101
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Wei Q, Gu YF, Zhang QJ, Yu H, Peng Y, Williams KW, Wang R, Yu K, Liu T, Liu ZP. Lztfl1/BBS17 controls energy homeostasis by regulating the leptin signaling in the hypothalamic neurons. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 10:402-410. [PMID: 30423168 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin receptor (LepRb) signaling pathway in the hypothalamus of the forebrain controls food intake and energy expenditure in response to an altered energy state. Defects in the LepRb signaling pathway can result in leptin-resistance and obesity. Leucine zipper transcription factor like 1 (Lztfl1)/BBS17 is a member of the Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) gene family. Human BBS patients have a wide range of pathologies including obesity. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying Lztfl1-regulated obesity are unknown. Here, we generated Lztfl1f/f mouse model in which Lztfl1 can be deleted globally and in tissue-specific manner. Global Lztfl1 deficiency resulted in pleiotropic phenotypes including obesity. Lztfl1-/- mice are hyperphagic and showed similar energy expenditure as WT littermates. The obese phenotype of Lztfl1-/- mice is caused by the loss of Lztfl1 in the brain but not in the adipocytes. Lztfl1-/- mice are leptin-resistant. Inactivation of Lztfl1 abolished phosphorylation of Stat3 in the LepRb signaling pathway in the hypothalamus upon leptin stimulation. Deletion of Lztfl1 had no effect on LepRb membrane localization. Furthermore, we observed that Lztfl1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) have significantly longer cilia than WT MEFs. We identified several proteins that potentially interact with Lztfl1. As these proteins are known to be involved in regulation of actin/cytoskeleton dynamics, we suggest that Lztfl1 may regulate leptin signaling and ciliary structure via these proteins. Our study identified Lztfl1 as a novel player in the LepRb signaling pathway in the hypothalamus that controls energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wei
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yi-Feng Gu
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qing-Jun Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Helena Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ruitao Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kajiang Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tiemin Liu
- Sate Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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102
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Göppner C, Orozco IJ, Hoegg-Beiler MB, Soria AH, Hübner CA, Fernandes-Rosa FL, Boulkroun S, Zennaro MC, Jentsch TJ. Pathogenesis of hypertension in a mouse model for human CLCN2 related hyperaldosteronism. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4678. [PMID: 31615979 PMCID: PMC6794291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human primary aldosteronism (PA) can be caused by mutations in several ion channel genes but mouse models replicating this condition are lacking. We now show that almost all known PA-associated CLCN2 mutations markedly increase ClC-2 chloride currents and generate knock-in mice expressing a constitutively open ClC-2 Cl− channel as mouse model for PA. The Clcn2op allele strongly increases the chloride conductance of zona glomerulosa cells, provoking a strong depolarization and increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. Clcn2op mice display typical features of human PA, including high serum aldosterone in the presence of low renin activity, marked hypertension and hypokalemia. These symptoms are more pronounced in homozygous Clcn2op/op than in heterozygous Clcn2+/op mice. This difference is attributed to the unexpected finding that only ~50 % of Clcn2+/op zona glomerulosa cells are depolarized. By reproducing essential features of human PA, Clcn2op mice are a valuable model to study the pathological mechanisms underlying this disease. Mutations in the chloride channel ClC-2 have been found in primary aldosteronism (PA). Here, Göppner et al. generate transgenic mice expressing a mutant form of ClC-2 that displays increased chloride currents like patient mutations, and find it recapitulates the key pathological features of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Göppner
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian J Orozco
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Maja B Hoegg-Beiler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Audrey H Soria
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fabio L Fernandes-Rosa
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sheerazed Boulkroun
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany. .,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany. .,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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103
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Guo Y, Sui JY, Kim K, Zhang Z, Qu XA, Nam YJ, Willette RN, Barnett JV, Knollmann BC, Force T, Lal H. Cardiomyocyte Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 2 Maintains Basal Cardiac Function via Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling. Circulation 2019; 140:1820-1833. [PMID: 31581792 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac kinases play a critical role in the development of heart failure, and represent potential tractable therapeutic targets. However, only a very small fraction of the cardiac kinome has been investigated. To identify novel cardiac kinases involved in heart failure, we used an integrated transcriptomics and bioinformatics analysis and identified Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 2 (HIPK2) as a novel candidate kinase. The role of HIPK2 in cardiac biology is unknown. METHODS We used the Expression2Kinase algorithm for the screening of kinase targets. To determine the role of HIPK2 in the heart, we generated cardiomyocyte (CM)-specific HIPK2 knockout and heterozygous mice. Heart function was examined by echocardiography, and related cellular and molecular mechanisms were examined. Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 carrying cardiac-specific constitutively active MEK1 (TnT-MEK1-CA) was administrated to rescue cardiac dysfunction in CM-HIPK2 knockout mice. RESULTS To our knowledge, this is the first study to define the role of HIPK2 in cardiac biology. Using multiple HIPK2 loss-of-function mouse models, we demonstrated that reduction of HIPK2 in CMs leads to cardiac dysfunction, suggesting a causal role in heart failure. It is important to note that cardiac dysfunction in HIPK2 knockout mice developed with advancing age, but not during development. In addition, CM-HIPK2 knockout mice and CM-HIPK2 heterozygous mice exhibited a gene dose-response relationship of CM-HIPK2 on heart function. HIPK2 expression in the heart was significantly reduced in human end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy in comparison to nonfailing myocardium, suggesting a clinical relevance of HIPK2 in cardiac biology. In vitro studies with neonatal rat ventricular CMscorroborated the in vivo findings. Specifically, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of HIPK2 suppressed the expression of heart failure markers, NPPA and NPPB, at basal condition and abolished phenylephrine-induced pathological gene expression. An array of mechanistic studies revealed impaired extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling in HIPK2-deficient hearts. An in vivo rescue experiment with adeno-associated virus serotype 9 TnT-MEK1-CA nearly abolished the detrimental phenotype of knockout mice, suggesting that impaired extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling mediated apoptosis as the key factor driving the detrimental phenotype in CM-HIPK2 knockout mice hearts. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that CM-HIPK2 is required to maintain normal cardiac function via extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Guo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.G., J.Y.S., Z.Z., Y.-J.N., T.F., H.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (Y. Guo, J.V.B.)
| | - Jennifer Y Sui
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.G., J.Y.S., Z.Z., Y.-J.N., T.F., H.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kyungsoo Kim
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (K.K., B.C.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.G., J.Y.S., Z.Z., Y.-J.N., T.F., H.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (Z.Z., Y.-J.N.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.,Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology (Z.Z., Y.-J.N.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Xiaoyan A Qu
- PAREXEL International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC (X.A.Q.)
| | - Young-Jae Nam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.G., J.Y.S., Z.Z., Y.-J.N., T.F., H.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (Z.Z., Y.-J.N.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.,Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology (Z.Z., Y.-J.N.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Robert N Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA (R.N.W.)
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (Y. Guo, J.V.B.)
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (K.K., B.C.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Thomas Force
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.G., J.Y.S., Z.Z., Y.-J.N., T.F., H.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Hind Lal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.G., J.Y.S., Z.Z., Y.-J.N., T.F., H.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL (H.L.)
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104
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Hagan AS, Boylan M, Smith C, Perez-Santamarina E, Kowalska K, Hung IH, Lewis RM, Hajihosseini MK, Lewandoski M, Ornitz DM. Generation and validation of novel conditional flox and inducible Cre alleles targeting fibroblast growth factor 18 (Fgf18). Dev Dyn 2019; 248:882-893. [PMID: 31290205 PMCID: PMC7029619 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) functions in the development of several tissues, including the lung, limb bud, palate, skeleton, central nervous system, and hair follicle. Mice containing a germline knockout of Fgf18 (Fgf18 -/- ) die shortly after birth. Postnatally, FGF18 is being evaluated for pathogenic roles in fibrosis and several types of cancer. The specific cell types that express FGF18 have been difficult to identify, and the function of FGF18 in postnatal development and tissue homeostasis has been hampered by the perinatal lethality of Fgf18 null mice. RESULTS We engineered a floxed allele of Fgf18 (Fgf18 flox ) that allows conditional gene inactivation and a CreERT2 knockin allele (Fgf18 CreERT2 ) that allows the precise identification of cells that express Fgf18 and their lineage. We validated the Fgf18 flox allele by targeting it in mesenchymal tissue and primary mesoderm during embryonic development, resulting in similar phenotypes to those observed in Fgf18 null mice. We also use the Fgf18 CreERT2 allele, in combination with a conditional fluorescent reporter to confirm known and identify new sites of Fgf18 expression. CONCLUSION These alleles will be useful to investigate FGF18 function during organogenesis and tissue homeostasis, and to target specific cell lineages at embryonic and postnatal time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Hagan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael Boylan
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Craig Smith
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Karolina Kowalska
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Irene H. Hung
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Renate M. Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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105
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Hill RJ, Crossan GP. DNA cross-link repair safeguards genomic stability during premeiotic germ cell development. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1283-1294. [PMID: 31367016 PMCID: PMC6675612 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Germline de novo mutations are the basis of evolutionary diversity but also of genetic disease. However, the molecular origin, mechanisms and timing of germline mutagenesis are not fully understood. Here, we define a fundamental role for DNA interstrand cross-link repair in the germline. This repair process is essential for primordial germ cell (PGC) maturation during embryonic development. Inactivation of cross-link repair leads to genetic instability that is restricted to PGCs within the genital ridge during a narrow temporal window. Having successfully activated the PGC transcriptional program, a potent quality control mechanism detects and drives damaged PGCs into apoptosis. Therefore, these findings define a source of DNA damage and the nature of the subsequent DNA repair response in germ cells, which ensures faithful transmission of the genome between generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Hill
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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106
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Hai L, Szwarc MM, He B, Lonard DM, Kommagani R, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP. Uterine function in the mouse requires speckle-type poz protein. Biol Reprod 2019; 98:856-869. [PMID: 29546395 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Speckle-type poz protein (SPOP) is an E3-ubiquitin ligase adaptor for turnover of a diverse number of proteins involved in key cellular processes such as chromatin remodeling, transcriptional regulation, and cell signaling. Genomic analysis revealed that SPOP somatic mutations are found in a subset of endometrial cancers, suggesting that these mutations act as oncogenic drivers of this gynecologic malignancy. These studies also raise the question as to the role of wild-type SPOP in normal uterine function. To address this question, we generated a mouse model (Spopd/d) in which SPOP is ablated in uterine cells that express the PGR. Fertility studies demonstrated that SPOP is required for embryo implantation and for endometrial decidualization. Molecular analysis revealed that expression levels of the PGR at the protein and transcript level are significantly reduced in the Spopd/d uterus. While this result was unexpected, this finding explains in part the dysfunctional phenotype of the Spopd/d uterus. Moderate increased levels of the ESR1, GATA2, and SRC2 were detected in the Spopd/d uterus, suggesting that SPOP is required to maintain the proteome for normal uterine function. With age, the Spopd/d endometrium exhibits large glandular cysts with foci of epithelial proliferation, further supporting a role for SPOP in maintaining a healthy uterus. Collectively, studies on the Spopd/d mouse support an important role for SPOP in normal uterine function and suggest that this mouse model may prove useful to study the role of SPOP-loss-of-function mutations in the etiopathogenesis of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria M Szwarc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bin He
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David M Lonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Kommagani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Francesco J DeMayo
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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107
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Huang J, Zhao L, Fan Y, Liao L, Ma PX, Xiao G, Chen D. The microRNAs miR-204 and miR-211 maintain joint homeostasis and protect against osteoarthritis progression. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2876. [PMID: 31253842 PMCID: PMC6599052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common, painful disease. Currently OA is incurable, and its etiology largely unknown, partly due to limited understanding of OA as a whole-joint disease. Here we report that two homologous microRNAs, miR-204 and miR-211, maintain joint homeostasis to suppress OA pathogenesis. Specific knockout of miR-204/-211 in mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) results in Runx2 accumulation in multi-type joint cells, causing whole-joint degeneration. Specifically, miR-204/-211 loss-of-function induces matrix-degrading proteases in articular chondrocytes and synoviocytes, stimulating articular cartilage destruction. Moreover, miR-204/-211 ablation enhances NGF expression in a Runx2-dependent manner, and thus hyper-activates Akt signaling and MPC proliferation, underlying multiplex non-cartilaginous OA conditions including synovial hyperplasia, osteophyte outgrowth and subchondral sclerosis. Importantly, miR-204/-211-deficiency-induced OA is largely rescued by Runx2 insufficiency, confirming the miR-204/-211-Runx2 axis. Further, intraarticular administration of miR-204-expressing adeno-associated virus significantly decelerates OA progression. Collectively, miR-204/-211 are essential in maintaining healthy homeostasis of mesenchymal joint cells to counteract OA pathogenesis. Osteoarthritis involves whole-joint tissue degeneration. Here, the authors show that miR-204 and miR-211 in mesenchymal joint cells regulate their proliferation, catabolic and osteogenic responses, and that disease progression is ameliorated by intra-articular miR-204 delivery in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Lan Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Lifan Liao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Peter X Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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108
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Mitrofanova A, Mallela SK, Ducasa GM, Yoo TH, Rosenfeld-Gur E, Zelnik ID, Molina J, Varona Santos J, Ge M, Sloan A, Kim JJ, Pedigo C, Bryn J, Volosenco I, Faul C, Zeidan YH, Garcia Hernandez C, Mendez AJ, Leibiger I, Burke GW, Futerman AH, Barisoni L, Ishimoto Y, Inagi R, Merscher S, Fornoni A. SMPDL3b modulates insulin receptor signaling in diabetic kidney disease. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2692. [PMID: 31217420 PMCID: PMC6584700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid-like 3b (SMPDL3b) is a lipid raft enzyme that regulates plasma membrane (PM) fluidity. Here we report that SMPDL3b excess, as observed in podocytes in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), impairs insulin receptor isoform B-dependent pro-survival insulin signaling by interfering with insulin receptor isoforms binding to caveolin-1 in the PM. SMPDL3b excess affects the production of active sphingolipids resulting in decreased ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) content as observed in human podocytes in vitro and in kidney cortexes of diabetic db/db mice in vivo. Podocyte-specific Smpdl3b deficiency in db/db mice is sufficient to restore kidney cortex C1P content and to protect from DKD. Exogenous administration of C1P restores IR signaling in vitro and prevents established DKD progression in vivo. Taken together, we identify SMPDL3b as a modulator of insulin signaling and demonstrate that supplementation with exogenous C1P may represent a lipid therapeutic strategy to treat diabetic complications such as DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mitrofanova
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - S K Mallela
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - G M Ducasa
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - T H Yoo
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - E Rosenfeld-Gur
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - I D Zelnik
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - J Molina
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - J Varona Santos
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - M Ge
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - A Sloan
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - J J Kim
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - C Pedigo
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06510, CT, USA
| | - J Bryn
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - I Volosenco
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Lewis Gale Medical Center, Salem, 24153, VI, USA
| | - C Faul
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35233, AL, USA
| | - Y H Zeidan
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - C Garcia Hernandez
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - A J Mendez
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - I Leibiger
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17176, Sweden
| | - G W Burke
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - A H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - L Barisoni
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - Y Ishimoto
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
- Division of CKD Pathophysiology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - R Inagi
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
- Division of CKD Pathophysiology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - S Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA
| | - A Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA.
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136, FL, USA.
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109
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Iring A, Jin YJ, Albarrán-Juárez J, Siragusa M, Wang S, Dancs PT, Nakayama A, Tonack S, Chen M, Künne C, Sokol AM, Günther S, Martínez A, Fleming I, Wettschureck N, Graumann J, Weinstein LS, Offermanns S. Shear stress-induced endothelial adrenomedullin signaling regulates vascular tone and blood pressure. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2775-2791. [PMID: 31205027 DOI: 10.1172/jci123825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction and stroke. Major determinants of blood pressure are vasodilatory factors such as nitric oxide (NO) released from the endothelium under the influence of fluid shear stress exerted by the flowing blood. Several endothelial signaling processes mediating fluid shear stress-induced formation and release of vasodilatory factors have been described. It is, however, still poorly understood how fluid shear stress induces these endothelial responses. Here we show that the endothelial mechanosensitive cation channel PIEZO1 mediated fluid shear stress-induced release of adrenomedullin, which in turn activated its Gs-coupled receptor. The subsequent increase in cAMP levels promoted the phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) at serine 633 through protein kinase A (PKA), leading to the activation of the enzyme. This Gs/PKA-mediated pathway synergized with the AKT-mediated pathways leading to eNOS phosphorylation at serine 1177. Mice with endothelium-specific deficiency of adrenomedullin, the adrenomedullin receptor, or Gαs showed reduced flow-induced eNOS activation and vasodilation and developed hypertension. Our data identify fluid shear stress-induced PIEZO1 activation as a central regulator of endothelial adrenomedullin release and establish the adrenomedullin receptor and subsequent Gs-mediated formation of cAMP as a critical endothelial mechanosignaling pathway regulating basal endothelial NO formation, vascular tone, and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Iring
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Young-June Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Julián Albarrán-Juárez
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mauro Siragusa
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main site, Frankfurt and Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - ShengPeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Yanta District, Xi'an, China
| | - Péter T Dancs
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Akiko Nakayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Tonack
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Min Chen
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Anna M Sokol
- Scientific Service Group Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main site, Frankfurt and Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Nina Wettschureck
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main site, Frankfurt and Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main site, Frankfurt and Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Scientific Service Group Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main site, Frankfurt and Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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110
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Rosenbaum M, Gewies A, Pechloff K, Heuser C, Engleitner T, Gehring T, Hartjes L, Krebs S, Krappmann D, Kriegsmann M, Weichert W, Rad R, Kurts C, Ruland J. Bcl10-controlled Malt1 paracaspase activity is key for the immune suppressive function of regulatory T cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2352. [PMID: 31138793 PMCID: PMC6538646 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have crucial functions in the inhibition of immune responses. Their development and suppressive functions are controlled by the T cell receptor (TCR), but the TCR signaling mechanisms that mediate these effects remain ill-defined. Here we show that CARD11-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) signaling mediates TCR-induced NF-κB activation in Tregs and controls the conversion of resting Tregs to effector Tregs under homeostatic conditions. However, in inflammatory milieus, cytokines can bypass the CBM requirement for this differentiation step. By contrast, CBM signaling, in a MALT1 protease-dependent manner, is essential for mediating the suppressive function of Tregs. In malignant melanoma models, acute genetic blockade of BCL10 signaling selectively in Tregs or pharmacological MALT1 inhibition enhances anti-tumor immune responses. Together, our data uncover a segregation of Treg differentiation and suppressive function at the CBM complex level, and provide a rationale to explore MALT1 inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rosenbaum
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Gewies
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstanze Pechloff
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heuser
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische-Friedrichs-Wilhelms University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Torben Gehring
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lara Hartjes
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krebs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische-Friedrichs-Wilhelms University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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111
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Kiyama T, Long Y, Chen CK, Whitaker CM, Shay A, Wu H, Badea TC, Mohsenin A, Parker-Thornburg J, Klein WH, Mills SL, Massey SC, Mao CA. Essential Roles of Tbr1 in the Formation and Maintenance of the Orientation-Selective J-RGCs and a Group of OFF-Sustained RGCs in Mouse. Cell Rep 2019; 27:900-915.e5. [PMID: 30995485 PMCID: PMC6542366 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mouse retina, more than 30 retinal ganglion cell (RGC) subtypes have been classified based on a combined metric of morphological and functional characteristics. RGCs arise from a common pool of retinal progenitor cells during embryonic stages and differentiate into mature subtypes in adult retinas. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling formation and maturation of such remarkable cellular diversity remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that T-box transcription factor T-brain 1 (Tbr1) is expressed in two groups of morphologically and functionally distinct RGCs: the orientation-selective J-RGCs and a group of OFF-sustained RGCs with symmetrical dendritic arbors. When Tbr1 is genetically ablated during retinal development, these two RGC groups cannot develop. Ectopically expressing Tbr1 in M4 ipRGCs during development alters dendritic branching and density but not the inner plexiform layer stratification level. Our data indicate that Tbr1 plays critical roles in regulating the formation and dendritic morphogenesis of specific RGC types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takae Kiyama
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ye Long
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ching-Kang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher M Whitaker
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Allison Shay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongyu Wu
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tudor C Badea
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amir Mohsenin
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Robert Cizik Eye Clinic, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jan Parker-Thornburg
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William H Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen L Mills
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen C Massey
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chai-An Mao
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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112
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Chitraju C, Walther TC, Farese RV. The triglyceride synthesis enzymes DGAT1 and DGAT2 have distinct and overlapping functions in adipocytes. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1112-1120. [PMID: 30936184 PMCID: PMC6547635 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals store metabolic energy as triacylglycerols (TGs) in adipose tissue. TG synthesis is catalyzed by the evolutionarily unrelated acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes DGAT1 and DGAT2, which catalyze the same reaction and account for nearly all TG synthesis. The reasons for their convergent evolution to synthesize TGs remain unclear. Mice lacking DGAT1 are viable with reduced fat stores of TGs, whereas DGAT2 KO mice die postnatally just after birth with >90% reduction of TGs, suggesting that DGAT2 is the predominant enzyme for TG storage. To better understand the functional differences between the DGATs, we studied mice fed chow or high-fat diets lacking either enzyme in adipose tissue. Unexpectedly, mice lacking DGAT2 in adipocytes have normal TG storage and glucose metabolism on regular or high-fat diets, indicating DGAT2 is not essential for fat storage. In contrast, mice lacking DGAT1 in adipocytes have normal TG storage on a chow diet but moderately decreased body fat accompanied by glucose intolerance when challenged with a high-fat diet. The latter changes were associated with the activation of ER stress pathways. We conclude that DGAT1 and DGAT2 can largely compensate for each other for TG storage but that DGAT1 uniquely has an important role in protecting the ER from the lipotoxic effects of high-fat diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramohan Chitraju
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
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113
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Li MM, Madara JC, Steger JS, Krashes MJ, Balthasar N, Campbell JN, Resch JM, Conley NJ, Garfield AS, Lowell BB. The Paraventricular Hypothalamus Regulates Satiety and Prevents Obesity via Two Genetically Distinct Circuits. Neuron 2019; 102:653-667.e6. [PMID: 30879785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIM1-expressing paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) neurons are key regulators of energy balance. Within the PVHSIM1 population, melanocortin-4 receptor-expressing (PVHMC4R) neurons are known to regulate satiety and bodyweight, yet they account for only half of PVHSIM1 neuron-mediated regulation. Here we report that PVH prodynorphin-expressing (PVHPDYN) neurons, which notably lack MC4Rs, function independently and additively with PVHMC4R neurons to account for the totality of PVHSIM1 neuron-mediated satiety. Moreover, PVHPDYN neurons are necessary for prevention of obesity in an independent but equipotent manner to PVHMC4R neurons. While PVHPDYN and PVHMC4R neurons both project to the parabrachial complex (PB), they synaptically engage distinct efferent nodes, the pre-locus coeruleus (pLC), and central lateral parabrachial nucleus (cLPBN), respectively. PB-projecting PVHPDYN neurons, like PVHMC4R neurons, receive input from interoceptive ARCAgRP neurons, respond to caloric state, and are sufficient and necessary to control food intake. This expands the CNS satiety circuitry to include two non-overlapping PVH to hindbrain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joseph C Madara
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer S Steger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael J Krashes
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nina Balthasar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John N Campbell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jon M Resch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas J Conley
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alastair S Garfield
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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114
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FBXO7 sensitivity of phenotypic traits elucidated by a hypomorphic allele. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212481. [PMID: 30840666 PMCID: PMC6402633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FBXO7 encodes an F box containing protein that interacts with multiple partners to facilitate numerous cellular processes and has a canonical role as part of an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Mutation of FBXO7 is responsible for an early onset Parkinsonian pyramidal syndrome and genome-wide association studies have linked variants in FBXO7 to erythroid traits. A putative orthologue in Drosophila, nutcracker, has been shown to regulate the proteasome, and deficiency of nutcracker results in male infertility. Therefore, we reasoned that modulating Fbxo7 levels in a murine model could provide insights into the role of this protein in mammals. We used a targeted gene trap model which retained 4-16% residual gene expression and assessed the sensitivity of phenotypic traits to gene dosage. Fbxo7 hypomorphs showed regenerative anaemia associated with a shorter erythrocyte half-life, and male mice were infertile. Alterations to T cell phenotypes were also observed, which intriguingly were both T cell intrinsic and extrinsic. Hypomorphic mice were also sensitive to infection with Salmonella, succumbing to a normally sublethal challenge. Despite these phenotypes, Fbxo7 hypomorphs were produced at a normal Mendelian ratio with a normal lifespan and no evidence of neurological symptoms. These data suggest that erythrocyte survival, T cell development and spermatogenesis are particularly sensitive to Fbxo7 gene dosage.
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115
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Abstract
Cell-type-specific gene targeting with the Cre/loxP system has become an indispensable technique in experimental neuroscience, particularly for the study of late-born glial cells that make myelin. A plethora of conditional mutants and Cre-expressing mouse lines is now available to the research community that allows laboratories to readily engage in in vivo analyses of oligodendrocytes and their precursor cells. This chapter summarizes concepts and strategies in targeting myelinating glial cells in mice for mutagenesis or imaging, and provides an overview of the most important Cre driver lines successfully used in this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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116
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Bhattacharyya S, Duan J, Wang L, Li B, Bhakta M, Fernandez-Perez A, Hon GC, Munshi NV. Using Gjd3-CreEGFP mice to examine atrioventricular node morphology and composition. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2106. [PMID: 30765799 PMCID: PMC6375990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The atrioventricular node (AVN) coordinates the timing of atrial and ventricular contraction to optimize cardiac performance. To study this critical function using mouse genetics, however, new reagents are needed that allow AVN-specific manipulation. Here we describe a novel Gjd3-CreEGFP mouse line that successfully recombines floxed alleles within the AVN beginning at E12.5. These mice have been engineered to express CreEGFP under the control of endogenous Gjd3 regulatory elements without perturbing native protein expression. Detailed histological analysis of Gjd3-CreEGFP mice reveals specific labeling of AVN cardiomyocytes and a subset of cardiac endothelial cells. Importantly, we show that Gjd3-CreEGFP mice have preserved cardiac mechanical and electrical function. In one application of our newly described mouse line, we provide a three-dimensional (3D) view of the AVN using tissue clearing combined with confocal microscopy. With this 3D model as a reference, we identify specific AVN sub-structures based on marker staining characteristics. In addition, we use our Gjd3-CreEGFP mice to guide microdissection of the AVN and construction of a single-cell atlas. Thus, our results establish a new transgenic tool for AVN-specific recombination, provide an updated model of AVN morphology, and describe a roadmap for exploring AVN cellular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samadrita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jialei Duan
- Laboratory of Regulatory Genomics, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Boxun Li
- Laboratory of Regulatory Genomics, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Minoti Bhakta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Antonio Fernandez-Perez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Gary C Hon
- Laboratory of Regulatory Genomics, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nikhil V Munshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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117
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PHF6 regulates hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and its loss synergizes with expression of TLX3 to cause leukemia. Blood 2019; 133:1729-1741. [PMID: 30755422 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-07-860726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatically acquired mutations in PHF6 (plant homeodomain finger 6) frequently occur in hematopoietic malignancies and often coincide with ectopic expression of TLX3. However, there is no functional evidence to demonstrate whether these mutations contribute to tumorigenesis. Similarly, the role of PHF6 in hematopoiesis is unknown. We report here that Phf6 deletion in mice resulted in a reduced number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), an increased number of hematopoietic progenitor cells, and an increased proportion of cycling stem and progenitor cells. Loss of PHF6 caused increased and sustained hematopoietic reconstitution in serial transplantation experiments. Interferon-stimulated gene expression was upregulated in the absence of PHF6 in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The numbers of hematopoietic progenitor cells and cycling hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells were restored to normal by combined loss of PHF6 and the interferon α and β receptor subunit 1. Ectopic expression of TLX3 alone caused partially penetrant leukemia. TLX3 expression and loss of PHF6 combined caused fully penetrant early-onset leukemia. Our data suggest that PHF6 is a hematopoietic tumor suppressor and is important for fine-tuning hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell homeostasis.
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118
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Horsthemke M, Nutter LMJ, Bachg AC, Skryabin BV, Honnert U, Zobel T, Bogdan S, Stoll M, Seidl MD, Müller FU, Ravens U, Unger A, Linke WA, van Gorp PRR, de Vries AAF, Bähler M, Hanley PJ. A novel isoform of myosin 18A (Myo18Aγ) is an essential sarcomeric protein in mouse heart. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7202-7218. [PMID: 30737279 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas myosin 18B (Myo18B) is known to be a critical sarcomeric protein, the function of myosin 18A (Myo18A) is unclear, although it has been implicated in cell motility and Golgi shape. Here, we show that homozygous deletion (homozygous tm1a, tm1b, or tm1d alleles) of Myo18a in mouse is embryonic lethal. Reminiscent of Myo18b, Myo18a was highly expressed in the embryo heart, and cardiac-restricted Myo18a deletion in mice was embryonic lethal. Surprisingly, using Western blot analysis, we were unable to detect the known isoforms of Myo18A, Myo18Aα and Myo18Aβ, in mouse heart using a custom C-terminal antibody. However, alternative anti-Myo18A antibodies detected a larger than expected protein, and RNA-Seq analysis indicated that a novel Myo18A transcript is expressed in mouse ventricular myocytes (and human heart). Cloning and sequencing revealed that this cardiac isoform, denoted Myo18Aγ, lacks the PDZ-containing N terminus of Myo18Aα but includes an alternative N-terminal extension and a long serine-rich C terminus. EGFP-tagged Myo18Aγ expressed in ventricular myocytes localized to the level of A-bands in sarcomeres, and Myo18a knockout embryos at day 10.5 exhibited disorganized sarcomeres with wavy thick filaments. We additionally generated myeloid-restricted Myo18a knockout mice to investigate the role of Myo18A in nonmuscle cells, exemplified by macrophages, which express more Myo18Aβ than Myo18Aα, but no defects in cell shape, motility, or Golgi shape were detected. In summary, we have identified a previously unrecognized sarcomere component, a large novel isoform (denoted Myo18Aγ) of Myo18A. Thus, both members of class XVIII myosins are critical components of cardiac sarcomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- the Centre for Phenogenomics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | | | - Boris V Skryabin
- Department of Medicine, Transgenic Animal and Genetic Engineering Models (TRAM)
| | | | - Thomas Zobel
- the Center for Advanced Imaging, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Bogdan
- the Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abteilung Molekulare Zellphysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias D Seidl
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank U Müller
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ursula Ravens
- the Institut für Experimentelle Kardiovaskuläre Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unger
- the Institut für Physiologie II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany, and
| | - Wolfgang A Linke
- the Institut für Physiologie II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany, and
| | - Pim R R van Gorp
- the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine A F de Vries
- the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Nteeba J, Kubota K, Wang W, Zhu H, Vivian JL, Dai G, Soares MJ. Pancreatic prolactin receptor signaling regulates maternal glucose homeostasis. J Endocrinol 2019; 241:JOE-18-0518.R2. [PMID: 30798322 PMCID: PMC7189340 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) signaling has been implicated in the regulation of glucose homeostatic adaptations to pregnancy. In this report, the PRL receptor (Prlr) gene was conditionally disrupted in the pancreas, creating an animal model which proved useful for investigating the biology and pathology of gestational diabetes including its impacts on fetal and placental development. In mice, pancreatic PRLR signaling was demonstrated to be required for pregnancy-associated changes in maternal β cell mass and function. Disruption of the Prlr gene in the pancreas resulted in fewer insulin producing cells, which failed to expand appropriately during pregnancy resulting in reduced blood insulin levels and maternal glucose intolerance. This inability to sustain normal blood glucose balance during pregnancy worsened with age and a successive pregnancy. The etiology of the insulin insufficiency was attributed to deficits in regulatory pathways controlling β cell development. Additionally, the disturbance in maternal blood glucose homeostasis, was associated with fetal overgrowth and dysregulation of inflammation and prolactin-associated transcripts in the placenta. Overall, these results indicate that the PRLR, acting within the pancreas, mediates maternal pancreatic adaptations to pregnancy and therefore its dysfunction may increase a woman's chances of becoming glucose intolerant during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Nteeba
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Kaiyu Kubota
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Wenfang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jay L Vivian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Guoli Dai
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael J Soares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Center for Perinatal Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Gronke K, Hernández PP, Zimmermann J, Klose CSN, Kofoed-Branzk M, Guendel F, Witkowski M, Tizian C, Amann L, Schumacher F, Glatt H, Triantafyllopoulou A, Diefenbach A. Interleukin-22 protects intestinal stem cells against genotoxic stress. Nature 2019; 566:249-253. [PMID: 30700914 PMCID: PMC6420091 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental genotoxic factors pose a challenge to the genomic integrity of epithelial cells at barrier surfaces that separate host organisms from the environment. They can induce mutations that, if they occur in epithelial stem cells, contribute to malignant transformation and cancer development1-3. Genome integrity in epithelial stem cells is maintained by an evolutionarily conserved cellular response pathway, the DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR culminates in either transient cell-cycle arrest and DNA repair or elimination of damaged cells by apoptosis4,5. Here we show that the cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22), produced by group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) and γδ T cells, is an important regulator of the DDR machinery in intestinal epithelial stem cells. Using a new mouse model that enables sporadic inactivation of the IL-22 receptor in colon epithelial stem cells, we demonstrate that IL-22 is required for effective initiation of the DDR following DNA damage. Stem cells deprived of IL-22 signals and exposed to carcinogens escaped DDR-controlled apoptosis, contained more mutations and were more likely to give rise to colon cancer. We identified metabolites of glucosinolates, a group of phytochemicals contained in cruciferous vegetables, to be a widespread source of genotoxic stress in intestinal epithelial cells. These metabolites are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)6, and AhR-mediated signalling in ILC3 and γδ T cells controlled their production of IL-22. Mice fed with diets depleted of glucosinolates produced only very low levels of IL-22 and, consequently, the DDR in epithelial cells of mice on a glucosinolate-free diet was impaired. This work identifies a homeostatic network protecting stem cells against challenge to their genome integrity by AhR-mediated 'sensing' of genotoxic compounds from the diet. AhR signalling, in turn, ensures on-demand production of IL-22 by innate lymphocytes directly regulating components of the DDR in epithelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Gronke
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pedro P Hernández
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Macrophages and Development of Immunity, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Kofoed-Branzk
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Guendel
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Witkowski
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Caroline Tizian
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas Amann
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Potsdam, Germany
- Department Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antigoni Triantafyllopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Innate Immunity in Rheumatic Diseases, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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121
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de Greef JC, Krom YD, den Hamer B, Snider L, Hiramuki Y, van den Akker RFP, Breslin K, Pakusch M, Salvatori DCF, Slütter B, Tawil R, Blewitt ME, Tapscott SJ, van der Maarel SM. Smchd1 haploinsufficiency exacerbates the phenotype of a transgenic FSHD1 mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:716-731. [PMID: 29281018 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, a copy of the DUX4 retrogene is located in each unit of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat that normally comprises 8-100 units. The D4Z4 repeat has heterochromatic features and does not express DUX4 in somatic cells. Individuals with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) have a partial failure of somatic DUX4 repression resulting in the presence of DUX4 protein in sporadic muscle nuclei. Somatic DUX4 derepression is caused by contraction of the D4Z4 repeat to 1-10 units (FSHD1) or by heterozygous mutations in genes responsible for maintaining the D4Z4 chromatin structure in a repressive state (FSHD2). One of the FSHD2 genes is the structural maintenance of chromosomes hinge domain 1 (SMCHD1) gene. SMCHD1 mutations have also been identified in FSHD1; patients carrying a contracted D4Z4 repeat and a SMCHD1 mutation are more severely affected than relatives with only a contracted repeat or a SMCHD1 mutation. To evaluate the modifier role of SMCHD1, we crossbred mice carrying a contracted D4Z4 repeat (D4Z4-2.5 mice) with mice that are haploinsufficient for Smchd1 (Smchd1MommeD1 mice). D4Z4-2.5/Smchd1MommeD1 mice presented with a significantly reduced body weight and developed skin lesions. The same skin lesions, albeit in a milder form, were also observed in D4Z4-2.5 mice, suggesting that reduced Smchd1 levels aggravate disease in the D4Z4-2.5 mouse model. Our study emphasizes the evolutionary conservation of the SMCHD1-dependent epigenetic regulation of the D4Z4 repeat array and further suggests that the D4Z4-2.5/Smchd1MommeD1 mouse model may be used to unravel the function of DUX4 in non-muscle tissues like the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C de Greef
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne D Krom
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca den Hamer
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren Snider
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yosuke Hiramuki
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rob F P van den Akker
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kelsey Breslin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Miha Pakusch
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Bram Slütter
- Divisions of Biopharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rabi Tawil
- Neuromuscular Disease Unit, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Marnie E Blewitt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Tapscott
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Kawaguchi M, Yamamoto K, Takeda N, Fukushima T, Yamashita F, Sato K, Kitamura K, Hippo Y, Janetka JW, Kataoka H. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 stabilizes Epcam and maintains epithelial organization in the mouse intestine. Commun Biol 2019; 2:11. [PMID: 30623107 PMCID: PMC6320337 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SPINT2 encoding the epithelial serine protease inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 (HAI-2) are associated with congenital tufting enteropathy. However, the functions of HAI-2 in vivo are poorly understood. Here we used tamoxifen-induced Cre-LoxP recombination in mice to ablate Spint2. Mice lacking Spint2 died within 6 days after initiating tamoxifen treatment and showed severe epithelial damage in the whole intestinal tracts, and, to a lesser extent, the extrahepatic bile duct. The intestinal epithelium showed enhanced exfoliation, villous atrophy, enterocyte tufts and elongated crypts. Organoid crypt culture indicated that Spint2 ablation induced Epcam cleavage with decreased claudin-7 levels and resulted in organoid rupture. These organoid changes could be rescued by addition of serine protease inhibitors aprotinin, camostat mesilate and matriptase-selective α-ketobenzothiazole as well as by co-deletion of Prss8, encoding the serine protease prostasin. These results indicate that HAI-2 is an essential cellular inhibitor for maintaining intestinal epithelium architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kawaguchi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Naoki Takeda
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Fumiki Yamashita
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sato
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kitamura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hippo
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba 2608717, Japan
| | - James W. Janetka
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
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123
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Wang J, Hao JW, Wang X, Guo H, Sun HH, Lai XY, Liu LY, Zhu M, Wang HY, Li YF, Yu LY, Xie C, Wang HR, Mo W, Zhou HM, Chen S, Liang G, Zhao TJ. DHHC4 and DHHC5 Facilitate Fatty Acid Uptake by Palmitoylating and Targeting CD36 to the Plasma Membrane. Cell Rep 2019; 26:209-221.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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124
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Rosenberg LH, Cattin AL, Fontana X, Harford-Wright E, Burden JJ, White IJ, Smith JG, Napoli I, Quereda V, Policarpi C, Freeman J, Ketteler R, Riccio A, Lloyd AC. HDAC3 Regulates the Transition to the Homeostatic Myelinating Schwann Cell State. Cell Rep 2018; 25:2755-2765.e5. [PMID: 30517863 PMCID: PMC6293966 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of myelinating Schwann cells (mSCs) involves the remarkable biogenic process, which rapidly generates the myelin sheath. Once formed, the mSC transitions to a stable homeostatic state, with loss of this stability associated with neuropathies. The histone deacetylases histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and HDAC2 are required for the myelination transcriptional program. Here, we show a distinct role for HDAC3, in that, while dispensable for the formation of mSCs, it is essential for the stability of the myelin sheath once formed-with loss resulting in progressive severe neuropathy in adulthood. This is associated with the prior failure to downregulate the biogenic program upon entering the homeostatic state leading to hypertrophy and hypermyelination of the mSCs, progressing to the development of severe myelination defects. Our results highlight distinct roles of HDAC1/2 and HDAC3 in controlling the differentiation and homeostatic states of a cell with broad implications for the understanding of this important cell-state transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Rosenberg
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; CRUK Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Anne-Laure Cattin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Xavier Fontana
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elizabeth Harford-Wright
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jemima J Burden
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ian J White
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jacob G Smith
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ilaria Napoli
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Victor Quereda
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Cristina Policarpi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jamie Freeman
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Horizon Discovery, 8100 Cambridge Research Park, Cambridge CB25 9TL, UK
| | - Robin Ketteler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Antonella Riccio
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alison C Lloyd
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Hino K, Simó S, Cooper JA. Comparative Analysis of cul5 and rbx2 Expression in the Developing and Adult Murine Brain and Their Essentiality During Mouse Embryogenesis. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1227-1236. [PMID: 30269386 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The E3 Cullin 5-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL5) is a multiprotein complex that has recently been highlighted as a major regulator of central nervous system development. Cullin 5 (Cul5) and the RING finger protein Rbx2 are two CRL5 core components required for CRL5 function in the brain, but their full expression patterns and developmental functions have not been described in detail. RESULTS Using a gene-trap mouse model for Cul5 and a knock-in-knockout mouse model for Rbx2, we show that lack of Cul5, but not Rbx2, disrupts blastocyst formation. However, Rbx2 is required for embryo survival at later embryonic stages. We also show that cul5 is expressed in the embryo proper as early as E7.5 and its expression is mostly restricted to the central nervous system and limbs at later time points. Finally, we show that rbx2 and cul5 are co-expressed in most areas of the brain during development and in the adult. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that Cul5, but not Rbx2, is required during early embryogenesis and suggests that Cul5 has Rbx2-independent functions in early development. In the brain, Cul5 and Rbx2 are expressed in a similar fashion, allowing the nucleation of an active CRL5 complex. Developmental Dynamics 247:1227-1236, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Hino
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Sergi Simó
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jonathan A Cooper
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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126
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Wen T, Yin Q, Yu L, Hu G, Liu J, Zhang W, Huang L, Su H, Wang M, Zhou J. Characterization of mice carrying a conditional TEAD1 allele. Genesis 2018; 55. [PMID: 29193599 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo- yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway is essential for controlling organ size and tumorigenesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that the primary outcome of YAP signaling in the nucleus is achieved by interaction with the transcription factor TEA domain transcription factor (TEAD1). The YAP/TEAD1 complex binds to DNA element and regulates the expression of genes involved in cell growth. However, constitutive knockout of TEAD1 leads to early embryonic lethality in mice. Thus, generation of a floxed TEAD1 mouse becomes crucial for further understanding mid- to late-gestation and post-natal role of TEAD1. Herein, we created and characterized a mouse model that allows for conditional disruption of TEAD1. Embryonic fibroblasts derived from the floxed TEAD1 mice enabled the Cre-mediated deletion of TEAD1 in vitro using virally delivered Cre recombinase. Furthermore, crossing the floxed TEAD1 mouse with a ubiquitously expressing Cre mouse resulted in efficient ablation of the floxed allele in vivo, and the animals recapitulated early embryonic lethality defects. In conclusion, our data demonstrate an important role of TEAD1 in early development in mice, and the floxed TEAD1 mouse model will be a valuable genetic tool to determine the temporal and tissue-specific functions of TEAD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin Yin
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Luyi Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huabo Su
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Menghong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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127
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Kaczmarek-Hajek K, Zhang J, Kopp R, Grosche A, Rissiek B, Saul A, Bruzzone S, Engel T, Jooss T, Krautloher A, Schuster S, Magnus T, Stadelmann C, Sirko S, Koch-Nolte F, Eulenburg V, Nicke A. Re-evaluation of neuronal P2X7 expression using novel mouse models and a P2X7-specific nanobody. eLife 2018; 7:36217. [PMID: 30074479 PMCID: PMC6140716 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 channel is involved in the pathogenesis of various CNS diseases. An increasing number of studies suggest its presence in neurons where its putative functions remain controversial for more than a decade. To resolve this issue and to provide a model for analysis of P2X7 functions, we generated P2X7 BAC transgenic mice that allow visualization of functional EGFP-tagged P2X7 receptors in vivo. Extensive characterization of these mice revealed dominant P2X7-EGFP protein expression in microglia, Bergmann glia, and oligodendrocytes, but not in neurons. These findings were further validated by microglia- and oligodendrocyte-specific P2X7 deletion and a novel P2X7-specific nanobody. In addition to the first quantitative analysis of P2X7 protein expression in the CNS, we show potential consequences of its overexpression in ischemic retina and post-traumatic cerebral cortex grey matter. This novel mouse model overcomes previous limitations in P2X7 research and will help to determine its physiological roles and contribution to diseases. The human body relies on a molecule called ATP as an energy source and as a messenger. When cells die, for example if they are damaged or because of inflammation, they release large amounts of ATP into their environment. Their neighbors can detect the outpouring of ATP through specific receptors, the proteins that sit at the cell’s surface and can bind external agents. Scientists believe that one of these ATP-binding receptors, P2X7, responds to high levels of ATP by triggering a cascade of reactions that results in inflammation and cell death. P2X7 also seems to play a role in several brain diseases such as epilepsia and Alzheimer’s, but the exact mechanisms are not known. In particular, how this receptor is involved in the death of neurons is unclear, and researchers still debate whether P2X7 is present in neurons and in other types of brain cells. To answer this, Kaczmarek-Hájek, Zhang, Kopp et al. created genetically modified mice in which the P2X7 receptors carry a fluorescent dye. Powerful microscopes can pick up the light signal from the dye and help to reveal which cells have the receptors. These experiments show that neurons do not carry the protein; instead, P2X7 is present in certain brain cells that keep the neurons healthy. For example, it is found in the immune cells that ‘clean up’ the organ, and the cells that support and insulate neurons. Kaczmarek-Hájek et al. further provide preliminary data suggesting that, under certain conditions, if too many P2X7 receptors are present in these cells neuronal damage might be increased. It is therefore possible that the brain cells that carry P2X7 indirectly contribute to the death of neurons when large amounts of ATP are released. The genetically engineered mouse designed for the experiments could be used in further studies to dissect the role that P2X7 plays in diseases of the nervous system. In particular, this mouse model might help to understand whether the receptor could become a drug target for neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kaczmarek-Hajek
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robin Kopp
- Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anika Saul
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine and CEBR, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tina Jooss
- Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Krautloher
- Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schuster
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Swetlana Sirko
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volker Eulenburg
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Nicke
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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128
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Mining the Plasma Cell Transcriptome for Novel Cell Surface Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082161. [PMID: 30042348 PMCID: PMC6121261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody Secreting Cells (ASCs) are a fundamental component of humoral immunity, however, deregulated or excessive antibody production contributes to the pathology of autoimmune diseases, while transformation of ASCs results in the malignancy Multiple Myeloma (MM). Despite substantial recent improvements in treating these conditions, there is as yet no widely used ASC-specific therapeutic approach, highlighting a critical need to identify novel methods of targeting normal and malignant ASCs. Surface molecules specifically expressed by the target cell population represent ideal candidates for a monoclonal antibody-based therapy. By interrogating the ASC gene signature that we previously defined we identified three surface proteins, Plpp5, Clptm1l and Itm2c, which represent potential targets for novel MM treatments. Plpp5, Clptm1l and Itm2c are highly and selectively expressed by mouse and human ASCs as well as MM cells. To investigate the function of these proteins within the humoral immune system we have generated three novel mouse strains, each carrying a loss-of-function mutation in either Plpp5, Clptm1l or Itm2c. Through analysis of these novel strains, we have shown that Plpp5, Clptm1l and Itm2c are dispensable for the development, maturation and differentiation of B-lymphocytes, and for the production of antibodies by ASCs. As adult mice lacking either protein showed no apparent disease phenotypes, it is likely that targeting these molecules on ASCs will have minimal on-target adverse effects.
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129
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Kim BG, Kim YH, Stanley EL, Garrido-Martin EM, Lee YJ, Oh SP. CXCL12-CXCR4 signalling plays an essential role in proper patterning of aortic arch and pulmonary arteries. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1677-1687. [PMID: 29016745 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Chemokine CXCL12 (stromal derived factor 1: SDF1) has been shown to play important roles in various processes of cardiovascular development. In recent avian studies, CXCL12 signalling has been implicated in guidance of cardiac neural crest cells for their participation in the development of outflow tract and cardiac septum. The goal of this study is to investigate the extent to which CXCL12 signalling contribute to the development of aortic arch and pulmonary arteries in mammals. Methods and results Novel Cxcl12-LacZ reporter and conditional alleles were generated. Using whole mount X-gal staining with the reporter allele and vascular casting techniques, we show that the domain branching pattern of pulmonary arteries in Cxcl12-null mice is completely disrupted and discordant with that of pulmonary veins and airways. Cxcl12-null mice also displayed abnormal and superfluous arterial branches from the aortic arch. The early steps of pharyngeal arch remodelling in Cxcl12-null mice appeared to be unaffected, but vertebral arteries were often missing and prominent aberrant arteries were present parallel to carotid arteries or trachea, similar to aberrant vertebral artery or thyroid ima artery, respectively. Analysis with computed tomography not only confirmed the results from vascular casting studies but also identified abnormal systemic arterial supply to lungs in the Cxcl12-null mice. Tie2-Cre mediated Cxcr4 deletion phenocopied the Cxcl12-null phenotypes, indicating that CXCR4 is the primary receptor for arterial patterning, whereas Cxcl12 or Cxcr4 deletion by Wnt1-Cre did not affect aortic arch patterning. Conclusion CXCL12-CXCR4 signalling is essential for the correct patterning of aortic arches and pulmonary arteries during development. Superfluous arteries in Cxcl12-null lungs and the aortic arch infer a role of CXCL12 in protecting arteries from uncontrolled sprouting during development of the arterial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Gyeong Kim
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Room CG-20B, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Edward L Stanley
- Department of Herpetology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eva M Garrido-Martin
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Room CG-20B, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - S Paul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Room CG-20B, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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130
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Yu J, Zanotti S, Schilling L, Canalis E. Nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 is required for osteoclast differentiation and function in vitro but not in vivo. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:9334-9345. [PMID: 30010214 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c2 is important for the immune response and it compensates for NFATc1 for its effects on osteoclastogenesis, but its role in this process is not established. To study the function of NFATc2 in the skeleton, Nfatc2loxP/loxP mice, where the Nfact2 exon 2 is flanked by loxP sequences, were created and mated with mice expressing the Cre recombinase under the control of the Lyz2 promoter. Bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMM) from Lyz2Cre/WT ;Nfatc2Δ/Δ mice cultured in the presence of macrophage-colony stimulating factor and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand exhibited a decrease in the number and size of osteoclasts and a smaller sealing zone when compared to BMMs from Nfatc2loxP/loxP littermate controls. Bone resorption was decreased in osteoclasts from Lyz2Cre/WT ;Nfatc2Δ/Δ mice. This demonstrates that NFATc2 is necessary for optimal osteoclast maturation and function in vitro. Male and female Lyz2Cre/WT ;Nfatc2Δ/Δ mice did not exhibit an obvious skeletal phenotype by microcomputed tomography (μCT) at either 1 or 4 months of age when compared to Nfatc2loxP/loxP sex-matched littermates. Bone histomorphometry confirmed the μCT results, and conditional 4-month-old Lyz2Cre/WT ;Nfatc2Δ/Δ mice did not exhibit changes in parameters of bone histomorphometry. In conclusion, NFATc2 is necessary for optimal osteoclastogenesis in vitro, but its downregulation in the myeloid lineage has no consequences in skeletal remodeling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Stefano Zanotti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Department of Medicine, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Lauren Schilling
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Ernesto Canalis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Department of Medicine, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
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131
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Nakano Y, Kelly MC, Rehman AU, Boger ET, Morell RJ, Kelley MW, Friedman TB, Bánfi B. Defects in the Alternative Splicing-Dependent Regulation of REST Cause Deafness. Cell 2018; 174:536-548.e21. [PMID: 29961578 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-binding protein REST forms complexes with histone deacetylases (HDACs) to repress neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells. In differentiating neurons, REST is downregulated predominantly by transcriptional silencing. Here we report that post-transcriptional inactivation of REST by alternative splicing is required for hearing in humans and mice. We show that, in the mechanosensory hair cells of the mouse ear, regulated alternative splicing of a frameshift-causing exon into the Rest mRNA is essential for the derepression of many neuronal genes. Heterozygous deletion of this alternative exon of mouse Rest causes hair cell degeneration and deafness, and the HDAC inhibitor SAHA (Vorinostat) rescues the hearing of these mice. In humans, inhibition of the frameshifting splicing event by a novel REST variant is associated with dominantly inherited deafness. Our data reveal the necessity for alternative splicing-dependent regulation of REST in hair cells, and they identify a potential treatment for a group of hereditary deafness cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nakano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Inflammation Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Atteeq U Rehman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Erich T Boger
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert J Morell
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew W Kelley
- Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas B Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Botond Bánfi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Inflammation Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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132
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Sandlesh P, Juang T, Safina A, Higgins MJ, Gurova KV. Uncovering the fine print of the CreERT2-LoxP system while generating a conditional knockout mouse model of Ssrp1 gene. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199785. [PMID: 29953487 PMCID: PMC6023160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription (FACT) is a complex of SSRP1 and SPT16 that is involved in chromatin remodeling during transcription, replication, and DNA repair. FACT has been mostly studied in cell-free or single cell model systems because general FACT knockout (KO) is embryonically lethal (E3.5). FACT levels are limited to the early stages of development and stem cell niches of adult tissues. FACT is upregulated in poorly differentiated aggressive tumors. Importantly, FACT inhibition (RNAi) is lethal for tumors but not normal cells, making FACT a lucrative target for anticancer therapy. To develop a better understanding of FACT function in the context of the mammalian organism under normal physiological conditions and in disease, we aimed to generate a conditional FACT KO mouse model. Because SPT16 stability is dependent on the SSRP1-SPT16 association and the presence of SSRP1 mRNA, we targeted the Ssrp1 gene using a CreERT2- LoxP approach to generate the FACT KO model. Here, we highlight the limitations of the CreERT2-LoxP (Rosa26) system that we encountered during the generation of this model. In vitro studies showed an inefficient excision rate of ectopically expressed CreERT2 (retroviral CreERT2) in fibroblasts with homozygous floxed Ssrp1. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that the excision efficiency could only be increased with germline expression of two alleles of Rosa26CreERT2. The expression of one germline Rosa26CreERT2 allele led to the incomplete excision of Ssrp1. The limited efficiency of the CreERT2-LoxP system may be sufficient for studies involving the deletion of genes that interfere with cell growth or viability due to the positive selection of the phenotype. However, it may not be sufficient for studies that involve the deletion of genes supporting growth, or those crucial for development. Although CreERT2-LoxP is broadly used, it has limitations that have not been widely discussed. This paper aims to encourage such discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorva Sandlesh
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Thierry Juang
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Alfiya Safina
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Higgins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Katerina V. Gurova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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133
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Eulenburg V, Knop G, Sedmak T, Schuster S, Hauf K, Schneider J, Feigenspan A, Joachimsthaler A, Brandstätter JH. GlyT1 determines the glycinergic phenotype of amacrine cells in the mouse retina. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3251-3266. [PMID: 29808289 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid glycine acts as a neurotransmitter at both inhibitory glycinergic and excitatory glutamatergic synapses predominantly in caudal regions of the central nervous system but also in frontal brain regions and the retina. After its presynaptic release and binding to postsynaptic receptors at caudal glycinergic synapses, two high-affinity glycine transporters GlyT1 and GlyT2 remove glycine from the extracellular space. Glycinergic neurons express GlyT2, which is essential for the presynaptic replenishment of the transmitter, while glial-expressed GlyT1 was shown to control the extracellular glycine concentration. Here we show that GlyT1 expressed by glycinergic amacrine cells of the retina does not only contribute to the control of the extracellular glycine concentration in the retina but is also essential for the maintenance of the glycinergic transmitter phenotype of this cell population. Specifically, loss of GlyT1 from the glycinergic AII amacrine cells impairs AII-mediated glycinergic neurotransmission and alters regulation of the extracellular glycine concentration, without changes in the overall distribution and/or size of glycinergic synapses. Taken together, our results suggest that GlyT1 expressed by amacrine cells in the retina combines functions covered by neuronal GlyT2 and glial GlyT1 at caudal glycinergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Eulenburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Gabriel Knop
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tina Sedmak
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schuster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Hauf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Feigenspan
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anneka Joachimsthaler
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johann Helmut Brandstätter
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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134
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Dedic N, Kühne C, Jakovcevski M, Hartmann J, Genewsky AJ, Gomes KS, Anderzhanova E, Pöhlmann ML, Chang S, Kolarz A, Vogl AM, Dine J, Metzger MW, Schmid B, Almada RC, Ressler KJ, Wotjak CT, Grinevich V, Chen A, Schmidt MV, Wurst W, Refojo D, Deussing JM. Chronic CRH depletion from GABAergic, long-range projection neurons in the extended amygdala reduces dopamine release and increases anxiety. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:803-807. [PMID: 29786085 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the dopaminergic system has predominantly been studied in addiction and reward, while CRH-dopamine interactions in anxiety are scarcely understood. We describe a new population of CRH-expressing, GABAergic, long-range-projecting neurons in the extended amygdala that innervate the ventral tegmental area and alter anxiety following chronic CRH depletion. These neurons are part of a distinct CRH circuit that acts anxiolytically by positively modulating dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dedic
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Kühne
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Mira Jakovcevski
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Hartmann
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Andreas J Genewsky
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Karina S Gomes
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Paulista State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Elmira Anderzhanova
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Max L Pöhlmann
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Chang
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Adam Kolarz
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette M Vogl
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Julien Dine
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael W Metzger
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Bianca Schmid
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Rafael C Almada
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Valery Grinevich
- Schaller Research Group on Neuropeptides, German Cancer Research Center, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,Technische Universität München, Chair of Developmental Genetics, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Damian Refojo
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Instituto de Investigacion en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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135
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Stuhlmann T, Planells-Cases R, Jentsch TJ. LRRC8/VRAC anion channels enhance β-cell glucose sensing and insulin secretion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1974. [PMID: 29773801 PMCID: PMC5958052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis depends critically on insulin that is secreted by pancreatic β-cells. Serum glucose, which is directly sensed by β-cells, stimulates depolarization- and Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of insulin granules. Here we show that pancreatic islets prominently express LRRC8A and LRRC8D, subunits of volume-regulated VRAC anion channels. Hypotonicity- or glucose-induced β-cell swelling elicits canonical LRRC8A-dependent VRAC currents that depolarize β-cells to an extent that causes electrical excitation. Glucose-induced excitation and Ca2+ responses are delayed in onset, but not abolished, in β-cells lacking the essential VRAC subunit LRRC8A. Whereas Lrrc8a disruption does not affect tolbutamide- or high-K+-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic islets, it reduces first-phase glucose-induced insulin secretion. Mice lacking VRAC in β-cells have normal resting serum glucose levels but impaired glucose tolerance. We propose that opening of LRRC8/VRAC channels increases glucose sensitivity and insulin secretion of β-cells synergistically with KATP closure. Neurotransmitter-permeable LRRC8D-containing VRACs might have additional roles in autocrine/paracrine signaling within islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Stuhlmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Graduate Program of the Faculty for Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa Planells-Cases
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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136
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Pata M, Vacher J. Ostm1 Bifunctional Roles in Osteoclast Maturation: Insights From a Mouse Model Mimicking a Human OSTM1 Mutation. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:888-898. [PMID: 29297601 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ostm1 mutations are responsible for the most severe form of osteopetrosis in human and mice. To gain insight into Ostm1 cellular functions, we engineered a conditional in-frame deletion of the Ostm1 transmembrane domain and generated the first Ostm1 mouse model with a human mutation. Systemic targeting of Ostm1 loss of transmembrane domain produced osteopetrosis, as in the null Ostm1 gl/gl mouse. Significantly, conditional osteoclast targeting of Ostm1 resulted in similar osteopetrosis, thereby demonstrating that the intrinsic Ostm1 osteoclast deficiency is solely responsible for the mouse phenotype. Our analysis showed oversized osteoclasts with enhanced multinucleation associated with stimulation of intracellular calcium levels, of Nfatc1 nuclear re-localization, and of specific downstream Nfatc1 target genes, providing compelling evidence that Ostm1 is a negative regulator of preosteoclast fusion. Moreover, mature OCs with Ostm1 loss of transmembrane domain show appropriate levels of intracellular acidification but an altered distribution pattern, highlighting misregulation of endolysosome localization and dispersion. Consistently, the hydrolases tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K (Ctsk) normally produced are sequestered within the osteoclasts and are not extracellularly secreted. These studies defined bifunctional roles for Ostm1 as a major regulator of preosteoclast cytoskeletal rearrangements toward cell multinucleation and of mature osteoclast intracellular lysosomal trafficking and exocytosis mechanism, both of which are essential for bone resorption. Importantly, these Ostm1 molecular and regulatory functions could serve as preclinical targets in this mouse model toward osteoclastogenic pathologies as osteoporosis and inflammation-induced bone loss. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Pata
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Vacher
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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137
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Tsvilovskyy V, Solís-López A, Schumacher D, Medert R, Roers A, Kriebs U, Freichel M. Deletion of Orai2 augments endogenous CRAC currents and degranulation in mast cells leading to enhanced anaphylaxis. Cell Calcium 2018; 71:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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138
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Oyama K, El-Nachef D, Fang C, Kajimoto H, Brown JP, Singh PB, MacLellan WR. Deletion of HP1γ in cardiac myocytes affects H4K20me3 levels but does not impact cardiac growth. Epigenetics Chromatin 2018; 11:18. [PMID: 29665845 PMCID: PMC5905015 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterochromatin, which is formed when tri-methyl lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me3) is bound by heterochromatin 1 proteins (HP1s), plays an important role in differentiation and senescence by silencing cell cycle genes. Cardiac myocytes (CMs) accumulate heterochromatin during differentiation and demethylation of H3K9me3 inhibits cell cycle gene silencing and cell cycle exit in CMs; however, it is unclear if this process is mediated by HP1s. In this study, we created a conditional CM-specific HP1 gamma (HP1γ) knockout (KO) mouse model and tested whether HP1γ is required for cell cycle gene silencing and cardiac growth. RESULTS HP1γ KO mice were generated by crossing HP1γ floxed mice (fl) with mice expressing Cre recombinase driven by the Nkx2.5 (cardiac progenitor gene) promoter (Cre). We confirmed that deletion of critical exons of HP1γ led to undetectable levels of HP1γ protein in HP1γ KO (Cre;fl/fl) CMs. Analysis of cardiac size and function by echo revealed no significant differences between HP1γ KO and control (WT, Cre, fl/fl) mice. No significant difference in expression of cell cycle genes or cardiac-specific genes was observed. Global transcriptome analysis demonstrated a very moderate effect of HP1γ deletion on global gene expression, with only 51 genes differentially expressed in HP1γ KO CMs. We found that HP1β protein, but not HP1α, was significantly upregulated and that subnuclear localization of HP1β to perinuclear heterochromatin was increased in HP1γ KO CMs. Although HP1γ KO had no effect on H3K9me3 levels, we found a significant reduction in another major heterochromatin mark, tri-methylated lysine 20 of histone H4 (H4K20me3). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that HP1γ is dispensable for cell cycle exit and normal cardiac growth but has a significant role in maintaining H4K20me3 and regulating a limited number of genes in CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Oyama
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356422, Seattle, WA, 98195-6422, USA
| | - Danny El-Nachef
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356422, Seattle, WA, 98195-6422, USA
| | - Chen Fang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356422, Seattle, WA, 98195-6422, USA
| | - Hidemi Kajimoto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356422, Seattle, WA, 98195-6422, USA
| | - Jeremy P Brown
- Fächerverbund Anatomie, Institut für Zell-und Neurobiologie, Charite-Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Prim B Singh
- Fächerverbund Anatomie, Institut für Zell-und Neurobiologie, Charite-Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan, 010000.,Department of Natural Sciences, Laboratory of epigenetics, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - W Robb MacLellan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356422, Seattle, WA, 98195-6422, USA.
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139
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Desai PB, San Agustin JT, Stuck MW, Jonassen JA, Bates CM, Pazour GJ. Ift25 is not a cystic kidney disease gene but is required for early steps of kidney development. Mech Dev 2018; 151:10-17. [PMID: 29626631 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cilia are assembled by intraflagellar transport (IFT) where large protein complexes called IFT particles move ciliary components from the cell body to the cilium. Defects in most IFT particle proteins disrupt ciliary assembly and cause mid gestational lethality in the mouse. IFT25 and IFT27 are unusual components of IFT-B in that they are not required for ciliary assembly and mutant mice survive to term. The mutants die shortly after birth with numerous organ defects including duplex kidneys. Completely duplex kidneys result from defects in ureteric bud formation at the earliest steps of metanephric kidney development. Ureteric bud initiation is a highly regulated process involving reciprocal signaling between the ureteric epithelium and the overlying metanephric mesenchyme with regulation by the peri-Wolffian duct stroma. The finding of duplex kidney in Ift25 and Ift27 mutants suggests functions for these genes in regulation of ureteric bud initiation. Typically the deletion of IFT genes in the kidney causes rapid cyst growth in the early postnatal period. In contrast, the loss of Ift25 results in smaller kidneys, which show only mild tubule dilations that become apparent in adulthood. The smaller kidneys appear to result from reduced branching in the developing metanephric kidney. This work indicates that IFT25 and IFT27 are important players in the early development of the kidney and suggest that duplex kidney is part of the ciliopathy spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurav B Desai
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Suite 213, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Jovenal T San Agustin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Suite 213, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Michael W Stuck
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Suite 213, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Julie A Jonassen
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
| | - Carlton M Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 5130 Rangos Research Center, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Suite 213, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States.
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140
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Fitz J, Neumann T, Pavri R. Regulation of RNA polymerase II processivity by Spt5 is restricted to a narrow window during elongation. EMBO J 2018. [PMID: 29514850 PMCID: PMC5897773 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spt5 is a highly conserved RNA polymerase II (Pol II)‐associated pausing and elongation factor. However, its impact on global elongation and Pol II processivity in mammalian cells has not been clarified. Here, we show that depleting Spt5 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) does not cause global elongation defects or decreased elongation rates. Instead, in Spt5‐depleted cells, a fraction of Pol II molecules are dislodged during elongation, thus decreasing the number of Pol II complexes that complete the transcription cycle. Most strikingly, this decrease is restricted to a narrow window between 15 and 20 kb from the promoter, a distance which coincides with the stage where accelerating Pol II attains maximum elongation speed. Consequently, long genes show a greater dependency on Spt5 for optimal elongation efficiency and overall gene expression than short genes. We propose that an important role of Spt5 in mammalian elongation is to promote the processivity of those Pol II complexes that are transitioning toward maximum elongation speed 15–20 kb from the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Fitz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Neumann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Rushad Pavri
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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141
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Oaks AW, Zamarbide M, Tambunan DE, Santini E, Di Costanzo S, Pond HL, Johnson MW, Lin J, Gonzalez DM, Boehler JF, Wu GK, Klann E, Walsh CA, Manzini MC. Cc2d1a Loss of Function Disrupts Functional and Morphological Development in Forebrain Neurons Leading to Cognitive and Social Deficits. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1670-1685. [PMID: 26826102 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in CC2D1A cause a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and seizures, identifying a critical role for this gene in cognitive and social development. CC2D1A regulates intracellular signaling processes that are critical for neuronal function, but previous attempts to model the human LOF phenotypes have been prevented by perinatal lethality in Cc2d1a-deficient mice. To overcome this challenge, we generated a floxed Cc2d1a allele for conditional removal of Cc2d1a in the brain using Cre recombinase. While removal of Cc2d1a in neuronal progenitors using Cre expressed from the Nestin promoter still causes death at birth, conditional postnatal removal of Cc2d1a in the forebrain via calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-alpha (CamKIIa) promoter-driven Cre generates animals that are viable and fertile with grossly normal anatomy. Analysis of neuronal morphology identified abnormal cortical dendrite organization and a reduction in dendritic spine density. These animals display deficits in neuronal plasticity and in spatial learning and memory that are accompanied by reduced sociability, hyperactivity, anxiety, and excessive grooming. Cc2d1a conditional knockout mice therefore recapitulate features of both cognitive and social impairment caused by human CC2D1A mutation, and represent a model that could provide much needed insights into the developmental mechanisms underlying nonsyndromic neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Oaks
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Integrative Systems Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Marta Zamarbide
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Integrative Systems Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Dimira E Tambunan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emanuela Santini
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Stefania Di Costanzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Integrative Systems Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Heather L Pond
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Integrative Systems Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Mark W Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Integrative Systems Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Jeff Lin
- Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Dilenny M Gonzalez
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica F Boehler
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Integrative Systems Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Guangying K Wu
- Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - M Chiara Manzini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Integrative Systems Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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142
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Yamamoto M, Legendre NP, Biswas AA, Lawton A, Yamamoto S, Tajbakhsh S, Kardon G, Goldhamer DJ. Loss of MyoD and Myf5 in Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells Results in Altered Myogenic Programming and Failed Regeneration. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:956-969. [PMID: 29478898 PMCID: PMC5918368 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MyoD and Myf5 are fundamental regulators of skeletal muscle lineage determination in the embryo, and their expression is induced in satellite cells following muscle injury. MyoD and Myf5 are also expressed by satellite cell precursors developmentally, although the relative contribution of historical and injury-induced expression to satellite cell function is unknown. We show that satellite cells lacking both MyoD and Myf5 (double knockout [dKO]) are maintained with aging in uninjured muscle. However, injured muscle fails to regenerate and dKO satellite cell progeny accumulate in damaged muscle but do not undergo muscle differentiation. dKO satellite cell progeny continue to express markers of myoblast identity, although their myogenic programming is labile, as demonstrated by dramatic morphological changes and increased propensity for non-myogenic differentiation. These data demonstrate an absolute requirement for either MyoD or Myf5 in muscle regeneration and indicate that their expression after injury stabilizes myogenic identity and confers the capacity for muscle differentiation. MyoD or Myf5 expression in satellite cells is essential for muscle regeneration Satellite cells lacking both regulatory genes exhibit labile myogenic programming A single functional allele of either MyoD or Myf5 can support muscle regeneration Satellite cells lacking both MyoD and Myf5 are maintained with aging
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, 91 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Nicholas P Legendre
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, 91 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Arpita A Biswas
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, 91 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Alexander Lawton
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, 91 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Shoko Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, 91 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells & Development, CNRS URA 2578, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David J Goldhamer
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, 91 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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143
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Yu J, Lai C, Shim H, Xie C, Sun L, Long CX, Ding J, Li Y, Cai H. Genetic ablation of dynactin p150 Glued in postnatal neurons causes preferential degeneration of spinal motor neurons in aged mice. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:10. [PMID: 29490687 PMCID: PMC5831668 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynactin p150Glued, the largest subunit of the dynactin macromolecular complex, binds to both microtubules and tubulin dimers through the N-terminal cytoskeleton-associated protein and glycine-rich (CAP-Gly) and basic domains, and serves as an anti-catastrophe factor in stabilizing microtubules in neurons. P150Glued also initiates dynein-mediated axonal retrograde transport. Multiple missense mutations at the CAP-Gly domain of p150Glued are associated with motor neuron diseases and other neurodegenerative disorders, further supporting the importance of microtubule domains (MTBDs) in p150Glued functions. However, most functional studies were performed in vitro. Whether p150Glued is required for neuronal function and survival in vivo is unknown. METHODS Using Cre-loxP genetic manipulation, we first generated a line of p150Glued knock-in mice by inserting two LoxP sites flanking the MTBD-coding exons 2 to 4 of p150Glued-encoding Dctn1 gene (Dctn1LoxP/), and then crossbred the resulting Dctn1LoxP/ mice with Thy1-Cre mice to generate the bigenic p150Glued (Dctn1LoxP/LoxP; Thy1-Cre) conditional knockout (cKO) mice for the downstream motor behavioral and neuropathological studies. RESULTS P150Glued expression was completely abolished in Cre-expressing postnatal neurons, including corticospinal motor neurons (CSMNs) and spinal motor neurons (SMNs), while the MTBD-truncated forms remained. P150Glued ablation did not affect the formation of dynein/dynactin complex in neurons. The p150Glued cKO mice did not show any obvious developmental phenotypes, but exhibited impairments in motor coordination and rearing after 12 months of age. Around 20% loss of SMNs was found in the lumbar spinal cord of 18-month-old cKO mice, in company with increased gliosis, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disintegration and muscle atrophy. By contrast, no obvious degeneration of CSMNs, striatal neurons, midbrain dopaminergic neurons, cerebellar granule cells or Purkinje cells was observed. Abnormal accumulation of acetylated α-tubulin, and autophagosome/lysosome proteins was found in the SMNs of aged cKO mice. Additionally, the total and cell surface levels of glutamate receptors were also substantially elevated in the p150Glued-depleted spinal neurons, in correlation with increased vulnerability to excitotoxicity. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings demonstrate that p150Glued is particularly required to maintain the function and survival of SMNs during aging. P150Glued may exert its protective function through regulating the transportation of autophagosomes, lysosomes, and postsynaptic glutamate receptors in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu
- Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100095, People's Republic of China
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
| | - Chen Lai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
- Present address: Symptom Management Branch, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hoon Shim
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10467, USA
| | - Chengsong Xie
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
| | - Cai-Xia Long
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Computational Biology Core, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yan Li
- NINDS Protein/Peptide Sequencing Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA.
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144
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Tröster P, Haseleu J, Petersen J, Drees O, Schmidtko A, Schwaller F, Lewin GR, Ter-Avetisyan G, Winter Y, Peters S, Feil S, Feil R, Rathjen FG, Schmidt H. The Absence of Sensory Axon Bifurcation Affects Nociception and Termination Fields of Afferents in the Spinal Cord. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:19. [PMID: 29472841 PMCID: PMC5809486 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A cGMP signaling cascade composed of C-type natriuretic peptide, the guanylyl cyclase receptor Npr2 and cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) controls the bifurcation of sensory axons upon entering the spinal cord during embryonic development. However, the impact of axon bifurcation on sensory processing in adulthood remains poorly understood. To investigate the functional consequences of impaired axon bifurcation during adult stages we generated conditional mouse mutants of Npr2 and cGKI (Npr2fl/fl;Wnt1Cre and cGKIKO/fl;Wnt1Cre) that lack sensory axon bifurcation in the absence of additional phenotypes observed in the global knockout mice. Cholera toxin labeling in digits of the hind paw demonstrated an altered shape of sensory neuron termination fields in the spinal cord of conditional Npr2 mouse mutants. Behavioral testing of both sexes indicated that noxious heat sensation and nociception induced by chemical irritants are impaired in the mutants, whereas responses to cold sensation, mechanical stimulation, and motor coordination are not affected. Recordings from C-fiber nociceptors in the hind limb skin showed that Npr2 function was not required to maintain normal heat sensitivity of peripheral nociceptors. Thus, the altered behavioral responses to noxious heat found in Npr2fl/fl;Wnt1Cre mice is not due to an impaired C-fiber function. Overall, these data point to a critical role of axonal bifurcation for the processing of pain induced by heat or chemical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tröster
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Haseleu
- Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Petersen
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zentrum für Biomedizinische Ausbildung und Forschung (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Oliver Drees
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zentrum für Biomedizinische Ausbildung und Forschung (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Achim Schmidtko
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zentrum für Biomedizinische Ausbildung und Forschung (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Frederick Schwaller
- Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gary R Lewin
- Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gohar Ter-Avetisyan
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - York Winter
- Cognitive Neurobiology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Peters
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Feil
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Feil
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fritz G Rathjen
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannes Schmidt
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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145
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Garaycoechea JI, Crossan GP, Langevin F, Mulderrig L, Louzada S, Yang F, Guilbaud G, Park N, Roerink S, Nik-Zainal S, Stratton MR, Patel KJ. Alcohol and endogenous aldehydes damage chromosomes and mutate stem cells. Nature 2018; 553:171-177. [PMID: 29323295 PMCID: PMC6047743 DOI: 10.1038/nature25154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells renew blood. Accumulation of DNA damage in these cells promotes their decline, while misrepair of this damage initiates malignancies. Here we describe the features and mutational landscape of DNA damage caused by acetaldehyde, an endogenous and alcohol-derived metabolite. This damage results in DNA double-stranded breaks that, despite stimulating recombination repair, also cause chromosome rearrangements. We combined transplantation of single haematopoietic stem cells with whole-genome sequencing to show that this damage occurs in stem cells, leading to deletions and rearrangements that are indicative of microhomology-mediated end-joining repair. Moreover, deletion of p53 completely rescues the survival of aldehyde-stressed and mutated haematopoietic stem cells, but does not change the pattern or the intensity of genome instability within individual stem cells. These findings characterize the mutation of the stem-cell genome by an alcohol-derived and endogenous source of DNA damage. Furthermore, we identify how the choice of DNA-repair pathway and a stringent p53 response limit the transmission of aldehyde-induced mutations in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Garaycoechea
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Gerry P Crossan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Frédéric Langevin
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Lee Mulderrig
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Sandra Louzada
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Fentang Yang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Guillaume Guilbaud
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Naomi Park
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sophie Roerink
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | | | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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146
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Nox4 genetic inhibition in experimental hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 111:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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147
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Abstract
Male infertility is a major and growing problem and, in most cases, the specific root cause is unknown. Here we show that the transcription factor SOX30 plays a critical role in mouse spermatogenesis. Sox30-null mice are healthy and females are fertile, but males are sterile. In the absence of Sox30 meiosis initiates normally in both sexes but, in males, germ cell development arrests during the post-meiotic round spermatid period. In the mutant testis, acrosome and axoneme development are aberrant, multinucleated germ cells (symplasts) form and round spermatids unable to process beyond step 3 of spermiogenesis. No elongated spermatids nor spermatozoa are produced. Thus, Sox30 represents a rare example of a gene for which loss of function results in a complete arrest of spermatogenesis at the onset of spermiogenesis. Our results suggest that SOX30 mutations may underlie some instances of unexplained non-obstructive azoospermia in humans.
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148
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Espana-Agusti J, Warren A, Chew SK, Adams DJ, Matakidou A. Loss of PBRM1 rescues VHL dependent replication stress to promote renal carcinogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2026. [PMID: 29229903 PMCID: PMC5725450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the VHL (Von Hippel Lindau) tumour suppressor has long been recognised as necessary for the pathogenesis of clear cell renal cancer (ccRCC); however, the molecular mechanisms underlying transformation and the requirement for additional genetic hits remain unclear. Here, we show that loss of VHL alone results in DNA replication stress and damage accumulation, effects that constrain cellular growth and transformation. By contrast, concomitant loss of the chromatin remodelling factor PBRM1 (mutated in 40% of ccRCC) rescues VHL-induced replication stress, maintaining cellular fitness and allowing proliferation. In line with these data we demonstrate that combined deletion of Vhl and Pbrm1 in the mouse kidney is sufficient for the development of fully-penetrant, multifocal carcinomas, closely mimicking human ccRCC. Our results illustrate how VHL and PBRM1 co-operate to drive renal transformation and uncover replication stress as an underlying vulnerability of all VHL mutated renal cancers that could be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Espana-Agusti
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, CRUK Cambridge institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.,MedImmune, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Anne Warren
- Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Su Kit Chew
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory UCL Cancer Institute, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Athena Matakidou
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, CRUK Cambridge institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK. .,Centre for Genomics Research, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Melbourn, SG8 6HB, UK.
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149
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Traub S, Meier DT, Schulze F, Dror E, Nordmann TM, Goetz N, Koch N, Dalmas E, Stawiski M, Makshana V, Thorel F, Herrera PL, Böni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. Pancreatic α Cell-Derived Glucagon-Related Peptides Are Required for β Cell Adaptation and Glucose Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2017; 18:3192-3203. [PMID: 28355570 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic α cells may process proglucagon not only to glucagon but also to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). However, the biological relevance of paracrine GLP-1 for β cell function remains unclear. We studied effects of locally derived insulin secretagogues on β cell function and glucose homeostasis using mice with α cell ablation and with α cell-specific GLP-1 deficiency. Normally, intestinal GLP-1 compensates for the lack of α cell-derived GLP-1. However, upon aging and metabolic stress, glucose tolerance is impaired. This was partly rescued with the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin, but not with glucagon administration. In isolated islets from these mice, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was heavily impaired and exogenous GLP-1 or glucagon rescued insulin secretion. These data highlight the importance of α cell-derived GLP-1 for glucose homeostasis during metabolic stress and may impact on the clinical use of systemic GLP-1 agonists versus stabilizing local α cell-derived GLP-1 by DPP-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Traub
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel T Meier
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Friederike Schulze
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erez Dror
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thierry M Nordmann
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Goetz
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Norina Koch
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elise Dalmas
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Stawiski
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valmir Makshana
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Thorel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Centre facultaire du diabète, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Centre facultaire du diabète, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Böni-Schnetzler
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Y Donath
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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150
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A T cell-specific knockout reveals an important role for protease-activated receptor 2 in lymphocyte development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 92:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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