other dementias, a contribution valued at more than $217 billion. Average per-person Medicare payments for services to beneficiaries age 65 years with AD and other dementias are more than two and a half times as great as payments for all beneficiaries without these conditions, and Medicaid payments are 19 times as great. Total payments in 2015 for health care, long-term care and hospice services for people age 65 years with dementia are expected to be $226 billion. Among people with a diagnosis of AD or another dementia, fewer than half report having been told of the diagnosis by their health care provider. Though the benefits of a prompt, clear and accurate disclosure of an AD diagnosis are recognized by the medical profession, improvements to the disclosure process are needed. These improvements may require stronger support systems for health care providers and their patients.
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Qosa H, Mohamed LA, Batarseh YS, Alqahtani S, Ibrahim B, LeVine H, Keller JN, Kaddoumi A. Extra-virgin olive oil attenuates amyloid-β and tau pathologies in the brains of TgSwDI mice. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1479-90. [PMID: 26344778 PMCID: PMC4679638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the main elements of Mediterranean diet. Several studies have suggested that EVOO has several health promoting effects that could protect from and decrease the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigated the effect of consumption of EVOO-enriched diet on amyloid- and tau-related pathological alterations that are associated with the progression of AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in TgSwDI mice. Feeding mice with EVOO-enriched diet for 6months, beginning at an age before amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation starts, has significantly reduced total Aβ and tau brain levels with a significant improvement in mouse cognitive behavior. This reduction in brain Aβ was explained by the enhanced Aβ clearance pathways and reduced brain production of Aβ via modulation of amyloid-β precursor protein processing. On the other hand, although feeding mice with EVOO-enriched diet for 3months, beginning at an age after Aβ accumulation starts, showed improved clearance across the blood-brain barrier and significant reduction in Aβ levels, it did not affect tau levels or improve cognitive functions of TgSwDI mouse. Collectively, results of this study suggest that the long-term consumption of EVOO-containing diet starting at early age provides a protective effect against AD and its related disorder CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Qosa
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
| | - Loqman A Mohamed
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
| | - Yazan S Batarseh
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
| | - Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
| | - Baher Ibrahim
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
| | - Harry LeVine
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA.
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Dietary Patterns and Risk of Dementia: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6144-6154. [PMID: 26553347 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dietary patterns and some dietary components have been linked with dementia. We therefore performed a meta-analysis of available studies to determine whether there is an association between diet and risk of dementia. We included eligible articles and estimated risk ratio (RR) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs). Finally, there were 43 trials that met the inclusion standard. Some food intake was related with decrease of dementia, such as unsaturated fatty acids (RR: 0.84, 95 % CI: [0.74-0.95], P = 0.006), antioxidants (RR: 0.87, 95 % CI: [0.77-0.98], P = 0.026), vitamin B (RR: 0.72, 95 % CI: [0.54-0.96], P = 0.026), and the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) (RR: 0.69, 95 % CI: [0.57-0.84], P < 0.001). Some material intakes were related with increase of dementia, such as aluminum (RR: 2.24, 95 % CI: [1.49-3.37], P < 0.001), smoking (RR: 1.43, 95 % CI: [1.15-1.77], P = 0.001), and low levels of vitamin D (RR: 1.52, 95 % CI: [1.17-1.98], P = 0.002). The effect of some materials needs further investigation, such as fish (RR: 0.79, 95 % CI: [0.59-1.06], P = 0.113), vegetables and fruits (RR: 0.46, 95 % CI: [0.16-1.32], P = 0.149), and alcohol (RR: 0.74, 95 % CI: [0.55- 1.01], P = 0.056). Thus, the MeDi and higher consumption of unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and B vitamins decrease the risk of dementia while smoking and higher consumption of aluminum increase the risk of dementia. Low levels of vitamin D were associated with cognitive decline. The effect of fish, vegetables, fruits, and alcohol needs further investigation. The findings will be of great significance to guide people to prevent dementia.
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Jensen BK, Monnerie H, Mannell MV, Gannon PJ, Espinoza CA, Erickson MA, Bruce-Keller AJ, Gelman BB, Briand LA, Pierce RC, Jordan-Sciutto KL, Grinspan JB. Altered Oligodendrocyte Maturation and Myelin Maintenance: The Role of Antiretrovirals in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:1093-118. [PMID: 26469251 PMCID: PMC4608376 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective viral suppression through combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), approximately half of HIV-positive individuals have HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Studies of antiretroviral-treated patients have revealed persistent white matter abnormalities including diffuse myelin pallor, diminished white matter tracts, and decreased myelin protein mRNAs. Loss of myelin can contribute to neurocognitive dysfunction because the myelin membrane generated by oligodendrocytes is essential for rapid signal transduction and axonal maintenance. We hypothesized that myelin changes in HAND are partly due to effects of antiretroviral drugs on oligodendrocyte survival and/or maturation. We showed that primary mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cell cultures treated with therapeutic concentrations of HIV protease inhibitors ritonavir or lopinavir displayed dose-dependent decreases in oligodendrocyte maturation; however, this effect was rapidly reversed after drug removal. Conversely, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor zidovudine had no effect. Furthermore, in vivo ritonavir administration to adult mice reduced frontal cortex myelin protein levels. Finally, prefrontal cortex tissue from HIV-positive individuals with HAND on cART showed a significant decrease in myelin basic protein compared with untreated HIV-positive individuals with HAND or HIV-negative controls. These findings demonstrate that antiretrovirals can impact myelin integrity and have implications for myelination in juvenile HIV patients and myelin maintenance in adults on lifelong therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid K. Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hubert Monnerie
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maggie V. Mannell
- Department of Neuroscience, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick J. Gannon
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cagla Akay Espinoza
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle A. Erickson
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Annadora J. Bruce-Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Benjamin B. Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Lisa A. Briand
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - R. Christopher Pierce
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly L. Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith B. Grinspan
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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138
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Shakersain B, Santoni G, Larsson SC, Faxén-Irving G, Fastbom J, Fratiglioni L, Xu W. Prudent diet may attenuate the adverse effects of Western diet on cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 12:100-109. [PMID: 26342761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The influence of mixed dietary patterns on cognitive changes is unknown. METHODS A total of 2223 dementia-free participants aged ≥60 were followed up for 6 years to examine the impact of dietary patterns on cognitive decline. Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) was administered. Diet was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. By factor analysis, Western and prudent dietary patterns emerged. Mixed-effect models for longitudinal data with repeated measurements were used. RESULTS Compared with the lowest adherence to each pattern, the highest adherence to prudent pattern was related to less MMSE decline (β = 0.106, P = .011), whereas the highest adherence to Western pattern was associated with more MMSE decline (β = -0.156, P < .001). The decline associated with Western diet was attenuated when accompanied by high adherence to prudent pattern. DISCUSSION High adherence to prudent diet may diminish the adverse effects of high adherence to Western diet on cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Shakersain
- Aging Research Center, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Giola Santoni
- Aging Research Center, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerd Faxén-Irving
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johan Fastbom
- Aging Research Center, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Fratiglioni
- Aging Research Center, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weili Xu
- Aging Research Center, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related progressive dementia, which is increasing in prevalence world-wide. Typically affecting short-term memory at onset, this devastating illness advances to impair all aspects of cognition, as well as non-cognitive domains. Although much effort has been made in recent years to develop disease-modifying treatments, medications which provided promising results in pre-clinical research have so far faltered in human clinical trials. Attention has recently shifted into trying to identify preventative measures that may delay the onset of the illness. Preventative factors include physical activity, proper diet, cognitive stimulation and the management of conditions such as hypertension, diabetes and obesity. However, it remains imperative to identify approaches that may help patients already diagnosed with the illness. Alongside pharmacological research, much work has been done on uncovering strategies which may slow down the progression of AD. This review aims to summarize evidence supporting or refuting methods impacting on the progression of the disease. AD remains a chronic and serious condition, therefore any intervention delaying the onset of moderate/severe symptoms will have a significant impact on patients and their families.
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Early Prevention of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Disease: A Focus on Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:172801. [PMID: 26301243 PMCID: PMC4537710 DOI: 10.1155/2015/172801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and the most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. Furthermore, AD has provided the most positive indication to support the fact that inflammation contributes to neurodegenerative disease. The exact etiology of AD is unknown, but environmental and genetic factors are thought to contribute, such as advancing age, family history, presence of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes, and poor diet and lifestyle. It is hypothesised that early prevention or management of inflammation could delay the onset or reduce the symptoms of AD. Normal physiological changes to the brain with ageing include depletion of long chain omega-3 fatty acids and brains of AD patients have lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels. DHA supplementation can reduce markers of inflammation. This review specifically focusses on the evidence in humans from epidemiological, dietary intervention, and supplementation studies, which supports the role of long chain omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention or delay of cognitive decline in AD in its early stages. Longer term trials with long chain omega-3 supplementation in early stage AD are warranted. We also highlight the importance of overall quality and composition of the diet to protect against AD and dementia.
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Dhurandhar NV, Schoeller D, Brown AW, Heymsfield SB, Thomas D, Sørensen TIA, Speakman JR, Jeansonne M, Allison DB. Energy balance measurement: when something is not better than nothing. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1109-13. [PMID: 25394308 PMCID: PMC4430460 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Energy intake (EI) and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) are key modifiable determinants of energy balance, traditionally assessed by self-report despite its repeated demonstration of considerable inaccuracies. We argue here that it is time to move from the common view that self-reports of EI and PAEE are imperfect, but nevertheless deserving of use, to a view commensurate with the evidence that self-reports of EI and PAEE are so poor that they are wholly unacceptable for scientific research on EI and PAEE. While new strategies for objectively determining energy balance are in their infancy, it is unacceptable to use decidedly inaccurate instruments, which may misguide health-care policies, future research and clinical judgment. The scientific and medical communities should discontinue reliance on self-reported EI and PAEE. Researchers and sponsors should develop objective measures of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Dhurandhar
- Infection and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - D Schoeller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A W Brown
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center & Office of Energetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - S B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - D Thomas
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - T I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark and Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-Part of Copenhagen University Hospital, The Capital Region, Denmark
| | - J R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom and Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - M Jeansonne
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - D B Allison
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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142
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Dietary patterns and cognitive decline in an Australian study of ageing. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:860-6. [PMID: 25070537 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the association of three well-recognised dietary patterns with cognitive change over a 3-year period. Five hundred and twenty-seven healthy participants from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle study of ageing completed the Cancer Council of Victoria food frequency questionnaire at baseline and underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment at baseline, 18 and 36 months follow-up. Individual neuropsychological test scores were used to construct composite scores for six cognitive domains and a global cognitive score. Based on self-reported consumption, scores for three dietary patterns, (1) Australian-style Mediterranean diet (AusMeDi), (2) western diet and (3) prudent diet were generated for each individual. Linear mixed model analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between diet scores and cognitive change in each cognitive domain and for the global score. Higher baseline adherence to the AusMeDi was associated with better performance in the executive function cognitive domain after 36 months in apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele carriers (P<0.01). Higher baseline western diet adherence was associated with greater cognitive decline after 36 months in the visuospatial cognitive domain in APOE ɛ4 allele non-carriers (P<0.01). All other results were not significant. Our findings in this well-characterised Australian cohort indicate that adherence to a healthy diet is important to reduce risk for cognitive decline, with the converse being true for the western diet. Executive function and visuospatial functioning appear to be particularly susceptible to the influence of diet.
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143
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Gustafson DR, Clare Morris M, Scarmeas N, Shah RC, Sijben J, Yaffe K, Zhu X. New Perspectives on Alzheimer’s Disease and Nutrition. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 46:1111-27. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R. Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York - Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, NY, USA
- Section for Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, NeuroPsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Wallinsgatan, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martha Clare Morris
- Section on Nutrition and Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Social Medicine, Psychiatry and Neurology, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Raj C. Shah
- Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Sijben
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Mosconi L, McHugh PF. Let Food Be Thy Medicine: Diet, Nutrition, and Biomarkers' Risk of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Nutr Rep 2015; 4:126-135. [PMID: 26167396 PMCID: PMC4497956 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-014-0111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence linking diet-one of the most important modifiable lifestyle factors-and risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-the most common cause of dementia-is rapidly increasing. However, the biological mechanisms underlying the relationship between dietary nutrients, brain aging, and risk of AD are largely unexplored. Recent studies using brain imaging and biological markers of AD have begun to clarify how diet and nutrition modulate risk of AD in cognitively normal individuals, especially those at increased genetic risk. Such knowledge is critical prior to implementing dietary recommendations for prevention and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mosconi
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pauline F McHugh
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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145
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Tsai HJ. Dietary patterns and cognitive decline in Taiwanese aged 65 years and older. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 30:523-30. [PMID: 25043924 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines the association between dietary patterns and cognitive decline in Taiwanese aged 65 years and older. METHODS Data were from a population-based longitudinal study, the Taiwan Longitudinal Study of Aging, with a nationally representative sample. RESULTS Nearly 2%, 8%, and 3% of participants had a western, traditional, and healthy dietary pattern, respectively. Western and traditional dietary patterns were negatively associated with subsequent short portable mental state questionnaire score over 4 and/or 8 years (all p < 0.05), whereas a healthy dietary pattern was not. Western dietary patterns significantly increased, by nearly threefold, the risk of subsequent cognitive decline over 8 years (adjusted odds ratio = 4.35, 95% confidence interval = 1.52-12.50, p < 0.05). For elders aged 65-74 years, a western dietary pattern was positively associated with increased, by eightfold, risk of cognitive decline over 8 years (adjusted odds ratio = 9.35, 95% confidence interval = 2.38-36.67, p < 0.05), whereas traditional and healthy dietary patterns were not. For elders aged ≥ 75 years, none of western, traditional, or healthy dietary patterns were associated with cognitive decline over 4 and 8 years. CONCLUSIONS Dietary patterns correlate with cognitive function in Taiwanese aged 65 years and older and can predict the occurrence of subsequent cognitive decline. Western dietary pattern increases the risk of cognitive decline over 8 years. This study suggests that a diet that involves frequent consumption of meat/poultry and eggs and infrequent consumption of fish, beans/legumes, and vegetables and fruits may adversely affect cognitive function in older Taiwanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jen Tsai
- Department of Health Management, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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146
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Daulatzai MA. “Boomerang Neuropathology” of Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease is Shrouded in Harmful “BDDS”: Breathing, Diet, Drinking, and Sleep During Aging. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:55-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease that manifests clinically as a slow global decline in cognitive function, including deterioration of memory, reasoning, abstraction, language and emotional stability, culminating in a patient with end-stage disease, totally dependent on custodial care. With a global ageing population, it is predicted that there will be a marked increase in the number of people diagnosed with AD in the coming decades, making this a significant challenge to socio-economic policy and aged care. Global estimates put a direct cost for treating and caring for people with dementia at $US604 billion, an estimate that is expected to increase markedly. According to recent global statistics, there are 35.6 million dementia sufferers, the number of which is predicted to double every 20 years, unless strategies are implemented to reduce this burden. Currently, there is no cure for AD; while current therapies may temporarily ameliorate symptoms, death usually occurs approximately 8 years after diagnosis. A greater understanding of AD pathophysiology is paramount, and attention is now being directed to the discovery of biomarkers that may not only facilitate pre-symptomatic diagnosis, but also provide an insight into aberrant biochemical pathways that may reveal potential therapeutic targets, including nutritional ones. AD pathogenesis develops over many years before clinical symptoms appear, providing the opportunity to develop therapy that could slow or stop disease progression well before any clinical manifestation develops.
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149
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Berti V, Murray J, Davies M, Spector N, Tsui WH, Li Y, Williams S, Pirraglia E, Vallabhajosula S, McHugh P, Pupi A, de Leon MJ, Mosconi L. Nutrient patterns and brain biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in cognitively normal individuals. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19:413-23. [PMID: 25809805 PMCID: PMC4375781 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-014-0534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidemiological evidence linking diet, one of the most important modifiable lifestyle factors, and risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rapidly increasing. However, there is little or no evidence for a direct association between dietary nutrients and brain biomarkers of AD. This study identifies nutrient patterns associated with major brain AD biomarkers in a cohort of clinically and cognitively normal (NL) individuals at risk for AD. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Manhattan (broader area). PARTICIPANTS Fifty-two NL individuals (age 54+12 y, 70% women, Clinical Dementia Rating=0, MMSE>27, neuropsychological test performance within norms by age and education) with complete dietary information and cross-sectional, 3D T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI; gray matter volumes, GMV, a marker of brain atrophy), 11C-Pittsburgh compound-B (PiB; a marker of fibrillar amyloid-β, Aβ) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG; a marker of glucose metabolism, METglc) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans were examined. MEASUREMENTS Dietary intake of 35 nutrients associated with cognitive function and AD was assessed using the Harvard/Willet Food Frequency Questionnaire. Principal component analysis was used to generate nutrient patterns (NP) from the full nutrient panel. Statistical parametric mapping and voxel based morphometry were used to assess the associations of the identified NPs with AD biomarkers. RESULTS None of the participants were diabetics, smokers, or met criteria for obesity. Five NPs were identified: NP1 was characterized by most B-vitamins and several minerals [VitB and Minerals]; NP2 by monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, including ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA, and vitamin E [VitE and PUFA]; NP3 by vitamin A, vitamin C, carotenoids and dietary fibers [Anti-oxidants and Fibers]; NP4 by vitamin B12, vitamin D and zinc [VitB12 and D]; NP5 by saturated, trans-saturated fats, cholesterol and sodium [Fats]. Voxel-based analysis showed that NP4 scores [VitB12 and D] were positively associated with METglc and GMV, and negatively associated with PiB retention in AD-vulnerable regions (p<0.001). In addition, both METglc and GMV were positively associated with NP2 scores [VitE and PUFA], and negatively associated with NP5 scores [Fats] (p<0.001), and METglc was positively associated with higher NP3 scores [Anti-oxidants and Fibers] (p<0.001). Adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, education, caloric intake, BMI, alcohol consumption, family history and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) status did not attenuate these relationships. The identified 'AD-protective' nutrient combination was associated with higher intake of fresh fruit and vegetables, whole grains, fish and low-fat dairies, and lower intake of sweets, fried potatoes, high-fat dairies, processed meat and butter. CONCLUSION Specific dietary NPs are associated with brain biomarkers of AD in NL individuals, suggesting that dietary interventions may play a role in the prevention of AD by modulating AD-risk through its effects on Aβ and associated neuronal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Berti
- Lisa Mosconi, Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, 145 East 32nd St, 2nd Floor, New York NY, 10016. Tel: (212) 263-3255, Fax: (212) 263-3270
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Deckers K, van Boxtel MPJ, Schiepers OJG, de Vugt M, Muñoz Sánchez JL, Anstey KJ, Brayne C, Dartigues JF, Engedal K, Kivipelto M, Ritchie K, Starr JM, Yaffe K, Irving K, Verhey FRJ, Köhler S. Target risk factors for dementia prevention: a systematic review and Delphi consensus study on the evidence from observational studies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 30:234-46. [PMID: 25504093 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dementia has a multifactorial etiology, but the importance of individual health and lifestyle related risk factors is often uncertain or based on few studies. The goal of this paper is to identify the major modifiable risk factors for dementia as a first step in developing an effective preventive strategy and promoting healthy late life cognitive functioning. METHODS A mixed-method approach combined findings from a systematic literature review and a Delphi consensus study. The literature search was conducted in PubMed and updated an earlier review by the United States National Institutes of Health from 2010. We reviewed the available evidence from observational epidemiological studies. The online Delphi study asked eight international experts to rank and weigh each risk factor for its importance for dementia prevention. RESULTS Out of 3127 abstracts, 291 were included in the review. There was good agreement between modifiable risk factors identified in the literature review and risk factors named spontaneously by experts. After triangulation of both methods and re-weighting by experts, strongest support was found for depression, (midlife) hypertension, physical inactivity, diabetes, (midlife) obesity, hyperlipidemia, and smoking, while more research is needed for coronary heart disease, renal dysfunction, diet, and cognitive activity. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide good support for several somatic and lifestyle factors and will be used to inform the design of a new multicenter trial into dementia prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Deckers
- Maastricht University, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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