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Combined In Silico, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Assessment of L-17, a Thiadiazine Derivative with Putative Neuro- and Cardioprotective and Antidepressant Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413626. [PMID: 34948423 PMCID: PMC8708481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression associated with poor general medical condition, such as post-stroke (PSD) or post-myocardial infarction (PMID) depression, is characterized by resistance to classical antidepressants. Special treatment strategies should thus be developed for these conditions. Our study aims to investigate the mechanism of action of 2-morpholino-5-phenyl-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, hydrobromide (L-17), a recently designed thiadiazine derivative with putative neuro- and cardioprotective and antidepressant-like effects, using combined in silico (for prediction of the molecular binding mechanisms), ex vivo (for assessment of the neural excitability using c-Fos immunocytochemistry), and in vivo (for direct examination of the neuronal excitability) methodological approaches. We found that the predicted binding affinities of L-17 to serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) and 5-HT3 and 5-HT1A receptors are compatible with selective 5-HT serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and antagonists of 5-HT3 and 5-HT1A receptors, respectively. L-17 robustly increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in the amygdala and decreased it in the hippocampus. L-17 dose-dependently inhibited 5-HT neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus; this inhibition was partially reversed by the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY100135. We suggest that L-17 is a potent 5-HT reuptake inhibitor and partial antagonist of 5-HT3 and 5-HT1A receptors; the effects of L-17 on amygdaloid and hippocampal excitability might be mediated via 5-HT, and putatively mediate the antidepressant-like effects of this drug. Since L-17 also possesses neuro- and cardioprotective properties, it can be beneficial in PSD and PMID. Combined in silico predictions with ex vivo neurochemical and in vivo electrophysiological assessments might be a useful strategy for early assessment of the efficacy and neural mechanism of action of novel CNS drugs.
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Li ZF, Chometton S, Guèvremont G, Timofeeva E, Timofeev I. Compulsive Eating in a Rat Model of Binge Eating Disorder Under Conditioned Fear and Exploration of Neural Mechanisms With c-fos mRNA Expression. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:777572. [PMID: 34912190 PMCID: PMC8666959 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.777572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Compulsive eating is the most obstinate feature of binge eating disorder. In this study, we observed the compulsive eating in our stress-induced binge-like eating rat model using a conflicting test, where sucrose and an aversively conditioned stimulus were presented at the same time. In this conflicting situation, the binge-like eating prone rats (BEPs), compared to the binge-like eating resistant rats (BERs), showed persistent high sucrose intake and inhibited fear response, respectively, indicating a deficit in palatability devaluation and stronger anxiolytic response to sucrose in the BEPs. We further analyzed the neuronal activation with c-fos mRNA in situ hybridization. Surprisingly, the sucrose access under conditioned fear did not inhibit the activity of amygdala; instead, it activated the central amygdala. In the BEPs, sucrose reduced the response of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), while enhancing activities in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) to the CS. The resistance to devaluating the palatable food in the BEPs could be a result of persistent Acb response to sucrose intake and attenuated recruitment of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We interpret this finding as that the reward system of the BEPs overcame the homeostasis system and the stress-responding system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Fei Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche CERVO, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sandrine Chometton
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Guèvremont
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Elena Timofeeva
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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103
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de Lamotte JD, Polentes J, Roussange F, Lesueur L, Feurgard P, Perrier A, Nicoleau C, Martinat C. Optogenetically controlled human functional motor endplate for testing botulinum neurotoxins. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:599. [PMID: 34865655 PMCID: PMC8647380 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of physiologically relevant and predictive cell-based assays is one of the major obstacles for testing and developing botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) therapeutics. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)-derivatives now offer the opportunity to improve the relevance of cellular models and thus the translational value of preclinical data. Methods We investigated the potential of hiPSC-derived motor neurons (hMNs) optical stimulation combined with calcium imaging in cocultured muscle cells activity to investigate BoNT-sensitivity of an in vitro model of human muscle-nerve system. Results Functional muscle-nerve coculture system was developed using hMNs and human immortalized skeletal muscle cells. Our results demonstrated that hMNs can innervate myotubes and induce contractions and calcium transient in muscle cells, generating an in vitro human motor endplate showing dose-dependent sensitivity to BoNTs intoxication. The implementation of optogenetics combined with live calcium imaging allows to monitor the impact of BoNTs intoxication on synaptic transmission in human motor endplate model. Conclusions Altogether, our findings demonstrate the promise of optogenetically hiPSC-derived controlled muscle-nerve system for pharmaceutical BoNTs testing and development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02665-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Duchesne de Lamotte
- IPSEN Innovation, 5 avenue du Canada, 91940, Les Ulis, France.,Université Evry-Paris Saclay/INSERM UMR861, Institut Des Cellules Souches Pour Le Traitement Et L'étude Des Maladies Monogéniques (I-Stem), 2 rue Henri Auguste Desbruères, 91100, Corbeil-Essonne, France
| | - Jérôme Polentes
- Université Evry-Paris Saclay/INSERM UMR861, Institut Des Cellules Souches Pour Le Traitement Et L'étude Des Maladies Monogéniques (I-Stem), 2 rue Henri Auguste Desbruères, 91100, Corbeil-Essonne, France
| | - Florine Roussange
- Université Evry-Paris Saclay/INSERM UMR861, Institut Des Cellules Souches Pour Le Traitement Et L'étude Des Maladies Monogéniques (I-Stem), 2 rue Henri Auguste Desbruères, 91100, Corbeil-Essonne, France
| | - Léa Lesueur
- Université Evry-Paris Saclay/INSERM UMR861, Institut Des Cellules Souches Pour Le Traitement Et L'étude Des Maladies Monogéniques (I-Stem), 2 rue Henri Auguste Desbruères, 91100, Corbeil-Essonne, France
| | - Pauline Feurgard
- Université Evry-Paris Saclay/INSERM UMR861, Institut Des Cellules Souches Pour Le Traitement Et L'étude Des Maladies Monogéniques (I-Stem), 2 rue Henri Auguste Desbruères, 91100, Corbeil-Essonne, France
| | - Anselme Perrier
- Université Evry-Paris Saclay/INSERM UMR861, Institut Des Cellules Souches Pour Le Traitement Et L'étude Des Maladies Monogéniques (I-Stem), 2 rue Henri Auguste Desbruères, 91100, Corbeil-Essonne, France.,Laboratoire Des Maladies Neurodégénératives: Mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, Université Paris Saclay/CEA/CNRS UMR9199, MIRCen, Bâtiment 61, CEA-Fontenay-Aux-Roses, 18 route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Cécile Martinat
- Université Evry-Paris Saclay/INSERM UMR861, Institut Des Cellules Souches Pour Le Traitement Et L'étude Des Maladies Monogéniques (I-Stem), 2 rue Henri Auguste Desbruères, 91100, Corbeil-Essonne, France.
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104
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Parvin S, Williams CR, Jarrett SA, Garraway SM. Spinal Cord Injury Increases Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Kidney at Acute and Sub-chronic Stages. Inflammation 2021; 44:2346-2361. [PMID: 34417952 PMCID: PMC8616867 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports that spinal cord injury (SCI) produces robust inflammatory plasticity. We previously showed that the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α is increased in the spinal cord after SCI. SCI also induces a systemic inflammatory response that can impact peripheral organ functions. The kidney plays an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health. However, SCI-induced inflammatory response in the kidney and the subsequent effect on renal function have not been well characterized. This study investigated the impact of high and low thoracic (T) SCI on C-fos, TNFα, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 expression in the kidney at acute and sub-chronic timepoints. Adult C57BL/6 mice received a moderate contusion SCI or sham procedures at T4 or T10. Uninjured mice served as naïve controls. mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and C-fos, and TNFα and C-fos protein expression were assessed in the kidney and spinal cord 1 day and 14 days post-injury. The mRNA levels of all targets were robustly increased in the kidney and spinal cord, 1 day after both injuries. Whereas IL-6 and TNFα remained elevated in the spinal cord at 14 days after SCI, C-fos, IL-6, and TNFα levels were sustained in the kidney only after T10 SCI. TNFα protein was significantly upregulated in the kidney 1 day after both T4 and T10 SCI. Overall, these results clearly demonstrate that SCI induces robust systemic inflammation that extends to the kidney. Hence, the presence of renal inflammation can substantially impact renal pathophysiology and function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangrila Parvin
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Clintoria R. Williams
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH USA
| | - Simone A. Jarrett
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Sandra M. Garraway
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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105
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Matchynski JI, Manwar R, Kratkiewicz KJ, Madangopal R, Lennon VA, Makki KM, Reppen AL, Woznicki AR, Hope BT, Perrine SA, Conti AC, Avanaki K. Direct measurement of neuronal ensemble activity using photoacoustic imaging in the stimulated Fos-LacZ transgenic rat brain: A proof-of-principle study. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 24:100297. [PMID: 34522608 PMCID: PMC8426561 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Measuring neuroactivity underlying complex behaviors facilitates understanding the microcircuitry that supports these behaviors. We have developed a functional and molecular photoacoustic tomography (F/M-PAT) system which allows direct imaging of Fos-expressing neuronal ensembles in Fos-LacZ transgenic rats with a large field-of-view and high spatial resolution. F/M-PAT measures the beta-galactosidase catalyzed enzymatic product of exogenous chromophore X-gal within ensemble neurons. We used an ex vivo imaging method in the Wistar Fos-LacZ transgenic rat, to detect neuronal ensembles in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) following cocaine administration or a shock-tone paired stimulus. Robust and selective F/M-PAT signal was detected in mPFC neurons after both conditions (compare to naive controls) demonstrating successful and direct detection of Fos-expressing neuronal ensembles using this approach. The results of this study indicate that F/M-PAT can be used in conjunction with Fos-LacZ rats to monitor neuronal ensembles that underlie a range of behavioral processes, such as fear learning or addiction.
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Key Words
- ANSI, American national standards institute
- AP, anterior-posterior
- Brain
- CNR, contrast-to-noise ratio
- Cocaine
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DV, dorsal-ventral
- F/M-PAT, functional molecular photoacoustic tomography
- FOV, field-of-view
- Fear conditioning
- Fos
- GRIN, gradient-index
- IL, infralimbic cortex
- ML, medial-lateral
- Neuronal ensemble
- OCT, optical coherence tomography
- OPO, optical parametric oscillator
- PA, photoacoustic
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PL, prelimbic cortex
- Photoacoustic imaging
- SNR, signal-to-noise ratio
- US, ultrasound
- X-gal
- X-gal, beta-D-galactosidase
- fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex
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Affiliation(s)
- James I. Matchynski
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rayyan Manwar
- The Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Karl J. Kratkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rajtarun Madangopal
- The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Veronica A. Lennon
- The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kassem M. Makki
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Abbey L. Reppen
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Bruce T. Hope
- The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shane A. Perrine
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alana C. Conti
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kamran Avanaki
- The Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
- Corresponding author at: The Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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106
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Chao OY, Zhang H, Pathak SS, Huston JP, Yang YM. Functional Convergence of Motor and Social Processes in Lobule IV/V of the Mouse Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 20:836-852. [PMID: 33661502 PMCID: PMC8417139 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Topographic organization of the cerebellum is largely segregated into the anterior and posterior lobes that represent its "motor" and "non-motor" functions, respectively. Although patients with damage to the anterior cerebellum often exhibit motor deficits, it remains unclear whether and how such an injury affects cognitive and social behaviors. To address this, we perturbed the activity of major anterior lobule IV/V in mice by either neurotoxic lesion or chemogenetic excitation of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex. We found that both of the manipulations impaired motor coordination, but not general locomotion or anxiety-related behavior. The lesioned animals showed memory deficits in object recognition and social-associative recognition tests, which were confounded by a lack of exploration. Chemogenetic excitation of Purkinje cells disrupted the animals' social approach in a less-preferred context and social memory, without affecting their overall exploration and object-based memory. In a free social interaction test, the two groups exhibited less interaction with a stranger conspecific. Subsequent c-Fos imaging indicated that decreased neuronal activities in the medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampal dentate gyrus, parahippocampal cortices, and basolateral amygdala, as well as disorganized modular structures of the brain networks might underlie the reduced social interaction. These findings suggest that the anterior cerebellum plays an intricate role in processing motor, cognitive, and social functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Y Chao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Salil Saurav Pathak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yi-Mei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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107
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Li S, Zhao F, Tang Q, Xi C, He J, Wang Y, Zhu MX, Cao Z. Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase 2b mediates oxidation-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress to regulate neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2016-2036. [PMID: 34811737 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuropathic pain is a widespread health problem with limited curative treatment. Decreased sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA) expression has been reported in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of animals suffering from neuropathic pain. We aimed to establish the relationship between SERCA expression and the pain responses and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Neuropathic pain was modeled using rat chronic constriction injury (CCI). Ca2+ imaging and current clamp patch-clamp were used to determine cytosolic Ca2+ levels and action potential firing, respectively. Western blots, immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR were used to quantitatively assess protein and mRNA expression, respectively. H&E staining and coupled enzyme assay were used to evaluate the nerve injury and SERCA2b activity, respectively. KEY RESULTS SERCA2b is the predominant SERCA isoform in rat DRG and its expression is decreased after CCI at mRNA, protein and activity levels. Whereas inhibiting SERCA with thapsigargin causes neuronal hyperexcitation, nerve injury, ER stress, satellite glial cell activation and mechanical allodynia, activating SERCA by CDN1163 or overexpressing SERCA2b in DRG after CCI produces long-term relief of mechanical and thermal allodynia with accompanied morphological and functional restoration through alleviation of ER stress. Furthermore, the downregulation of DRG SERCA2b in CCI rats is caused by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through Sp1-dependent transcriptional inhibition. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings reveal a novel pathway centering around SERCA2b as the key molecule underlying the mechanism of development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, and SERCA2b activators have the potential for therapeutic treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinglian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuchu Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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108
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Okuda T, Osako Y, Hidaka C, Nishihara M, Young LJ, Mitsui S, Yuri K. Separation from a bonded partner alters neural response to inflammatory pain in monogamous rodents. Behav Brain Res 2021; 418:113650. [PMID: 34748865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pain experience is known to be modified by social factors, but the brain mechanisms remain unspecified. We recently established an animal model of social stress-induced hyperalgesia (SSIH) using a socially monogamous rodent, the prairie vole, in which males separated from their female partners (loss males) became anxious and displayed exacerbated inflammatory pain behaviors compared to males with partners (paired males). In the present study, to explore the neural pathways involved in SSIH, a difference in neuronal activation in pain-related brain regions, or "pain matrix", during inflammatory pain between paired and loss males was detected using Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-ir). Males were paired with a female and pair bonding was confirmed in all subjects using a partner preference test. During formalin-induced inflammatory pain, both paired and loss males showed a significant induction of Fos-ir throughout the analyzed pain matrix components compared to basal condition (without injection), and no group differences in immunoreactivity were found among the injected males in many brain regions. However, the loss males had significantly lower Fos-ir following inflammatory pain in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens shell than the paired males, even though base Fos-ir levels were comparable between groups. Notably, both regions with different Fos-ir are major components of the dopamine and oxytocin systems, which play critical roles in both pair bonding and pain regulation. The present results suggest the possibility that pain exacerbation by social stress emerges through alteration of signaling in social brain circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Okuda
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Tosa Rehabilitation College, Otsu, Ohtsu, Kochi 781-5103, Japan.
| | - Yoji Osako
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Chiharu Hidaka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishihara
- Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 21 Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Larry J Young
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 954 Gatewood Rd. Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Social Neural Networks, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shinichi Mitsui
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yuri
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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109
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Johnson CS, Hong W, Micevych PE. Posterodorsal Medial Amygdala Regulation of Female Social Behavior: GABA versus Glutamate Projections. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8790-8800. [PMID: 34470806 PMCID: PMC8528505 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1103-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Social behaviors, including reproductive behaviors, often display sexual dimorphism. Lordosis, the measure of female sexual receptivity, is one of the most apparent sexually dimorphic reproductive behaviors. Lordosis is regulated by estrogen and progesterone (P4) acting within a hypothalamic-limbic circuit, consisting of the arcuate, medial preoptic, and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. Social cues are integrated into the circuit through the amygdala. The posterodorsal part of the medial amygdala (MeApd) is involved in sexually dimorphic social and reproductive behaviors, and sends projections to hypothalamic neuroendocrine regions. GABA from the MeApd appears to facilitate social behaviors, while glutamate may play the opposite role. To test these hypotheses, adult female vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)-Cre and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2)-Cre mice were transfected with halorhodopsin (eNpHR)-expressing or channelrhodopsin-expressing adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), respectively, in the MeApd. The lordosis quotient (LQ) was measured following either photoinhibition of VGAT or photoexcitation of VGluT2 neurons, and brains were assessed for c-Fos immunohistochemistry (IHC). Photoinhibition of VGAT neurons in the MeApd decreased LQ, and decreased c-Fos expression within VGAT neurons, within the MeApd as a whole, and within the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus (VMHvl). Photoexcitation of VGluT2 neurons did not affect LQ, but did increase time spent self-grooming, and increased c-Fos expression within VGluT2 neurons in the MeApd. Neither condition altered c-Fos expression in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) or the arcuate nucleus (ARH). These data support a role for MeApd GABA in the facilitation of lordosis. Glutamate from the MeApd does not appear to be directly involved in the lordosis circuit, but appears to direct behavior away from social interactions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Lordosis, the measure of female sexual receptivity, is a sexually dimorphic behavior regulated within a hypothalamic-limbic circuit. Social cues are integrated through the amygdala, and the posterodorsal part of the medial amygdala (MeApd) is involved in sexually dimorphic social and reproductive behaviors. Photoinhibition of GABAergic neurons in the MeApd inhibited lordosis, while photoactivation of glutamate neurons had no effect on lordosis, but increased self-grooming. These data support a role for MeApd GABA in the facilitation of social behaviors and MeApd glutamate projections in anti-social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Johnson
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Weizhe Hong
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Paul E Micevych
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
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110
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Logue MW, Zhou Z, Morrison FG, Wolf EJ, Daskalakis NP, Chatzinakos C, Georgiadis F, Labadorf AT, Girgenti MJ, Young KA, Williamson DE, Zhao X, Grenier JG, Huber BR, Miller MW. Gene expression in the dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortices implicates immune-related gene networks in PTSD. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100398. [PMID: 34646915 PMCID: PMC8498459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating neuroimaging, genetically predicted gene expression, and pre-clinical genetic models of PTSD, have identified PTSD-related abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the brain, particularly in dorsolateral and ventromedial PFC (dlPFC and vmPFC). In this study, RNA sequencing was used to examine gene expression in the dlPFC and vmPFC using tissue from the VA National PTSD Brain Bank in donors with histories of PTSD with or without depression (dlPFC n = 38, vmPFC n = 35), depression cases without PTSD (n = 32), and psychopathology-free controls (dlPFC n = 24, vmPFC n = 20). Analyses compared PTSD cases to controls. Follow-up analyses contrasted depression cases to controls. Twenty-one genes were differentially expressed in PTSD after strict multiple testing correction. PTSD-associated genes with roles in learning and memory (FOS, NR4A1), immune regulation (CFH, KPNA1) and myelination (MBP, MOBP, ERMN) were identified. PTSD-associated genes partially overlapped depression-associated genes. Co-expression network analyses identified PTSD-associated networks enriched for immune-related genes across the two brain regions. However, the immune-related genes and association patterns were distinct. The immune gene IL1B was significantly associated with PTSD in candidate-gene analysis and was an upstream regulator of PTSD-associated genes in both regions. There was evidence of replication of dlPFC associations in an independent cohort from a recent study, and a strong correlation between the dlPFC PTSD effect sizes for significant genes in the two studies (r = 0.66, p < 2.2 × 10−16). In conclusion, this study identified several novel PTSD-associated genes and brain region specific PTSD-associated immune-related networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Logue
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Biomedical Genetics, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Zhenwei Zhou
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Filomene G Morrison
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Erika J Wolf
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Christos Chatzinakos
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Foivos Georgiadis
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Adam T Labadorf
- Bioinformatics Hub, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Matthew J Girgenti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.,TAMUCOM Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Keith A Young
- TAMUCOM Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.,VISN17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans at CTVHCS, Waco, TX, 76711, USA
| | - Douglas E Williamson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.,Durham VA Healthcare System, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Xiang Zhao
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jaclyn Garza Grenier
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Bertrand Russell Huber
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Mark W Miller
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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111
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Hagihara H, Shoji H, Otabi H, Toyoda A, Katoh K, Namihira M, Miyakawa T. Protein lactylation induced by neural excitation. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109820. [PMID: 34644564 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate has diverse roles in the brain at the molecular and behavioral levels under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This study investigates whether lysine lactylation (Kla), a lactate-derived post-translational modification in macrophages, occurs in brain cells and if it does, whether Kla is induced by the stimuli that accompany changes in lactate levels. Here, we show that Kla in brain cells is regulated by neural excitation and social stress, with parallel changes in lactate levels. These stimuli increase Kla, which is associated with the expression of the neuronal activity marker c-Fos, as well as with decreased social behavior and increased anxiety-like behavior in the stress model. In addition, we identify 63 candidate lysine-lactylated proteins and find that stress preferentially increases histone H1 Kla. This study may open an avenue for the exploration of a role of neuronal activity-induced lactate mediated by protein lactylation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Hagihara
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shoji
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hikari Otabi
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan; United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan; United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan; Ibaraki University Cooperation between Agriculture and Medical Science (IUCAM), Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan
| | - Kaoru Katoh
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Masakazu Namihira
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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112
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Petrisko TJ, Konat GW. Peripheral viral challenge increases c-fos level in cerebral neurons. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1995-2002. [PMID: 34406561 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral viral infection can substantially alter brain function. We have previously shown that intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a viral mimetic, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PIC), engenders hyperexcitability of cerebral neurons. Because neuronal activity is invariably associated with their expression of the Cfos gene, the present study was undertaken to determine whether PIC challenge also increases neuronal c-fos protein level. Female C57BL/6 mice were i.p. injected with PIC, and neuronal c-fos was analyzed in the motor cortex by immunohistochemistry. PIC challenge instigated a robust increase in the number of c-fos-positive neurons. This increase reached approximately tenfold over control at 24 h. Also, the c-fos staining intensity of individual neurons increased. AMG-487, a specific inhibitor of the chemokine receptor CXCR3, profoundly attenuated the accumulation of neuronal c-fos, indicating the activation of CXCL10/CXCR3 axis as the trigger of the process. Together, these results show that the accumulation of c-fos is a viable readout to assess the response of cerebral neurons to peripheral PIC challenge, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J Petrisko
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Gregory W Konat
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 4052 HSCN, P.O. Box 9128, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9128, USA.
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113
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Eilertsen M, Clokie BGJ, Ebbesson LOE, Tanase C, Migaud H, Helvik JV. Neural activation in photosensitive brain regions of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after light stimulation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258007. [PMID: 34587204 PMCID: PMC8480854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptive inputs to the teleost brain are perceived as image of the visual world and as photo-modulation of neuroendocrine and neuronal signals. The retina and pineal organ are major receptive organs with projections to various parts of the brain, but in the past decades deep brain photoreceptors have emerged as candidates for photoreceptive inputs, either independent or in combination with projections from light sensory organs. This study aimed to test the effects of narrow bandwidth light using light-emitting diodes technology on brain neural activity through putative opsin stimulation in Atlantic salmon. The expression of c-fos, a known marker of neural activity, was compared in situ between dark-adapted salmon parr and following light stimulation with different wavelengths. c-fos expression increased with duration of light stimulation and the strongest signal was obtained in fish exposed to light for 120 minutes. Distinct and specific brain regions were activated following dark to light stimulation, such as the habenula, suprachiasmatic nucleus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The c-fos expression was overlapping with photoreceptors expressing melanopsin and/or vertebrate ancient opsin, suggesting a potential direct activation by light. Interestingly in the habenula, a distinct ring of vertebrate ancient opsin and melanopsin expressing cells is overlapping with c-fos expression after neural activation. Salmon exposed to different spectra had neural activation in similar brain regions. The most apparent difference was melanopsin expression in the lateral cells of the lateral tuberal nuclus in the hypothalamus, which appeared to be specifically activated by red light. Light-stimulated neuronal activity in the deep brain was limited to subpopulations of neurons, mainly in regions with neuronal modulation activity, retinal and pineal innervations and known presence of nonvisual photoreceptors. The overlapping expression patterns of c-fos and nonvisual opsins support direct light stimulation of deep brain photoreceptors and the importance of these systems in light induced brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Eilertsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin G. J. Clokie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lars O. E. Ebbesson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norce, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Vidar Helvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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114
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Glas A, Hübener M, Bonhoeffer T, Goltstein PM. Spaced training enhances memory and prefrontal ensemble stability in mice. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4052-4061.e6. [PMID: 34324833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly acknowledged that memory is substantially improved when learning is distributed over time, an effect called the "spacing effect". So far it has not been studied how spaced learning affects the neuronal ensembles presumably underlying memory. In the present study, we investigate whether trial spacing increases the stability or size of neuronal ensembles. Mice were trained in the "everyday memory" task, an appetitive, naturalistic, delayed matching-to-place task. Spacing trials by 60 min produced more robust memories than training with shorter or longer intervals. c-Fos labeling and chemogenetic inactivation established the involvement of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) in successful memory storage. In vivo calcium imaging of excitatory dmPFC neurons revealed that longer trial spacing increased the similarity of the population activity pattern on subsequent encoding trials and upon retrieval. Conversely, trial spacing did not affect the size of the total neuronal ensemble or the size of subpopulations dedicated to specific task-related behaviors and events. Thus, spaced learning promotes reactivation of prefrontal neuronal ensembles processing episodic-like memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Glas
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark Hübener
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tobias Bonhoeffer
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pieter M Goltstein
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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115
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Effects of Long-Term Exposure to L-Band High-Power Microwave on the Brain Function of Male Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:2237370. [PMID: 34527734 PMCID: PMC8437633 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2237370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the impact of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure on the nervous system is an increasingly arousing public concern. The present study was designed to explore the effects of continuous long-term exposure to L-band high-power microwave (L-HPM) on brain function and related mechanisms. Forty-eight male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were exposed to L-HPM at various power densities (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 W/m2) and the brain function was examined at different time periods after exposure. The morphology of the brain was examined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Furthermore, cholinergic markers, oxidative stress markers, and the expression of c-fos were evaluated to identify a “potential” mechanism. The results showed that exposure to L-HPM at 1.5 W/m2 can cause generalized injuries in the hippocampus (CA1 and CA3) and cerebral cortex (the first somatosensory cortex) of mice, including cell apoptosis, cholinergic dysfunction, and oxidative damage. Moreover, the deleterious effects were closely related to the power density and exposure time, indicating that long-term and high-power density exposure may be detrimental to the nervous system.
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116
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Yatziv SL, Yudco O, Vaso K, Mizrahi A, Devor M. Anesthesia in mice activates discrete populations of neurons throughout the brain. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3284-3305. [PMID: 34510528 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The brain undergoes rapid, dramatic, and reversible transitioning between states of wakefulness and unconsciousness during natural sleep and in pathological conditions such as hypoxia, hypotension, and concussion. Transitioning can also be induced pharmacologically using general anesthetic agents. The effect is selective. Mobility, sensory perception, memory formation, and awareness are lost while numerous housekeeping functions persist. How is selective transitioning accomplished? Classically a handful of brainstem and diencephalic "arousal nuclei" have been implicated in driving brain-state transitions on the grounds that their net activity systematically varies with brain state. Here we used transgenic targeted recombination in active populations mice to label neurons active during wakefulness with one reporter and neurons active during pentobarbital-induced general anesthesia with a second, contrasting reporter. We found 'wake-on' and 'anesthesia-on' neurons in widely distributed regions-of-interest, but rarely encountered neurons labeled with both reporters. Nearly all labeled neurons were either wake-on or anesthesia-on. Thus, anesthesia-on neurons are not unique to the few nuclei discovered to date whose activity appears to increase during anesthesia. Rather neuronal populations selectively active during anesthesia are located throughout the brain where they likely play a causative role in transitioning between wakefulness and anesthesia. The widespread neuronal suppression reported in prior comparisons of the awake and anesthetized brain in animal models and noninvasive imaging in humans reflects only net differences. It misses the ubiquitous presence of neurons whose activity increases during anesthesia. The balance in recruitment of anesthesia-on versus wake-on neuronal populations throughout the brain may be a key driver of regional and global vigilance states. [Correction added on September 22, 2021, after first online publication: Due to a typesetting error, the abstract text was cut off. This has been corrected now.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai-Lee Yatziv
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Or Yudco
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kristina Vaso
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Mizrahi
- Department of Neurobiology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marshall Devor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Center for Research on Pain, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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117
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Zhang D, Liu J, Zhu T, Zhou C. Identifying c-fos Expression as a Strategy to Investigate the Actions of General Anesthetics on the Central Nervous System. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:55-71. [PMID: 34503426 PMCID: PMC9199548 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210909150200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although general anesthetics have been used in the clinic for more than 170 years, the ways in which they induce amnesia, unconsciousness, analgesia, and immobility remain elusive. Modulations of various neural nuclei and circuits are involved in the actions of general anesthetics. The expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos and its nuclear product, c-fos protein, can be induced by neuronal depolarization; therefore, c-fos staining is commonly used to identify the activated neurons during sleep and/or wakefulness, as well as in various physiological conditions in the central nervous system. Identifying c-fos expression is also a direct and convenient method to explore the effects of general anesthetics on the activity of neural nuclei and circuits. Using c-fos staining, general anesthetics have been found to interact with sleep- and wakefulness-promoting systems throughout the brain, which may explain their ability to induce unconsciousness and emergence from general anesthesia. This review summarizes the actions of general anesthetics on neural nuclei and circuits based on a c-fos expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghang Zhang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041. China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041. China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041. China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041. China
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118
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Urban LS, Thornton MA, Ingraham Dixie KL, Dale EA, Zhong H, Phelps PE, Burdick JW, Edgerton VR. Formation of a novel supraspinal-spinal connectome that relearns the same motor task after complete paralysis. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:957-966. [PMID: 34406891 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00422.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Having observed that electrical spinal cord stimulation and training enabled four patients with paraplegia with motor complete paralysis to regain voluntary leg movement, the underlying mechanisms involved in forming the newly established supraspinal-spinal functional connectivity have become of great interest. van den Brand et al. (Science 336: 1182-1185, 2012) subsequently, demonstrated the recovery, in response to spinal electro-neuromodulation and locomotor training, of voluntary stepping of the lower limbs in rats that received a lesion that is assumed to eliminate all long-descending cortical axons that project to lumbosacral segments. Here, we used a similar spinal lesion in rats to eliminate long-descending axons to determine whether a novel, trained motor behavior triggered by a unique auditory cue learned before a spinal lesion, could recover after the lesion. Hindlimb stepping recovered 1 mo after the spinal injury, but only after 2 mo, the novel and unique audio-triggered behavior was recovered, meaning that not only was a novel connectivity formed but also further evidence suggested that this highly unique behavioral response was independent of the recovery of the circuitry that generated stepping. The unique features of the newly formed supraspinal-spinal connections that mediated the recovery of the trained behavior is consistent with a guidance mechanism(s) that are highly use dependent.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Electrical spinal cord stimulation has enabled patients with paraplegia to regain voluntary leg movement, and so the underlying mechanisms involved in this recovery are of great interest. Here, we demonstrate in rodents the recovery of trained motor behavior after a spinal lesion. Rodents were trained to kick their right hindlimb in response to an auditory cue. This behavior recovered 2 mo after the paralyzing spinal cord injury but only with the assistance of electrical spinal cord stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Stuart Urban
- Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Michael A Thornton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Katie L Ingraham Dixie
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erica A Dale
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hui Zhong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Patricia E Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joel W Burdick
- Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Institut Guttmann, Hospital de Neurorehabilitació, Institut Universitari adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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119
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Valeri A, Chiricosta L, Calcaterra V, Biasin M, Cappelletti G, Carelli S, Zuccotti GV, Bramanti P, Pelizzo G, Mazzon E, Gugliandolo A. Transcriptomic Analysis of HCN-2 Cells Suggests Connection among Oxidative Stress, Senescence, and Neuron Death after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092189. [PMID: 34571838 PMCID: PMC8472605 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the neurological symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is known that the nervous system is influenced by the virus. We used pediatric human cerebral cortical cell line HCN-2 as a neuronal model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and, through transcriptomic analysis, our aim was to evaluate the effect of SARS-CoV-2 in this type of cells. Transcriptome analyses revealed impairment in TXN gene, resulting in deregulation of its antioxidant functions, as well as a decrease in the DNA-repairing mechanism, as indicated by the decrease in KAT5. Western blot analyses of SOD1 and iNOS confirmed the impairment of reduction mechanisms and an increase in oxidative stress. Upregulation of CDKN2A and a decrease in CDK4 and CDK6 point to the blocking of the cell cycle that, according to the deregulation of repairing mechanism, has apoptosis as the outcome. A high level of proapoptotic gene PMAIP1 is indeed coherent with neuronal death, as also supported by increased levels of caspase 3. The upregulation of cell-cycle-blocking genes and apoptosis suggests a sufferance state of neurons after SARS-CoV-2 infection, followed by their inevitable death, which can explain the neurological symptoms reported. Further analyses are required to deeply explain the mechanisms and find potential treatments to protect neurons from oxidative stress and prevent their death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Valeri
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.V.); (L.C.); (P.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Luigi Chiricosta
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.V.); (L.C.); (P.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Paediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (G.V.Z.)
- Paediatrics and Adolescentology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Gioia Cappelletti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Paediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Paediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.V.); (L.C.); (P.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Gloria Pelizzo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (G.P.)
- Paediatric Surgery Unit, Ospedale dei Bambini “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.V.); (L.C.); (P.B.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnese Gugliandolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.V.); (L.C.); (P.B.); (A.G.)
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Lopes PC, de Bruijn R. Neurotranscriptomic changes associated with chick-directed parental care in adult non-reproductive Japanese quail. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15481. [PMID: 34326416 PMCID: PMC8322411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For many species, parental care critically affects offspring survival. But what drives animals to display parental behaviours towards young? In mammals, pregnancy-induced physiological transformations seem key in preparing the neural circuits that lead towards attraction (and reduced-aggression) to young. Beyond mammalian maternal behaviour, knowledge of the neural mechanisms that underlie young-directed parental care is severely lacking. We took advantage of a domesticated bird species, the Japanese quail, for which parental behaviour towards chicks can be induced in virgin non-reproductive adults through a sensitization procedure, a process that is not effective in all animals. We used the variation in parental responses to study neural transcriptomic changes associated with the sensitization procedure itself and with the outcome of the procedure (i.e., presence of parental behaviours). We found differences in gene expression in the hypothalamus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not the nucleus taeniae. Two genes identified are of particular interest. One is neurotensin, previously only demonstrated to be causally associated with maternal care in mammals. The other one is urocortin 3, causally demonstrated to affect young-directed neglect and aggression in mammals. Because our studies were conducted in animals that were reproductively quiescent, our results reflect core neural changes that may be associated with avian young-directed care independently of extensive hormonal stimulation. Our work opens new avenues of research into understanding the neural basis of parental care in non-placental species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lopes
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Robert de Bruijn
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
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121
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Xiong B, Karim F, Eloy DJ, Ye JH. Gabra6100Q allele Sprague-Dawley rats have a higher sensitivity to hypnosis induced by isoflurane and ethanol than the wild type rats. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136142. [PMID: 34332026 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurobiological mechanisms underlying how general anesthetics render a patient's unconsciousness (hypnosis) remains elusive. The role of the cerebellum in hypnosis induced by general anesthetics is unknown. Gabra6100Q allele Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats have a naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphism in the GABAA receptor α6 subunit gene that is expressed exclusively in cerebellum granule cells. METHODS We examined the loss of righting reflex (LORR) induced by isoflurane, and ethanol in Gabra6100Q rats compared with those in wild type (WT) SD rats. We also examined the change of c-Fos expression induced by isoflurane exposure in cerebellum granule cells of both mutant and WT rats. RESULTS Gabra6100Q rats are more sensitive than WT rats to the LORR induced by isoflurane and ethanol. Moreover, isoflurane exposure induced a greater reduction in c-Fos expression in cerebellum granule cells of Gabra6100Q rats than WT rats. CONCLUSIONS Based on these data, we speculate that cerebellum may be involved in the hypnosis induced by some general anesthetics and thus may represent a novel target of general anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Farabi Karim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel J Eloy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jiang-Hong Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Kanasaki H, Tumurbaatar T, Tumurgan Z, Oride A, Okada H, Kyo S. Mutual Interactions Between GnRH and Kisspeptin in GnRH- and Kiss-1-Expressing Immortalized Hypothalamic Cell Models. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:3380-3389. [PMID: 34268716 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) are central regulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and control female reproductive functions. Recently established mHypoA-50 and mHypoA-55 cells are immortalized hypothalamic neuronal cell models that originated from the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and arcuate nucleus (ARC) regions of the mouse hypothalamus, respectively. mHypoA-50 or mHypoA-55 cells were stimulated with kisspeptin-10 (KP10) and GnRH, after which the expression of kisspeptin and GnRH was determined. Primary cultures of fetal rat brain cells were also examined. mHypoA-50 and mHypoA-55 cells expressed mRNA for Kiss-1 (which encodes kisspeptin) and GnRH as well as receptors for kisspeptin and GnRH. We found that Kiss-1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in mHypoA-50 AVPV cells by KP10 and GnRH stimulation. Kisspeptin protein expression was also increased by KP10 and GnRH stimulation in these cells. In contrast, GnRH expression was unchanged in mHypoA-50 AVPV cells by KP10 and GnRH stimulation. In mHypoA-55 ARC cells, kisspeptin expression was also significantly increased at the mRNA and protein levels by KP10 and GnRH stimulation; however, GnRH expression was also upregulated by KP10 and GnRH stimulation in these cells. KP10 and estradiol (E2) both increased Kiss-1 gene expression in mHypoA-50 AVPV cells, but combined stimulation with KP10 and E2 did not potentiate their individual effects on Kiss-1 gene expression. On the other hand, E2 did not increase Kiss-1 gene expression in mHypoA-55 ARC cells, and the KP10-induced increase of Kiss-1 gene expression was inhibited in the presence of E2 in these cells. KP10 and GnRH significantly increased c-Fos protein expression in the mHypoA-50 AVPV and mHypoA-55 ARC cell lines. In primary cultures of fetal rat neuronal cells, KP10 significantly increased Kiss-1 gene expression, whereas GnRH significantly increased GnRH gene expression. We found that kisspeptin and GnRH affected Kiss-1- and GnRH-expressing hypothalamic cells and modulated Kiss-1 and/or GnRH gene expression with a concomitant increase in c-Fos protein expression. A mutual- or self-regulatory system might be present in Kiss-1 and/or GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Kanasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Tuvshintugs Tumurbaatar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Zolzaya Tumurgan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Aki Oride
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroe Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
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Touj S, Paquette T, Bronchti G, Piché M. Early and late visual deprivation induce hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal noxious stimuli in the ZRDBA mouse. Eur J Pain 2021; 25:2257-2265. [PMID: 34260794 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual deprivation leads to behavioural adaptations. Early visual deprivation has greater effects on sensory systems compared with late visual deprivation. Although this has been well studied, the impact of visual deprivation on pain sensitivity has scarcely been investigated. In humans, one study indicates that pain sensitivity is increased in early, but not late-onset blindness. In animals, one study indicates that sensitivity to noxious stimulation is increased in anophthalmic mice, but the impact of late visual deprivation on sensitivity remains unknown. The aim of this behavioural study was to examine sensitivity to noxious stimulation in mice with early and late visual deprivation. We hypothesized that visual deprivation would have different effects on sensitivity to noxious stimulation depending on its onset. METHODS In Experiment 1, mechanical and thermal sensitivity was examined in four ZRDBA mouse groups: sighted mice, anophthalmic mice, dark-reared sighted mice and adult sighted mice deprived of vision for one week. In Experiment 2, mechanical and thermal sensitivity was examined in adult sighted ZRDBA mice deprived of vision for two months. RESULTS Anophthalmic and dark-reared mice showed mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, while the one-week visual deprivation did not alter sensitivity. The two-month deprivation also resulted in mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that early visual deprivation, regardless of the integrity of the visual system, induces hypersensitivity. Moreover, the present findings indicate that late visual deprivation may induce mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, although this depends on visual deprivation duration. These results have implications for the biological significance of pain in the blind. SIGNIFICANCE Sensory deprivation induces behavioural adaptions. For most sensory systems, the extent of these adaptations generally depends on the stage of cerebral development. In contrast, the present results indicate that for the nociceptive system, both early and late visual deprivation have similar effects. Anophthalmic, dark-reared mice and adult mice deprived of vision for two months showed thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity. This shows a clear interaction between visual and nociceptive systems and has implications for the biological significance of pain in the blind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Touj
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.,CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Thierry Paquette
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.,CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Bronchti
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.,CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Piché
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.,CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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Mimiroglu D, Yanik T, Ercan B. Nanophase surface arrays on poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) upregulate neural cell functions. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:64-75. [PMID: 34245100 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nerve guidance channels (NGCs) promote cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions occurring within the nanoscale. However, studies focusing on the effects of nanophase topography on neural cell functions are limited, and mostly concentrated on the sub-micron level (>100 nm) surface topography. Therefore, the aim of this study was to fabricate <100 nm sized structures on poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) films used in NGC applications to assess the effects of nanophase topography on neural cell functions. For this purpose, nanopit surface arrays were fabricated on PLGA surfaces via replica molding method. The results showed that neural cell proliferation increased up to 65% and c-fos protein expression increased up to 76% on PLGA surfaces having nanophase surface arrays compared to the control samples. It was observed that neural cells spread to a greater extend and formed more neurite extensions on the nanoarrayed surfaces compared to the control samples. These results were correlated with increased hydrophilicity and roughness of the nanophase PLGA surfaces, and point toward the promise of using nanoarrayed surfaces in NGC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Mimiroglu
- Biochemistry, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Tulin Yanik
- Biochemistry, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Batur Ercan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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125
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Nguyen T, Gao J, Wang P, Nagesetti A, Andrews P, Masood S, Vriesman Z, Liang P, Khizroev S, Jin X. In Vivo Wireless Brain Stimulation via Non-invasive and Targeted Delivery of Magnetoelectric Nanoparticles. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2091-2106. [PMID: 34131858 PMCID: PMC8609092 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wireless and precise stimulation of deep brain structures could have important applications to study intact brain circuits and treat neurological disorders. Herein, we report that magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENs) can be guided to a targeted brain region to stimulate brain activity with a magnetic field. We demonstrated the nanoparticles' capability to reliably evoke fast neuronal responses in cortical slices ex vivo. After fluorescently labeled MENs were intravenously injected and delivered to a targeted brain region by applying a magnetic field gradient, a magnetic field of low intensity (350-450 Oe) applied to the mouse head reliably evoked cortical activities, as revealed by two-photon and mesoscopic imaging of calcium signals and by an increased number of c-Fos expressing cells after stimulation. Neither brain delivery of MENs nor the magnetic stimulation caused significant increases in astrocytes and microglia. Thus, MENs could enable a non-invasive and contactless deep brain stimulation without the need of genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Nguyen
- Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Medical Neuroscience Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Jianhua Gao
- Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Abhignyan Nagesetti
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Peter Andrews
- Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Sehban Masood
- Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Zoe Vriesman
- Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | | | - Sakhrat Khizroev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
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Tran TM, Sherwood JK, Doolittle MJ, Sathler MF, Hofmann F, Stone-Roy LM, Kim S. Loss of cGMP-dependent protein kinase II alters ultrasonic vocalizations in mice, a model for speech impairment in human microdeletion 4q21 syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2021; 759:136048. [PMID: 34126178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 4q21 microdeletion leads to a human syndrome that exhibits restricted growth, facial dysmorphisms, mental retardation, and absent or delayed speech. One of the key genes in the affected region of the chromosome is PRKG2, which encodes cGMP-dependent protein kinase II (cGKII). Mice lacking cGKII exhibit restricted growth and deficits in learning and memory, as seen in the human syndrome. However, vocalization impairments in these mice have not been determined. The molecular pathway underlying vocalization impairment in humans is not fully understood. Here, we employed cGKII knockout (KO) mice as a model for the human microdeletion syndrome to test whether vocalizations are affected by loss of the PRKG2 gene. Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) to communicate in social situations, stress, and isolation. We thus recorded ultrasonic vocalizations as a model for human speech. We isolated postnatal day 5-7 pups from the nest to record and analyze USVs and found significant differences in vocalizations of KO mice relative to wild-type and heterozygous mutant mice. KO mice produced fewer calls that were shorter duration and higher frequency. Because neuronal activation in the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus is important for the production of animal USVs following isolation from the nest, we assessed neuronal activity in the arcuate nucleus of KO pups following isolation. We found significant reduction of neuronal activation in cGKII KO pups after isolation. Taken together, our studies indicate that cGKII is important for neuronal activation in the arcuate nucleus, which significantly contributes to the production of USVs in neonatal mice. We further suggest cGKII KO mice can be a valuable animal model to investigate pathophysiology of human microdeletion 4q21 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Tran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jessica K Sherwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael J Doolittle
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Matheus F Sathler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Leslie M Stone-Roy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Seonil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Zhong W, Chebolu S, Darmani NA. Central and peripheral emetic loci contribute to vomiting evoked by the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 in the least shrew model of emesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 900:174065. [PMID: 33775646 PMCID: PMC8085164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Akt (protein kinase B) signaling is frequently activated in diverse cancers. Akt inhibitors such as perifosine and MK-2206 have been evaluated as potential cancer chemotherapeutics. Although both drugs are generally well tolerated, among their most common side-effects vomiting is a major concern. Here we investigated whether these Akt inhibitors evoke emesis in the least shrew model of vomiting. Indeed, both perifosine and MK-2206 induced vomiting with maximal efficacies of 90% at 50 mg/kg (i.p.) and 100% at 10 mg/kg (i.p.), respectively. MK-2206 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) increased c-Fos immunoreactivity both centrally in the shrew brainstem dorsal vagal complex (DVC) emetic nuclei, and peripherally in the jejunum. MK-2206 also evoked phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in both the DVC emetic nuclei and the enteric nervous system in the jejunum. The ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 suppressed MK-2206-induced emesis dose-dependently. We then evaluated the suppressive efficacy of diverse antiemetics against MK-2206-evoked vomiting including antagonists/inhibitors of the: L-type Ca2+ channel (nifedipine at 2.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)); glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) (AR-A014418 at 10 mg/kg and SB216763 at 0.25 mg/kg, i.p.); 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT3 receptor (palonosetron at 0.5 mg/kg, s.c.); substance P neurokinin NK1 receptor (netupitant at 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and dopamine D2/3 receptor (sulpride at 8 mg/kg, s.c.). All tested antagonists/blockers attenuated emetic parameters to varying degrees. In sum, this is the first study to demonstrate how pharmacological inhibition of Akt evokes vomiting via both central and peripheral mechanisms, a process which involves multiple emetic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Seetha Chebolu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Nissar A Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
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Yamaguchi N, Sawano T, Fukumoto K, Nakatani J, Inoue S, Doe N, Yanagisawa D, Tooyama I, Nakagomi T, Matsuyama T, Tanaka H. Voluntary running exercise after focal cerebral ischemia ameliorates dendritic spine loss and promotes functional recovery. Brain Res 2021; 1767:147542. [PMID: 34077764 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral infarction causes motor, sensory, and cognitive impairments. Although rehabilitation enhances recovery of activities of daily living after cerebral infarction, its mechanism remains elusive due to the lack of reproducibility and low survival rate of brain ischemic model animals. Here, to investigate the relationship between rehabilitative intervention, motor function, and pathophysiological remodeling of the tissue in the ipsilateral hemisphere after cerebral infarction, we took advantage of a highly reproducible model of cerebral infarction using C.B-17/Icr-+/+Jcl mice. In this model, we confirmed that voluntary running exercise improved functional recovery after ischemia. Exercise did not alter the volume of infarction or survived cortex, or the number of NeuN-labeled cells in the peri-infarct cortex. In mice who did not exercise, the number of basal dendritic spines of layer 5 pyramidal cells decreased in the peri-infarct motor cortex, whereas in mice who exercised it remained at the normal level. The voluntary exercise intervention maintained basal dendritic spine density within the peri-infarct area, which may reflect an adaptive remodeling of the surviving neural circuitry that might contribute to promoting the recovery of activities of daily living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Yamaguchi
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sawano
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Kae Fukumoto
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Jin Nakatani
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shota Inoue
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Doe
- General Education Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan
| | - Daijiro Yanagisawa
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagomi
- Department of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- Department of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tanaka
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
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Rudolph S, Guo C, Pashkovski SL, Osorno T, Gillis WF, Krauss JM, Nyitrai H, Flaquer I, El-Rifai M, Datta SR, Regehr WG. Cerebellum-Specific Deletion of the GABA A Receptor δ Subunit Leads to Sex-Specific Disruption of Behavior. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108338. [PMID: 33147470 PMCID: PMC7700496 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Granule cells (GCs) of the cerebellar input layer express high-affinity δ GABAA subunit-containing GABAA receptors (δGABAARs) that respond to ambient GABA levels and context-dependent neuromodulators like steroids. We find that GC-specific deletion of δGABAA (cerebellar [cb] δ knockout [KO]) decreases tonic inhibition, makes GCs hyperexcitable, and in turn, leads to differential activation of cb output regions as well as many cortical and subcortical brain areas involved in cognition, anxiety-like behaviors, and the stress response. Cb δ KO mice display deficits in many behaviors, but motor function is normal. Strikingly, δGABAA deletion alters maternal behavior as well as spontaneous, stress-related, and social behaviors specifically in females. Our findings establish that δGABAARs enable the cerebellum to control diverse behaviors not previously associated with the cerebellum in a sex-dependent manner. These insights may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie behavioral abnormalities in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders that display a gender bias. Rudolph et al. show that deletion of the neuromodulator and hormone-sensitive δGABAA receptor subunit from cerebellar granule cells results in anxiety-like behaviors and female-specific deficits in social behavior and maternal care. δGABAA deletion is associated with hyperexcitability of the cerebellar input layer and altered activation of many stress-related brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rudolph
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chong Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stan L Pashkovski
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tomas Osorno
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Winthrop F Gillis
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeremy M Krauss
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hajnalka Nyitrai
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isabella Flaquer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mahmoud El-Rifai
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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130
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Zhong W, Darmani NA. The HCN Channel Blocker ZD7288 Induces Emesis in the Least Shrew ( Cryptotis parva). Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:647021. [PMID: 33995059 PMCID: PMC8117105 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.647021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtypes (1-4) of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as the cells of smooth muscles in many organs. They mainly serve to regulate cellular excitability in these tissues. The HCN channel blocker ZD7288 has been shown to reduce apomorphine-induced conditioned taste aversion on saccharin preference in rats suggesting potential antinausea/antiemetic effects. Currently, in the least shew model of emesis we find that ZD7288 induces vomiting in a dose-dependent manner, with maximal efficacies of 100% at 1 mg/kg (i.p.) and 83.3% at 10 µg (i.c.v.). HCN channel subtype (1-4) expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry in the least shrew brainstem dorsal vagal complex (DVC) containing the emetic nuclei (area postrema (AP), nucleus tractus solitarius and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus). Highly enriched HCN1 and HCN4 subtypes are present in the AP. A 1 mg/kg (i.p.) dose of ZD7288 strongly evoked c-Fos expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the shrew brainstem DVC, but not in the in the enteric nervous system in the jejunum, suggesting a central contribution to the evoked vomiting. The ZD7288-evoked c-Fos expression exclusively occurred in tryptophan hydroxylase 2-positive serotonin neurons of the dorsal vagal complex, indicating activation of serotonin neurons may contribute to ZD7288-induced vomiting. To reveal its mechanism(s) of emetic action, we evaluated the efficacy of diverse antiemetics against ZD7288-evoked vomiting including the antagonists/inhibitors of: ERK1/2 (U0126), L-type Ca2+ channel (nifedipine); store-operated Ca2+ entry (MRS 1845); T-type Ca2+ channel (Z944), IP3R (2-APB), RyR receptor (dantrolene); the serotoninergic type 3 receptor (palonosetron); neurokinin 1 receptor (netupitant), dopamine type 2 receptor (sulpride), and the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor agonist, resiniferatoxin. All tested antiemetics except sulpride attenuated ZD7288-evoked vomiting to varying degrees. In sum, ZD7288 has emetic potential mainly via central mechanisms, a process which involves Ca2+ signaling and several emetic receptors. HCN channel blockers have been reported to have emetic potential in the clinic since they are currently used/investigated as therapeutic candidates for cancer therapy related- or unrelated-heart failure, pain, and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N. A. Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
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Postnatal Fluoxetine Treatment Alters Perineuronal Net Formation and Maintenance in the Hippocampus. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0424-20.2021. [PMID: 33622703 PMCID: PMC8046023 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0424-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevation of serotonin via postnatal fluoxetine (PNFlx) treatment during critical temporal windows is hypothesized to perturb the development of limbic circuits thus establishing a substratum for persistent disruption of mood-related behavior. We examined the impact of PNFlx treatment on the formation and maintenance of perineuronal nets (PNNs), extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that deposit primarily around inhibitory interneurons, and mark the closure of critical period plasticity. PNFlx treatment evoked a significant decline in PNN number, with a robust reduction in PNNs deposited around parvalbumin (PV) interneurons, within the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal subfields at postnatal day (P)21 in Sprague Dawley rat pups. While the reduction in CA1 subfield PNN number was still observed in adulthood, we observed no change in colocalization of PV-positive interneurons with PNNs in the hippocampi of adult PNFlx animals. PNFlx treatment did not alter hippocampal PV, calretinin (CalR), or Reelin-positive neuron numbers in PNFlx animals at P21 or in adulthood. We did observe a small, but significant increase in somatostatin (SST)-positive interneurons in the DG subfield of PNFlx-treated animals in adulthood. This was accompanied by altered GABA-A receptor subunit composition, increased dendritic complexity of apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons, and enhanced neuronal activation revealed by increased c-Fos-positive cell numbers within hippocampi of PNFlx-treated animals in adulthood. These results indicate that PNFlx treatment alters the formation of PNNs within the hippocampus, raising the possibility of a disruption of excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance within this key limbic brain region.
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Sun D, Milibari L, Pan JX, Ren X, Yao LL, Zhao Y, Shen C, Chen WB, Tang FL, Lee D, Zhang JS, Mei L, Xiong WC. Critical Roles of Embryonic Born Dorsal Dentate Granule Neurons for Activity-Dependent Increases in BDNF, Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis, and Antianxiety-like Behaviors. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:600-614. [PMID: 33183762 PMCID: PMC7889658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dentate gyrus (DG), a "gate" that controls information flow into the hippocampus, plays important roles in regulating both cognitive (e.g., spatial learning and memory) and mood behaviors. Deficits in DG neurons contribute to the pathogenesis of not only neurological, but also psychiatric, disorders, such as anxiety disorder. Whereas DG's function in spatial learning and memory has been extensively investigated, its role in regulating anxiety remains elusive. METHODS Using c-Fos to mark DG neuron activation, we identified a group of embryonic born dorsal DG (dDG) neurons, which were activated by anxiogenic stimuli and specifically express osteocalcin (Ocn)-Cre. We further investigated their functions in regulating anxiety and the underlying mechanisms by using a combination of chemogenetic, electrophysiological, and RNA-sequencing methods. RESULTS The Ocn-Cre+ dDG neurons were highly active in response to anxiogenic environment but had lower excitability and fewer presynaptic inputs than those of Ocn-Cre- or adult born dDG neurons. Activating Ocn-Cre+ dDG neurons suppressed anxiety-like behaviors and increased adult DG neurogenesis, whereas ablating or chronically inhibiting Ocn-Cre+ dDG neurons exacerbated anxiety-like behaviors, impaired adult DG neurogenesis, and abolished activity (e.g., voluntary wheel running)-induced anxiolytic effect and adult DG neurogenesis. RNA-sequencing screening for factors induced by activation of Ocn-Cre+ dDG neurons identified BDNF, which was required for Ocn-Cre+ dDG neurons mediated antianxiety-like behaviors and adult DG neurogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate critical functions of Ocn-Cre+ dDG neurons in suppressing anxiety-like behaviors but promoting adult DG neurogenesis, and both functions are likely through activation of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Leena Milibari
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jin-Xiu Pan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Xiao Ren
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ling-Ling Yao
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wen-Bing Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Fu-Lei Tang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Daehoon Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jun-Shi Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
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Wang Y, Yao L, Gao S, Zhang G, Zhang Q, Liu W, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Feng J, Liu J. Inhibition of striatal dopamine D 5 receptor attenuates levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2021; 1754:147266. [PMID: 33422541 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is experienced by most patients of Parkinson's disease (PD) upon the long-term use of the dopamine precursor levodopa. Striatal dopaminergic signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of LID through its interactions with dopamine receptors. The specific roles of striatal dopaminergic D5 receptors in the pathophysiological process of LID are still poorly established. In the study, we investigated the role of striatal dopamine D5 receptor in LID by using PD rats with or without dyskinetic symptoms after chronic levodopa administration. The experimental results showed that the expression level of D5 receptors in the sensorimotor striatum of dyskinetic rats is significantly higher than that of the non-dyskinetic controls. The administration of levodopa increased c-Fos expression in a subpopulation of sensorimotor striatum neurons of dyskinetic rats, but not in non-dyskinetic rats. The majority of the c-Fos+ neurons activated by levodopa in the striatum are positive for D5 receptor staining. Intrastriatal injection of D1-like (D1 and D5) dopamine receptor antagonist, SCH-23390, significantly inhibited dyskinetic behavior in dyskinetic rats after the injection of levodopa, meanwhile, intrastriatal administration of SKF-83959, a partial D5 receptor agonist, yielded significant dyskinetic movements in dyskinetic rats without levodopa. In contrast, intrastriatal perfusion of small interfering RNA directed against DRD5 downregulated D5 receptors expression and moderately inhibited dyskinetic behavior of dyskinetic animals. Our data suggested that the striatal dopamine D5 receptor might play a novel role in the pathophysiology of LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Lu Yao
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Shasha Gao
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Gejuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, Xi'an 710018, PR China
| | - Qiongchi Zhang
- Undergraduate School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Wanyuan Liu
- Undergraduate School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Yingqiong Zhou
- Undergraduate School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Yina Sun
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Jie Feng
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jian Liu
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China.
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Wnt signaling contributes to withdrawal symptoms from opioid receptor activation induced by morphine exposure or chronic inflammation. Pain 2021; 161:532-544. [PMID: 31738230 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preventing and treating opioid dependence and withdrawal is a major clinical challenge, and the underlying mechanisms of opioid dependence and withdrawal remain elusive. We hypothesized that prolonged morphine exposure or chronic inflammation-induced μ-opioid receptor activity serves as a severe stress that elicits neuronal alterations and recapitulates events during development. Here, we report that Wnt signaling, which is important in developmental processes of the nervous system, plays a critical role in withdrawal symptoms from opioid receptor activation in mice. Repeated exposures of morphine or peripheral inflammation produced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant significantly increase the expression of Wnt5b in the primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Accumulated Wnt5b in DRG neurons quickly transmits to the spinal cord dorsal horn (DH) after naloxone treatment. In the DH, Wnt5b, acts through the atypical Wnt-Ryk receptor and alternative Wnt-YAP/TAZ signaling pathways, contributing to the naloxone-precipitated opioid withdrawal-like behavioral symptoms and hyperalgesia. Inhibition of Wnt synthesis and blockage of Wnt signaling pathways greatly suppress the behavioral and neurochemical alterations after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. These findings reveal a critical mechanism underlying naloxone-precipitated opioid withdrawal, suggesting that targeting Wnt5b synthesis in DRG neurons and Wnt signaling in DH may be an effective approach for prevention and treatment of opioid withdrawal syndromes, as well as the transition from acute to chronic pain.
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135
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Xie L, Wu Q, Hu W, Wu X, Xiang G, Hao S, Guo H, Li S. Impact of histaminergic H3 receptor antagonist on hypoglossal nucleus in chronic intermittent hypoxia conditions. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:121-131. [PMID: 32964244 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The hypoglossal nucleus (HN) controls the movement of the genioglossus (GG) muscle whose dysfunction leads to airway occlusion and occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Histamine produced by the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) has a potent excitatory action on GG muscle activity. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the role histaminergic neurons play in the regulation of the genioglossus. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) for 3 weeks to resemble OSA. The histamine H3 receptor (H3R) antagonist ciproxifan was applied to increase histamine in the brain. Histamine levels and GG activity were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and electromyogram (EMG) separately. Neuronal activity and repair ability of the HN and TMN and key proteins of histamine were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and western blots. RESULTS Significant decline of histamine level and GG activity of the HN and TMN induced by CIH exposure could be ameliorated by ciproxifan. Application of ciproxifan could also partly reverse the decline of the histidine decarboxylase (HDC) by CIH. CONCLUSIONS This investigation studied the impacts of ciproxifan on the HN and TMN in CIH conditions and revealed that the negative effects on the HN and TMN caused by CIH could be partly ameliorated by ciproxifan, which might open new perspectives for the development of pharmacological treatment for OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xie
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, China
- Clinical Centre for Sleep Breathing Disorders and Snoring, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinhan Wu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, China
- Clinical Centre for Sleep Breathing Disorders and Snoring, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Hu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, China
- Clinical Centre for Sleep Breathing Disorders and Snoring, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, China
- Clinical Centre for Sleep Breathing Disorders and Snoring, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiling Xiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, China
- Clinical Centre for Sleep Breathing Disorders and Snoring, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengyu Hao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, China
- Clinical Centre for Sleep Breathing Disorders and Snoring, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Clinical Centre for Sleep Breathing Disorders and Snoring, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shanqun Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Clinical Centre for Sleep Breathing Disorders and Snoring, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Chen ZF, Tian YS, Ma WH, Zhai JM. Gene expression changes in response to low temperatures in embryos of the kelp grouper, Epinephelus moara. Cryobiology 2020; 97:159-167. [PMID: 32628925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The kelp grouper Epinephelus moara has high economic value and is popular in fisheries and aquaculture in China. In the previous study, we treated the embryos at 16-22 somite stage at 4 °C, -25.7 °C, -140 °C and -196 °C, and successfully obtained surviving embryos in each group. To better understand the molecular changes affected by the low temperatures, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis among embryos exposed at 4 °C for 30 min, embryos exposed at -25.7 °C for 30 min and the control group. qPCR assays were conducted for the validation. Signal transduction pathways were highly enriched for the differentially expressed genes. c-Fos, c-Jun, JunD, GADD45, involved in MAPK signaling pathway, were upregulated when embryos were treated at low temperatures. As immediate early genes, Egr-1a and b, and IER2, that respond quickly to the environment stress, their expression increased as well. Hsp70 showed similar expression pattern as immediate early genes. Meanwhile, transcription factors Sox, HES, TFIID, muscle movement and protein synthesis-related genes were downregulated. Taken together, our findings suggest that cooling disrupts gene expression patterns in E. moara embryos. The differentially expressed genes may be involved in cellular resistance against low temperatures, possibly through neural activation, apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, cellular recovery and heat shock regulation. This study also provides transcriptome dataset of E. moara embryos exposed to cold temperatures for future studies focusing on the molecular effects of cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Fan Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Tian
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Wen-Hui Ma
- Ming Bo Aquatic Co. Ltd., Laizhou, 261400, China
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Haney WA, Moussaoui B, Strother JA. Prolonged exposure to stressors suppresses exploratory behavior in zebrafish larvae. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb224964. [PMID: 33106298 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.224964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stressors induce rapid physiological and behavioral shifts in vertebrate animals. However, the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for stress-induced changes in behavior are complex and not well understood. Similar to mammalian vertebrates, zebrafish adults display a preference for dark environments that is associated with predator avoidance, enhanced by stressors, and broadly used in assays for anxiety-like behavior. Although the larvae of zebrafish are a prominent model organism for understanding neural circuits, few studies have examined the effects of stressors on their behavior. This study examines the effects of noxious chemical and electric shock stressors on locomotion and light preference in zebrafish larvae. We found that both stressors elicited similar changes in behavior. Acute exposure induced increased swimming activity, while prolonged exposure depressed activity. Neither stressor produced a consistent shift in light-dark preference, but prolonged exposure to these stressors resulted in a pronounced decrease in exploration of different visual environments. We also examined the effects of exposure to a noxious chemical cue using whole-brain calcium imaging, and identified neural correlates in the area postrema, an area of the hindbrain containing noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons. Pharmaceutical blockade experiments showed that α-adrenergic receptors contribute to the behavioral response to an acute stressor but are not necessary for the response to a prolonged stressor. These results indicate that zebrafish larvae have complex behavioral responses to stressors comparable to those of adult animals, and also suggest that these responses are mediated by similar neural pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Haney
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Bushra Moussaoui
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - James A Strother
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Uselman TW, Barto DR, Jacobs RE, Bearer EL. Evolution of brain-wide activity in the awake behaving mouse after acute fear by longitudinal manganese-enhanced MRI. Neuroimage 2020; 222:116975. [PMID: 32474079 PMCID: PMC7805483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Life threatening fear after a single exposure evolves in a subset of vulnerable individuals to anxiety, which may persist for their lifetime. Yet neither the whole brain's response to innate acute fear nor how brain activity evolves over time is known. Sustained neuronal activity may be a factor in the development of a persistent fear response. We couple two experimental protocols to provoke acute fear leading to prolonged fear: Predator stress (PS), a naturalistic approach to induce fear in rodents; and Serotonin transporter knockout mouse (SERT-KO) that responds to PS with sustained defensive behavior. Behavior was monitored before, during and at short and long times after PS in wild type (WT) and SERT-KO mice. Both genotypes responded to PS with defensive behavior. SERT-KO retained defensive behavior for 23 days, while WT mice returned to baseline exploratory behavior by 9 days. Thus, differences in neural activity between WT and SERT-KO 9 days after PS identifies neural correlates of persistent defensive behavior, in mice. We used longitudinal manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) to identify brain-wide neural activity associated with different behaviors. Mn2+ accumulation in active neurons occurs in awake, behaving mice and is retrospectively imaged. Following the same two cohorts of mice, WT and SERT-KO, longitudinally allowed unbiased quantitative comparisons of brain-wide activity by statistical parametric mapping (SPM). During natural behavior in WT, only low levels of activity-induced Mn2+-accumulation were detected, while much more accumulation appeared immediately after PS in both WT and SERT-KO, and evolved at 9 days to a new activity pattern (p < 0.0001, uncorr., T = 5.4). Patterns of accumulation differed between genotypes, with more regions of the brain and larger volumes within regions involved in SERT-KO than WT. A new computational segmentation analysis, using our InVivo Atlas based on a manganese-enhanced MR image of a living mouse, revealed dynamic changes in the volume of significantly enhanced voxels within each segment that differed between genotypes across 45 of 87 segmented regions. At Day 9 after PS, the striatum and ventral pallidum were active in both genotypes but more so in the SERT-KO. SERT-KO also displayed sustained or increased volume of Mn2+ accumulations between Post-Fear and Day 9 in eight segments where activity was decreased or silenced in WT. C-fos staining, an alternative neural activity marker, of brains from the same mice fixed at conclusion of imaging sessions confirmed that MEMRI detected active neurons. Intensity measurements in 12 regions of interest (ROIs) supported the SPM results. Between group comparisons by SPM and of ROI measurements identified specific regions differing between time points and genotypes. We report brain-wide activity in response to a single exposure of acute fear, and, for the first time, its evolution to new activity patterns over time in individuals vulnerable to persistent fear. Our results show multiple regions with dynamic changes in neural activity and that the balance of activity between segments is disordered in the SERT-KO. Thus, longitudinal MEMRI represents a powerful approach to discover how brain-wide activity evolves from the natural state either after an experience or during a disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Uselman
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Daniel R Barto
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Elaine L Bearer
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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139
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Neuronal activity-dependent myelin repair promotes motor function recovery after contusion spinal cord injury. Brain Res Bull 2020; 166:73-81. [PMID: 33197536 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies connect neuronal activity with developmental myelination but how neuronal activity regulates remyelination has not been clarified. In this study, we induced the demyelination of the dorsal corticospinal tract (dCST) by a mild contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) on the T10 segment, and manipulated the neuronal activity of the primary motor cortex (M1) using chemogenetic viruses to induce activity and to suppress it. We found that oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) proliferation and oligodendrocyte maturity following remyelination was strengthened after 4-week of neuronal activity stimulation. Furthermore, hindlimb motor function was also found to be improved. Vice versa, suppression of neuronal activity attenuated these effects. These results indicate that bidirectional regulation of neuronal activity can effectively modulate the development of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and the remyelination process. Neuronal activity supports the proliferation of OPCs, improves oligodendrocyte maturation and amplifies the axonal remyelination process, even though leads to better motor function recovery. Manipulation of neuronal activity in a non-invasive manner is therefore a promising avenue for exploration towards the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination diseases.
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140
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Barson JR, Mack NR, Gao WJ. The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Thalamus Is an Important Node in the Emotional Processing Network. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:598469. [PMID: 33192373 PMCID: PMC7658442 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.598469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) has for decades been acknowledged to be an important node in the limbic system, but studies of emotional processing generally fail to incorporate it into their investigational framework. Here, we propose that the PVT should be considered as an integral part of the emotional processing network. Through its distinct subregions, cell populations, and connections with other limbic nuclei, the PVT participates in both major features of emotion: arousal and valence. The PVT, particularly the anterior PVT, can through its neuronal activity promote arousal, both as part of the sleep-wake cycle and in response to novel stimuli. It is also involved in reward, being both responsive to rewarding stimuli and itself affecting behavior reflecting reward, likely via specific populations of cells distributed throughout its subregions. Similarly, neuronal activity in the PVT contributes to depression-like behavior, through yet undefined subregions. The posterior PVT in particular demonstrates a role in anxiety-like behavior, generally promoting but also inhibiting this behavior. This subregion is also especially responsive to stressors, and it functions to suppress the stress response following chronic stress exposure. In addition to participating in unconditioned or primary emotional responses, the PVT also makes major contributions to conditioned emotional behavior. Neuronal activity in response to a reward-predictive cue can be detected throughout the PVT, and endogenous activity in the posterior PVT strongly predicts approach or seeking behavior. Similarly, neuronal activity during conditioned fear retrieval is detected in the posterior PVT and its activation facilitates the expression of conditioned fear. Much of this involvement of the PVT in arousal and valence has been shown to occur through the same general afferents and efferents, including connections with the hypothalamus, prelimbic and infralimbic cortices, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala, although a detailed functional map of the PVT circuits that control emotional responses remains to be delineated. Thus, while caveats exist and more work is required, the PVT, through its extensive connections with other prominent nuclei in the limbic system, appears to be an integral part of the emotional processing network.
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141
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Guadagno A, Verlezza S, Long H, Wong TP, Walker CD. It Is All in the Right Amygdala: Increased Synaptic Plasticity and Perineuronal Nets in Male, But Not Female, Juvenile Rat Pups after Exposure to Early-Life Stress. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8276-8291. [PMID: 32978287 PMCID: PMC7577595 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1029-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) is associated with increased vulnerability to mental disorders. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) plays a critical role in fear conditioning and is extremely sensitive to ELS. Using a naturalistic rodent model of ELS, the limited bedding paradigm (LB) between postnatal days 1-10, we previously documented that LB male, but not female preweaning rat pups display increased BLA neuron spine density paralleled with enhanced evoked synaptic responses and altered BLA functional connectivity. Since ELS effects are often sexually dimorphic and amygdala processes exhibit hemispheric asymmetry, we investigated changes in synaptic plasticity and neuronal excitability of BLA neurons in vitro in the left and right amygdala of postnatal days 22-28 male and female offspring from normal bedding or LB mothers. We report that LB conditions enhanced synaptic plasticity in the right, but not the left BLA of males exclusively. LB males also showed increased perineuronal net density, particularly around parvalbumin (PV) cells, and impaired fear-induced activity of PV interneurons only in the right BLA. Action potentials fired from right BLA neurons of LB females displayed slower maximal depolarization rates and decreased amplitudes compared with normal bedding females, concomitant with reduced NMDAR GluN1 subunit expression in the right BLA. In LB males, reduced GluA2 expression in the right BLA might contribute to the enhanced LTP. These findings suggest that LB differentially programs synaptic plasticity and PV/perineuronal net development in the left and right BLA. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that the effects of ELS exposure on BLA synaptic function are sexually dimorphic and possibly recruiting different mechanisms.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Early-life stress (ELS) induces long-lasting consequences on stress responses and emotional regulation in humans, increasing vulnerability to the development of psychopathologies. The effects of ELS in a number of brain regions, including the amygdala, are often sexually dimorphic, and have been reproduced using the rodent limited bedding paradigm of early adversity. The present study examines sex differences in synaptic plasticity and cellular activation occurring in the developing left and right amygdala after limited bedding exposure, a phenomenon that could shape long-term emotional behavioral outcomes. Studying how ELS selectively produces effects in one amygdala hemisphere during a critical period of brain development could guide further investigation into sex-dependent mechanisms and allow for more targeted and improved treatment of stress-and emotionality-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Guadagno
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Silvanna Verlezza
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Hong Long
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Tak Pan Wong
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Claire-Dominique Walker
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada
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142
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Hsieh YL, Wu BT, Yang CC. Increased substance P-like immunoreactivities in parabrachial and amygdaloid nuclei in a rat model with masticatory myofascial pain. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2845-2855. [PMID: 33047182 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the involvement of substance P (SP) in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and central amygdaloid nucleus (CeA) in the nociception-emotion link and of rats with masticatory myofascial pain (MMP) induced by chronic tetanic eccentric muscle contraction. A total of 18 rats were randomly and equally assigned for MMP (MMP group) and sham-MMP induction (sMMP group). MMP was induced by electrical-stimulated repetitive tetanic eccentric contraction of the masseter muscle for 14 consecutive days. Myofascial trigger points in the masseter muscle were identified by palpable taut bands, increased prevalence of endplate noise (EPN), focal hypoechoic nodules on ultrasound and restricted jaw opening. All animals were killed for morphological and SP immunohistochemical analyses. Chronic tetanic eccentric contraction induced significantly thicker masseter muscle confirmed by hypoechogenicity, increased prevalence and amplitudes of EPN, and limited jaw opening. Immunohistochemically, the SP-like positive neurons increased significantly in PBN and CeA of the MMP group. Our results suggested that MMP increases the SP protein levels in PBN and CeA, which play important roles in MMP-mediated chronic pain processing as well as MMP-related emotional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Bor-Tsang Wu
- Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chia Yang
- Kao-An Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Taichung, Taiwan
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143
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Stanisavljević A, Perić I, Gass P, Inta D, Lang UE, Borgwardt S, Filipović D. Fluoxetine modulates neuronal activity in stress-related limbic areas of adult rats subjected to the chronic social isolation. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:95-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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144
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Regmi B, Shah MK. Possible implications of animal models for the assessment of visceral pain. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:215-228. [PMID: 33024943 PMCID: PMC7529330 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pain, provoked generally after the activation of peripheral nociceptors, is an adaptive sensory function that alerts the individual to avoid noxious stimuli. However, uncontrolled acute pain has a maladaptive role in sensory activity leading to development of a chronic pain state which persists even after the damage is resolved, or in some cases, in the absence of an initial local acute injury. Huge numbers of people suffer from visceral pain at least once during their life span, leading to substantial health care costs. Although studies reporting on the mechanism of visceral pain are accumulating, it is still not precisely understood. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the mechanism of visceral pain through an evaluation of different animal models and their application to develop novel therapeutic approaches for treating visceral pain. To assess the nociceptive responses in viscera, several visceral pain models such as inflammatory, traction, stress and genetic models utilizing different methods of measurement have been devised. Among them, the inflammatory and traction models are widely used for studying the visceral pain mechanism of different disease conditions and post-operative surgery in humans and animals. A hapten, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), has been extensively used as an inflammatory agent to induce visceral pain. The traction model seems to cause a strong pain stimulation and autonomic reaction and could thus be the most appropriate model for studying the underlying visceral pain mechanism and for probing the therapeutic efficacies of various anesthetic and analgesics for the treatment of visceral pain and hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharata Regmi
- Department of Surgery and Pharmacology Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU) Rampur Chitwan Nepal
| | - Manoj K Shah
- Department of Surgery and Pharmacology Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU) Rampur Chitwan Nepal
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145
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Yang L, Ton H, Zhao R, Geron E, Li M, Dong Y, Zhang Y, Yu B, Yang G, Xie Z. Sevoflurane induces neuronal activation and behavioral hyperactivity in young mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11226. [PMID: 32641746 PMCID: PMC7343864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane, a commonly used anesthetic, may cause agitation in patients. However, the mechanism underlying this clinical observation remains largely unknown. We thus assessed the effects of sevoflurane on neuronal activation and behaviors in mice. Ten-day-old mice received 2% sevoflurane, 1% isoflurane, or 6% desflurane for 10 minutes. The behavioral activities were recorded and evaluated at one minute after the loss of righting reflex in the mice, which was about two minutes after the anesthetic administration. The neuronal activation was evaluated by c-Fos expression and calcium imaging at one minute after the anesthetic administration. Propofol, which reduces neuronal activation, was used to determine the cause-and-effect of sevoflurane. We found that sevoflurane caused an increase in neuronal activation in primary somatosensory cortex of young mice and behavioral hyperactivity in the mice at one minute after the loss of righting reflex. Desflurane did not induce behavioral hyperactivity and isoflurane only caused behavioral hyperactivity with borderline significance. Finally, propofol attenuated the sevoflurane-induced increase in neuronal activation and behavioral hyperactivity in young mice. These results demonstrate an unexpected sevoflurane-induced increase in neuronal activation and behavioral hyperactivity in young mice. These findings suggest the potential mechanisms underlying the sevoflurane-induced agitation and will promote future studies to further determine whether anesthetics can induce behavioral hyperactivity via increasing neuronal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129-2060, USA
| | - Hoai Ton
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129-2060, USA
| | - Ruohe Zhao
- Skirball Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Erez Geron
- Skirball Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Mengzhu Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129-2060, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuanlin Dong
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129-2060, USA
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129-2060, USA
| | - Buwei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129-2060, USA.
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146
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Mohandass A, Krishnan V, Gribkova ED, Asuthkar S, Baskaran P, Nersesyan Y, Hussain Z, Wise LM, George RE, Stokes N, Alexander BM, Cohen AM, Pavlov EV, Llano DA, Zhu MX, Thyagarajan B, Zakharian E. TRPM8 as the rapid testosterone signaling receptor: Implications in the regulation of dimorphic sexual and social behaviors. FASEB J 2020; 34:10887-10906. [PMID: 32609392 PMCID: PMC7496617 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000794r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone regulates dimorphic sexual behaviors in all vertebrates. However, the molecular mechanism underlying these behaviors remains unclear. Here, we report that a newly identified rapid testosterone signaling receptor, Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8 (TRPM8), regulates dimorphic sexual and social behaviors in mice. We found that, along with higher steroid levels in the circulation, TRPM8-/- male mice exhibit increased mounting frequency indiscriminate of sex, delayed sexual satiety, and increased aggression compared to wild-type controls, while TRPM8-/- females display an increased olfaction-exploratory behavior. Furthermore, neuronal responses to acute testosterone application onto the amygdala were attenuated in TRPM8-/- males but remained unchanged in females. Moreover, activation of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area following mating was impaired in TRPM8-/- males. Together, these results demonstrate that TRPM8 regulates dimorphic sexual and social behaviors, and potentially constitutes a signalosome for mediation of sex-reward mechanism in males. Thus, deficiency of TRPM8 might lead to a delayed sexual satiety phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Mohandass
- College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Vivek Krishnan
- College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Ekaterina D Gribkova
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Neuroscience Program and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Swapna Asuthkar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Padmamalini Baskaran
- College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Yelena Nersesyan
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Zahir Hussain
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leslie M Wise
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Robert E George
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Nadarra Stokes
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | - Alejandro M Cohen
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Life Sciences Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Evgeny V Pavlov
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Llano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Neuroscience Program and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Baskaran Thyagarajan
- College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Eleonora Zakharian
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
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147
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Lin YJ, Chiou RJ, Chang CH. The Reuniens and Rhomboid Nuclei Are Required for Acquisition of Pavlovian Trace Fear Conditioning in Rats. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0106-20.2020. [PMID: 32527745 PMCID: PMC7317181 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0106-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The reuniens (Re) and rhomboid (Rh) nuclei (ReRh) of the midline thalamus interconnects the hippocampus (HPC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Several studies have suggested that the ReRh participates in various cognitive tasks. However, little is known about the contribution of the ReRh in Pavlovian trace fear conditioning, a procedure with a temporal gap between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US), and therefore making it harder for the animals to acquire. Because the HPC and mPFC are involved in trace, but not delay, fear conditioning and given the role of the ReRh in mediating this neurocircuitry, we hypothesized that ReRh inactivation leads to a learning deficit only in trace conditioning. In a series of experiments, we first examined the c-Fos expression in male Long-Evans rats and established that the ReRh was recruited in the encoding, but not the retrieval phase, of fear memory. Next, we performed behavioral pharmacology experiments and found that ReRh inactivation impaired only the acquisition, but not the consolidation or retrieval, of trace fear. However, although the ReRh was recruited during the encoding of delay fear demonstrated by c-Fos results, ReRh inactivation in any phases did not interfere with delay conditioning. Finally, we found that trace fear acquired under ReRh inactivation reprised when the ReRh was brought off-line during retrieval. Together, our data revealed the essential role of the ReRh in a learning task with temporally discontinuous stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Jen Chiou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hui Chang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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148
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Yatziv SL, Yudco O, Dickmann S, Devor M. Patterns of neural activity in the mouse brain: Wakefulness vs. General anesthesia. Neurosci Lett 2020; 735:135212. [PMID: 32593772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In light of the general shift from rats to mice as the leading rodent model in neuroscience research we used c-Fos expression as a tool to survey brain regions in the mouse in which neural activity differs between the states of wakefulness and pentobarbital-induced general anesthesia. The aim was to complement prior surveys carried out in rats. In addition to a broad qualitative review, 28 specific regions of interest (ROIs) were evaluated quantitatively. Nearly all ROIs in the cerebral cortex showed suppressed activity during anesthesia. Subcortically, however, some ROIs showed suppression, some showed little change, and some showed increased activity. The overall picture was similar to the rat. Special attention was devoted to ROIs significantly activated during anesthesia, as such loci might actively drive the transition to anesthetic unconsciousness rather than responding passively to inhbitory agents distributed globally (the "wet blanket" hypothesis). Twelve such "anesthesia-on" ROIs were identified: the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, tuberomamillary nucleus, lateral habenular nucleus, dentate gyrus, nucleus raphe pallidus, central amygdaloid nucleus, perifornical lateral hypothalamus, ventro-lateral preoptic area, lateral septum, paraventricular thalamic nucleus and zona incerta. The same primary anti-FOS antibody was used in all mice, but two alternative reporter systems were employed: ABC-diaminobenzidine and the currently more popular AlexaFluor488. Fluorescence tagging revealed far fewer FOS-immunoreactive neurons, sounding an alert that the reporter system chosen can have major effects on results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai-Lee Yatziv
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Or Yudco
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Shay Dickmann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Marshall Devor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel; Center for Research on Pain, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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149
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Barker JS, Hines RM. Regulation of GABA A Receptor Subunit Expression in Substance Use Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124445. [PMID: 32580510 PMCID: PMC7352578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulation of neuronal cell firing is mediated by the release of the neurotransmitter GABA (γ-aminobuytric acid), which binds to two major families of receptors. The ionotropic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) are composed of five distinct subunits that vary in expression by brain region and cell type. The action of GABA on GABAARs is modulated by a variety of clinically and pharmacologically important drugs such as benzodiazepines and alcohol. Exposure to and abuse of these substances disrupts homeostasis and induces plasticity in GABAergic neurotransmission, often via the regulation of receptor expression. Here, we review the regulation of GABAAR subunit expression in adaptive and pathological plasticity, with a focus on substance use. We examine the factors influencing the expression of GABAAR subunit genes including the regulation of the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, variations in DNA methylation, immediate early genes and transcription factors that regulate subunit expression, translational and post-translational modifications, and other forms of receptor regulation beyond expression. Advancing our understanding of the factors regulating GABAAR subunit expression during adaptive plasticity, as well as during substance use and withdrawal will provide insight into the role of GABAergic signaling in substance use disorders, and contribute to the development of novel targeted therapies.
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150
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In Vivo Attenuation of M-Current Suppression Impairs Consolidation of Object Recognition Memory. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5847-5856. [PMID: 32554550 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0348-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The M-current is a low voltage-activated potassium current generated by neuronal Kv7 channels. A prominent role of the M-current is to a create transient increase of neuronal excitability in response to neurotransmitters through the suppression of this current. Accordingly, M-current suppression is assumed to be involved in higher brain functions including learning and memory. However, there is little evidence supporting such a role to date. To address this gap, we examined behavioral tasks to assess learning and memory in homozygous Kv7.2 knock-in mice, Kv7.2(S559A), which show reduced M-current suppression while maintaining a normal basal M-current activity in neurons. We found that Kv7.2(S559A) mice had normal object location memory and contextual fear memory, but impaired long-term object recognition memory. Furthermore, short-term memory for object recognition was intact in Kv7.2(S559A) mice. The deficit in long-term object recognition memory was restored by the administration of a selective Kv7 channel inhibitor, XE991, when delivered during the memory consolidation phase. Lastly, c-Fos induction 2 h after training in Kv7.2(S559A) mice was normal in the hippocampus, which corresponds to intact object location memory, but was reduced in the perirhinal cortex, which corresponds to impaired long-term object recognition memory. Together, these results support the overall conclusion that M-current suppression is important for memory consolidation of specific types of memories.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dynamic regulation of neuronal excitation is a fundamental mechanism for information processing in the brain, which is mediated by changes in synaptic transmissions or by changes in ion channel activity. Some neurotransmitters can facilitate action potential firing by suppression of a low voltage-activated potassium current, M-current. We demonstrate that M-current suppression is critical for establishment of long-term object recognition memory, but is not required for establishment of hippocampus-dependent location memory or contextual memory. This study suggests that M-current suppression is important for stable encoding of specific types of memories.
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