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do Prado DML, Silvino VO, Motta-Santos D, Dos Santos MAP. The effect of the protective face mask on cardiorespiratory response during aerobic exercise. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:453-461. [PMID: 35090062 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protective face mask (PFM) has been widely used for safety purposes and, after the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, its use is growing steadily, not only among healthcare personnel but also the general population. While PFM is important to preserve the wearer from contaminating agents present in the airflow, they are well known to increase the subjective perception of breathing difficulty. Although some studies demonstrated that PFM use worsens exercise tolerance, there are several studies stating that there is no such limitation with the use of PFM. Moreover, no serious adverse effects during physical exercise have been found in the literature. Physical exercise represents a significant challenge to the human body through a series of integrated changes in function that involve most of its physiologic systems. In this respect, cardiovascular and respiratory systems provide the capacity to sustain physical tasks over extended periods. Within this scenario, both convective oxygen (O2 ) transport (product of arterial O2 content x blood flow) to the working locomotor muscles and O2 diffusive transport from muscle capillaries to mitochondria are of paramount importance to endurance performance. Interestingly, the effects of PFM on cardiorespiratory response during aerobic exercise depends on the type of mask and exercise (i.e., walking, running, or cycling), including decrease in ventilatory demands, arterial oxygen levels, maximal oxygen consumption, and endurance performance. The purpose of this review was to elucidate the effect of protective face mask-wearing on 1) cardiorespiratory responses during aerobic exercise and 2) endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valmir Oliveira Silvino
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health, Federal University of Piaui, PI, Brazil
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio Pereira Dos Santos
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health, Federal University of Piaui, PI, Brazil
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102
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Effects of Face Masks on Physical Performance and Physiological Response during a Submaximal Bicycle Ergometer Test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031063. [PMID: 35162087 PMCID: PMC8834111 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic requires wearing face masks in many areas of our daily life; hence, the potential side effects of mask use are discussed. Therefore, the present study explores whether wearing a medical face mask (MedMask) affects physical working capacity (PWC). Secondary, the influence of a filtering facepiece mask with exhalation valve class 2 (FFP2exhal) and a cotton fabric mask (community mask) on PWC was also investigated. Furthermore, corresponding physiological and subjective responses when wearing face masks as well as a potential moderating role of subjects’ individual cardiorespiratory fitness and sex on face mask effects were analyzed. Thirty-nine subjects (20 males, 19 females) with different cardiorespiratory fitness levels participated in a standardized submaximal bicycle ergometer protocol using either a MedMask, FFP2exhal, community mask, or no mask (control) on four days, in randomized order. PWC130 and PWC150 as the mechanical load at the heart rates of 130 and 150 beats per minute were measured as well as transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure, saturation of peripheral capillary oxygen, breathing frequency, blood pressure, perceived respiratory effort, and physical exhaustion. Using the MedMask did not lead to changes in PWC or physiological response compared to control. Neither appeared changes exceeding normal ranges when the FFP2exhal or community mask was worn. Perceived respiratory effort was up to one point higher (zero-to-ten Likert scale) when using face masks (p < 0.05) compared to control. Sex and cardiorespiratory fitness were not factors influencing the effects of the masks. The results of the present study provide reason to believe that wearing face masks for infection prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic does not pose relevant additional physical demands on the user although some more respiratory effort is required.
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103
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Escobedo P, Fernández-Ramos MD, López-Ruiz N, Moyano-Rodríguez O, Martínez-Olmos A, Pérez de Vargas-Sansalvador IM, Carvajal MA, Capitán-Vallvey LF, Palma AJ. Smart facemask for wireless CO 2 monitoring. Nat Commun 2022; 13:72. [PMID: 35013232 PMCID: PMC8748626 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of facemasks by the general population is recommended worldwide to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Despite the evidence in favour of facemasks to reduce community transmission, there is also agreement on the potential adverse effects of their prolonged usage, mainly caused by CO2 rebreathing. Herein we report the development of a sensing platform for gaseous CO2 real-time determination inside FFP2 facemasks. The system consists of an opto-chemical sensor combined with a flexible, battery-less, near-field-enabled tag with resolution and limit of detection of 103 and 140 ppm respectively, and sensor lifetime of 8 h, which is comparable with recommended FFP2 facemask usage times. We include a custom smartphone application for wireless powering, data processing, alert management, results displaying and sharing. Through performance tests during daily activity and exercise monitoring, we demonstrate its utility for non-invasive, wearable health assessment and its potential applicability for preclinical research and diagnostics.
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Grants
- B-FQM-243-UGR18 Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía (Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment, Government of Andalucia)
- P18-RT-2961 Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía (Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment, Government of Andalucia)
- DOC_00520 Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía (Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment, Government of Andalucia)
- EC | European Regional Development Fund (Europski Fond za Regionalni Razvoj)
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Affiliation(s)
- P Escobedo
- ECsens, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M D Fernández-Ramos
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - N López-Ruiz
- ECsens, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - O Moyano-Rodríguez
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - A Martínez-Olmos
- ECsens, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - I M Pérez de Vargas-Sansalvador
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - M A Carvajal
- ECsens, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - L F Capitán-Vallvey
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - A J Palma
- ECsens, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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104
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Dacha S, Chuatrakoon B, Sornkaew K, Sutthakhun K, Weeranorapanich P. Effects of wearing different facial masks on respiratory symptoms, oxygen saturation, and functional capacity during six-minute walk test in healthy subjects. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY THERAPY : CJRT = REVUE CANADIENNE DE LA THERAPIE RESPIRATOIRE : RCTR 2022; 58:85-90. [PMID: 35800851 PMCID: PMC9212081 DOI: 10.29390/cjrt-2022-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the current COVID-19 pandemic and increased air pollution levels, wearing a facial mask has been recommended. This study aimed to compare the impact of wearing different masks when performing a submaximal functional activity (six-minute walk test; 6MWT) on respiratory symptoms, oxygen saturation, and functional capacity. METHODS Twenty-nine subjects (10 men, 19 women; age 22 ± 1 yr.; FEV1/FVC 0.90 ± 0.01) performed four rounds of 6MWT wearing different masks (surgical (Medima SK, Thailand), handmade cloth, and N95 (3M AuraTM 1870+, USA)) and while not wearing a mask. Respiratory symptoms (dyspnea and breathing effort), oxygen saturation, and other physiological parameters were assessed before and after each walking trial. RESULTS Six-minute walking distances were comparable between walking trials (P = 0.59). At the end of minute 6, a significant difference between groups was found on dyspnea (P = 0.02) and breathing effort (P < 0.001). Post hoc tests showed that wearing a cloth mask significantly increased dyspnea (P = 0.004) compared to wearing a surgical mask. Wearing a cloth mask also significantly increased breathing effort compared to wearing a surgical mask (P < 0.001) and not wearing a mask (P < 0.001). Likewise, while wearing an N95 mask, breathing effort significantly increased compared to wearing a surgical mask (P = 0.007) and not wearing a mask (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Wearing different masks while performing submaximal functional activity results in no differences in functional performance, oxygen saturation, heart rate, or blood pressure. However, wearing cloth masks and N95 masks results in higher respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauwaluk Dacha
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Busaba Chuatrakoon
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kanphajee Sornkaew
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Physical therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kamonchanok Sutthakhun
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Putsamon Weeranorapanich
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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105
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Reychler G, Standaert M, Audag N, Caty G, Robert A, Poncin W. Effects of surgical facemasks on perceived exertion during submaximal exercise test in healthy children. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:2311-2317. [PMID: 35239031 PMCID: PMC8892819 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Only a few data associated to wearability of facemask during exercise are available in children. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of wearing a facemask on perceived exertion (primary aim), dyspnea, physical performance, and cardiorespiratory response during a submaximal exercise test in children aged between 8 and 12 years. This study was performed in 2021 in healthy volunteer children from 8 to 12 years. They performed prospectively two 1-min sit-to-stand tests (STST), with or without a surgical facemask. The perceived exertion (modified Borg scale), dyspnea (Dalhousie scale), heart rate, and pulsed oxygen saturation were recorded before and after STST. The STST measured the submaximal performance. Thirty-eight healthy children were recruited (8-9 years: n = 19 and 10-11 years: n = 19). After the STST, the perceived exertion increased with or without a facemask (8-9 years group: + 1 [0.6; 1.4] and + 1.6 [1.0; 2.1] - 10-11 years group: + 1.3 [0.7; 1.8] and + 1.9 [1.3; 2.6]) and it was higher with the facemask. The difference between the two conditions in perceived exertion was not clinically relevant in any group (mBorgf: 0.56 pts and 0.68 pts, respectively). The different domains of dyspnea assessed with Dalhousie scale were not influenced by the facemask. The submaximal performance measured by the STST was not changed by the mask whatever the age group. The cardio-respiratory demand was not clinically modified.Conclusion: The surgical facemask had no impact on dyspnea, cardiorespiratory parameters, and exercise performance during a short submaximal exercise in healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Reychler
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale Et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL Et Dermatologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Secteur de Kinésithérapie Et Ergothérapie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Département de Kinésithérapie, Haute École Léonard de Vinci, Parnasse-ISEI, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Standaert
- Département de Kinésithérapie, Haute École Léonard de Vinci, Parnasse-ISEI, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Audag
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale Et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL Et Dermatologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Secteur de Kinésithérapie Et Ergothérapie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Département de Kinésithérapie, Haute École Léonard de Vinci, Parnasse-ISEI, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilles Caty
- Service de Médecine Physique, Centre Hospitalier Wallonie Picarde (CHWAPI), Tournai, Belgium
| | - Annie Robert
- Pôle Epidémiologie Et Biostatistique, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale Et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William Poncin
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale Et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL Et Dermatologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Secteur de Kinésithérapie Et Ergothérapie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Département de Kinésithérapie, Haute École Léonard de Vinci, Parnasse-ISEI, Brussels, Belgium
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106
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Ficarella E, Natalicchio A, Spina R, Galantucci LM. Technological scouting of bi-material face masks: simulation of adherence using 3D Facial Norms. PROCEDIA CIRP 2022; 110:259-264. [PMID: 35822104 PMCID: PMC9264978 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2022.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic started in March 2020, the need for personal protective equipment rapidly grew as it became mandatory. The availability of a set of faces can be of great utility in designing a face mask with proper adherence and comfortability in wearing and breathing. A 3D geometry of a face with user-defined anthropometric measures was generated with Blender, a powerful development tool for creating 3D images. Using 3D Facial Norms, a free online database, it was possible to compute the mean anthropometric measures for the age groups of 17-20, 20-30, and 30-40 years old and then generate the respective faces for both genders. The adherence of an innovative face mask was then simulated with the reverse engineering software considering both the face mask and the faces rigid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ficarella
- Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Spina
- Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
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107
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Ficarella E, Natalicchio A, Spina R, Galantucci LM. Technological scouting of bi-material face masks: experimental analysis on real faces. PROCEDIA CIRP 2022; 110:354-359. [PMID: 35822103 PMCID: PMC9264979 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2022.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The need for personal protective equipment rapidly grew during the COVID-19. Companies had to face problems related to their products' sustainability, adherence, and comfortability. Designing a face mask with proper adherence and comfortability in wearing and breathing became a matter of great importance. In this work, the adherence of an innovative face mask and its comfortability were experimentally tested with real faces, considering the deformation of the mask and the soft facial tissues. A stereophotogrammetric acquisition was made of the face with the face mask during these tests. A comparison between the geometries of the face and the mask, undeformed and deformed, gave the respective deformations. The force applied by the mask to the face was calculated, measuring the elastic strain of the mask bands during wearing and the deformation.
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108
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LaBotz M, Stroshine K, Dekker E, Visich P. Physiological Effects of Single and Double Face Mask Use with Moderate and Vigorous Exercise. TRANSLATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/tjx.0000000000000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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109
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Driver S, Reynolds M, Brown K, Vingren JL, Hill DW, Bennett M, Gilliland T, McShan E, Callender L, Reynolds E, Borunda N, Mosolf J, Cates C, Jones A. Effects of wearing a cloth face mask on performance, physiological and perceptual responses during a graded treadmill running exercise test. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:107-113. [PMID: 33849908 PMCID: PMC8050876 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To (1) determine if wearing a cloth face mask significantly affected exercise performance and associated physiological responses, and (2) describe perceptual measures of effort and participants' experiences while wearing a face mask during a maximal treadmill test. METHODS Randomised controlled trial of healthy adults aged 18-29 years. Participants completed two (with and without a cloth face mask) maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) on a treadmill following the Bruce protocol. Blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, exertion and shortness of breath were measured. Descriptive data and physical activity history were collected pretrial; perceptions of wearing face masks and experiential data were gathered immediately following the masked trial. RESULTS The final sample included 31 adults (age=23.2±3.1 years; 14 women/17 men). Data indicated that wearing a cloth face mask led to a significant reduction in exercise time (-01:39±01:19 min/sec, p<0.001), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (-818±552 mL/min, p<0.001), minute ventilation (-45.2±20.3 L/min), maximal heart rate (-8.4±17.0 beats per minute, p<0.01) and increased dyspnoea (1.7±2.9, p<0.001). Our data also suggest that differences in SpO2 and rating of perceived exertion existed between the different stages of the CPET as participant's exercise intensity increased. No significant differences were found between conditions after the 7-minute recovery period. CONCLUSION Cloth face masks led to a 14% reduction in exercise time and 29% decrease in VO2max, attributed to perceived discomfort associated with mask-wearing. Compared with no mask, participants reported feeling increasingly short of breath and claustrophobic at higher exercise intensities while wearing a cloth face mask. Coaches, trainers and athletes should consider modifying the frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise when wearing a cloth face mask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Driver
- Sports Therapy and Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Frisco, Texas, USA
| | - Megan Reynolds
- Sports Therapy and Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Frisco, Texas, USA
| | - Katelyn Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jakob L Vingren
- Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - David W Hill
- Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Monica Bennett
- Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Taylor Gilliland
- Sports Therapy and Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Frisco, Texas, USA
| | - Evan McShan
- Sports Therapy and Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Frisco, Texas, USA
| | - Librada Callender
- Sports Therapy and Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Frisco, Texas, USA
| | - Erin Reynolds
- Sports Therapy and Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Frisco, Texas, USA
| | - Nate Borunda
- Sports Performance, Sports Academy, Frisco, Texas, USA
| | - John Mosolf
- Sports Performance, Sports Academy, Frisco, Texas, USA
| | - Casey Cates
- Department of Orthopedics, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Alan Jones
- Department of Orthopedics, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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110
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Critelli K, Demiris V, Klatt BN, Crane B, Anson ER. Facemasks Block Lower Visual Field in Youth Ice Hockey. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:787182. [PMID: 34939030 PMCID: PMC8685261 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.787182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearing a facemask (FM) reduces the spread of COVID-19, but it also blocks a person's lower visual field. Many new public safety rules were created in response to COVID-19, including mandated FM wearing in some youth sports like youth ice hockey. We hypothesized that FM wearing in youth hockey players obstructs the lower field of view and may impact safety. Youth hockey players (n = 33) aged 12.03 (1.6) years button press when they saw an LED on the floor turn on in two conditions (wearing FM or no FM) in random order. An interleaved one-up/one-down two-alternative-forced-choice adaptive staircase design was used. Visual thresholds were calculated for each condition and participant. The visual angle threshold (VAT) was determined using standing eye height and the linear distance from the tip of the skates to the visual threshold. Paired t-tests determined whether mask wearing changed the VAT. We modeled the probability a player could see the puck on their stick in four distinct scenarios to estimate the potential impact of FM wearing during hockey play. The average unmasked VAT (11.4 degrees) was significantly closer to the skates than the masked VAT (20.3 degrees) (p < 0.001). Our model indicated a significant reduction in ability to visualize the puck using peripheral vision when more upright while wearing a FM. FM wearing compromised their lower visual field, suggesting a downward head tilt may be necessary to see the puck. Playing ice hockey while wearing a FM may lead to unsafe on-ice playing conditions due to downward head tilt to see the puck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Critelli
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Victoria Demiris
- Physical Therapy Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Brooke N Klatt
- Physical Therapy Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Benjamin Crane
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Eric R Anson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.,Physical Therapy Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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111
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Vilela EM, Fontes-Carvalho R. Face masks and exercise: Novel insights into a contemporary conundrum. Rev Port Cardiol 2021; 40:965-967. [PMID: 34922705 PMCID: PMC8673476 DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M Vilela
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Fontes-Carvalho
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal; Cardiovascular Research Center (UniC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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112
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Pimenta T, Tavares H, Ramos J, Oliveira M, Reis D, Amorim H, Rocha A. Facemasks during aerobic exercise: Implications for cardiac rehabilitation programs during the Covid-19 pandemic. Rev Port Cardiol 2021; 40:957-964. [PMID: 34922704 PMCID: PMC8673478 DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and objectives During the COVID-19 pandemic, among the safety measures adopted, use of facemasks during exercise training sessions in cardiac rehabilitation programs raised concerns regarding possible detrimental effects on exercise capacity. Our study examined the cardiorespiratory impact of wearing two types of the most common facemasks during treadmill aerobic training. Methods Twelve healthy health professionals completed three trials of a symptom-limited Bruce treadmill protocol: Without a mask, with a surgical mask and with a respirator. Perceived exertion and dyspnea were evaluated with the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion and the Borg Dyspnea Scale, respectively. Blood pressure, heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured at each 3-minute stage. Results Using a surgical mask or a respirator resulted in a shorter duration of exercise testing. At peak capacity, using a respirator resulted in higher levels of dyspnea and perceived exertion compared to not wearing a facemask. A significant drop in SpO2 was present at the end of exercise testing only when using a respirator. There were no differences in either chronotropic or blood pressure responses between testing conditions. Conclusions Professionals involved in cardiac rehabilitation should be aware of the cardiorespiratory impact of facemasks. Future studies should assess whether exposure to these conditions may impact on the overall results of contemporary cardiac rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Pimenta
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Helena Tavares
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Ramos
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Oliveira
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - David Reis
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Amorim
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Afonso Rocha
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
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113
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Poon ETC, Zheng C, Wong SHS. Effect of Wearing Surgical Face Masks During Exercise: Does Intensity Matter? Front Physiol 2021; 12:775750. [PMID: 34899397 PMCID: PMC8662700 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.775750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Face masks are widely recommended as means of controlling the coronavirus disease outbreak. This study aimed to examine the physiological and perceptual responses of wearing surgical face masks while exercising at different intensities. Thirteen healthy young adults (mean age, 21.9 ± 1.4 years) conducted randomized crossover trials with or without a surgical face mask. In each trial, participants completed an incremental treadmill protocol, with three 6-min stages (light, moderate, and vigorous at 25, 50, and 75% maximal oxygen uptake, respectively). Physiological outcomes (heart rate, blood lactate, and oxygen saturation level), perceived exertion and discomfort feeling were assessed. No significant differences were observed in physiological outcomes with or without masks at different exercise intensities (p > 0.05). However, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was significantly higher when exercising vigorously (mask: 15.5 ± 1.5 vs. no-mask: 14.2 ± 2.1, p < 0.05). Participants wearing masks reported marked discomfort, such as feeling hot, humid, and breathing resistance. Although face mask-wearing during exercise may not have detrimental effects on major physiological parameters, it can increase perceived exertion level and discomfort when the exercise intensity exceeds a certain threshold. Therefore, healthcare professionals should cautiously evaluate each person’s ability to exercise while wearing a mask and tailor their prescription accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Engeroff T, Groneberg DA, Niederer D. The Impact of Ubiquitous Face Masks and Filtering Face Piece Application During Rest, Work and Exercise on Gas Exchange, Pulmonary Function and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:92. [PMID: 34897560 PMCID: PMC8665851 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protection against airborne infection is currently, due to the COVID-19-associated restrictions, ubiquitously applied during public transport use, work and leisure time. Increased carbon dioxide re-inhalation and breathing resistance may result thereof and, in turn, may negatively impact metabolism and performance. OBJECTIVES To deduce the impact of the surgical mask and filtering face piece type 2 (FFP2) or N95 respirator application on gas exchange (pulse-derived oxygen saturation (SpO2), carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2), carbon dioxide exhalation (VCO2) and oxygen uptake (VO2)), pulmonary function (respiratory rate and ventilation) and physical performance (heart rate HR, peak power output Wpeak). METHODS Systematic review with meta-analysis. Literature available in Medline/Pubmed, the Cochrane Library and the Web of Knowledge with the last search on the 6th of May 2021. Eligibility criteria: Randomised controlled parallel group or crossover trials (RCT), full-text availability, comparison of the acute effects of ≥ 1 intervention (surgical mask or FFP2/N95 application) to a control/comparator condition (i.e. no mask wearing). Participants were required to be healthy humans and > 16 years of age without conditions or illnesses influencing pulmonary function or metabolism. Risk of bias was rated using the crossover extension of the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool II. Standardised mean differences (SMD, Hedges' g) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, overall and for subgroups based on mask and exercise type, as pooled effect size estimators in our random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Of the 1499 records retrieved, 14 RCTs (all crossover trials, high risk of bias) with 25 independent intervention arms (effect sizes per outcome) on 246 participants were included. Masks led to a decrease in SpO2 during vigorous intensity exercise (6 effect sizes; SMD = - 0.40 [95% CI: - 0.70, - 0.09], mostly attributed to FFP2/N95) and to a SpO2-increase during rest (5 effect sizes; SMD = 0.34 [95% CI: 0.04, 0.64]); no general effect of mask wearing on SpO2 occurred (21 effect sizes, SMD = 0.34 [95% CI: 0.04, 0.64]). Wearing a mask led to a general oxygen uptake decrease (5 effect sizes, SMD = - 0.44 [95% CI: - 0.75, - 0.14]), to slower respiratory rates (15 effect sizes, SMD = - 0.25 [95% CI: - 0.44, - 0.06]) and to a decreased ventilation (11 effect sizes, SMD = - 0.43 [95% CI: - 0.74, - 0.12]). Heart rate (25 effect sizes; SMD = 0.05 [95% CI: - 0.09, 0.19]), Wpeak (9 effect sizes; SMD = - 0.12 [95% CI: - 0.39, 0.15]), PCO2 (11 effect sizes; SMD = 0.07 [95% CI: - 0.14, 0.29]) and VCO2 (4 effect sizes, SMD = - 0.30 [95% CI: - 0.71, 0.10]) were not different to the control, either in total or dependent on mask type or physical activity status. CONCLUSION The number of crossover-RCT studies was low and the designs displayed a high risk of bias. The within-mask- and -intensity-homogeneous effects on gas exchange kinetics indicated larger detrimental effects during exhausting physical activities. Pulse-derived oxygen saturation was increased during rest when a mask was applied, whereas wearing a mask during exhausting exercise led to decreased oxygen saturation. Breathing frequency and ventilation adaptations were not related to exercise intensity. FFP2/N95 and, to a lesser extent, surgical mask application negatively impacted the capacity for gas exchange and pulmonary function but not the peak physical performance. Registration: Prospero registration number: CRD42021244634.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engeroff
- Division Health and Performance, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Building 9B, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Niederer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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115
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Cekmen B, Bildik B, Bozan O, Atis SE, Koksal M, Uzuncu HB, Akilli NB. Chest compression quality during CPR of potential contagious patients wearing personal protection equipment. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 52:128-131. [PMID: 34922231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY In this study we aimed to investigate whether changing rescuers wearing N95 masks every 1 min instead of the standard CPR change over time of 2 min would make a difference in effective chest compressions. METHODS This study was a randomized controlled mannequin study. Participants were selected from healthcare staff. They were divided into two groups of two people in each group. The scenario was implemented on CPR mannequin representing patient with asystolic arrest, that measured compression depth, compression rate, recoil, and correct hand position. Two different scenarios were prepared. In Scenario 1, the rescuers were asked to change chest compression after 1 min. In Scenario 2, standard CPR was applied. The participants' vital parameters, mean compression rate, correct compression rate/ratio, total number of compressions, compression depth, correct recoil/ratio, correct hand position/ratio, mean no-flow time, and total CPR time were recorded. RESULTS The study hence included 14 teams each for scenarios, with a total of 56 participants. In each scenario, 14 participants were physicians and 14 participants were women. Although there was no difference in the first minute of the cycles starting from the fourth cycle, a statistically significant difference was observed in the second minute in all cycles except the fifth cycle. CONCLUSION Changing the rescuer every 1 min instead of every 2 min while performing CPR with full PPE may prevent the decrease in compression quality that may occur as the resuscitation time gets longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Cekmen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey.
| | - Busra Bildik
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Oner Bozan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, University of Health Science, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seref Emre Atis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Koksal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Halil Berkay Uzuncu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
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116
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The effect of personal protective equipment on cardiac compression quality. Afr J Emerg Med 2021; 11:385-389. [PMID: 34703728 PMCID: PMC8524108 DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiac compression is a cumbersome procedure. The American Heart Association suggests switching of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) provider every 2 min to prevent any decrease in resuscitation quality. High quality CPR is associated with improved outcomes. Previous studies have highlighted the difficulties in providing high quality CPR particularly while wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of personal protective equipment (PPE) use on CPR quality in prehospital cardiac arrest situations. Methods In this prospective simulation study, we compared the cardiac compression qualities and fatigue rates among prehospital health care professionals (HCPs) who were or were not using PPE. Results A total of 76 prehospital HCPs comprising 38 compression teams participated in this study. The mean compression rate was 117.71 ± 8.27/min without PPE and 115.58 ± 9.02/min with PPE (p = 0.191). Overall compression score was 86.95 ± 4.39 without PPE and 61.89 ± 14.43 with PPE (p < 0.001). Post-cardiac compression fatigue score was 4.42 ± 0.5 among HCPs who used their standard uniform and 7.74 ± 0.92 among those who used PPE (p < 0.001). The overall compression score difference between the two conditions was 25.05 ± 11.74 and the fatigue score difference was 3.31 ± 0.98. Discussion PPE use is associated with decreased cardiac compression quality and significantly higher fatigue rates than those associated with the use of standard uniforms. Routine use of mechanical compression devices should be considered when PPE is required for out-of-cardiac arrests.
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117
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Vilela EM, Fontes-Carvalho R. Face masks and exercise: Novel insights into a contemporary conundrum. Rev Port Cardiol 2021; 40:965-967. [PMID: 34898838 PMCID: PMC8649643 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M Vilela
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Fontes-Carvalho
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
- Cardiovascular Research Center (UniC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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118
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Ade CJ, Turpin VRG, Parr SK, Hammond ST, White Z, Weber RE, Schulze KM, Colburn TD, Poole DC. Does wearing a facemask decrease arterial blood oxygenation and impair exercise tolerance? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 294:103765. [PMID: 34352384 PMCID: PMC9715989 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concerns have been raised that COVID-19 face coverings compromise lung function and pulmonary gas exchange to the extent that they produce arterial hypoxemia and hypercapnia during high intensity exercise resulting in exercise intolerance in recreational exercisers. This study therefore aimed to investigate the effects of a surgical, flannel or vertical-fold N95 masks on cardiorespiratory responses to incremental exercise. METHODS This investigation studied 11 adult males and females at rest and while performing progressive cycle exercise to exhaustion. We tested the hypotheses that wearing a surgical (S), flannel (F) or horizontal-fold N95 mask compared to no mask (control) would not promote arterial deoxygenation or exercise intolerance nor alter primary cardiovascular variables during submaximal or maximal exercise. RESULTS Despite the masks significantly increasing end-expired peri-oral %CO2 and reducing %O2, each ∼0.8-2% during exercise (P < 0.05), our results supported the hypotheses. Specifically, none of these masks reduced sub-maximal or maximal exercise arterial O2 saturation (P = 0.744), but ratings of dyspnea were significantly increased (P = 0.007). Moreover, maximal exercise capacity was not compromised nor were there any significant alterations of primary cardiovascular responses (mean arterial pressure, stroke volume, cardiac output) found during sub-maximal exercise. CONCLUSION Whereas these results are for young healthy recreational male and female exercisers and cannot be applied directly to elite athletes, older or patient populations, they do support that arterial hypoxemia and exercise intolerance are not the obligatory consequences of COVID-19-indicated mask-wearing at least for cycling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Ade
- Departments of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | | | - Shannon K Parr
- Departments of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Stephen T Hammond
- Departments of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Zachary White
- Departments of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ramona E Weber
- Departments of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA; Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kiana M Schulze
- Departments of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA; Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Trenton D Colburn
- Departments of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA; Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - David C Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA; Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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Sortwell A, Ramirez-Campillo R, Knijnik J, Forte P, Marinho D, Ferraz R, Trimble K. Commentary: Face masks in physical education classes during the COVID-19 delta variant wave: a call for awareness. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2021. [PMCID: PMC8622107 DOI: 10.1007/s12662-021-00785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sortwell
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiago, Chile
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Knijnik
- Centre for Educational Research, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Daniel Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Kevin Trimble
- Faculty of Education and Arts, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
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120
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Effects of Using the Surgical Mask and FFP2 during the 6-Min Walking Test. A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312420. [PMID: 34886145 PMCID: PMC8656790 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of masks has been recommended as a containment measure. The mask is a hindrance to normal breathing that causes discomfort. This could put more work on the respiratory accessory muscles, and, consequently, these muscles could see their tone increase. For this reason, during this clinical trial (registered in clincaltrials.gov, number: NCT04789603), it was observed whether the use of the mask produced changes in the distance traveled, in the heart rate, in the oxygenometry, in the self-perceived dyspnea and in the tone of accessory respiratory muscles during a 6-min walk test (6MWT). Fifty healthy volunteers were recruited and carried out the 6MWT on three occasions. They carried out the 6MWT in various situations: using an FFP2/N95 mask, using a surgical mask, and without using a mask. The distance walked, the heart rate, the oxygen therapy, the tone of the accessory respiratory muscles, and the self-perceived dyspnea were recorded in each situation. Significant differences were found between the three situations in terms of self-perceived dyspnea FFP2/N95 > surgical mask > no mask. However, there are no differences between the experimental situations during the 6MWT in terms of distance travelled, heart rate, oxygenometry or respiratory muscle tone.
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121
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Impact of Face Masks on Exercise Capacity and Lactate Thresholds in Healthy Young Adults. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:655-658. [PMID: 34824166 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many countries have introduced strict guidelines regarding mouth and nose coverage in public to contain infection rates during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, more information is needed regarding the impact of wearing face masks on lactate thresholds (LT) and performance parameters during exercise. METHODS Ten healthy male and 10 healthy female subjects (age = 33.4 [10.26] y, body mass index = 23.52 [2.36] kg/m2) performed 3 incremental performance tests, wearing no mask (NM), surgical mask (SM), and filtering face piece mask class 2 (FFP2), with a cycle ergometer. The authors analyzed changes in the LT, in blood gas parameters, and in the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). RESULTS Performance at LT remained unchanged in subjects wearing SM or FFP2 in comparison with NM (162.5 [50.6] vs 167.2 [58.9] vs 162.2 [58.4] W with NM, SM, and FFP2, respectively, P = .24). However, the peak performance was significantly reduced wearing FFP2 compared with NM (213.8 [71.3] vs 230.5 [77.27] W, FFP2 vs NM, respectively, P < .001). Capillary pCO2 was increased while wearing SM as well as FFP2 compared with NM (29 [3.1] vs 33.3 [4] vs 35.8 [4.9] mmHg with NM, SM, and FFP2, respectively; P < .001), and pO2 decreased under maximum performance (84 [6.7] vs 79.1 [7.5] vs 77.3 [8.2] mmHg with NM, SM, and FFP2, P < .01). Importantly, rating of perceived exertion was significantly increased by wearing FFP2 compared with NM at LT according to Mader (16.7 [2.7] vs 15.3 [1.8] FFP2 vs NM, respectively, P < .01). CONCLUSION Wearing face masks during exercise showed no effect on LT, limited maximum performance, and induced discrete changes in capillary pCO2 and pO2 within the physiologic range while increasing RPE at LT.
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122
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Jesus JP, Gomes M, Dias-Gonçalves A, Correia JM, Pezarat-Correia P, Mendonca GV. Effects of surgical masks on the responses to constant work-rate cycling performed at different intensity domains. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2021; 42:43-52. [PMID: 34753208 PMCID: PMC8646879 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We aimed at examining the impact of wearing surgical face masks on exercise performance. Thirty-two healthy adults (16 males and 16 females) completed a graded exercise test to measure peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ) and the ventilatory threshold (VT). Then, on separate days, all participants performed resting and standardized protocols (moderate intensity: 25% infra-VT; severe intensity: 25% supra-VT) on two different conditions (with and without a surgical mask). The use of masks reduced both VO2 and minute ventilation during moderate and severe exercise (p < 0.0001), and this effect was particularly pronounced during severe exercise. Time to exhaustion was also shortened by ~10% on the face mask condition (p = 0.014). In contrast, neither heart rate nor the respiratory exchange ratio was affected by masking. The submaximal VO2 was similar between the two epochs of analysis obtained during moderate cycling (i.e. 3-6 min vs. 7-10 min) and this occurred similarly between conditions. In conclusion, the impact of the surgical masks on exercise capacity is particularly pronounced during severe exercise performed at constant work rate. Ultimately, this may implicate a considerable impairment of structured or even unstructured strenuous physical activity. Clinical Trials registration number: NCT04963049.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Jesus
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Miguel Gomes
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - André Dias-Gonçalves
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Joana M Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Goncalo V Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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Shin J, Jeong S, Kim J, Choi YY, Choi J, Lee JG, Kim S, Kim M, Rho Y, Hong S, Choi JI, Grigoropoulos CP, Ko SH. Dynamic Pore Modulation of Stretchable Electrospun Nanofiber Filter for Adaptive Machine Learned Respiratory Protection. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15730-15740. [PMID: 34585584 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of highly contagious respiratory disease and the underlying issues of worldwide air pollution jointly heighten the importance of the personal respirator. However, the incongruence between the dynamic environment and nonadaptive respirators imposes physiological and psychological adverse effects, which hinder the public dissemination of respirators. To address this issue, we introduce adaptive respiratory protection based on a dynamic air filter (DAF) driven by machine learning (ML) algorithms. The stretchable elastomer fiber membrane of the DAF affords immediate adjustment of filtration characteristics through active rescaling of the micropores by simple pneumatic control, enabling seamless and constructive transition of filtration characteristics. The resultant DAF-respirator (DAF-R), made possible by ML algorithms, successfully demonstrates real-time predictive adapting maneuvers, enabling personalizable and continuously optimized respiratory protection under changing circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jinmo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yun Young Choi
- Department of Computational Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seojdamun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Joonhwa Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Gun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongyoon Kim
- Department of Computational Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seojdamun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Munju Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sukjoon Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
| | - Jung-Il Choi
- Department of Computational Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seojdamun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design/Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Freiberg A, Horvath K, Hahne TM, Drössler S, Kämpf D, Spura A, Buhs B, Reibling N, De Bock F, Apfelbacher C, Seidler A. [Impact of wearing face masks in public to prevent infectious diseases on the psychosocial development in children and adolescents: a systematic review]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2021; 64:1592-1602. [PMID: 34694428 PMCID: PMC8543771 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-021-03443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hintergrund Zur Prävention tröpfchenübertragener Infektionskrankheiten wird das Tragen einer Maske im öffentlichen Raum unter bestimmten Bedingungen empfohlen. Ziel der Arbeit Ziel war, über eine sensitive Literatursuche möglichst alle deutsch- und englischsprachigen Forschungsergebnisse aus begutachteten Fachzeitschriftenartikeln zu den Auswirkungen des Masketragens zur Prävention von Infektionen auf die psychosoziale Entwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen zusammenzutragen. Methoden Es wurde ein systematischer Review unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Studiendesigns durchgeführt (Suchzeitraum bis einschließlich 12.07.2021). Das Verzerrungsrisiko der Studien wurde mit einem Risk-of-Bias-Verfahren ermittelt. Es fand eine deskriptiv-narrative Ergebnissynthese statt. Ergebnisse Es wurden 13 Studien eingeschlossen, wobei das Gesamtverzerrungsrisiko in allen Primärstudien als hoch eingeschätzt wurde. Es gibt Hinweise aus Befragungsstudien, dass die Fähigkeit zum Lesen der Mimik von Kindern/Jugendlichen und/oder ihren Betreuer:innen im (Vor‑)Schulsetting durch das Masketragen als beeinträchtigt erlebt wird, die durch mehrere Experimentalstudien bestätigt wurden. 2 Studien berichteten über psychische Symptome wie Ängste oder Stresserleben sowie Konzentrations- und Lernschwierigkeiten durch das Masketragen während der COVID-19-Pandemie. Eine Studie während der SARS-Pandemie 2002/2003 untersuchte mündliche Prüfungsleistungen in Englisch als Fremdsprache und zeigte keinen Unterschied zwischen den Bedingungen „Maske“ versus „keine Maske“. Diskussion Zu den Auswirkungen des Masketragens auf verschiedene Entwicklungsbereiche von Kindern und Jugendlichen lassen sich basierend auf der unzureichenden Studienlage nur wenige Erkenntnisse ableiten. Es fehlen Forschungsdaten zu den Folgen für die Endpunkte psychische Entwicklung, Sprachentwicklung, sozioemotionale Entwicklung, soziales Verhalten, Schulerfolg und Teilhabe. Weitere qualitative Studien und epidemiologische Studien sind unbedingt nötig. Zusatzmaterial online Zusätzliche Informationen sind in der Online-Version dieses Artikels (10.1007/s00103-021-03443-5) enthalten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Freiberg
- Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits- und Sozialmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland.
| | - Katy Horvath
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Helios Park-Klinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Taurai Monalisa Hahne
- Institut für Sozialmedizin und Gesundheitssystemforschung, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Deutschland
| | - Stephanie Drössler
- Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits- und Sozialmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Daniel Kämpf
- Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits- und Sozialmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Anke Spura
- Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Bernhard Buhs
- Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Nadine Reibling
- Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Freia De Bock
- Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Christian Apfelbacher
- Institut für Sozialmedizin und Gesundheitssystemforschung, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Seidler
- Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits- und Sozialmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
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125
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Cigiloglu A, Ozturk E, Ganidagli S, Ozturk ZA. Different reflections of the face mask: sleepiness, headache and psychological symptoms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2021; 28:2278-2283. [PMID: 34556012 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2021.1984712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant physical and mental effects on healthcare workers. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between wearing face masks and headache, sleepiness, mood and anxiety symptoms in healthcare workers. Methods. A survey was administered to 365 healthcare workers working during the pandemic. The Beck depression inventory, the Beck anxiety inventory and the Epworth sleepiness scale were used to assess depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and daytime sleepiness, respectively. Participants were also asked about new-onset headaches. Results. Almost half of the participants (47.6%) reported new-onset headaches, and 23.2% reported excessive daytime sleepiness. The frequencies of depressive and anxiety symptoms were 43.7 and 59.2%, respectively. Sleepiness scores and new-onset headache frequency were higher in women and those using filtering facepiece respirators. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between mask-wearing duration, depressive and anxiety symptom scores, and sleepiness score. Conclusions. The present study has shown that many healthcare workers wearing face masks suffered from sleepiness, headaches and psychological symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings indicate the importance of improving working conditions and planning psychological interventions for healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Cigiloglu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Gaziantep University, Turkey
| | - Ercument Ozturk
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Gaziantep University, Turkey
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126
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Pasqualetto MC, Tuttolomondo D, Gaibazzi N, Baratella MC, Casolino P, Stefani M, Reato S, Tattan E, Sorbo MD, Bigon L, Giada F, Nizzetto M, Ferrara C, Galiotto A, Scevola M, Rigo F. Safety of surgical masks during phisical activity evaluated with graded cycle ergometry test. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:846-850. [PMID: 34651611 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIMS At the time of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic wearing surgical mask (SM) is recommended for the prevention of contracting or exposing others to airborne transmission of COVID-19. It is somewhat controversial whether wearing SM during exercise affects performance and health status and/or may influence the results. In order to give an answer we planned a prospective, randomized, crossover study to evaluate the effects of wearing a SM or no-SM in 33 (17 male) physically active helthy subjects during a graded exercise cycle ergometry test. METHODS The two tests were performed in random order in the same subjects. The participants were all tested the same day, after a recovery time of at least of one hour, in order to avoid interferences on physical performances. Arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate and arterial blood pressure were assessed throughout the exercise tests every step of two minutes, at the end of exercise, performed at the same time with and without mask. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Wearing SM had no effect on performance, since the duration of cycle ergometry test with SM and without SM median, respectively, was 14.2, [lower-upper quartile 13.9-14.8] versus 14.3 [13.9-15.5] minutes, p=0.094, and median peak power was 150 W [150-180] versus 150 W [120-180] p=0.754. When expressed relative to peak exercise performance, no differences were found between wearing or not wearing SM regarding arterial oxygen saturation, or heart rate at any time during the exercise tests. Wearing SM during vigorous exercise had no detrimental effect on cardiovascular parameters, as well as on exercise metrics in all participants. No ventricular repolarization abnormalities and no arrhythmias were reported on the electrocardiograms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicola Gaibazzi
- Cardiology and Cardiac Imaging Department, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Casolino
- Division of Cardiology, Dolo Hospital AULSS 3, Venice, Italy
| | - Maria Stefani
- Division of Cardiology, Dolo Hospital AULSS 3, Venice, Italy
| | - Stefania Reato
- Division of Cardiology, Dolo Hospital AULSS 3, Venice, Italy
| | - Elisa Tattan
- Division of Cardiology, Dolo Hospital AULSS 3, Venice, Italy
| | - Maria D Sorbo
- Division of Cardiology, Dolo Hospital AULSS 3, Venice, Italy
| | - Lucio Bigon
- Sport Medicine Division, Dolo Hospital AULSS 3, Venice, Italy
| | - Franco Giada
- Sport Medicine Division, Dolo Hospital AULSS 3, Venice, Italy
| | - Manuele Nizzetto
- Sub-Intensive Care COVID Unit in Pneumology, Dolo Hospital AULSS 3, Venice, Italy
| | - Chiara Ferrara
- Dolo Hospital AULSS 3 Venice, Non-critical COVID Area in Internal Medicine, Venice, Italy
| | - Alessandra Galiotto
- Dolo Hospital AULSS 3 Venice, Non-critical COVID Area in Internal Medicine, Venice, Italy
| | - Moreno Scevola
- Dolo Hospital AULSS 3 Venice, Non-critical COVID Area in Internal Medicine, Venice, Italy
| | - Fausto Rigo
- Division of Cardiology, Dolo Hospital AULSS 3, Venice, Italy
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127
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Kato I, Masuda Y, Nagashima K. Surgical masks do not increase the risk of heat stroke during mild exercise in hot and humid environment. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2021; 59:325-333. [PMID: 34421100 PMCID: PMC8516632 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2021-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surgical masks are widely used for the prevention of respiratory infections. However, the risk of heat stroke during intense work or exercise in hot and humid environment is a concern. This study aimed to examine whether wearing a surgical mask increases the risk of heat stroke during mild exercise in such environment. Twelve participants conducted treadmill exercise for 30 min at 6 km/h, with 5% slope, 35°C ambient temperature, and 65% relative humidity, while wearing or not a surgical mask (mask and control trials, respectively). Rectal temperature (Trec), ear canal temperature (Tear), and mean skin temperature (mean Tskin) were assessed. Skin temperature and humidity of the perioral area of the face (Tface and RHface) were also estimated. Thermal sensation and discomfort, sensation of humidity, fatigue, and thirst were rated using the visual analogue scale. Trec, Tear, mean Tskin, and Tface increased during the exercise, without any difference between the two trials. RHface during the exercise was greater in the mask trial. Hot sensation was greater in the mask trial, but no influence on fatigue and thirst was found. These results suggest that wearing a surgical mask does not increase the risk of heat stroke during mild exercise in moist heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Kato
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Japan
- Body Temperature and Fluid Laboratory, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Japan
| | - Yuta Masuda
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Japan
- Body Temperature and Fluid Laboratory, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Japan
| | - Kei Nagashima
- Body Temperature and Fluid Laboratory, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Japan
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128
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Nwosu ADG, Ossai EN, Onwuasoigwe O, Ahaotu F. Oxygen saturation and perceived discomfort with face mask types, in the era of COVID-19: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 39:203. [PMID: 34603584 PMCID: PMC8464215 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.39.203.28266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction the COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated the prolonged use of facemasks by healthcare workers. Facemask non-compliance has been largely blamed on discomfort associated with the mask, and apprehension regarding potential health hazards such as asphyxia from mask usage. We sought to evaluate the impact of different respiratory mask types on the comfort of healthcare workers and their arterial oxygen saturation during periods of active clinical duty. Methods we conducted a cross-sectional study on healthcare workers donning different types of facemasks in the normal course of duty. Objective non-invasive determination of arterial oxygen saturation of each participant was done using a portable pulse oximeter. Subjective self-assessment of global discomfort was scored by means of a 11-point numerical scale from 0 (no discomfort) to 10 (worst discomfort imaginable). The user's perceived elements of the discomfort were also evaluated. A statistical significance was accepted when P <0.05. Results seventy-six healthcare workers completed the study, and wore the masks for periods ranging from 68-480 minutes. The discomfort experienced with the use of the N95 mask; 4.3 (2.0) was greater than the surgical mask; 2.7 (1.8); P=0.001. No significant change in arterial oxygen saturation was observed with the use of either of the mask types. The tight strapping of the N95 mask was perceived as a contributor to the discomfort experienced with mask usage; P=0.009. Conclusion the N95 masks imposed greater discomfort than the surgical masks, but neither of the masks impacted on the arterial oxygen saturation of the healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edmund Ndudi Ossai
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Okechukwu Onwuasoigwe
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Francis Ahaotu
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
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129
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Fukushi I, Nakamura M, Kuwana SI. Effects of wearing facemasks on the sensation of exertional dyspnea and exercise capacity in healthy subjects. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258104. [PMID: 34591935 PMCID: PMC8483295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the currently ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is strongly recommended to wear facemasks to minimize transmission risk. Wearing a facemask may have the potential to increase dyspnea and worsen cardiopulmonary parameters during exercise; however, research-based evidence is lacking. We investigated the hypothesis that wearing facemasks affects the sensation of dyspnea, pulse rate, and percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation during exercise. Healthy adults (15 men, 9 women) underwent a progressive treadmill test under 3 conditions in randomized order: wearing a surgical facemask, cloth facemask, or no facemask. Experiment was carried out once daily under each condition, for a total of 3 days. Each subject first sat on a chair for 30 minutes, then walked on a treadmill according to a Bruce protocol that was modified by us. The experiment was discontinued when the subject’s pulse rate exceeded 174 beats/min. After discontinuation, the subject immediately sat on a chair and was allowed to rest for 10 minutes. Subjects were required to rate their levels of dyspnea perception on a numerical scale. Pulse rate and percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation were continuously monitored with a pulse oximeter. These parameters were recorded in each trial every 3 minutes after the start of the exercise; the point of discontinuation; and 5 and 10 minutes after discontinuation. The following findings were obtained. Wearing a facemask does not worsen dyspnea during light to moderate exercise but worsens dyspnea during vigorous exercise. Wearing a cloth facemask increases dyspnea more than wearing a surgical facemask during exercise and increases pulse rate during vigorous exercise, but it does not increase pulse rate during less vigorous exercise. Wearing a surgical facemask does not increase pulse rate at any load level. Lastly, wearing a facemask does not affect percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation during exercise at any load level regardless of facemask type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isato Fukushi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Uekusa Gakuen University, Chiba, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shun-ichi Kuwana
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Uekusa Gakuen University, Chiba, Japan
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130
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Lansiaux E, Tchagaspanian N, Arnaud J, Durand P, Changizi M, Forget J. Side-Effects of Public Health Policies Against Covid-19: The Story of an Over-Reaction. Front Public Health 2021; 9:696818. [PMID: 34589461 PMCID: PMC8473612 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.696818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliette Arnaud
- Global Variations, Genève, Switzerland.,Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Joachim Forget
- Global Variations, Genève, Switzerland.,Assemblée Nationale, Paris, France
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131
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Spang RP, Pieper K. The tiny effects of respiratory masks on physiological, subjective, and behavioral measures under mental load in a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19601. [PMID: 34599253 PMCID: PMC8486780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), face coverings are recommended to diminish person-to-person transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Some public debates concern claims regarding risks caused by wearing face masks, like, e.g., decreased blood oxygen levels and impaired cognitive capabilities. The present, pre-registered study aims to contribute clarity by delivering a direct comparison of wearing an N95 respirator and wearing no face covering. We focused on a demanding situation to show that cognitive efficacy and individual states are equivalent in both conditions. We conducted a randomized-controlled crossover trial with 44 participants. Participants performed the task while wearing an N95 FFR versus wearing none. We measured physiological (blood oxygen saturation and heart rate variability), behavioral (parameters of performance in the task), and subjective (perceived mental load) data to substantiate our assumption as broadly as possible. We analyzed data regarding both statistical equivalence and differences. All of the investigated dimensions showed statistical equivalence given our pre-registered equivalence boundaries. None of the dimensions showed a significant difference between wearing an FFR and not wearing an FFR.Trial Registration: Preregistered with the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/c2xp5 (15/11/2020). Retrospectively registered with German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00024806 (18/03/2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Spang
- Quality and Usability Lab, Institute of Software Engineering and Theoretical Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Pieper
- Quality and Usability Lab, Institute of Software Engineering and Theoretical Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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132
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The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity during intermittent fasting, is it safe? A call for action. Biol Sport 2021; 38:729-732. [PMID: 34937984 PMCID: PMC8670795 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) has recently gained popularity, and has been used for centuries in many religious practices. The Ramadan fasting is a mandatory form of IF practiced by millions of healthy adult Muslims globally for a whole lunar month every year. In Islam, the "Sunna" also encourages Muslims to practice IF all along the year (e.g.; two days a week). The 2019-Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in the context of Ramadan has raised the question whether fasting is safe practice during the COVID-19 pandemic health crisis, and what would be the healthy lifestyle behaviors while fasting that would minimize the risk of infection. As COVID-19 lacks a specific therapy, IF and physical activity could help promote human immunity and be part of holistic preventive strategy against COVID-19. In this commentary, the authors focus on this dilemma and provide recommendations to the fasting communities for safely practicing physical activity in time of COVID-19 pandemic.
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133
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Zhang G, Li M, Zheng M, Cai X, Yang J, Zhang S, Yilifate A, Zheng Y, Lin Q, Liang J, Guo L, Ou H. Effect of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Young Subjects: A Crossover Study. Front Physiol 2021; 12:710573. [PMID: 34566679 PMCID: PMC8461071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.710573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Mask plays an important role in preventing infectious respiratory diseases. The influence of wearing masks in physical exercise on the human body needs to be studied. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of wearing surgical masks on the cardiopulmonary function of healthy people during exercise. Methods: The physiological responses of 71 healthy subjects (35 men and 36 women, age 27.77 ± 7.76 years) to exercises with and without surgical masks (mask-on and mask-off) were analyzed. Cardiopulmonary function and metabolic reaction were measured by the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). All tests were carried out in random sequence and should be completed in 1 week. Results: The CPETs with the mask-on condition were performed undesirably (p < 0.05), and the Borg scale was higher than the mask-off (p < 0.001). Rest oxygen uptake ( V . O 2 ) and carbon dioxide production ( V . CO2) with the mask-on condition were lower than mask-off (p < 0.01), which were more obvious at peak exercise ( V . O2 peak : 1454.8 ± 418.9 vs. 1628.6 ± 447.2 ml/min, p < 0.001; V . CO2 peak : 1873.0 ± 578.7 vs. 2169.9 ± 627.8 ml/min, p = 0.005), and the anaerobic threshold (AT) brought forward (p < 0.001). At different stages of CPET with the mask-on condition, inspiratory and expiratory time (Te) was longer (p < 0.05), and respiratory frequency (Rf) and minute ventilation ( V . E ) were shorter than mask-off, especially at peak exercise (Rf peak : 33.8 ± 7.98 vs. 37.91 ± 6.72 b/min, p < 0.001; V . Epeak : 55.07 ± 17.28 vs. 66.46 ± 17.93 l/min, p < 0.001). V T was significantly lower than mask-off just at peak exercise (1.66 ± 0.45 vs. 1.79 ± 0.5 l, p < 0.001). End-tidal oxygen partial pressure (PetO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PetCO2), oxygen ventilation equivalent ( V . E / V . O2), and carbon dioxide ventilation equivalent ( V . E / V . CO2) with mask-on, which reflected pulmonary ventilation efficiency, were significantly different from mask-off at different stages of CPET (p < 0.05), but no significant difference in percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) was found. Differences in oxygen pulse ( V . O2/HR), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), work efficiency (△ V . O2/△W), peak heart rate (HR), and peak systolic blood pressure (BP) existed between two conditions (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Wearing surgical masks during aerobic exercise showed certain negative impacts on cardiopulmonary function, especially during high-intensity exercise in healthy young subjects. These results provide an important recommendation for wearing a mask at a pandemic during exercises of varying intensity. Future research should focus on the response of wearing masks in patients with related cardiopulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meifeng Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengqing Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anniwaer Yilifate
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Abdominal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haining Ou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Abdominal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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134
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Effect of Different Types of Face Masks on the Ventilatory and Cardiovascular Response to Maximal-Intensity Exercise. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100969. [PMID: 34681068 PMCID: PMC8533493 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of new models of face masks makes it necessary to compare their impact on exercise. Therefore, the aim of this work was to compare the cardiopulmonary response to a maximal incremental test, perceived ventilation, exertion, and comfort using FFP2 or Emotion masks in young female athletes. Thirteen healthy sportswomen (22.08 ± 1.75 years) performed a spirometry, and a graded exercise test on a treadmill, with a JAEGER® Vyntus CPX gas analyzer using an ergospirometry mask (ErgoMask) or wearing the FFP2 or the Emotion mask below the ErgoMask, randomized on 3 consecutive days. Also, menstrual cycle status was monitored to avoid possible intrasubject alterations. The results showed lower values for the ErgoMask+FFP2, compared to ErgoMask or ErgoMask+Emotion, in forced vital capacity (3.8 ± 0.2, 4.5 ± 0.2 and 4.1 ± 0.1 l, respectively); forced expiratory volume in 1 s (3.3 ± 0.2, 3.7 ± 0.2 and 3.5 ± 0.1 l); ventilation (40.9 ± 1.5, 50.6 ± 1.5 and 46.9 ± 1.2 l/min); breathing frequency (32.7 ± 1.1, 37.4 ± 1.1 and 35.3 ± 1.4 bpm); VE/VO2 (30.5 ± 0.7, 34.6 ± 0.9 and 33.6 ± 0.7); VE/VCO2 (32.2 ± 0.6, 36.2 ± 0.9 and 34.4 ± 0.7) and time to exhaustion (492.4 ± 9.7, 521.7 ± 8.6 and 520.1 ± 9.5 s) and higher values in inspiratory time (0.99 ± 0.04, 0.82 ± 0.03 and 0.88 ± 0.03 s). In conclusion, in young healthy female athletes, the Emotion showed better preservation of cardiopulmonary responses than the FFP2.
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Pimenta T, Tavares H, Ramos J, Oliveira M, Reis D, Amorim H, Rocha A. Facemasks during aerobic exercise: Implications for cardiac rehabilitation programs during the Covid-19 pandemic. Rev Port Cardiol 2021; 40:957-964. [PMID: 34566256 PMCID: PMC8455281 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and objectives During the COVID-19 pandemic, among the safety measures adopted, use of facemasks during exercise training sessions in cardiac rehabilitation programs raised concerns regarding possible detrimental effects on exercise capacity. Our study examined the cardiorespiratory impact of wearing two types of the most common facemasks during treadmill aerobic training. Methods Twelve healthy health professionals completed three trials of a symptom-limited Bruce treadmill protocol: Without a mask, with a surgical mask and with a respirator. Perceived exertion and dyspnea were evaluated with the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion and the Borg Dyspnea Scale, respectively. Blood pressure, heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured at each 3-minute stage. Results Using a surgical mask or a respirator resulted in a shorter duration of exercise testing. At peak capacity, using a respirator resulted in higher levels of dyspnea and perceived exertion compared to not wearing a facemask. A significant drop in SpO2 was present at the end of exercise testing only when using a respirator. There were no differences in either chronotropic or blood pressure responses between testing conditions. Conclusions Professionals involved in cardiac rehabilitation should be aware of the cardiorespiratory impact of facemasks. Future studies should assess whether exposure to these conditions may impact on the overall results of contemporary cardiac rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Pimenta
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Tavares
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Ramos
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Oliveira
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - David Reis
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Amorim
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Afonso Rocha
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
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Fatfouta R, Trope Y. Keeping One’s Distance: Mask Wearing is Implicitly Associated With Psychological Distance. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211044061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mask wearing plays a vital role in the fight against the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Despite its ubiquity in everyday social life, it is still unknown how masked faces are mentally represented. Drawing on construal-level theory, we test the hypothesis that masked faces and unmasked faces are implicitly associated with psychological distance and proximity in memory, respectively. Four preregistered, high-powered experiments ( N = 354 adults) using the Implicit Association Test lend convergent support to this hypothesis across all four dimensions of psychological distance: social distance, spatial distance, temporal distance, and hypothetical distance. A mini meta-analysis validates the reliability of the findings (Hedge’s g = 0.46). The present work contributes to the growing literature on construal-level effects on implicit social cognition and enriches the current discussion on mask wearing in the pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Fatfouta
- HMKW Hochschule für Medien, Kommunikation und Wirtschaft, University of Applied Sciences in Berlin, Germany
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137
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Yoshihara A, Dierickx EE, Brewer GJ, Sekiguchi Y, Stearns RL, Casa DJ. Effects of Face Mask Use on Objective and Subjective Measures of Thermoregulation During Exercise in the Heat. Sports Health 2021; 13:463-470. [PMID: 34196240 PMCID: PMC8404762 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211028212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While increased face mask use has helped reduce COVID-19 transmission, there have been concerns about its influence on thermoregulation during exercise in the heat, but consistent, evidence-based recommendations are lacking. HYPOTHESIS No physiological differences would exist during low-to-moderate exercise intensity in the heat between trials with and without face masks, but perceptual sensations could vary. STUDY DESIGN Crossover study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS Twelve physically active participants (8 male, 4 female; age = 24 ± 3 years) completed 4 face mask trials and 1 control trial (no mask) in the heat (32.3°C ± 0.04°C; 54.4% ± 0.7% relative humidity [RH]). The protocol was 60 minutes of walking and jogging between 35% and 60% of relative VO2max. Rectal temperature (Trec), heart rate (HR), temperature and humidity inside and outside of the face mask (Tmicro_in, Tmicro_out, RHmicro_in, RHmicro_out) and perceptual variables (rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation, thirst sensation, fatigue level, and overall breathing discomfort) were monitored throughout all trials. RESULTS Mean Trec and HR increased at 30- and 60-minute time points compared with 0-minute time points, but no difference existed between face mask trials and control trials (P > 0.05). Mean Tmicro_in, RHmicro_in, and humidity difference inside and outside of the face mask (ΔRHmicro) were significantly different between face mask trials (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in perceptual variables between face mask trials and control trials (P > 0.05), except overall breathing discomfort (P < 0.01). Higher RHmicro_in, RPE, and thermal sensation significantly predicted higher overall breathing discomfort (r2 = 0.418; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Face mask use during 60 minutes of low-to-moderate exercise intensity in the heat did not significantly affect Trec or HR. Although face mask use may affect overall breathing discomfort due to the changes in the face mask microenvironment, face mask use itself did not cause an increase in whole body thermal stress. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Face mask use is feasible and safe during exercise in the heat, at low-to-moderate exercise intensities, for physically active, healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Yoshihara
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Erin E. Dierickx
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Gabrielle J. Brewer
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Rebecca L. Stearns
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Douglas J. Casa
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Marques MS, Fonseca A, Lima R, Ladeira I, Gomes J, Guimarães M. Effect of a viral filter on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Pulmonology 2021; 28:140-141. [PMID: 34446380 PMCID: PMC8879983 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Sá Marques
- Pulmonology Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia e Espinho, Portugal.
| | - A Fonseca
- Pulmonology Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia e Espinho, Portugal
| | - R Lima
- Pulmonology Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia e Espinho, Portugal; Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia e Espinho, Portugal
| | - I Ladeira
- Pulmonology Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia e Espinho, Portugal; Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia e Espinho, Portugal; Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal
| | - J Gomes
- Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia e Espinho, Portugal
| | - M Guimarães
- Pulmonology Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia e Espinho, Portugal; Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia e Espinho, Portugal
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Prado DMLD, Silvino VO, Vieira EG, Rosa BV, Silva ASVE, Santos MAPD. The Effect of Respiratory Protective Surgical Mask on Physiological Markers of Endurance Performance in a Recreational Runner. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 117:23-28. [PMID: 34287472 PMCID: PMC8291894 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20200792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valmir Oliveira Silvino
- Universidade Federal do Piauí - Nucleo de Estudo em Fisiologia Aplicada ao Desempenho e à Saúde (NEFADS) - Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Teresina, PI - Brasil
| | - Ewerton Gomes Vieira
- Universidade Federal do Piauí - Nucleo de Estudo em Fisiologia Aplicada ao Desempenho e à Saúde (NEFADS) - Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Teresina, PI - Brasil
| | - Bruno Viana Rosa
- Universidade Federal do Piauí - Nucleo de Estudo em Fisiologia Aplicada ao Desempenho e à Saúde (NEFADS) - Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Teresina, PI - Brasil
| | - Acácio Salvador Veras E Silva
- Universidade Federal do Piauí - Nucleo de Estudo em Fisiologia Aplicada ao Desempenho e à Saúde (NEFADS) - Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Teresina, PI - Brasil
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Hirai K, Tanaka A, Sato H, Sato Y, Uchida Y, Inoue E, Sagara H. Effect of surgical mask on exercise capacity in COPD: a randomised crossover trial. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.02041-2021. [PMID: 34385274 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02041-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Hirai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Sato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Uchida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Inoue
- Showa University Research Administration Center, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Sagara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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141
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Rosa BV, Rossi FE, Moura HPDSND, Santos AMDS, Véras-Silva AS, Ribeiro SLG, Nakamura FY, Pereira Dos Santos MA. Effects of FFP2/N95 face mask on low- and high-load resistance exercise performance in recreational weight lifters. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1326-1334. [PMID: 34365900 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1953613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic, has led to several countries adopting the use of masks in public spaces. Mask used during physical exercise it may induce early fatigue. However, despite the results with aerobic exercise, as far as we know, no studies have been carried out on wearing a mask during resistance exercise.This randomized, crossover study verified the acute effect of an FFP2/N95 face mask on moderate- and high-load upper body resistance exercise performance in recreational weight lifters.The FFP2/N95 face mask impacted performance, evaluated with bar velocity, in the high-intensity resistance bench press exercise until movement failure but decreased oxygen saturation and increased rate of perceived effort only in the moderate-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Viana Rosa
- Master's student in Science and Health, Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group and Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Eduardo Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Associate Professor at Graduation Program in Science and Health, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - Helton Pereira Dos Santos Nunes de Moura
- Master's student in Science and Health and Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - Arilene Maria da Silva Santos
- Master's student in Science and Health and Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal. . Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education Universidade de Pernambuco/Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio Pereira Dos Santos
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina-PI, Brazil
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Ueno K, Kamiya K, Hamazaki N, Nozaki K, Ichikawa T, Yamashita M, Uchida S, Kawabata M, Maekawa E, Yamaoka-Tojo M, Matsunaga A, Ako J. Usefulness of physical function sub-item of SF-36 survey to predict exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2021; 21:174-177. [PMID: 34324626 PMCID: PMC8344838 DOI: 10.1093/eurjcn/zvab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Exercise intolerance is widely known to be a major cardinal symptom in patients with heart failure (HF), but due to the recent coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic, it is still difficult to directly measure exercise tolerance in many hospitals and facilities. The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey physical functioning (SF-36PF) pertain to lower extremity functioning and walking. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether SF-36PF is a useful predictor of exercise intolerance and to provide its optimal cut-off value for patients with HF. Methods and results SF-36PF and 6-min walking distance (6MWD) were evaluated in 372 consecutive patients with HF. Exercise intolerance was defined at 6MWD cut-offs of 200, 300, and 400 m. The addition of SF-36PF to the pre-existing determinants of exercise tolerance significantly improved the area under the curve scores (0.85 vs. 0.89, P = 0.011 for 6MWD <200 m; 0.90 vs. 0.93, P = 0.001 for 6MWD <300 m; 0.88 vs. 0.90, P = 0.021 for 6MWD <400 m) for the predictive effect on exercise intolerance. The cut-off values of SF-36PF for predicting exercise intolerance defined by 6MWD <200, 300, and 400 m were 45, 50, and 70, respectively. Conclusions SF-36PF is a useful tool as an alternative index to predict exercise intolerance in patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Ueno
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kamiya
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Hamazaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Kohei Nozaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamashita
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shota Uchida
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawabata
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Emi Maekawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Minako Yamaoka-Tojo
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Matsunaga
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Junya Ako
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
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Fietsam AC, Deters JR, Workman CD, Rudroff T. Personal Protective Equipment Alters Leg Muscle Fatigability Independent of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Comparison with Pre-COVID-19 Pandemic Results. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11080962. [PMID: 34439581 PMCID: PMC8392507 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11080962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE; e.g., face mask) has increased. Mandating subjects to wear PPE during vigorous exercise might affect the fatigue outcomes of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the use of PPE affected the performance of a tDCS-influenced fatigue task in healthy adults. A total of 16 young and healthy subjects were recruited and wore PPE during an isokinetic fatigue task in conjunction with sham, 2 mA, and 4 mA tDCS conditions. Subjects were matched to subjects who did not wear PPE during our previous pre-pandemic study in which right knee extensor fatigability increased under these same conditions. The results show that right knee extensor fatigability, derived from torque and work (FI-T and FI-W, respectively), was higher in the PPE study compared to the No PPE study in the sham condition. Additionally, there were no differences in knee extensor fatigability or muscle activity between sham, 2 mA, and 4 mA tDCS in the present study, which contrasts with our previous results. Thus, PPE worn by subjects and researchers might have a detrimental effect on fatigue outcomes in tDCS studies irrespective of the stimulation intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Fietsam
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.C.F.); (J.R.D.); (C.D.W.)
| | - Justin R. Deters
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.C.F.); (J.R.D.); (C.D.W.)
| | - Craig D. Workman
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.C.F.); (J.R.D.); (C.D.W.)
| | - Thorsten Rudroff
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.C.F.); (J.R.D.); (C.D.W.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Health Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-319-467-0363
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Adhikari A, Pal U, Bayan S, Mondal S, Ghosh R, Darbar S, Saha-Dasgupta T, Ray SK, Pal SK. Nanoceutical Fabric Prevents COVID-19 Spread through Expelled Respiratory Droplets: A Combined Computational, Spectroscopic, and Antimicrobial Study. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021. [PMID: 35006728 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.20.432081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) warns the use of one-way valves or vents in face masks for potential threat of spreading COVID-19 through expelled respiratory droplets. Here, we have developed a nanoceutical cotton fabric duly sensitized with non-toxic zinc oxide nanomaterial for potential use as a membrane filter in the one-way valve for the ease of breathing without the threat of COVID-19 spreading. A detailed computational study revealed that zinc oxide nanoflowers (ZnO NFs) with almost two-dimensional petals trap SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, responsible to attach to ACE-2 receptors in human lung epithelial cells. The study also confirmed significant denaturation of the spike proteins on the ZnO surface, revealing removal of the virus upon efficient trapping. Following the computational study, we have synthesized ZnO NF on a cotton matrix using a hydrothermal-assisted strategy. Electron-microscopic, steady-state, and picosecond-resolved spectroscopic studies confirm attachment of ZnO NF to the cotton (i.e., cellulose) matrix at the atomic level to develop the nanoceutical fabric. A detailed antimicrobial assay using Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria (model SARS-CoV-2 mimic) reveals excellent antimicrobial efficiency of the developed nanoceutical fabric. To our understanding, the nanoceutical fabric used in the one-way valve of a face mask would be the choice to assure breathing comfort along with source control of COVID-19 infection. The developed nanosensitized cloth can also be used as an antibacterial/anti CoV-2 washable dress material in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Adhikari
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Uttam Pal
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Sayan Bayan
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Susmita Mondal
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Ria Ghosh
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Soumendra Darbar
- Research & Development Division, Dey's Medical Stores (Mfg.) Ltd., 62, Bondel Road, Ballygunge, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Tanusri Saha-Dasgupta
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Samit Kumar Ray
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Samir Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
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The Effect of Surgical Mask Use in Anaerobic Running Performance. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 restrictions stipulate the mandatory use of surgical masks during outdoor and indoor physical activities. The impact of this on athletic performance and especially on anaerobic physical activities is poorly known. The aim of the present research was to analyze the effect of surgical mask use on the anaerobic running performance of athletes. Modifications in running time, blood lactate, blood glucose, blood oxygen saturation, subjective perceived stress, rating of perceived exertion, and heart rate variability were measured in 50 m and 400 m maximal running tests with and without the use of surgical masks in 72 athletes. The use of a surgical mask increased blood lactate concentration, sympathetic autonomic modulation, perceived exertion, perceived stress, and decreased blood oxygen saturation in 50 and 400 m running tests. Thus, the higher levels of blood lactate and lower blood oxygen saturation require adaptation of the athlete’s rest and recovery periods to the acute workload. The higher level of sympathetic activation makes the acute and chronic control of autonomic modulation essential for an efficient training periodization. Finally, the use of acid buffers such as bicarbonate or sodium citrate would be a recommended ergogenic strategy.
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Rehman I, Ali S, O'Brien C, Goodall C. Assessing the impact of FFP3 masks to oxygen saturation and pulse rate in the Oral Surgery department at the Glasgow Dental Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational study. ORAL SURGERY 2021; 15:30-35. [PMID: 34548881 PMCID: PMC8447064 DOI: 10.1111/ors.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aim The impact on physiological parameters and well-being from potential respiratory distress caused by FFP3 masks, particularly during extensive clinical sessions, has been widely speculated during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to investigate the effect of FFP3 mask wear on clinicians' pulse rate and oxygen saturation. Material & Methods Clinical staff within the Oral Surgery department recorded their oxygen saturation (SpO2) and pulse rate prior to donning an FFP3 mask, prior to doffing FFP3 mask and after doffing FFP3 mask using a finger pulse oximeter for a two-week period in May-June 2020. The duration of wear, the session (AM/PM), the brand of mask and the presence of previous COVID-19 symptoms were also recorded. Results Twenty-eight data sets were collected from twelve participants (1M:11F). Of the FFP3 masks worn, nineteen (67.86%) were ARCOTM, eight (28.57%) were 3MTM masks and one (3.57%) was 3M+TM. At baseline, the mean SpO2 was 98.39% and the mean pulse rate was 72.11. Prior to mask removal, the mean SpO2 was 97.82% and the mean pulse rate was 70.04. At the end of the session, the mean SpO2 was 98.14% and the mean pulse rate was 69.54. The mean duration of wear was 150.34 min. Data sets were collected evenly across AM (14) and PM (14) sessions. Five participants (17.86%) reported previous COVID-19 symptoms. Conclusion The data demonstrated a mean reduction of 0.25% in oxygen saturation and 3.56% in pulse rate, following the use of an FFP3 mask. These changes in physiological parameters are not clinically significant and sessional use appears to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyaas Rehman
- Department of Oral Surgery School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing College of MVLS University of Glasgow Scotland UK
| | - Sarah Ali
- Department of Oral Surgery School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing College of MVLS University of Glasgow Scotland UK
| | - Conor O'Brien
- Department of Oral Surgery School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing College of MVLS University of Glasgow Scotland UK
| | - Christine Goodall
- Department of Oral Surgery School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing College of MVLS University of Glasgow Scotland UK
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Effects of surgical and cloth facemasks during a submaximal exercise test in healthy adults. Respir Med 2021; 186:106530. [PMID: 34273733 PMCID: PMC8452602 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical (SM) or cloth facemasks (CM) has become mandatory in many public spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic. They may interfere with the participation in physical activities. OBJECTIVE To evaluate how these masks influence dyspnoea (primary outcome), exercise performance and cardiorespiratory response during a 1-min sit-to-stand test (1STST), and to assess masks discomfort sensations. METHODS A randomized crossover trial was conducted in healthy adults. They performed 3 1STST (with either no mask (NM), a SM, or a CM) separated from each other by 24-72 h. The number of 1STST repetitions and leg rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Dyspnoea (Borg scale), hearth rate, respiratory rate and SpO2 were recorded before and at the end of 1STST, as well as after a short resting period. Several domains of subjective discomfort perceptions with masks were assessed. RESULTS Twenty adults aged 22 ± 2y (11 males) were recruited. Wearing the CM generated significantly higher dyspnoea than NM at all time points, but it only became clinically relevant after the 1STST (median difference, 1 [95%CI 0 to 1]). The SM generated a small but significant higher leg RPE than NM (median difference, 1 [95%CI 0 to 1]). The masks had no impact on 1STST performance nor cardiorespiratory parameters. Both masks were rated similarly for discomfort perceptions except for breathing resistance where CM was rated higher. CONCLUSIONS In healthy adults, the CM and SM had minimal to no impact on dyspnoea, cardiorespiratory parameters, and exercise performance during a short submaximal exercise test.
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Moreira-Neto A, Martins B, Miliatto A, Nucci MP, Silva-Batista C. Can remotely supervised exercise positively affect self-reported depressive symptoms and physical activity levels during social distancing? Psychiatry Res 2021; 301:113969. [PMID: 33975172 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare the self-reported depressive symptoms and physical activity (PA) levels among participants who performed self- nonexercising (NE), guided exercise (SGE), remotely supervised exercise (RSE), and face-to-face supervised exercise (FFE) during social distancing. Three hundred and forty-four individuals (≥18 years and 67% women) answered a self-reported online survey that included questions related to the physical exercise practice (e.g., supervised and remote) during social distancing and questions about perceptions of depressive symptoms (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale-Self Rated [MADRS-S] scores) and metabolic equivalent task minutes per week (METs min•wk-1) of moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA, and total PA scores (International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form) before and during social distancing. The RSE group (n=45) showed higher METs of vigorous-intensity PA than the SGE (n=146) and NE (n=109) groups. The RSE and FFE (n=44) groups showed higher METs of the total PA scores than the SGE and NE groups. The NE group showed higher MADRS-S scores than the other groups. Lower MADRS-S scores depend on the exercise practice and higher METs of vigorous-intensity PA depend on the supervised exercise practice. Thus, telehealth interventions can be implemented during the pandemic to enhance vigorous PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acácio Moreira-Neto
- Neuroimagem Funcional - Laboratory of Medical Investigations on Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Exercise Neuroscience Research Group, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruce Martins
- Neuroimagem Funcional - Laboratory of Medical Investigations on Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo, Brazil
| | - Angelo Miliatto
- Neuroimagem Funcional - Laboratory of Medical Investigations on Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Exercise Neuroscience Research Group, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Penteado Nucci
- Neuroimagem Funcional - Laboratory of Medical Investigations on Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Exercise Neuroscience Research Group, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Silva-Batista
- Neuroimagem Funcional - Laboratory of Medical Investigations on Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Exercise Neuroscience Research Group, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Lässing J, Falz R, Schulze A, Pökel C, Vondran M, Schröter T, Borger MA, Busse M. Decreased exercise capacity in young athletes using self-adapted mouthguards. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1881-1888. [PMID: 33713202 PMCID: PMC8192374 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is evidence of both the preventive effects and poor acceptance of mouthguards. There are various effects on performance depending on the type of mouthguard model. Hemodynamic responses to wearing a mouthguard have not been described. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of self-adapted mouthguards with breathing channels (SAMGvent). METHODS In this randomized crossover study, 17 healthy, active subjects (age 25.12 ± 2.19 years) underwent body plethysmography and performed two incremental exertion tests wearing a (SAMGvent) and not wearing (CON) a mouthguard. Blood lactate, spirometrics, and thoracic impedance were measured during these maximum exercise tests. RESULTS The mean values using a SAMGvent revealed significantly greater airway resistance compared to CON (0.53 ± 0.16 kPa·L-1 vs. 0.35 ± 0.10 kPa·L-1, respectively; p = < 0.01). At maximum load, ventilation with SAMGvent was less than CON (118.4 ± 28.17 L min-1 vs. 128.2 ± 32.16 L min-1, respectively; p = < 0.01). At submaximal loads, blood lactate responses with SAMGvent were higher than CON (8.68 ± 2.20 mmol·L-1 vs. 7.89 ± 1.65 mmol·L-1, respectively; p < 0.01). Maximum performance with a SAMGvent was 265.9 ± 59.9 W, and without a mouthguard was 272.9 ± 60.8 W (p < 0.01). Maximum stroke volume was higher using a SAMGvent than without using a mouthguard (138.4 ± 29.9 mL vs. 130.2 ± 21.2 mL, respectively; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Use of a self-adapted mouthguard led to increased metabolic effort and a significant reduction in ventilation parameters. Unchanged oxygen uptake may be the result of cardiopulmonary compensation and increased breathing efforts, which slightly affects performance. These results and the obvious preventive effects of mouthguards support their use in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lässing
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Marschnerstraße 29a, 04109, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Roberto Falz
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Marschnerstraße 29a, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antina Schulze
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Marschnerstraße 29a, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Pökel
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Marschnerstraße 29a, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Vondran
- University Department for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, University Hospital Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schröter
- University Department for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael A Borger
- University Department for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Busse
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Marschnerstraße 29a, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
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[Effects of surgical face masks on exercise performance and perceived exertion of exercise in well-trained healthy boys]. Wien Med Wochenschr 2021; 172:59-62. [PMID: 34101084 PMCID: PMC8185696 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-021-00851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of surgical "everday" face masks on the physical performance and perceived exertion in trained eleven-year-old boys.No decrease in objective performance parameters was found in the aerobic and aerobic-anaerobic transition zones. However, at the maximum performance level with surgical face mask, there was a significant reduction in running time as well as a significant increase in the subjective perception of exertion with otherwise unchanged performance parameters. In summary, the use of surgical face masks in trained children does not affect athletic activities as long as the loads are performed primarily in the aerobic intensity range.
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