101
|
Problem Drinking, Gambling and Eating – Three Problems, One Understanding? A Qualitative Comparison between French and Finnish Social Workers. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2017. [DOI: 10.2478/nsad-2013-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Culture Is often used as a wildcard in cross-cultural studies. This article proposes a more diverse understanding of culture, as layered from “deep structures” towards institutional arrangements. It analyses which cultural levels are involved in Finnish and French social workers' understanding of problem drinking, gambling and eating. Design A stimulated focus group method (Reception Analytical Group Interview) RAGI was applied to eight groups of Finnish and five groups of French social workers not specialised in addiction. The interviews were analysed with a semi-otic approach. Results Finnish social workers understand problem drinking, gambling and eating as rooted in society and harming the social environment. It is the individual's responsibility to solve the problem. French social workers conceptualise only problem eating similar to problem drinking as being caused by an individual defect. They identify problem gambling as a social issue. Conclusions The results imply that both the institutional context and structures deeper in culture influence how we conceptualise excessive behaviours. This shows the usefulness of a layered concept of culture. The article recommends caution in using “addiction” as an umbrella concept for all kinds of excessive behaviours, as the perception of each problem depends not only on culture, but on the different cultural levels. Problem gambling in particular seems to evoke multiple understandings.
Collapse
|
102
|
Maxwell AL, Loxton NJ, Hennegan JM. Exposure to food cues moderates the indirect effect of reward sensitivity and external eating via implicit eating expectancies. Appetite 2017; 111:135-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
103
|
Berner LA, Winter SR, Matheson BE, Benson L, Lowe MR. Behind binge eating: A review of food-specific adaptations of neurocognitive and neuroimaging tasks. Physiol Behav 2017; 176:59-70. [PMID: 28363840 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent binge eating, or overeating accompanied by a sense of loss of control, is a major public health concern. Identifying similarities and differences among individuals with binge eating and those with other psychiatric symptoms and characterizing the deficits that uniquely predispose individuals to eating problems are essential to improving treatment. Research suggests that altered reward and control-related processes may contribute to dysregulated eating and other impulsive behaviors in binge-eating populations, but the best methods for reliably assessing the contributions of these processes to binge eating are unclear. In this review, we summarize standard neurocognitive and neuroimaging tasks that assess reward and control-related processes, describe adaptations of these tasks used to study eating and food-specific responsivity and deficits, and consider the advantages and limitations of these tasks. Future studies integrating both general and food-specific tasks with neuroimaging will improve understanding of the neurocognitive processes and neural circuits that contribute to binge eating and could inform novel interventions that more directly target or prevent this transdiagnostic behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Berner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Samantha R Winter
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brittany E Matheson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Leora Benson
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R Lowe
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Renfrew Center for Eating Disorders, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Berridge KC, Robinson TE. Liking, wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 71:670-679. [PMID: 27977239 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rewards are both "liked" and "wanted," and those 2 words seem almost interchangeable. However, the brain circuitry that mediates the psychological process of "wanting" a particular reward is dissociable from circuitry that mediates the degree to which it is "liked." Incentive salience or "wanting," a form of motivation, is generated by large and robust neural systems that include mesolimbic dopamine. By comparison, "liking," or the actual pleasurable impact of reward consumption, is mediated by smaller and fragile neural systems, and is not dependent on dopamine. The incentive-sensitization theory posits the essence of drug addiction to be excessive amplification specifically of psychological "wanting," especially triggered by cues, without necessarily an amplification of "liking." This is because of long-lasting changes in dopamine-related motivation systems of susceptible individuals, called "neural sensitization." A quarter-century after its proposal, evidence has continued to grow in support the incentive-sensitization theory. Further, its scope is now expanding to include diverse behavioral addictions and other psychopathologies. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
|
105
|
Blanco-Gandía MC, Cantacorps L, Aracil-Fernández A, Montagud-Romero S, Aguilar MA, Manzanares J, Valverde O, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Effects of bingeing on fat during adolescence on the reinforcing effects of cocaine in adult male mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 113:31-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
106
|
Schoentgen B, Lancelot C, Le Gall D. [Eating behavior in pediatric obesity: Of the advantages of combining the neurobiological and neuropsychological approaches]. Arch Pediatr 2017; 24:273-279. [PMID: 28131560 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is currently considered a major public health concern, as shown by the growing number of people with excess weight, alarmingly in infants, and despite medical care. Many studies have underlined the reasons for medical care failure caused by an inability to sustain a resistant behavior towards palatable food (high sugar and fat content). Hence, previous research has highlighted connections between excessive eating behavior and the activity of neurotransmitters in brain areas involved in affective behavior and the reward circuit. Reduction of the dopaminergic activity in the prefrontal orbital and limbic cortex may raise the question of executive skills, which play a major role in social adaptation and behavior control. These findings remind us of the need to grasp environmental and behavioral factors to better identify cognitive and affective profiles and improve childhood obesity treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Schoentgen
- Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays-de-la-Loire, EA4638, université d'Angers, 11, boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers cedex 01, France.
| | - C Lancelot
- Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays-de-la-Loire, EA4638, université d'Angers, 11, boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers cedex 01, France
| | - D Le Gall
- Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays-de-la-Loire, EA4638, université d'Angers, 11, boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers cedex 01, France
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
VanderBroek-Stice L, Stojek MK, Beach SRH, vanDellen MR, MacKillop J. Multidimensional assessment of impulsivity in relation to obesity and food addiction. Appetite 2017; 112:59-68. [PMID: 28087369 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Based on similarities between overconsumption of food and addictive drugs, there is increasing interest in "food addiction," a compulsive eating pattern defined using symptoms parallel to substance use disorders. Impulsivity, a multidimensional construct robustly linked to drug addiction, has been increasingly examined as an obesity determinant, but with mixed findings. This study sought to clarify relations between three major domains of impulsivity (i.e., impulsive personality traits, discounting of delayed rewards, and behavioral inhibition) in both obesity and food addiction. Based on the association between impulsivity and compulsive drug use, the general hypothesis was that the impulsivity-food addiction relation would be stronger than and responsible for the impulsivity-obesity relation. Using a cross-sectional dimensional design, participants (N = 181; 32% obese) completed a biometric assessment, the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scales, a Go/NoGo task, and measures of monetary delay discounting. Results revealed significantly higher prevalence of food addiction among obese participants and stronger zero-order associations between impulsivity indices and YFAS compared to obesity. Two aspects of impulsivity were independently significantly associated with food addiction: (a) a composite of Positive and Negative Urgency, reflecting proneness to act impulsively during intense mood states, and (b) steep discounting of delayed rewards. Furthermore, the results supported food addiction as a mediator connecting both urgency and delay discounting with obesity. These findings provide further evidence linking impulsivity to food addiction and obesity, and suggest that food addiction may be a candidate etiological pathway to obesity for individuals exhibiting elevations in these domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika K Stojek
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, United States; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, United States
| | | | | | - James MacKillop
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, United States; Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Canada; Homewood Research Institute, Homewood Health Centre, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Innamorati M, Imperatori C, Harnic D, Erbuto D, Patitucci E, Janiri L, Lamis DA, Pompili M, Tamburello S, Fabbricatore M. Emotion Regulation and Mentalization in People at Risk for Food Addiction. Behav Med 2017; 43:21-30. [PMID: 25909436 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2015.1036831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Researchers investigated the association among food addiction, difficulties in emotion regulation, and mentalization deficits in a sample of 322 Italian adults from the general population. All participants were administered the Italian versions of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (I-YFAS), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Mentalization Questionnaire, the Binge Eating Scale, and the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test. Of respondents, 7.1% reported high food-addiction symptoms (ie, 3 or more symptoms of food addiction on the I-YFAS). In bivariate analyses, high food-addiction symptoms were associated with more difficulties in emotion regulation and mentalization deficits. In the multivariate analysis, high food-addiction symptoms remained independently associated with mentalization deficits, but not with difficulties in emotion regulation. Our data suggest that mentalization may play an important role in food addiction by making it difficult for an individual to understand his or her own inner mental states as well as the mental states of others, especially when powerful emotions arise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Désirée Harnic
- b Psychiatric Day Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Policlinico Gemelli
| | - Denise Erbuto
- c Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome
| | | | - Luigi Janiri
- b Psychiatric Day Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Policlinico Gemelli
| | | | - Maurizio Pompili
- c Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Ouellette AS, Rodrigue C, Lemieux S, Tchernof A, Biertho L, Bégin C. Yale Food Addiction Scale: Examining the Psychometric Properties of the French Version among Individuals with Severe Obesity Awaiting Bariatric Surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2017.814161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
110
|
Patterned feeding induces neuroendocrine, behavioral and genetic changes that promote palatable food intake. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:412-419. [PMID: 28025575 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selection of a healthy diet is the cornerstone for treating obesity and metabolic disease. Unfortunately, the majority of diets fail leading to weight regain and in some cases, pathological feeding behavior. We hypothesize that alternating bouts of caloric overconsumption and caloric restriction, behavioral manifestations of dieting induce neuroendocrine, behavioral and genetic changes that promote future bouts of palatable food intake. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we subjected male Long-Evans rats to a high-fat diet (HFD) feeding paradigm that induced a pattern of caloric overconsumption and caloric restriction. Under these conditions we measured operant responding for sucrose, pre-meal ghrelin secretion, the effects of peripheral ghrelin blockade on patterned feeding, HFD intake in an aversive environment and mRNA expression of the ghrelin receptor, orexin, orexin-1 and 2 receptors, and FTO in the medial prefrontal cortex, lateral hypothalamus and ventral tegmental area. RESULTS Rats subjected to this feeding regimen displayed increased ghrelin levels prior to HFD exposure and blockade of this response attenuated patterned feeding behavior. In addition, patterned feeding promoted enhanced motivation for sucrose, diminished extinction of this response and increased HFD intake in an aversive environment. The neuroendocrine and behavioral changes correlated with increased hypothalamic expression of the ghrelin receptor and FTO. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data indicate that patterns of feeding that include caloric overconsumption and caloric restriction induce neuroendocrine and neurobiological changes that signify an enhanced drive for palatable food.
Collapse
|
111
|
Schwartz DC, Nickow MS, Arseneau R, Gisslow MT. A Substance Called Food: Long-Term Psychodynamic Group Treatment for Compulsive Overeating. Int J Group Psychother 2016; 65:386-409. [PMID: 26076205 DOI: 10.1521/ijgp.2015.65.3.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has proven difficult to treat. Many approaches neglect to address the deep-rooted underlying psychological issues. This paper describes a psychodynamically oriented approach to treating compulsive overeating as an addiction. Common to all addictions is a compulsion to consume a substance or engage in a behavior, a preoccupation with using behavior and rituals, and a lifestyle marked by an inability to manage the behavior and its harmful consequences. The approach represents a shift away from primarily medical models of intervention to integrated models focusing on the psychological underpinnings of obesity. Long-term psychodynamic group psychotherapy is recommended as a primary treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcia S Nickow
- Adjunct faculty at the Chicago School of Professional Psychology, and the Group Process Research Institute
| | - Ric Arseneau
- Clinical Associate Professor, Division of General Internal Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Mary T Gisslow
- Student Health Service at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, and the Group Process Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We capture recent findings in the field of genetic epidemiology of eating disorders. As analytic techniques evolve for twin, population, and molecular genetic studies, new findings emerge at an accelerated pace. We present the current status of knowledge regarding the role of genetic and environmental factors that influence risk for eating disorders. RECENT FINDINGS We focus on novel findings from twin studies, population studies using genetically informative designs, and molecular genetic studies. Over the past 2 years, research in this area has yielded insights into: comorbidity with other psychiatric and medical disorders and with metabolic traits; developmental factors associated with the emergence of eating disorders; and the molecular genetics of anorexia nervosa. SUMMARY Insights from genetic epidemiology provide an important explanatory model for patients with eating disorders, family members, and clinicians. Understanding core biological determinants that explain the severity and persistence of the illnesses, their frequent co-occurrence with other conditions, and their familial patterns raises awareness and increases compassion for individuals living with these disorders. Large-scale genomic studies are currently underway. Ultimately, this domain of research may pave the way to greater understanding of the underlying neurobiology and inform the development of novel and effective interventions.
Collapse
|
113
|
Schulte EM, Potenza MN, Gearhardt AN. A commentary on the "eating addiction" versus "food addiction" perspectives on addictive-like food consumption. Appetite 2016; 115:9-15. [PMID: 27984189 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The food addiction construct posits that vulnerable individuals may experience an addictive-like response to certain foods, such as those high in fat and refined carbohydrates. Recently, an alternative model to food addiction was proposed, suggesting that the act of eating may be a behavioral addiction that can trigger an addictive-like response in susceptible individuals. One major rationale for the eating addiction framework is that the assessment of food addiction is based on behavioral indicators, such as consuming greater quantities of food than intended and eating certain foods despite negative consequences. It is also suggested that the lack of investigation into which foods and food attributes (e.g., sugar) may have an addictive potential is evidence that food addiction does not parallel a substance-based addiction and more closely resembles a behavioral addiction. The present paper provides a commentary suggesting that the substance-based, food-addiction framework is more appropriate than the behavioral-addiction, eating-addiction perspective to conceptualize addictive-like food consumption. In order to illustrate this point, this manuscript will discuss behavioral components characteristic of all substance-use disorders, preliminary evidence to suggest that all foods are not equally associated with addictive-like eating, and key differences between the hypothesized eating addiction phenotype and the only existing behavioral addiction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), gambling disorder. Further, this paper will consider implications of applying an addiction label to food versus eating and suggest future research directions to evaluate whether food addiction is a valid and clinically useful construct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Schulte
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 2268 East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, CMHC Room S-104, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Child Study, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, CMHC Room S-104, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, CMHC Room S-104, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 2268 East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Innamorati M, Quinto RM, Imperatori C, Lora V, Graceffa D, Fabbricatore M, Lester D, Contardi A, Bonifati C. Health-related quality of life and its association with alexithymia and difficulties in emotion regulation in patients with psoriasis. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 70:200-8. [PMID: 27565774 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in psoriasis patients could be negatively affected by medical (e.g., obesity) and psychological (e.g., depression, anxiety, and alexithymia) conditions the presence of which suggests difficulties in understanding and regulating inner states and emotions. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate HRQoL and its association with obesity and difficulties in understanding and regulating inner states and emotions in patients with psoriasis. A second objective was to examine whether the presence of difficulties in understanding and regulating inner states and emotions may mediate the association between psoriasis and poor HRQoL. METHOD One hundred adult outpatients and 97 healthy controls were administered a checklist assessing major socio-demographic variables, and measures of HRQoL, difficulties in emotion regulation, alexithymia, anxiety, depression, and food craving. RESULTS Psoriasis patients (compared to controls) reported more frequently obesity, alexithymia, anxiety, depression and food craving, and reported lower scores on the mental and physical components of HRQoL. A mediation model, with mental health as the dependent variable, indicated significant direct and indirect (through BMI, difficulties in emotion regulation, anxiety, depression, and food craving) effects of psoriasis on the quality of life, so that psoriasis was associated with worse mental health. A second mediation model with physical health as dependent variable indicated only a significant indirect effect (through BMI and depression) of psoriasis on the quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Psoriasis is characterized by poor HRQoL and the presence of difficulties in understanding and regulating inner states and emotions. In patients with psoriasis the possible influence of food craving on abnormal eating habits should be carefully assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Innamorati
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rossella M Quinto
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Imperatori
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Lora
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Psoriasis, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Graceffa
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Psoriasis, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Contardi
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Bonifati
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Psoriasis, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Gregorio VD, Lucchese R, Vera I, Silva GC, Silva A, Moraes RCC. THE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS AMENDED AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY? AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW. ABCD-ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA 2016; 29Suppl 1:111-115. [PMID: 27683790 PMCID: PMC5064260 DOI: 10.1590/0102-6720201600s10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Bariatric surgery has been an alternative when conservative methods of weight loss fail. Patients undergoing bariatric surgery have an increased risk of up to 6.5% of problems related to alcohol Objective: Integrative review out to analyze the change of alcohol consumption in this public Method: Database was accessed from June of 2015 to January of 2016 by searching "bariatric surgery" AND "alcoholism", and their Portuguese equivalents. ScienceDirect, PubMed, Lilacs and Medline, besides manual search, were searched. To be included, the paper should have been published between 2005-2016 and related to bariatric surgery and alcoholism. Theses, dissertations, unpublished papers, case reports and theoretical studies were excluded, and a database was subsequently composed Results: In 2005 there was only a review of change in alcohol metabolism in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. There were no publications in 2006. In 2007, only one study was published, and it did not meet the inclusion criteria. In 2010, there was an increase of 13% in publications and of 20% in 2012, reaching 40% in 2013 Conclusion: The prevalence and incidence of alcohol consumption in relation to the postoperative time was six months to three years with higher incidence for follow-up treatment by men. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass showed greater association with increased consumption of alcohol during the postoperative period. Alcohol consumption proved to be essential to be faced in bariatric surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roselma Lucchese
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (Federal Univesity of Goiás), Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | - Ivânia Vera
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (Federal Univesity of Goiás), Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | - Graciele C Silva
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (Federal Univesity of Goiás), Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | - Andrecia Silva
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (Federal Univesity of Goiás), Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Brockmeyer T, Schmidt U, Friederich HC. The ABBA study - approach bias modification in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17:466. [PMID: 27670138 PMCID: PMC5037622 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The core symptoms of bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) are recurrent episodes of binge eating. Despite negative psychological and physical consequences, BN/BED patients show uncontrollable approach tendencies towards food. This cognitive bias occurs at an early stage of information processing. Cognitive bias modification (CBM) directly targets such biases and has been shown to be effective in treating several mental disorders. In alcohol addiction, automatic action tendencies towards alcohol cues and relapse rates were successfully reduced by a specific form of CBM, termed approach bias modification. Based on these findings and data from a proof-of-concept study in people with high levels of food craving, CBM is considered a promising new treatment approach for BN/BED. Given the similarities between BN/BED and addictive disorders, the rationale for using approach bias modification appears to be particularly strong. The aim of the present study is to examine whether, compared to a sham training, computerised approach bias modification (10 sessions) can reduce binge-eating episodes in BN/BED patients from pre-treatment to follow-up. Additionally, we will investigate whether this CBM programme also reduces global eating disorder psychopathology, trait and cue-elicited food craving, food intake as well as approach and attentional bias towards visual food cues. Treatment acceptance will be determined by attrition rates and responses on a feedback form. METHODS This is a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group superiority trial with two parallel arms. A total of 54 BN/BED patients will be recruited. Approach bias towards food will be retrained by a computer task adopting an implicit learning paradigm. Patients in the control condition (sham) will conduct a similar task but will not be trained to avoid food cues. Methods against bias include public registration, randomisation by a central study office, standardisation of the treatments and blinding of assessors. Furthermore, the session number and duration will be equivalent in the two conditions. DISCUSSION This is the first registered randomised controlled trial of approach bias modification in a clinical BN/BED sample. Results from this study will provide an indication of the efficacy of approach bias modification training for BN/BED and the potential mechanisms of action underlying this treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION DRKS00010231 (retrospectively registered on 24 March 2016; first version).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Brockmeyer
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Imperatori C, Fabbricatore M, Innamorati M, Farina B, Quintiliani MI, Lamis DA, Mazzucchi E, Contardi A, Vollono C, Della Marca G. Modification of EEG functional connectivity and EEG power spectra in overweight and obese patients with food addiction: An eLORETA study. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 9:703-16. [PMID: 25332109 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the modifications of electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectra and EEG connectivity in overweight and obese patients with elevated food addiction (FA) symptoms. Fourteen overweight and obese patients (3 men and 11 women) with three or more FA symptoms and fourteen overweight and obese patients (3 men and 11 women) with two or less FA symptoms were included in the study. EEG was recorded during three different conditions: 1) five minutes resting state (RS), 2) five minutes resting state after a single taste of a chocolate milkshake (ML-RS), and 3) five minutes resting state after a single taste of control neutral solution (N-RS). EEG analyses were conducted by means of the exact Low Resolution Electric Tomography software (eLORETA). Significant modification was observed only in the ML-RS condition. Compared to controls, patients with three or more FA symptoms showed an increase of delta power in the right middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann Area [BA] 8) and in the right precentral gyrus (BA 9), and theta power in the right insula (BA 13) and in the right inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47). Furthermore, compared to controls, patients with three or more FA symptoms showed an increase of functional connectivity in fronto-parietal areas in both the theta and alpha band. The increase of functional connectivity was also positively associated with the number of FA symptoms. Taken together, our results show that FA has similar neurophysiological correlates of other forms of substance-related and addictive disorders suggesting similar psychopathological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Imperatori
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Marco Innamorati
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetto Farina
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Isabella Quintiliani
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163, Rome, Italy
| | - Dorian A Lamis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Anna Contardi
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163, Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Mole TB, Mak E, Chien Y, Voon V. Dissociated Accumbens and Hippocampal Structural Abnormalities across Obesity and Alcohol Dependence. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw039. [PMID: 27207916 PMCID: PMC5043646 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Processing of food and drug rewards involves specific neurocircuitry, and emerging evidence implicates subcortical abnormalities, particularly the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. We specifically hypothesized that these 2 established regions in addiction neurocircuitry are associated with distinctive in vivo structural abnormalities in obesity and alcohol dependence. METHODS To specifically investigate anatomically discrete volumetric changes associated with overconsumption of different rewards, we acquired T1 MRI data from 118 subjects in 3 groups comprising obesity (n=42), alcohol dependence (n=32), and healthy volunteer controls (n=44). To exploit novel methods of automated hippocampal subfield segmentation, we used Freesurfer software to generate volumetric data in subject groups for the hippocampal subiculum and its major striatal efferent target, the nucleus accumbens. Hypothesis-led, selective group difference comparisons were analyzed. RESULTS We found markedly greater accumbens volumes (P=.002) and relatively preserved hippocampal subfield volumes in obesity. Conversely, in alcohol dependence, we found preserved accumbens volumes but atrophy of specific ventral hippocampal subfields, the subiculum and presubiculum. Smaller global subcortical gray-matter volume was found in the alcohol dependence group only. CONCLUSIONS Reward neurocircuitry including the accumbens and ventral hippocampus may show key structural abnormalities in disorders involving processing of both food and drug rewards, although the foci of disruption may vary as a function of reward modality. Structural differences may subserve altered reward and motivational processes in obesity and alcohol dependence and represent a potential biomarker for therapeutic targeting in key public health disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom B Mole
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Dr Mole, Mr Mak, Ms Chien, and Dr Voon); Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, UK (Dr Voon).
| | - Elijah Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Dr Mole, Mr Mak, Ms Chien, and Dr Voon); Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, UK (Dr Voon)
| | - Yee Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Dr Mole, Mr Mak, Ms Chien, and Dr Voon); Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, UK (Dr Voon)
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Dr Mole, Mr Mak, Ms Chien, and Dr Voon); Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, UK (Dr Voon)
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Imperatori C, Innamorati M, Lamis DA, Farina B, Pompili M, Contardi A, Fabbricatore M. Childhood trauma in obese and overweight women with food addiction and clinical-level of binge eating. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 58:180-190. [PMID: 27442689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Childhood trauma (CT) is considered a major risk factor for several disorders as well as for the development of eating psychopathology and adult obesity. The main aims of the present study were to assess in overweight and obese women: (i) the independent association between CT and food addiction (FA), and (ii) CT in patients with both FA and clinical-level of binge eating (BE), versus patients who only engage in FA or BE. Participants were 301 overweight and obese women seeking low-energy-diet therapy. All of the patients were administered self-report measures investigating FA, BE, CT, anxiety and depressive symptoms. CT severity was moderately and positively associated with both FA (r=0.37; p<0.001) and BE (r=0.36; p<0.001) severity. The association between FA and CT remained significant after controlling for potential confounding variables. Furthermore, compared to patients without dysfunctional eating patterns, the co-occurrence of FA and BE was associated with more severe CT as well as with more severe psychopathology (i.e., anxiety and depressive symptoms) and higher BMI. Our results suggest that clinicians should carefully assess the presence of CT in individuals who report dysfunctional eating patterns in order to develop treatment approaches specifically for obese and overweight patients with a history of CT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dorian A Lamis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Cathelain S, Brunault P, Ballon N, Réveillère C, Courtois R. [Food addiction: Definition, measurement and limits of the concept, associated factors, therapeutic and clinical implications]. Presse Med 2016; 45:1154-1163. [PMID: 27211587 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Addictions, which are characterized by the inability to control a behavior despite existence of physical or psychological consequences, have biological, psychological and social determinants. Although the possibility of developing an addiction to some psychoactive substances (e.g. alcohol, tobacco, cannabis) and to gambling (i.e., gambling disorder) is now well demonstrated, the possibility to develop a non-drug addiction (i.e., behavioral addiction) to certain behaviors which provide pleasure (e.g. eating, having sex, buying things) is still in debate. The concept of food addiction, which refers to people who exhibit substance dependence criteria in relation to some high-fat and high-sugar foods, was recently proposed by applying substance dependence DSM criteria to eating behavior. To assess food addiction, the Yale Food Addiction Scale is now the only self-administered questionnaire (diagnosis and estimate of the number of symptoms of food addiction). Prevalence for food addiction is higher in overweight and obese patients, and in patients with certain psychopathological characteristics (i.e., depression, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, high impulsivity), in patients who are single and in patients with neurobiological alterations in the reward system. However, it is still unclear whether food addiction is necessary associated with subsequent increase in body weight and/or obesity. An increasing number of studies demonstrated that drug addiction and food addiction shares some similar clinical, neurobiological and psychopathological and sociocultural risk factors. To test the pertinence to include food addiction as an addiction, it would be interesting to conduct future studies in patients who may experience harms related to their food addiction, including not only patients with obesity, but also patients with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, stroke, or coronary heart disease. Food addiction is a clinical and multidimensional concept which requires integrated care with psychotherapy, pharmacological and social lines of approach. This concept has also practical implications in terms of prevention and public health (e.g., prevention, brief interventions, possible law enforcement regarding some kinds of food which could present some addictive properties).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cathelain
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, département de psychologie, EA 2114, « psychologie des âges de la vie », 37041 Tours, France
| | - Paul Brunault
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, département de psychologie, EA 2114, « psychologie des âges de la vie », 37041 Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, équipe de liaison et de soins en addictologie, 37044 Tours cedex 09, France; CHRU de Tours, clinique psychiatrique universitaire, 37044 Tours cedex 09, France.
| | - Nicolas Ballon
- CHRU de Tours, équipe de liaison et de soins en addictologie, 37044 Tours cedex 09, France; CHRU de Tours, clinique psychiatrique universitaire, 37044 Tours cedex 09, France; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UMR Inserm U930 ERL, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Christian Réveillère
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, département de psychologie, EA 2114, « psychologie des âges de la vie », 37041 Tours, France
| | - Robert Courtois
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, département de psychologie, EA 2114, « psychologie des âges de la vie », 37041 Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, clinique psychiatrique universitaire, 37044 Tours cedex 09, France
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Karaca S, Saleh A, Canan F, Potenza MN. Comorbidity between Behavioral Addictions and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Systematic Review. Int J Ment Health Addict 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-016-9660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
122
|
Carter A, Hendrikse J, Lee N, Yücel M, Verdejo-Garcia A, Andrews ZB, Hall W. The Neurobiology of "Food Addiction" and Its Implications for Obesity Treatment and Policy. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:105-28. [PMID: 27296500 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing view that certain foods, particularly those high in refined sugars and fats, are addictive and that some forms of obesity can usefully be treated as a food addiction. This perspective is supported by a growing body of neuroscience research demonstrating that the chronic consumption of energy-dense foods causes changes in the brain's reward pathway that are central to the development and maintenance of drug addiction. Obese and overweight individuals also display patterns of eating behavior that resemble the ways in which addicted individuals consume drugs. We critically review the evidence that some forms of obesity or overeating could be considered a food addiction and argue that the use of food addiction as a diagnostic category is premature. We also examine some of the potential positive and negative clinical, social, and public policy implications of describing obesity as a food addiction that require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Carter
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia; .,University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4029 Australia
| | - Joshua Hendrikse
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Natalia Lee
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Murat Yücel
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Zane B. Andrews
- School of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4029 Australia.,Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Goodwin BC, Browne M, Rockloff M, Loxton N. Differential Effects of Reward Drive and Rash Impulsivity on the Consumption of a Range of Hedonic Stimuli. J Behav Addict 2016; 5:192-203. [PMID: 27363460 PMCID: PMC5387770 DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Impulsivity has consistently been associated with over-consumption and addiction. Recent research has reconceptualized impulsivity as a two-dimensional construct ( Dawe, Gullo, & Loxton, 2004 ). This study explores the relationship of the two components of impulsivity, reward drive (RD) and rash impulsivity (RI), on a broad group of 23 hedonic consumption behaviors (e.g., gambling, substance use, eating, and media use). We tentatively grouped the behaviors into three descriptive classes: entertainment, foodstuffs, and illicit activities and substances. Results RD and RI positively predicted elevated levels of consumption in a community sample (N=5,391; 51% female), for the vast majority of the behaviors considered. However, the effect sizes for RD and RI varied significantly depending on the behavior; a pattern that appeared to be at least partially attributable to the class of consumption. Results support the view that RD is related more strongly to the consumption of products that provide social engagement or a sense of increased status; whereas RI better reflects an approach toward illicit or restricted products that are intensely rewarding with clear negative consequences. Discussion and conclusion Results support the utility of the two-factor model of impulsivity in explaining individual differences in patterns of hedonic consumption in the general population. We discuss findings in terms of strengthening current conceptualizations of RI and RD as having distinct implications with respect to health-related behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda C. Goodwin
- School of Human, Health, and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, Australia
| | - Matthew Browne
- School of Human, Health, and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, Australia
| | - Matthew Rockloff
- School of Human, Health, and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, Australia
| | - Natalie Loxton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Schulte EM, Grilo CM, Gearhardt AN. Shared and unique mechanisms underlying binge eating disorder and addictive disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 44:125-139. [PMID: 26879210 PMCID: PMC5796407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Scientific interest in "food addiction" is growing, but the topic remains controversial. One critique of "food addiction" is its high degree of phenotypic overlap with binge eating disorder (BED). In order to examine associations between problematic eating behaviors, such as binge eating and "food addiction," we propose the need to move past examining similarities and differences in symptomology. Instead, focusing on relevant mechanisms may more effectively determine whether "food addiction" contributes to disordered eating behavior for some individuals. This paper reviews the evidence for mechanisms that are shared (i.e., reward dysfunction, impulsivity) and unique for addiction (i.e., withdrawal, tolerance) and eating disorder (i.e., dietary restraint, shape/weight concern) frameworks. This review will provide a guiding framework to outline future areas of research needed to evaluate the validity of the "food addiction" model and to understand its potential contribution to disordered eating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Schulte
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Carlos M Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; CASAColumbia, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Abstract
Cognitive constructs provide conceptual frameworks for transpathological characterization and improved phenotyping of apparently disparate psychiatric groups. This dimensional approach can be applied to the examination of individuals with behavioral addictions, for example, towards gambling, video-games, the internet, food, and sex, allowing operationalization of core deficits. We use this approach to review constructs such as impulsivity, compulsivity, and attention regulation, which may be most relevant, applicable, and successful for the understanding and subsequent treatment of the addictions.
Collapse
|
126
|
Carroll ME, Smethells JR. Sex Differences in Behavioral Dyscontrol: Role in Drug Addiction and Novel Treatments. Front Psychiatry 2016; 6:175. [PMID: 26903885 PMCID: PMC4745113 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings related to sex differences in behavioral dyscontrol that lead to drug addiction, and clinical implications for humans are discussed. This review includes research conducted in animals and humans that reveals fundamental aspects of behavioral dyscontrol. The importance of sex differences in aspects of behavioral dyscontrol, such as impulsivity and compulsivity, is discussed as major determinants of drug addiction. Behavioral dyscontrol during adolescence is also an important consideration, as this is the time of onset for drug addiction. These vulnerability factors additively increase drug-abuse vulnerability, and they are integral aspects of addiction that covary and interact with sex differences. Sex differences in treatments for drug addiction are also reviewed in terms of their ability to modify the behavioral dyscontrol that underlies addictive behavior. Customized treatments to reduce behavioral dyscontrol are discussed, such as (1) using natural consequences such as non-drug rewards (e.g., exercise) to maintain abstinence, or using punishment as a consequence for drug use, (2) targeting factors that underlie behavioral dyscontrol, such as impulsivity or anxiety, by repurposing medications to relieve these underlying conditions, and (3) combining two or more novel behavioral or pharmacological treatments to produce additive reductions in drug seeking. Recent published work has indicated that factors contributing to behavioral dyscontrol are an important target for advancing our knowledge on the etiology of drug abuse, intervening with the drug addiction process and developing novel treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John R. Smethells
- Program in PharmacoNeuroImmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Robinson MJF, Fischer AM, Ahuja A, Lesser EN, Maniates H. Roles of "Wanting" and "Liking" in Motivating Behavior: Gambling, Food, and Drug Addictions. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 27:105-136. [PMID: 26407959 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The motivation to seek out and consume rewards has evolutionarily been driven by the urge to fulfill physiological needs. However in a modern society dominated more by plenty than scarcity, we tend to think of motivation as fueled by the search for pleasure. Here, we argue that two separate but interconnected subcortical and unconscious processes direct motivation: "wanting" and "liking." These two psychological and neuronal processes and their related brain structures typically work together, but can become dissociated, particularly in cases of addiction. In drug addiction, for example, repeated consumption of addictive drugs sensitizes the mesolimbic dopamine system, the primary component of the "wanting" system, resulting in excessive "wanting" for drugs and their cues. This sensitizing process is long-lasting and occurs independently of the "liking" system, which typically remains unchanged or may develop a blunted pleasure response to the drug. The result is excessive drug-taking despite minimal pleasure and intense cue-triggered craving that may promote relapse long after detoxification. Here, we describe the roles of "liking" and "wanting" in general motivation and review recent evidence for a dissociation of "liking" and "wanting" in drug addiction, known as the incentive sensitization theory (Robinson and Berridge 1993). We also make the case that sensitization of the "wanting" system and the resulting dissociation of "liking" and "wanting" occurs in both gambling disorder and food addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J F Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Judd Hall, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA.
| | - A M Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Judd Hall, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - A Ahuja
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Judd Hall, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - E N Lesser
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Judd Hall, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - H Maniates
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Judd Hall, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Westwater ML, Fletcher PC, Ziauddeen H. Sugar addiction: the state of the science. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55:55-69. [PMID: 27372453 PMCID: PMC5174153 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As obesity rates continue to climb, the notion that overconsumption reflects an underlying 'food addiction' (FA) has become increasingly influential. An increasingly popular theory is that sugar acts as an addictive agent, eliciting neurobiological changes similar to those seen in drug addiction. In this paper, we review the evidence in support of sugar addiction. METHODS We reviewed the literature on food and sugar addiction and considered the evidence suggesting the addictiveness of highly processed foods, particularly those with high sugar content. We then examined the addictive potential of sugar by contrasting evidence from the animal and human neuroscience literature on drug and sugar addiction. RESULTS We find little evidence to support sugar addiction in humans, and findings from the animal literature suggest that addiction-like behaviours, such as bingeing, occur only in the context of intermittent access to sugar. These behaviours likely arise from intermittent access to sweet tasting or highly palatable foods, not the neurochemical effects of sugar. CONCLUSION Given the lack of evidence supporting it, we argue against a premature incorporation of sugar addiction into the scientific literature and public policy recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L. Westwater
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK ,Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK
| | - Paul C. Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK ,Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF UK
| | - Hisham Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK ,Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF UK ,Box 189, Herchel Smith Building, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB21 5DS UK
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
The relationship among food addiction, negative mood, and eating-disordered behaviors in patients seeking to have bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 12:165-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
130
|
Warschburger P. SRT-Joy - computer-assisted self-regulation training for obese children and adolescents: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16:566. [PMID: 26654798 PMCID: PMC4676168 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-1078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is not only a highly prevalent disease but also poses a considerable burden on children and their families. Evidence is increasing that a lack of self-regulation skills may play a role in the etiology and maintenance of obesity. Our goal with this currently ongoing trial is to examine whether training that focuses on the enhancement of self-regulation skills may increase the sustainability of a complex lifestyle intervention. Methods/Design In a multicenter, prospective, parallel group, randomized controlled superiority trial, 226 obese children and adolescents aged 8 to 16 years will be allocated either to a newly developed computer-training program to improve their self-regulation abilities or to a placebo control group. Randomization occurs centrally and blockwise at a 1:1 allocation ratio for each center. This study is performed in pediatric inpatient rehabilitation facilities specialized in the treatment of obesity. Observer-blind assessments of outcome variables take place at four times: at the beginning of the rehabilitation (pre), at the end of the training in the rehabilitation (post), and 6 and 12 months post-rehabilitation intervention. The primary outcome is the course of BMI-SDS over 1 year after the end of the inpatient rehabilitation. Secondary endpoints are the self-regulation skills. In addition, health-related quality of life, and snack intake will be analyzed. Discussion The computer-based training programs might be a feasible and attractive tool to increase the sustainability of the weight loss reached during inpatient rehabilitation. Trial registration The present study protocol was registered on 13 July 2015 at German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00007879.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Warschburger
- Department Psychology, Counselling Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Brockmeyer T, Hahn C, Reetz C, Schmidt U, Friederich HC. Approach bias and cue reactivity towards food in people with high versus low levels of food craving. Appetite 2015; 95:197-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
132
|
Abstract
There exists a continuous spectrum of overeating, where at the extremes there are casual overindulgences and at the other a 'pathological' drive to consume palatable foods. It has been proposed that pathological eating behaviors may be the result of addictive appetitive behavior and loss of ability to regulate the consumption of highly processed foods containing refined carbohydrates, fats, salt, and caffeine. In this review, we highlight the genetic similarities underlying substance addiction phenotypes and overeating compulsions seen in individuals with binge eating disorder. We relate these similarities to findings from neuroimaging studies on reward processing and clinical diagnostic criteria based on addiction phenotypes. The abundance of similarities between compulsive overeating and substance addictions puts forth a case for a 'food addiction' phenotype as a valid, diagnosable disorder.
Collapse
|
133
|
Abstract
Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common of eating disorders and is characterized by excessive, out-of-control, rapid food intake. This review focuses on cognitive impairments in BED, which represent an endophenotype that mediates brain function and behavior. Here we focus on reviewing impulsivity, compulsivity, attentional biases to food cues, and executive function. Behavioral regulation in BED appears to be influenced by the context of motivationally salient food cues and the degree of obesity. Deficits in delay discounting and risk taking under ambiguity are impaired in obesity irrespective of BED status. However, in BED subjects with milder obesity, greater risk seeking under explicit probabilistic risk is observed to monetary rewards, whereas this shifts to risk aversion and enhanced delay discounting in more severe obesity. Relative to non-BED obese subjects, BED is characterized by enhanced behavioral inflexibility or compulsivity across multiple domains, with subjects selecting the same choices despite change in relevance (set shifting), being no longer rewarding (habit formation), or irrespective of outcome (perseveration). The context of food cues was associated with multiple attentional and early and late inhibitory impairments and enhanced memory bias, although BED patients also have generalized cognitive interference in working memory. These findings may help explain the phenotype of binge eating. Motivationally salient food cues provoke attentional and memory biases along with impairing response inhibitory processes. Those with BED are also more susceptible to cognitive interference and have impaired decisional impulsivity, with the tendency to inflexibly stick with the same choices irrespective of changes in context. These findings suggest critical cognitive domains that may guide therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
134
|
Brunault P, Rabemampianina I, Apfeldorfer G, Ballon N, Couet C, Réveillère C, Gaillard P, El-Hage W. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire: Further psychometric validation and clinical implications of the French version in normal weight and obese persons. Presse Med 2015; 44:e363-72. [PMID: 26596362 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
135
|
Abstract
This narrative review provides an overview of the epidemiology of binge eating disorder (BED), highlighting the medical history of this disorder and its entry as an independent condition in the Feeding and Eating Disorders section of the recently published Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Estimates of prevalence are provided, as well as recognition that the female to male ratio is lower in BED than in other eating disorders. Evidence is also provided of the most common comorbidities of BED, including mood and anxiety disorders and a range of addiction disorders. In addition, discussion of the viewpoint that BED itself may be an addiction - at least in severe cases - is presented. Although the genetic study of BED is still in its infancy, current research is reviewed with a focus on certain neurotransmitter genes that regulate brain reward mechanisms. To date, a focal point of this research has been on the dopamine and the μ-opioid receptor genes. Preliminary evidence suggests that a predisposing risk factor for BED may be a heightened sensitivity to reward, which could manifest as a strong dopamine signal in the brain's striatal region. Caution is encouraged, however, in the interpretation of current findings, since samples are relatively small in much of the research. To date, no genome-wide association studies have focused exclusively on BED.
Collapse
|
136
|
Joyner MA, Gearhardt AN, White MA. Food craving as a mediator between addictive-like eating and problematic eating outcomes. Eat Behav 2015; 19:98-101. [PMID: 26262570 PMCID: PMC4644434 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest and debate about whether an addictive process contributes to problematic eating outcomes, such as obesity. Craving is a core component of addiction, but there has been little research on the relationship between addictive-like eating, craving, and eating-related concerns. In the current study, we examine the effect of both overall food craving and craving for different types of food on the relationship between addictive-like eating symptoms and elevated body mass index (BMI) and binge eating episodes. METHODS In a community sample (n=283), we conducted analyses to examine whether overall craving mediated the association between addictive-like eating and elevated BMI, as well as binge eating frequency. We also ran separate mediational models examining the indirect effect of cravings for sweets, fats, carbohydrates, and fast food fats on these same associations. RESULTS Overall food craving was a significant partial mediator in the relationships between addictive-like eating and both elevated BMI and binge eating episodes. Cravings for sweets and other carbohydrates significantly mediated the relationship between addictive-like eating and binge eating episodes, while cravings for fats significantly mediated the relationship between addictive-like eating and elevated BMI. CONCLUSIONS Craving appears to be an important component in the pathway between addictive-like eating and problematic eating outcomes. The current results highlight the importance of further evaluating the role of an addictive process in problematic eating behaviors and potentially targeting food cravings in intervention approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Joyner
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA.
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA
| | - Marney A White
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Binge eating disorder: from bench to bedside. CNS Spectr 2015; 20:520-1. [PMID: 26594848 DOI: 10.1017/s109285291500067x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
138
|
Pivarunas B, Conner BT. Impulsivity and emotion dysregulation as predictors of food addiction. Eat Behav 2015; 19:9-14. [PMID: 26164390 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Food addiction is the clinical occurrence in which individuals develop physical and psychological dependencies on high fat, high sugar, and highly palatable foods. Past research has demonstrated a number of similarities between food addiction and drug use disorders including the activation of specific brain regions and neurotransmitters, disrupted neuronal circuitry, and behavioral indicators of addiction such as continued use despite negative consequences. The present study examined the role of impulsivity and emotion dysregulation in food addiction as both play salient roles in drug use disorders. Poisson regression analyses using data from 878 undergraduate students revealed negative urgency, the tendency to act impulsively when under distress, and emotion dysregulation positively predicted symptom count on the Yale Food Addiction Scale (Gearhardt, Corbin, & Brownell, 2009) whereas a lack of premeditation negatively predicted symptom count (all ps<0.05). Future research is needed to confirm precursors to eating episodes in food addiction, elucidate causal mechanisms, and support an explanatory model of food addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley T Conner
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, United States
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Kniess J. Obesity, paternalism and fairness. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2015; 41:889-892. [PMID: 26282279 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2014-102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many liberal theories are committed to the promotion of population health, and the principle of non-interference in individual life plans. Public health interventions often bring out a tension between these two values. In this paper, I examine this tension by assessing the justifiability of liberty-restricting policies in the field of obesity prevention. As I want to show, a 'soft' form of paternalism, which interferes with people's choices to safeguard their true interests, goes some way in justifying such policies, but it leaves unaddressed the problem of limiting the liberty of those whose true interest is in pursuing an unhealthy lifestyle. I argue that in this latter case, the key to reconcile the promotion of population health with the respect for individual liberty is distributive justice: when we cannot help those who care about their health without doing the same for those who do not, fairness will often require us to do so.
Collapse
|
140
|
Sauvaget A, Trojak B, Bulteau S, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F, Wolz I, Menchón JM, Achab S, Vanelle JM, Grall-Bronnec M. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in behavioral and food addiction: a systematic review of efficacy, technical, and methodological issues. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:349. [PMID: 26500478 PMCID: PMC4598576 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Behavioral addictions (BA) are complex disorders for which pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments have shown their limits. Non-invasive brain stimulation, among which transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), has opened up new perspectives in addiction treatment. The purpose of this work is to conduct a critical and systematic review of tDCS efficacy, and of technical and methodological considerations in the field of BA. Methods: A bibliographic search has been conducted on the Medline and ScienceDirect databases until December 2014, based on the following selection criteria: clinical studies on tDCS and BA (namely eating disorders, compulsive buying, Internet addiction, pathological gambling, sexual addiction, sports addiction, video games addiction). Study selection, data analysis, and reporting were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: Out of 402 potential articles, seven studies were selected. So far focusing essentially on abnormal eating, these studies suggest that tDCS (right prefrontal anode/left prefrontal cathode) reduces food craving induced by visual stimuli. Conclusions: Despite methodological and technical differences between studies, the results are promising. So far, only few studies of tDCS in BA have been conducted. New research is recommended on the use of tDCS in BA, other than eating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sauvaget
- Addictology and Liaison Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital Nantes, France ; Clinical Investigation Unit 18-BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", University Hospital of Nantes Nantes, France ; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benoît Trojak
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Dijon Dijon, France ; Behavioral Addictions Program, NANT New Addictions New Treatments, Addiction Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Bulteau
- Addictology and Liaison Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital Nantes, France ; Clinical Investigation Unit 18-BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", University Hospital of Nantes Nantes, France
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ines Wolz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophia Achab
- Behavioral Addictions Program, NANT New Addictions New Treatments, Addiction Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marie Vanelle
- Addictology and Liaison Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital Nantes, France ; Clinical Investigation Unit 18-BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", University Hospital of Nantes Nantes, France
| | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- Addictology and Liaison Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital Nantes, France ; Clinical Investigation Unit 18-BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", University Hospital of Nantes Nantes, France ; EA 4275 "Biostatistics, Clinical Research and Subjective Measures in Health Sciences", University of Nantes Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Trotzke P, Starcke K, Pedersen A, Müller A, Brand M. Impaired decision making under ambiguity but not under risk in individuals with pathological buying-behavioral and psychophysiological evidence. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:551-8. [PMID: 26165961 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathological buying (PB) is described as dysfunctional buying behavior, associated with harmful consequences. It is discussed whether decision-making deficits are related to PB, because affected individuals often choose the short-term rewarding option of buying despite persistent negative long-term consequences. We investigated 30 patients suffering from PB and 30 matched control participants with two different decision-making tasks: the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) measures decisions under ambiguity and involves emotional feedback processing, whereas the Game of Dice Task (GDT) measures decisions under risk and can be solved strategically. Potential emotional and cognitive correlates of decision making were investigated by assessing skin conductance response (SCR) and executive functioning. In comparison to the control participants, the patients showed more disadvantageous decisions under ambiguity in the IGT. These data were supported by the SCR results: patients failed to generate SCRs that usually occur before disadvantageous decisions. The physiological and behavioral performance on decisions under risk and executive functioning did not differ between groups. Thus, deficits in emotional feedback processing might be one potential factor in etiology and pathogenesis of PB and should be considered in theory and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Trotzke
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Katrin Starcke
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Anya Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Kiel, Germany.
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
| | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Allison DB, Bassaganya-Riera J, Burlingame B, Brown AW, le Coutre J, Dickson SL, van Eden W, Garssen J, Hontecillas R, Khoo CSH, Knorr D, Kussmann M, Magistretti PJ, Mehta T, Meule A, Rychlik M, Vögele C. Goals in Nutrition Science 2015-2020. Front Nutr 2015; 2:26. [PMID: 26442272 PMCID: PMC4563164 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David B Allison
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA ; Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA ; Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA ; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Barbara Burlingame
- Deakin University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; American University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Andrew W Brown
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Johannes le Coutre
- Nestlé Research Center , Lausanne , Switzerland ; Organization for Interdisciplinary Research Projects, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan ; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Raquel Hontecillas
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Chor San H Khoo
- North American Branch of International Life Sciences Institute , Washington, DC , USA
| | | | - Martin Kussmann
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland ; Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal , Saudi Arabia ; Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Tapan Mehta
- Department of Health Services Administration, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
| | - Claus Vögele
- Research Unit INSIDE, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg , Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
The Mediating Role of Symptoms of Psychopathology Between Irrational Beliefs and Internet Gaming Addiction. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-015-0218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
144
|
Brockmeyer T, Hahn C, Reetz C, Schmidt U, Friederich HC. Approach Bias Modification in Food Craving-A Proof-of-Concept Study. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2015; 23:352-60. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Brockmeyer
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Carolyn Hahn
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christina Reetz
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- King's College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Section of Eating Disorders; London UK
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; LVR Klinik, University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Lardeux S, Kim JJ, Nicola SM. Intermittent-access binge consumption of sweet high-fat liquid does not require opioid or dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:194-208. [PMID: 26097003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating disorders are characterized by episodes of intense consumption of high-calorie food. In recently developed animal models of binge eating, rats given intermittent access to such food escalate their consumption over time. Consumption of calorie-dense food is associated with neurochemical changes in the nucleus accumbens, including dopamine release and alterations in dopamine and opioid receptor expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that binge-like consumption on intermittent access schedules is dependent on opioid and/or dopamine neurotransmission in the accumbens. To test this hypothesis, we asked whether injection of dopamine and opioid receptor antagonists into the core and shell of the accumbens reduced consumption of a sweet high-fat liquid in rats with and without a history of intermittent binge access to the liquid. Although injection of a μ opioid agonist increased consumption, none of the antagonists (including μ opioid, δ opioid, κ opioid, D1 dopamine and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists, as well as the broad-spectrum opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone) reduced consumption, and this was the case whether or not the animals had a prior history of intermittent access. These results suggest that consumption of sweet, fatty food does not require opioid or dopamine receptor activation in the accumbens even under intermittent access conditions that resemble human binge episodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lardeux
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - James J Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Saleem M Nicola
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Burrows T, Meule A. ‘Food addiction’. What happens in childhood? Appetite 2015; 89:298-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
147
|
Leão JM, Lisboa LCV, Pereira MDA, Lima LDF, Lacerda KC, Elias MAR, Aguiar ASD, Luquetti SCPD. Estágios motivacionais para mudança de comportamento em indivíduos que iniciam tratamento para perda de peso. JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objetivo Embora existam programas efetivos para tratamento da obesidade, são grandes as taxas de abandono. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o estágio motivacional em que se encontravam pacientes com sobrepeso ou obesidade I e II atendidos em ambulatório de Nutrição e seus fatores associados. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com amostragem por conveniência, em que foram coletadas informações da história clínica, antropometria, compulsão alimentar (BES – Binge Eating Scale) e motivação para o tratamento (URICA – University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale). Resultados Dos 48 avaliados, 29,2% encontravam-se em pré-contemplação, 41,7%, em contemplação e 29,2%, em ação. Quem procurou tratamento para controle de alguma comorbidade além da perda de peso teve maior escore de prontidão (p = 0,024). Motivação não foi relacionada ao estado nutricional nem à tentativa anterior de perda de peso, mas relacionou-se à orientação profissional anterior (p = 0,005). Dos 26,8% que apresentavam sintomatologia moderada ou grave para compulsão alimentar, 90,9% estavam em contemplação, com diferença significativa quanto à pré-contemplação (p = 0,001) e à ação (p = 0,02). Conclusão Esses resultados sugerem que parte dos indivíduos que procuram tratamento para perda de peso não o faz com a motivação necessária e que, se o aconselhamento profissional quanto à importância da perda de peso ocorresse antes que patologias associadas à obesidade se instalassem, indivíduos mais motivados poderiam procurar tratamento e evitar tais complicações.
Collapse
|
148
|
Stress, cues, and eating behavior. Using drug addiction paradigms to understand motivation for food. Appetite 2015; 92:252-60. [PMID: 26022802 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eating patterns that lead to overconsumption of high fat, high sugar (HFHS) foods share similar features with addictive behaviors. Application of addiction paradigms, such as stress inductions, cue reactivity and behavioral economic assessments, to the study of motivation for HFHS food consumption may be a promising means of understanding food consumption. To date, few studies have investigated the interaction of stress and environmental cues on craving, and no study leveraged the state relative reinforcing value of foods (RRVfood) under varying conditions of affective states, the foci of the current study. This study used a mixed factorial design (Mood Induction: Neutral, Stress; Cues: Neutral, Food) with repeated measures on time (Baseline, Post-Mood Induction, Post-Cue Exposure). Participants (N = 133) were community adults who endorsed liking of HFHS snacks but denied eating pathology. The primary DVs were subjective craving and RRVfood. Negative and positive affect (NA, PA), the amount of food consumed, and latency to first bite were also examined. Participants in the Stress condition reported no change in craving or RRVfood. Exposure to food cues significantly increased participants' craving and RRVfood, but an interaction of stress and cues was not present. Participants did not differ on how many calories they consumed based on exposure to stress or food cues, but participants in the food cues condition had a shorter latency to the first bite of food. This study highlights the importance of environmental cues in food motivation. It also demonstrates the utility of using RRVfood to further characterize food motivation.
Collapse
|
149
|
Sherman-Meyer C. What’s Fat Got to Do with It? On Different Kinds of Losses and Gains in the Analytic Relationship. PSYCHOANALYTIC INQUIRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07351690.2015.1012461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
150
|
Godier LR, Park RJ. A novel measure of compulsive food restriction in anorexia nervosa: validation of the Self-Starvation Scale (SS). Eat Behav 2015; 17:10-3. [PMID: 25528717 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The characteristic relentless self-starvation behaviour seen in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) has been described as evidence of compulsivity, with increasing suggestion of transdiagnostic parallels with addictive behaviour. There is a paucity of standardised self-report measures of compulsive behaviour in eating disorders (EDs). Measures that index the concept of compulsive self-starvation in AN are needed to explore the suggested parallels with addictions. With this aim a novel measure of self-starvation was developed (the Self-Starvation Scale, SS). 126 healthy participants, and 78 individuals with experience of AN, completed the new measure along with existing measures of eating disorder symptoms, anxiety and depression. Initial validation in the healthy sample indicated good reliability and construct validity, and incremental validity in predicting eating disorder symptoms. The psychometric properties of the SS scale were replicated in the AN sample. The ability of this scale to predict ED symptoms was particularly strong in individuals currently suffering from AN. These results suggest the SS may be a useful index of compulsive food restriction in AN. The concept of 'starvation dependence' in those with eating disorders, as a parallel with addiction, may be of clinical and theoretical importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Godier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
| | - Rebecca J Park
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|