101
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Selen ES, Rodriguez S, Cavagnini KS, Kim HB, Na CH, Wolfgang MJ. Requirement of hepatic pyruvate carboxylase during fasting, high fat, and ketogenic diet. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102648. [PMID: 36441025 PMCID: PMC9694104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate has two major fates upon entry into mitochondria, the oxidative decarboxylation to acetyl-CoA via the pyruvate decarboxylase complex or the biotin-dependent carboxylation to oxaloacetate via pyruvate carboxylase (Pcx). Here, we have generated mice with a liver-specific KO of pyruvate carboxylase (PcxL-/-) to understand the role of Pcx in hepatic mitochondrial metabolism under disparate physiological states. PcxL-/- mice exhibited a deficit in hepatic gluconeogenesis and enhanced ketogenesis as expected but were able to maintain systemic euglycemia following a 24 h fast. Feeding a high-fat diet to PcxL-/- mice resulted in animals that were resistant to glucose intolerance without affecting body weight. However, we found that PcxL-/- mice fed a ketogenic diet for 1 week became severely hypoglycemic, demonstrating a requirement for hepatic Pcx for long-term glycemia under carbohydrate-limited diets. Additionally, we determined that loss of Pcx was associated with an induction in the abundance of lysine-acetylated proteins in PcxL-/- mice regardless of physiologic state. Furthermore, liver acetyl-proteomics revealed a biased induction in mitochondrial lysine-acetylated proteins. These data show that Pcx is important for maintaining the proper balance of pyruvate metabolism between oxidative and anaplerotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru S. Selen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susana Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyle S. Cavagnini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Han-Byeol Kim
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,For correspondence: Michael J. Wolfgang
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102
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Fang Z, Wei L, Lv Y, Wang T, Hamezah HS, Han R, Tong X. Phillyrin restores metabolic disorders in mice fed with high-fat diet through inhibition of interleukin-6-mediated basal lipolysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:956218. [PMID: 36276810 PMCID: PMC9581271 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.956218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of white adipose tissue as an energy reservoir is impaired in obesity, leading to lipid spillover and ectopic lipid deposition. Adipose tissue inflammation can reduce the efficacy of lipid storage in adipocytes by augmenting basal lipolysis through producing interleukin-6 (IL-6). Therefore, pharmacological compounds targeting adipose tissue inflammation or IL-6 signaling might have the potential to combat obesity. This study aims to investigate the impact of Phillyrin, which is frequently used for treating respiratory infections in clinics in China, on obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions. Firstly, a mouse model of diet-induced obesity is used to assess the pharmacological applications of Phillyrin on obesity in vivo. Secondly, ex vivo culture of adipose tissue explants is utilized to investigate actions of Phillyrin on IL-6-linked basal lipolysis. Thirdly, a mouse model of IL-6 injection into visceral adipose tissue is explored to confirm the anti-basal lipolytic effect of Phillyrin against IL-6 in vivo. The results show that Phillyrin treatment reduces circulating level of glycerol, decreases hepatic steatosis and improves insulin sensitivity in obese mice. Meanwhile, Phillyrin attenuates obesity-related inflammation and IL-6 production in adipose tissue in obese mice. Furthermore, Phillyrin treatment results in resistance to IL-6-induced basal lipolysis in adipose tissue through suppressing expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) both in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, these findings suggest that Phillyrin can restrain lipid efflux from inflamed adipose tissue in obesity by inhibiting IL-6-initiated basal lipolysis and ATGL expression, and thus is a potential candidate in the treatment of obesity-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizheng Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yanping Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Tongsheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | | | - Rongchun Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Rongchun Han,
| | - Xiaohui Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China,Xiaohui Tong,
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103
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Sasaki N, Maeda R, Ozono R, Yoshimura K, Nakano Y, Higashi Y. Early-Phase Changes in Serum Free Fatty Acid Levels After Glucose Intake Are Associated With Type 2 Diabetes Incidence: The Hiroshima Study on Glucose Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:2309-2315. [PMID: 35944240 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Experimental studies suggest that excess serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels result in impaired glucose metabolism. This study investigated the relationship between changes in serum FFA levels after glucose intake and type 2 diabetes risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This observational study included 6,800 individuals without diabetes who underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Serum FFA levels were measured before and 30 and 60 min after glucose intake. The percentages of changes in serum FFA levels from 0 to 30 and from 30 to 60 min were compared, and a low rate of change in FFA levels was determined using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS Over a mean 5.3-year follow-up period, 485 participants developed type 2 diabetes. After adjusting for plasma glucose levels and indices of insulin resistance and β-cell function, low rates of change in FFA levels at 0-30 min (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.91; 95% CI 1.54-2.37) and 30-60 min (aOR 1.48; 95% CI 1.15-1.90) were associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Stratified analysis revealed that the low rate of change in FFA levels at 30-60 min (aOR 1.97; 95% CI 1.05-3.69) was associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes even in participants with normal fasting glucose levels or glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Changes in serum FFA levels within the 1st h after glucose intake could be a primary predictor of type 2 diabetes. This change may occur prior to the onset of impaired glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Sasaki
- Health Management and Promotion Center, Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Casualty Council, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryo Maeda
- Health Management and Promotion Center, Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Casualty Council, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryoji Ozono
- Department of General Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshimura
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Zhu J, Liu W, Zhang B, Zhou D, Fan X, Wang X, Liu X. Carbon Dots Embedded Hybrid Microgel with Phenylboronic Acid as Monomer for Fluorescent Glucose Sensing and Glucose-Triggered Insulin Release at Physiological pH. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3065. [PMID: 36080102 PMCID: PMC9457936 DOI: 10.3390/nano12173065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional and biocompatible hybrid microgel (poly(VPBA-AAm)-CD) using N, S-doped carbon dots (CDs) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linking agents, and 4-vinylbenzene boronic acid (VPBA) and acrylamide (AAm) as monomers, was designed in this work. This microgel can be easily prepared by a simple one-pot radical dispersion polymerization of the reactants using a rationally designed hydrogen-bonded complex method. The hybrid microgels were spherical particles with a smooth surface and an average particle size of 234 ± 8 nm. The poly(VPBA-AAm)-CD microgel displayed the glucose-responsive swelling within a clinically concerned range at a physiological pH and could realize the controllable release of insulin. In addition, the release rate of insulin in the hybrid microgel (poly(VPBA-AAm)-CD) could be triggered by glucose concentrations in the solution, and the increasing glucose concentrations can accelerate the insulin release. Further in vitro cytotoxicity studies showed that the microgel had good biocompatibility and no obvious toxicity to the cells. These indicate that the prepared microgel (poly(VPBA-AAm)-CD) may supply a new pattern for the self-regulating therapy of insulin deficiency in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhu
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-371-23881589 (J.Z.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiuhua Liu
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-371-23881589 (J.Z.)
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105
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Yan S, Lu W, Zhou J, Guo X, Li J, Cheng H, Zhu X, Zhao Y, Duan M, Yang H, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Chen L, Zheng T. Aqueous extract of Scrophularia ningpoensis improves insulin sensitivity through AMPK-mediated inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 104:154308. [PMID: 35792447 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. is a commonly used medicinal plant in China for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), but its mechanism of action remains poorly described. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for > 90% of all DM cases and is characterized by insulin resistance. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate whether the insulin sensitivity can be improved by treatment with aqueous extract of S. ningpoensis (AESN) and further explore its mechanism(s) of activity. METHODS Primary mouse hepatocytes and human HepG2 hepatocytes were used to investigate the effects of AESN on cell viability, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and glucose output under normal culture conditions. To mimic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in vitro, hepatocytes were exposed to high glucose (HG), and the influences of AESN on AMPK phosphorylation, NLRP3 inflammation activation, insulin signaling, lipid accumulation and glucose output were investigated. Increasing doses of AESN (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) were administered by gavage to db/db mice for 8 weeks, and then biochemical analysis and histopathological examinations were performed. RESULTS AESN significantly activated AMPK and inhibited glucose output in hepatocytes, but did not impact cell viability under normal culture conditions. Moreover, in HG-treated hepatocytes, AESN protected against aberrant AMPK activity, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, insulin signaling, and lipid accumulation. AMPK inhibition abolished the regulatory effects of AESN on the NLRP3 inflammasome, insulin signaling, lipid accumulation, and glucose output of hepatocytes following HG exposure. Furthermore, AESN administration reduced blood glucose and serum insulin levels, improved lipid profiles and insulin resistance, and corrected the aberrant AMPK activity and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in liver tissues. CONCLUSION AESN improves insulin sensitivity via AMPK-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yan
- Institute of Wudang Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Wudang Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xu Guo
- Institute of Wudang Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Juyi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongbo Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Wudang Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingzhu Duan
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongxu Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Qibin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Wudang Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China,.
| | - Tao Zheng
- Institute of Wudang Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China,.
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106
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Perry RJ. Regulation of Hepatic Lipid and Glucose Metabolism by INSP3R1. Diabetes 2022; 71:1834-1841. [PMID: 35657697 PMCID: PMC9450566 DOI: 10.2337/dbi22-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
With the rising epidemics of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its downstream consequences including steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and type 2 diabetes in the U.S. and worldwide, new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed to treat these devastating conditions. Glucagon, known for a century to be a glucose-raising hormone and clearly demonstrated to contribute to fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, represents an unlikely target to improve health in those with metabolic syndrome. However, recent work from our group and others' identifies an unexpected role for glucagon as a potential means of treating NAFLD, improving insulin sensitivity, and improving the lipid profile. We propose a unifying, calcium-dependent mechanism for glucagon's effects both to stimulate hepatic gluconeogenesis and to enhance hepatic mitochondrial oxidation: signaling through the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (INSP3R1), glucagon activates phospholipase C (PKC)/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling to enhance adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-dependent intrahepatic lipolysis and, in turn, increase cytosolic gluconeogenesis by allosteric activation of pyruvate carboxylase. Simultaneously in the mitochondria, calcium transferred through mitochondria-associated membranes activates several dehydrogenases in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, correlated with an increase in mitochondrial energy expenditure and reduction in ectopic lipid. This model suggests that short-term, cyclic treatment with glucagon or other INSP3R1 antagonists could hold promise as a means to reset lipid homeostasis in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Perry
- Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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107
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Mitochondrial GCN5L1 regulates cytosolic redox state and hepatic gluconeogenesis via glycerol phosphate shuttle GPD2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 621:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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108
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Tao Y, Jiang Q, Wang Q. Adipose tissue macrophages in remote modulation of hepatic glucose production. Front Immunol 2022; 13:998947. [PMID: 36091076 PMCID: PMC9449693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.998947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic glucose production (HGP) is fine-regulated via glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis to maintain physiological concentration of blood glucose during fasting-feeding cycle. Aberrant HGP leads to hyperglycemia in obesity-associated diabetes. Adipose tissue cooperates with the liver to regulate glycolipid metabolism. During these processes, adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) change their profiles with various physio-pathological settings, producing diverse effects on HGP. Here, we briefly review the distinct phenotypes of ATMs under different nutrition states including feeding, fasting or overnutrition, and detail their effects on HGP. We discuss several pathways by which ATMs regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis, leading to favorable or unfavorable metabolic consequences. Furthermore, we summarize emerging therapeutic targets to correct metabolic disorders in morbid obesity or diabetes based on ATM-HGP axis. This review puts forward the importance and flexibility of ATMs in regulating HGP, proposing ATM-based HGP modulation as a potential therapeutic approach for obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction.
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109
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Najjar SM, Abdolahipour R, Ghadieh HE, Jahromi MS, Najjar JA, Abuamreh BAM, Zaidi S, Kumarasamy S, Muturi HT. Regulation of Insulin Clearance by Non-Esterified Fatty Acids. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081899. [PMID: 36009446 PMCID: PMC9405499 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin stores lipid in adipocytes and prevents lipolysis and the release of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Excessive release of NEFA during sustained energy supply and increase in abdominal adiposity trigger systemic insulin resistance, including in the liver, a major site of insulin clearance. This causes a reduction in insulin clearance as a compensatory mechanism to insulin resistance in obesity. On the other hand, reduced insulin clearance in the liver can cause chronic hyperinsulinemia, followed by downregulation of insulin receptor and insulin resistance. Delineating the cause–effect relationship between reduced insulin clearance and insulin resistance has been complicated by the fact that insulin action and clearance are mechanistically linked to insulin binding to its receptors. This review discusses how NEFA mobilization contributes to the reciprocal relationship between insulin resistance and reduced hepatic insulin clearance, and how this may be implicated in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M. Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-740-593-2376; Fax: +1-740-593-2320
| | - Raziyeh Abdolahipour
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Hilda E. Ghadieh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Balamand P.O. Box 100, Lebanon
| | - Marziyeh Salehi Jahromi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John A. Najjar
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Basil A. M. Abuamreh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Sobia Zaidi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Sivarajan Kumarasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Harrison T. Muturi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Zhang X, Zhou Y, Cheong MS, Khan H, Ruan C, Fu M, Xiao J, Cheang WS. Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium
extract and flavonoids reduce inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages by inactivation of MAPK and NF‐κB pathways. FOOD FRONTIERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xutao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macau Macao SAR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macau Macao SAR China
| | - Meng Sam Cheong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macau Macao SAR China
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Mardan Khyber‐Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Cheng‐Chao Ruan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Manqin Fu
- Sericultural & Agri‐Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Guangzhou China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition Jinan University Guangzhou China
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Universidade de Vigo Ourense Spain
| | - Wai San Cheang
- Department of Pharmacy Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Mardan Khyber‐Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
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111
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Grigorova N, Ivanova Z, Bjørndal B, Berge RK, Vachkova E, Milanova A, Penchev G, Georgiev IP. Diet restriction alone improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity than its coadministration with krill or fish oil in a rabbit model of castration‐induced obesity. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1396-1407. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Grigorova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Trakia University Stara Zagora Bulgaria
| | - Zhenya Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Trakia University Stara Zagora Bulgaria
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway
- Department of Sports, Food, and Natural Sciences Western Norway University of Applied Sciences Bergen Norway
| | - Rolf Kristian Berge
- Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway
- Department of Heart Disease Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway
| | - Ekaterina Vachkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Trakia University Stara Zagora Bulgaria
| | - Aneliya Milanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Trakia University Stara Zagora Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Penchev
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Trakia University Stara Zagora Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Penchev Georgiev
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Trakia University Stara Zagora Bulgaria
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112
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Zhu W, Hong Y, Li Y, Li Y, Zhong J, He X, Zheng N, Sheng L, Li H. Microbial and Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Diet-Related Alterations of Metabolism in Metabolic Disordered Mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:923377. [PMID: 35928832 PMCID: PMC9344047 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.923377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are the prelude of metabolic diseases, which are mainly due to the high-energy intake and genetic contribution. High-fat diet (HFD) or high-sucrose diet is widely used for inducing metabolic disorders characterized by increased body weight, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and alteration of gut microbiome. However, the triangle relationship among diets, gut microbiome, and host metabolism is poorly understood. In our study, we investigated the dynamic changes in gut microbiota, and host metabolism in mice that were fed with either chow diet, HFD, or chow diet with 30% sucrose in drinking water (HSD) for continued 12 weeks. The gut microbiota was analyzed with 16S rDNA sequencing on feces. Hepatic gene expression profile was tested with transcriptomics analysis on liver tissue. The host metabolism was evaluated by measuring body weight, insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism of liver. The results showed that HFD feeding affected body weight, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis more significantly than HSD feeding. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that HFD rapidly and steadily suppressed species richness, altered microbiota structure and function, and increased the abundance of bacteria responsible for fatty acid metabolism and inflammatory signaling. In contrast, HSD had minor impact on the overall bacteria structure or function but activated microbial bile acid biosynthesis. Fecal microbiota transplantation suggested that some metabolic changes induced by HFD or HSD feeding were transferrable, especially in the weight of white adipose tissue and hepatic triglyceride level that were consistent with the phenotypes in donor mice. Moreover, transcriptomic results showed that HFD feeding significantly inhibited fatty acid degradation and increase inflammation, while HSD increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis and inhibited primary bile acid synthesis alternative pathway. In general, our study revealed the dynamic and diversified impacts of HFD and HSD on gut microbiota and host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weize Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang He
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Lili Sheng
| | - Houkai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Houkai Li
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113
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Xie D, Huang J, Zhang Q, Zhao S, Xue H, Yu QQ, Sun Z, Li J, Yang X, Shao M, Pang D, Jiang P. Comprehensive evaluation of caloric restriction-induced changes in the metabolome profile of mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:41. [PMID: 35761356 PMCID: PMC9235101 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objects Caloric restriction (CR) is known to extend lifespan and exert a protective effect on organs, and is thus a low-cost and easily implemented approach to the health maintenance. However, there have been no studies that have systematically evaluated the metabolic changes that occur in the main tissues affected by CR. This study aimed to explore the target tissues metabolomic profile in CR mice. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated to the CR group (n = 7) and control group (n = 7). A non-targeted gas chromatography–mass spectrometry approach and multivariate analysis were used to identify metabolites in the main tissues (serum, heart, liver, kidney, cortex, hippocampus, lung, muscle, and white adipose) in model of CR. Results We identified 10 metabolites in the heart that showed differential abundance between the 2 groups, along with 9 in kidney, 6 in liver, 6 in lung, 6 in white adipose, 4 in hippocampus, 4 in serum, 3 in cortex, and 2 in muscle. The most significantly altered metabolites were amino acids (AAs) (glycine, aspartic acid, l-isoleucine, l-proline, l-aspartic acid, l-serine, l-hydroxyproline, l-alanine, l-valine, l-threonine, l-glutamic acid, and l-phenylalanine) and fatty acids (FAs) (palmitic acid, 1-monopalmitin, glycerol monostearate, docosahexaenoic acid, 16-octadecenoic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and hexanoic acid). These metabolites were associated with 7 different functional pathways related to the metabolism of AAs, lipids, and energy. Conclusion Our results provide insight into the specific metabolic changes that are induced by CR and can serve as a reference for physiologic studies on how CR improves health and extends lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Xingtan Road, Tengzhou, 277500, China
| | - Jinxi Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, 277500, China
| | - Shiyuan Zhao
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jiankang Road, Jining, 272000, China
| | - Hongjia Xue
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Qing-Qing Yu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biomedical Materials, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Department of Oncology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, 272000, China
| | - Zhuohao Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Xingtan Road, Tengzhou, 277500, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Xingtan Road, Tengzhou, 277500, China
| | - Xiumei Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Xingtan Road, Tengzhou, 277500, China
| | - Minglei Shao
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Xingtan Road, Tengzhou, 277500, China
| | - Deshui Pang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Xingtan Road, Tengzhou, 277500, China.
| | - Pei Jiang
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jiankang Road, Jining, 272000, China.
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114
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Li S, Chen L, Lv G. Interleukin-6 Receptor Blockade can Increase the Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Indications From Mendelian Randomization. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:905936. [PMID: 35747747 PMCID: PMC9209733 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.905936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) blockade has been approved for inflammation-associated diseases and whether it is effective in treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is still unknown. Methods: A target-based Mendelian randomization was performed to appraise whether inhibiting the IL-6 signaling pathway via IL-6R blockade can reduce the risk of NAFLD. The previously established genetic proxy SNP rs2228145 was mainly used to appraise the therapeutic effects and the genetic-predicted circulating IL-6 level was treated as the exposure with ∼30,000 samples. The genetic association between SNP rs2228145 (A > C) and NAFLD was obtained from non-FinnGen GWAS (1,483 cases and 17,781controls) and FinnGen GWAS (894 cases and 217,898 controls). The causal effects were estimated using a Wald ratio method and were combined using a fixed-effects meta-analysis. Furthermore, the SNP rs12048091 was employed as another proxy in the sensitivity analysis. Results: The positive control analysis suggested the SNP rs2228145 can mimic the effects of IL-6R blockade where inhibiting IL-6 signaling can reduce the risk of rheumatoid arthritis [OR = 0.68 (0.58, 0.80)] and coronary heart disease [OR = 0.75 (0.68, 0.84)]. This Mendelian randomization analysis suggested that IL-6R blockade can adversely increase the risk of NAFLD in the non-FinnGen GWAS [OR = 1.99 (1.27, 3.13)] while not significant in the FinnGen consortium. The fixed-effects meta-analysis indicated inhibiting the IL-6 signaling pathway can reduce the risk of NAFLD [OR = 1.80 (1.26, 2.57)]. When including SNP rs12048091 as the genetic instrument, the meta-analysis using two genetic variants also indicated a similar effect on NAFLD [OR = 1.83 (1.32, 2.53)]. There was no heterogeneity in the whole analysis. Conclusion: Our Mendelian randomization suggested inhibiting the IL-6 signaling pathway via IL-6R blockade might increase the risk of NAFLD, suggesting IL-6R should play a protective role in NAFLD.
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115
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Li Z, Gurung M, Rodrigues RR, Padiadpu J, Newman NK, Manes NP, Pederson JW, Greer RL, Vasquez-Perez S, You H, Hioki KA, Moulton Z, Fel A, De Nardo D, Dzutsev AK, Nita-Lazar A, Trinchieri G, Shulzhenko N, Morgun A. Microbiota and adipocyte mitochondrial damage in type 2 diabetes are linked by Mmp12+ macrophages. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213260. [PMID: 35657352 PMCID: PMC9170383 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota contribute to the induction of type 2 diabetes by high-fat/high-sugar (HFHS) diet, but which organs/pathways are impacted by microbiota remain unknown. Using multiorgan network and transkingdom analyses, we found that microbiota-dependent impairment of OXPHOS/mitochondria in white adipose tissue (WAT) plays a primary role in regulating systemic glucose metabolism. The follow-up analysis established that Mmp12+ macrophages link microbiota-dependent inflammation and OXPHOS damage in WAT. Moreover, the molecular signature of Mmp12+ macrophages in WAT was associated with insulin resistance in obese patients. Next, we tested the functional effects of MMP12 and found that Mmp12 genetic deficiency or MMP12 inhibition improved glucose metabolism in conventional, but not in germ-free mice. MMP12 treatment induced insulin resistance in adipocytes. TLR2-ligands present in Oscillibacter valericigenes bacteria, which are expanded by HFHS, induce Mmp12 in WAT macrophages in a MYD88-ATF3-dependent manner. Thus, HFHS induces Mmp12+ macrophages and MMP12, representing a microbiota-dependent bridge between inflammation and mitochondrial damage in WAT and causing insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR,Shanghai Mengniu Biotechnology R&D Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Manoj Gurung
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Richard R. Rodrigues
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR,Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | | | | - Nathan P. Manes
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jacob W. Pederson
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Renee L. Greer
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | | | - Hyekyoung You
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Kaito A. Hioki
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Zoe Moulton
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Anna Fel
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Amiran K. Dzutsev
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Aleksandra Nita-Lazar
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,Giorgio Trinchieri:
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR,Correspondence to Natalia Shulzhenko:
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR,Andrey Morgun:
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Patel R, Santoro A, Hofer P, Tan D, Oberer M, Nelson AT, Konduri S, Siegel D, Zechner R, Saghatelian A, Kahn BB. ATGL is a biosynthetic enzyme for fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids. Nature 2022; 606:968-975. [PMID: 35676490 PMCID: PMC9242854 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Branched fatty acid (FA) esters of hydroxy FAs (HFAs; FAHFAs) are recently discovered lipids that are conserved from yeast to mammals1,2. A subfamily, palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), are anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic1,3. Humans and mice with insulin resistance have lower PAHSA levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue and serum1. PAHSA administration improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and reduces inflammation in obesity, diabetes and immune-mediated diseases1,4-7. The enzyme(s) responsible for FAHFA biosynthesis in vivo remains unknown. Here we identified adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL, also known as patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2 (PNPLA2)) as a candidate biosynthetic enzyme for FAHFAs using chemical biology and proteomics. We discovered that recombinant ATGL uses a transacylation reaction that esterifies an HFA with a FA from triglyceride (TG) or diglyceride to produce FAHFAs. Overexpression of wild-type, but not catalytically dead, ATGL increases FAHFA biosynthesis. Chemical inhibition of ATGL or genetic deletion of Atgl inhibits FAHFA biosynthesis and reduces the levels of FAHFA and FAHFA-TG. Levels of endogenous and nascent FAHFAs and FAHFA-TGs are 80-90 per cent lower in adipose tissue of mice in which Atgl is knocked out specifically in the adipose tissue. Increasing TG levels by upregulating diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity promotes FAHFA biosynthesis, and decreasing DGAT activity inhibits it, reinforcing TGs as FAHFA precursors. ATGL biosynthetic transacylase activity is present in human adipose tissue underscoring its potential clinical relevance. In summary, we discovered the first, to our knowledge, biosynthetic enzyme that catalyses the formation of the FAHFA ester bond in mammals. Whereas ATGL lipase activity is well known, our data establish a paradigm shift demonstrating that ATGL transacylase activity is biologically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Santoro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dan Tan
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Srihari Konduri
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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117
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Gasser E, Sancar G, Downes M, Evans RM. Metabolic Messengers: fibroblast growth factor 1. Nat Metab 2022; 4:663-671. [PMID: 35681108 PMCID: PMC9624216 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 is expressed in multiple tissues, only adipose-derived and brain FGF1 have been implicated in the regulation of metabolism. Adipose FGF1 production is upregulated in response to dietary stress and is essential for adipose tissue plasticity in these conditions. Similarly, in the brain, FGF1 secretion into the ventricular space and the adjacent parenchyma is increased after a hypercaloric challenge induced by either feeding or glucose infusion. Potent anorexigenic properties have been ascribed to both peripheral and centrally injected FGF1. The ability of recombinant FGF1 and variants with reduced mitogenicity to lower glucose, suppress adipose lipolysis and promote insulin sensitization elevates their potential as candidates in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated comorbidities. Here, we provide an overview of the known metabolic functions of endogenous FGF1 and discuss its therapeutic potential, distinguishing between peripherally or centrally administered FGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gencer Sancar
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Görigk S, Ouwens DM, Kuhn T, Altenhofen D, Binsch C, Damen M, Khuong JMA, Kaiser K, Knebel B, Vogel H, Schürmann A, Chadt A, Al-Hasani H. Nudix hydrolase NUDT19 regulates mitochondrial function and ATP production in murine hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159153. [PMID: 35367353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes in intracellular CoA levels are known to contribute to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) in human and rodents. However, the underlying genetic basis is still poorly understood. Due to their diverse susceptibility towards metabolic diseases, mouse inbred strains have been proven to serve as powerful tools for the identification of novel genetic factors that underlie the pathophysiology of NAFLD and diabetes. Transcriptome analysis of mouse liver samples revealed the nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X-type motif Nudt19 as novel candidate gene responsible for NAFLD and T2D development. Knockdown (KD) of Nudt19 increased mitochondrial and glycolytic ATP production rates in Hepa 1-6 cells by 41% and 10%, respectively. The enforced utilization of glutamine or fatty acids as energy substrate reduced uncoupled respiration by 41% and 47%, respectively, in non-target (NT) siRNA transfected cells. This reduction was prevented upon Nudt19 KD. Furthermore, incubation with palmitate or oleate respectively increased mitochondrial ATP production by 31% and 20%, and uncoupled respiration by 23% and 30% in Nudt19 KD cells, but not in NT cells. The enhanced fatty acid oxidation in Nudt19 KD cells was accompanied by a 1.3-fold increased abundance of Pdk4. This study is the first to describe Nudt19 as regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism and potential mediator of NAFLD and T2D development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Görigk
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - D Margriet Ouwens
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tanja Kuhn
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Delsi Altenhofen
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Binsch
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mareike Damen
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jenny Minh-An Khuong
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kaiser
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Knebel
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heike Vogel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Research Group Genetics of Obesity, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Research Group Molecular and Clinical Life Science of Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chadt
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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119
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Zha S, Yu X, Wang X, Gu Y, Tan Y, Lu Y, Yao Z. Topical Simvastatin Improves Lesions of Diffuse Normolipemic Plane Xanthoma by Inhibiting Foam Cell Pyroptosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865704. [PMID: 35619689 PMCID: PMC9128406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthoma pathogenesis is speculated to be associated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) deposition, although this remains unclear. Most patients with diffuse plane xanthomas present elevated blood lipid levels, and they benefit from treatment with oral lipid-lowering agents. However, there is no available treatment for diffuse normolipemic plane xanthoma (DNPX). In this study, for the first time, we used a topical simvastatin ointment to treat DNPX in three pediatric patients and observed favorable results. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the pyroptotic pathway was significantly attenuated after topical simvastatin application on the skin lesions of the patients. As ox-LDL deposition was observed in the lesions, we used ox-LDL to build a foam cell model in vitro. In the ox-LDL-induced foam cell formation, simvastatin consistently inhibited pyroptotic activation and inflammation in the macrophages. Additionally, the overexpression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) or 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGCR), the known target of statins, reversed the effects of simvastatin. Moreover, gasdermin D (GSDMD) or HMGCR knockdown inhibited ox-LDL-induced pyroptosis. Furthermore, the immunoprecipitation results confirmed the interaction between NLRP3 and HMGCR, and this interaction was inhibited by simvastatin. In conclusion, we demonstrated that topical application of simvastatin ointment might be a promising treatment for DNPX skin lesions and that this therapeutic effect may be related to pyroptosis inhibition via HMGCR inhibition in foam cells. Moreover, xanthoma pathogenesis might be associated with ox-LDL deposition and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zha
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidong Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhirong Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Rui L, Lin JD. Reprogramming of Hepatic Metabolism and Microenvironment in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Annu Rev Nutr 2022; 42:91-113. [PMID: 35584814 PMCID: PMC10122183 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062220-105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of metabolic liver disease associated with obesity, ranges from relatively benign hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The latter is characterized by persistent liver injury, inflammation, and liver fibrosis, which collectively increase the risk for end-stage liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent work has shed new light on the pathophysiology of NAFLD/NASH, particularly the role of genetic, epigenetic, and dietary factors and metabolic dysfunctions in other tissues in driving excess hepatic fat accumulation and liver injury. In parallel, single-cell RNA sequencing studies have revealed unprecedented details of the molecular nature of liver cell heterogeneity, intrahepatic cross talk, and disease-associated reprogramming of the liver immune and stromal vascular microenvironment. This review covers the recent advances in these areas, the emerging concepts of NASH pathogenesis, and potential new therapeutic opportunities. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 42 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrated Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA;
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA;
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Lv W, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Wang L, Zhang Z, Shi X, Zhao X, Xu G. Comprehensive metabolite quantitative assay based on alternate metabolomics and lipidomics analyses. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1215:339979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sostre-Colón J, Gavin MJ, Santoleri D, Titchenell PM. Acute Deletion of the FOXO1-dependent Hepatokine FGF21 Does not Alter Basal Glucose Homeostasis or Lipolysis in Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6550639. [PMID: 35303074 PMCID: PMC8995092 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The hepatic transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) is a critical regulator of hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity. Previous work by our group and others demonstrated that genetic inhibition of FOXO1 improves insulin sensitivity both in genetic and dietary mouse models of metabolic disease. Mechanistically, this is due in part to cell nonautonomous control of adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. However, the mechanisms mediating this liver-adipose tissue crosstalk remain ill defined. One candidate hepatokine controlled by hepatic FOXO1 is fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Preclinical and clinical studies have explored the potential of pharmacological FGF21 as an antiobesity and antidiabetic therapy. In this manuscript, we performed acute loss-of-function experiments to determine the role of hepatocyte-derived FGF21 in glucose homeostasis and insulin tolerance both in control and mice lacking hepatic insulin signaling. Surprisingly, acute deletion of FGF21 did not alter glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, or adipocyte lipolysis in either liver-specific FGF21KO mice or mice lacking hepatic AKT-FOXO1-FGF21, suggesting a permissive role for endogenous FGF21 in the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin tolerance in mice. In addition, these data indicate that liver FOXO1 controls glucose homeostasis independently of liver-derived FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimarie Sostre-Colón
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Matthew J Gavin
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Dominic Santoleri
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Correspondence: Paul M. Titchenell, PhD, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Rm. 12-104, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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123
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Xiao X, Luo Y, Peng D. Updated Understanding of the Crosstalk Between Glucose/Insulin and Cholesterol Metabolism. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:879355. [PMID: 35571202 PMCID: PMC9098828 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.879355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose and cholesterol engage in almost all human physiological activities. As the primary energy substance, glucose can be assimilated and converted into diverse essential substances, including cholesterol. Cholesterol is mainly derived from de novo biosynthesis and the intestinal absorption of diets. It is evidenced that glucose/insulin promotes cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake, which have been targeted by several drugs for lipid-lowering, e.g., bempedoic acid, statins, ezetimibe, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. Inversely, these lipid-lowering drugs may also interfere with glucose metabolism. This review would briefly summarize the mechanisms of glucose/insulin-stimulated cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake, and discuss the effect and mechanisms of lipid-lowering drugs and genetic mutations on glucose homeostasis, aiming to help better understand the intricate relationship between glucose and cholesterol metabolism.
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124
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Norton L, Shannon C, Gastaldelli A, DeFronzo RA. Insulin: The master regulator of glucose metabolism. Metabolism 2022; 129:155142. [PMID: 35066003 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is the master regulator of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Following ingestion of an oral glucose load or mixed meal, the plasma glucose concentration rises, insulin secretion by the beta cells is stimulated and the hyperinsulinemia, working in concert with hyperglycemia, causes: (i) suppression of endogenous (primarily reflects hepatic) glucose production, (ii) stimulation of glucose uptake by muscle, liver, and adipocytes, (iii) inhibition of lipolysis leading to a decline in plasma FFA concentration which contributes to the suppression of hepatic glucose production and augmentation of muscle glucose uptake, and (iv) vasodilation in muscle, which contributes to enhanced muscle glucose disposal. Herein, the integrated physiologic impact of insulin to maintain normal glucose homeostasis is reviewed and the molecular basis of insulin's diverse actions in muscle, liver, adipocytes, and vasculature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Norton
- Diabetes Division, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Chris Shannon
- Diabetes Division, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Diabetes Division, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, United States of America; Cardiometabolic Risk Unit Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, United States of America.
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125
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Ke P, Wu X, Xu M, Feng J, Xu H, Gan Y, Wang C, Deng Z, Liu X, Fu W, Tian Q, He Y, Zhong L, Jiang H, Lu Z. Comparison of obesity indices and triglyceride glucose-related parameters to predict type 2 diabetes mellitus among normal-weight elderly in China. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1181-1191. [PMID: 34195936 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01238-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although a significant proportion of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases arose from normal-weight individuals, studies on indicators of T2DM in normal-weight people are limited. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the predictive value of obesity indices and triglyceride glucose-related parameters (TyG-related parameters) in T2DM among normal-weight Chinese elderly. METHODS A total of 24,215 normal-weight Chinese elderly (age ≥ 60 years) [body mass index-BMI (18.5-23.9 kg/m2)] were included. Obesity indices and triglyceride glucose-related parameters (TyG-related parameters) included waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and TyG-related parameters (TyG, TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, and TyG-WHtR). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the associations between obesity- and TyG-related indices and T2DM. The areas under the curve (AUC) of the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to evaluate and compare the predictive value of the different indices. RESULTS The prevalence of T2DM was 14.2% in normal-weight individuals. Among the indices, TyG was significantly associated with T2DM among men and women, respectively, (adjusted odds ratio-aOR per SD 3.46; 95% CI 3.23-3.71) and (aOR per SD 3.64; 95% CI 3.43-3.86). Compared with other indices, TyG had the highest AUC value for T2DM in men (AUC: 0.818, 95% CI 0.810-0.825) and women (AUC: 0.824, 95% CI 0.814-0.833). CONCLUSIONS TyG is an effective marker and outperforms other indices when predicting T2DM in the normal-weight Chinese elderly population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V: Opinions of authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Ke
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Baoan District Songgang People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Minzhi Xu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hongbin Xu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Gan
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenyu Deng
- Baoan District Songgang People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Baoan District Songgang People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenning Fu
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingfeng Tian
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan He
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lirong Zhong
- School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Heng Jiang
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
- School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Equity, University of Melbourne, MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Zuxun Lu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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126
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Grabner GF, Guttenberger N, Mayer N, Migglautsch-Sulzer AK, Lembacher-Fadum C, Fawzy N, Bulfon D, Hofer P, Züllig T, Hartig L, Kulminskaya N, Chalhoub G, Schratter M, Radner FPW, Preiss-Landl K, Masser S, Lass A, Zechner R, Gruber K, Oberer M, Breinbauer R, Zimmermann R. Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Lipolysis in Human Adipocytes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6237-6250. [PMID: 35362954 PMCID: PMC9011347 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Chronically elevated
circulating fatty acid levels promote lipid
accumulation in nonadipose tissues and cause lipotoxicity. Adipose
triglyceride lipase (ATGL) critically determines the release of fatty
acids from white adipose tissue, and accumulating evidence suggests
that inactivation of ATGL has beneficial effects on lipotoxicity-driven
disorders including insulin resistance, steatohepatitis, and heart
disease, classifying ATGL as a promising drug target. Here, we report
on the development and biological characterization of the first small-molecule
inhibitor of human ATGL. This inhibitor, designated NG-497, selectively
inactivates human and nonhuman primate ATGL but not structurally and
functionally related lipid hydrolases. We demonstrate that NG-497
abolishes lipolysis in human adipocytes in a dose-dependent and reversible
manner. The combined analysis of mouse- and human-selective inhibitors,
chimeric ATGL proteins, and homology models revealed detailed insights
into enzyme–inhibitor interactions. NG-497 binds ATGL within
a hydrophobic cavity near the active site. Therein, three amino acid
residues determine inhibitor efficacy and species selectivity and
thus provide the molecular scaffold for selective inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Guttenberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nicole Mayer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Nermeen Fawzy
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Bulfon
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Züllig
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lennart Hartig
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Natalia Kulminskaya
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriel Chalhoub
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Margarita Schratter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karina Preiss-Landl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah Masser
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 3, 8010 Graz, Austria
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127
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Song J, Shi X, Li X, Liang Q, Zeng L, Li G, Yan Y, Xu G, Zheng J. Associations of the T329S Polymorphism in Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 With Atherosclerosis and Fatty Liver Syndrome in 90-Week-Old Hens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:868602. [PMID: 35433899 PMCID: PMC9009339 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.868602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the spontaneous genetic mutation T329S in flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) on atherosclerosis (AS), fatty liver syndrome (FLS), and adiposity in 90-week-old layers. At 90 weeks of age, 27 FMO3 genotyped Rhode Island White chickens (consisting of nine AA hens, nine AT hens, and nine TT hens) with normal laying performance were selected. The AS lesions, incidence of FLS, fat deposition, metabolic characteristics, and production performance of these egg-layers with different FMO3 genotypes were assessed. The T329S mutation in TT hens reduced the AS lesions (P < 0.01) and altered the plasma metabolic indices more than it did in the AA and AT hens. Furthermore, it reduced the incidence of FLS, hepatic triglyceride deposition (P < 0.05), liver indices (P < 0.05), and fat deposition (P < 0.05) in the subcutis and abdomen of TT hens compared to those of AA and AT hens. Moreover, as an effect of T329S, TT hens laid a higher than average number of eggs and maintained a higher egg-laying rate from 68 to 90 weeks than AA and AT hens. Our study confirmed that the T329S mutation in FMO3 could reduce the development of AS lesions, the incidence of FLS, and fat deposition, which are associated with changes in plasma and hepatic metabolic indices and improvements in the laying performance of older layers. Our results may provide a new strategy for using the T329S mutation to improve the health status and production performance of layers during the late laying period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlou Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianni Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingsen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangqi Li
- Beijing Huadu Yukou Poultry Industry Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yiyuan Yan
- Beijing Huadu Yukou Poultry Industry Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Guiyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiangxia Zheng
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128
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Leitner BP, Siebel S, Akingbesote ND, Zhang X, Perry RJ. Insulin and cancer: a tangled web. Biochem J 2022; 479:583-607. [PMID: 35244142 PMCID: PMC9022985 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For a century, since the pioneering work of Otto Warburg, the interwoven relationship between metabolism and cancer has been appreciated. More recently, with obesity rates rising in the U.S. and worldwide, epidemiologic evidence has supported a link between obesity and cancer. A substantial body of work seeks to mechanistically unpack the association between obesity, altered metabolism, and cancer. Without question, these relationships are multifactorial and cannot be distilled to a single obesity- and metabolism-altering hormone, substrate, or factor. However, it is important to understand the hormone-specific associations between metabolism and cancer. Here, we review the links between obesity, metabolic dysregulation, insulin, and cancer, with an emphasis on current investigational metabolic adjuncts to standard-of-care cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks P. Leitner
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
| | - Stephan Siebel
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
- Departments of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
| | - Ngozi D. Akingbesote
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
| | - Rachel J. Perry
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
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129
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Metformin, phenformin, and galegine inhibit complex IV activity and reduce glycerol-derived gluconeogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122287119. [PMID: 35238637 PMCID: PMC8916010 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122287119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the most commonly prescribed drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, yet the mechanism by which it lowers plasma glucose concentrations has remained elusive. Most studies to date have attributed metformin’s glucose-lowering effects to inhibition of complex I activity. Contrary to this hypothesis, we show that inhibition of complex I activity in vitro and in vivo does not reduce plasma glucose concentrations or inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis. We go on to show that metformin, and the related guanides/biguanides, phenformin and galegine, inhibit complex IV activity at clinically relevant concentrations, which, in turn, results in inhibition of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, increased cytosolic redox, and selective inhibition of glycerol-derived hepatic gluconeogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Metformin exerts its plasma glucose-lowering therapeutic effect primarily through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. However, the precise molecular mechanism by which metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis is still unclear. Although inhibition of mitochondrial complex I is frequently invoked as metformin’s primary mechanism of action, the metabolic effects of complex I inhibition have not been thoroughly evaluated in vivo. Here, we show that acute portal infusion of piericidin A, a potent and specific complex I inhibitor, does not reduce hepatic gluconeogenesis in vivo. In contrast, we show that metformin, phenformin, and galegine selectively inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis from glycerol. Specifically, we show that guanides/biguanides interact with complex IV to reduce its enzymatic activity, leading to indirect inhibition of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase (GPD2), increased cytosolic redox, and reduced glycerol-derived gluconeogenesis. We report that inhibition of complex IV with potassium cyanide replicates the effects of the guanides/biguanides in vitro by selectively reducing glycerol-derived gluconeogenesis via increased cytosolic redox. Finally, we show that complex IV inhibition is sufficient to inhibit G3P-mediated respiration and gluconeogenesis from glycerol. Taken together, we propose a mechanism of metformin action in which complex IV–mediated inhibition of GPD2 reduces glycerol-derived hepatic gluconeogenesis.
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130
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Li D, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Zou Q, Duan J, Sun-Waterhouse D, Sun B. Perspectives on diacylglycerol-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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131
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Nagarajan SR, Cross E, Sanna F, Hodson L. Dysregulation of hepatic metabolism with obesity: factors influencing glucose and lipid metabolism. Proc Nutr Soc 2022; 81:1-11. [PMID: 34726148 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665121003761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a key metabolic organ that undertakes a multitude of physiological processes over the course of a day, including intrahepatic lipid and glucose metabolism which plays a key role in the regulation of systemic lipid and glucose concentrations. It serves as an intermediary organ between exogenous (dietary) and endogenous energy supply to extrahepatic organs. Thus, perturbations in hepatic metabolism can impact widely on metabolic disease risk. For example, the accumulation of intra-hepatocellular TAG (IHTG), for which adiposity is almost invariably a causative factor may result in dysregulation of metabolic pathways. Accumulation of IHTG is likely due to an imbalance between fatty acid delivery, synthesis and removal (via oxidation or export as TAG) from the liver; insulin plays a key role in all of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Nagarajan
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Cross
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - F Sanna
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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132
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DeVito LM, Dennis EA, Kahn BB, Shulman GI, Witztum JL, Sadhu S, Nickels J, Spite M, Smyth S, Spiegel S. Bioactive lipids and metabolic syndrome-a symposium report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1511:87-106. [PMID: 35218041 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shed light on the cellular and molecular functions of bioactive lipids that go far beyond what was known about their role as dietary lipids. Bioactive lipids regulate inflammation and its resolution as signaling molecules. Genetic studies have identified key factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome through their effects on lipogenesis. Lipid scientists have explored how these signaling pathways affect lipid metabolism in the liver, adipose tissue, and macrophages by utilizing a variety of techniques in both humans and animal models, including novel lipidomics approaches and molecular dynamics models. Dissecting out these lipid pathways can help identify mechanisms that can be targeted to prevent or treat cardiometabolic conditions. Continued investigation of the multitude of functions mediated by bioactive lipids may reveal additional components of these pathways that can provide a greater understanding of metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara B Kahn
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Nickels
- Genesis Biotechnology Group, Hamilton Township, New Jersey
| | - Matthew Spite
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Smyth
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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133
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Cypess
- From the Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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134
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Mocciaro G, Gastaldelli A. Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance: The Central Role of Adipose Tissue Dysfunction. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 274:145-164. [PMID: 35192055 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a key player in the onset and progression of insulin resistance (IR), a state by which insulin-sensitive cells fail to adequately respond to insulin action. IR is a reversible condition, but if untreated leads to type 2 diabetes alongside increasing cardiovascular risk. The link between obesity and IR has been widely investigated; however, some aspects are still not fully characterized.In this chapter, we introduce key aspects of the pathophysiology of IR and its intimate connection with obesity. Specifically, we focus on the role of adipose tissue dysfunction (quantity, quality, and distribution) as a driver of whole-body IR. Furthermore, we discuss the obesity-related lipidomic remodeling occurring in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. Key mechanisms linking lipotoxicity to IR in different tissues and metabolic alterations (i.e., fatty liver and diabetes) and the effect of weight loss on IR are also reported while highlighting knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Mocciaro
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
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135
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Fontanini M, Cabiati M, Giacomarra M, Federico G, Del Ry S. Long non-Coding RNAs and Obesity: New Potential Pathogenic Biomarkers. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1592-1605. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220211153304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
A portion of the human genome is characterized by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of non-coding RNA longer than 200 nucleotides. Recently, the development of new biomolecular methods, made it possible to delineate the involvement of lncRNAs in the regulation of different biological processes, both physiological and pathological, by acting within the cell with different regulatory mechanisms based on their specific target. To date, obesity is one of the most important health problems spread all over the world, including the child population: the search for new potential early biomarkers could open the doors to novel therapeutic strategies useful to fight the disease early in life and to reduce the risk of obesity-related co-morbidities.
Objective:
This review highlights the lncRNAs involved in obesity, in adipogenesis, and lipid metabolism, particularly in lipogenesis.
Conclusion:
LncRNAs involved in adipogenesis and lipogenesis, being at the cross-road of obesity, should be deeply analysed in this contest, allowing to understand possible causative actions in starting obesity and whether they might be helpful to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Fontanini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology laboratory, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Manuela Cabiati
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology laboratory, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Manuel Giacomarra
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology laboratory, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Giovanni Federico
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Dep. Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma n. 67 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Del Ry
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology laboratory, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa Italy
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136
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Sasaki N, Maeda R, Ozono R, Nakano Y, Higashi Y. Association of obesity with serum free fatty acid levels in individuals at different stages of prediabetes. Clin Obes 2022; 12:e12496. [PMID: 34821047 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the associations of prediabetes categories and obesity with serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels and adipose tissue insulin resistance. This study included 5006 male participants (1779, 1025, 629, 874, and 699 with normal fasting glucose/normal glucose tolerance, isolated impaired fasting glucose [IFG], isolated impaired glucose tolerance [IGT], IFG plus IGT, and diabetes, respectively). Serum FFA levels were assessed before and 30, 60, and 120 min after glucose ingestion, and the total area under the FFA curve (AUCFFA ) was calculated. Adipose insulin resistance index (adipo-IR) was assessed based on fasting FFA and insulin concentrations. Isolated IFG was associated with high fasting FFA levels (OR, 1.35; p < 0.001) and high adipo-IR (OR, 1.82; p < 0.001) only in the nonobesity group. Isolated IGT, IFG plus IGT, and diabetes were associated with high fasting FFA levels, regardless of obesity. Obesity was significantly associated with AUCFFA , and the duration of obesity-related impairment in lipolysis inhibition after glucose ingestion was prolonged in IFG plus IGT and diabetes. These results suggest that IFG and obesity may overlap in their effects on FFA metabolism whereas IGT has significant effects on FFA independent of obesity. Obesity impact on lipolysis may be involved in worsening glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Sasaki
- Health Management and Promotion Center, Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Casualty Council, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryo Maeda
- Health Management and Promotion Center, Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Casualty Council, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryoji Ozono
- Department of General Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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137
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Goedeke L, Murt KN, Di Francesco A, Camporez JP, Nasiri AR, Wang Y, Zhang X, Cline GW, de Cabo R, Shulman GI. Sex- and strain-specific effects of mitochondrial uncoupling on age-related metabolic diseases in high-fat diet-fed mice. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13539. [PMID: 35088525 PMCID: PMC8844126 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation is an intrinsic property of all mitochondria and may have evolved to protect cells against the production of damaging reactive oxygen species. Therefore, compounds that enhance mitochondrial uncoupling are potentially attractive anti‐aging therapies; however, chronic ingestion is associated with a number of unwanted side effects. We have previously developed a controlled‐release mitochondrial protonophore (CRMP) that is functionally liver‐directed and promotes oxidation of hepatic triglycerides by causing a subtle sustained increase in hepatic mitochondrial inefficiency. Here, we sought to leverage the higher therapeutic index of CRMP to test whether mild mitochondrial uncoupling in a liver‐directed fashion could reduce oxidative damage and improve age‐related metabolic disease and lifespan in diet‐induced obese mice. Oral administration of CRMP (20 mg/[kg‐day] × 4 weeks) reduced hepatic lipid content, protein kinase C epsilon activation, and hepatic insulin resistance in aged (74‐week‐old) high‐fat diet (HFD)‐fed C57BL/6J male mice, independently of changes in body weight, whole‐body energy expenditure, food intake, or markers of hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis. CRMP treatment was also associated with a significant reduction in hepatic lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and inflammation. Importantly, long‐term (49 weeks) hepatic mitochondrial uncoupling initiated late in life (94–104 weeks), in conjugation with HFD feeding, protected mice against neoplastic disorders, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in a strain and sex‐specific manner. Taken together, these studies illustrate the complex variation of aging and provide important proof‐of‐concept data to support further studies investigating the use of liver‐directed mitochondrial uncouplers to promote healthy aging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Kelsey N. Murt
- Translational Gerontology Branch Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Andrea Di Francesco
- Translational Gerontology Branch Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - João Paulo Camporez
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
- Department of Physiology Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine University of Sao Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ali R. Nasiri
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Xian‐Man Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Gary W. Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
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138
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Bhat N, Narayanan A, Fathzadeh M, Kahn M, Zhang D, Goedeke L, Neogi A, Cardone RL, Kibbey RG, Fernandez-Hernando C, Ginsberg HN, Jain D, Shulman GI, Mani A. Dyrk1b promotes hepatic lipogenesis by bypassing canonical insulin signaling and directly activating mTORC2 in mice. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e153724. [PMID: 34855620 PMCID: PMC8803348 DOI: 10.1172/jci153724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Dyrk1b are associated with metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans. Our investigations showed that DYRK1B levels are increased in the liver of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and in mice fed with a high-fat, high-sucrose diet. Increasing Dyrk1b levels in the mouse liver enhanced de novo lipogenesis (DNL), fatty acid uptake, and triacylglycerol secretion and caused NASH and hyperlipidemia. Conversely, knockdown of Dyrk1b was protective against high-calorie-induced hepatic steatosis and fibrosis and hyperlipidemia. Mechanistically, Dyrk1b increased DNL by activating mTORC2 in a kinase-independent fashion. Accordingly, the Dyrk1b-induced NASH was fully rescued when mTORC2 was genetically disrupted. The elevated DNL was associated with increased plasma membrane sn-1,2-diacylglyerol levels and increased PKCε-mediated IRKT1150 phosphorylation, which resulted in impaired activation of hepatic insulin signaling and reduced hepatic glycogen storage. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms that underlie Dyrk1b-induced hepatic lipogenesis and hepatic insulin resistance and identify Dyrk1b as a therapeutic target for NASH and insulin resistance in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhat
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anand Narayanan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mohsen Fathzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Mario Kahn
- Yale Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Yale Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leigh Goedeke
- Yale Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arpita Neogi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Cardone
- Yale Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard G. Kibbey
- Yale Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Yale Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arya Mani
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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139
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Hong J, Xie Z, Yang F, Jiang L, Jian T, Wang S, Guo Y, Huang X. Erianin suppresses proliferation and migration of cancer cells in a pyruvate carboxylase-dependent manner. Fitoterapia 2022; 157:105136. [PMID: 35093481 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Erianin is a natural small molecule dibenzyl compound extracted from Dendrobium officinale or Dendrobium chrysotoxum. Studies show erianin has many pharmacological functions such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, improving diabetic nephropathy, relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and anti-tumor. However, the erianin-mediated molecular mechanism is elusive, and the target protein of erianin is not clear yet. Here, we screened and identified that the target protein of erianin in human hepatoma HepG2 cells is human pyruvate carboxylase, and explored the anti-tumor signal pathway regulated by erianin in several cell lines. Firstly, the interaction between human pyruvate carboxylase and erianin was studied by bioinformatics and biochemical methods. Secondly, in vitro, erianin can specifically inhibit the activity of human pyruvate carboxylase, and the purified human pyruvate carboxylase can specifically bind to the activity probe of erianin. Thirdly, human pyruvate carboxylase is highly expressed in a variety of malignant tumors, and the inhibitory effect of erianin on tumor cells is positively correlated with the expression of human pyruvate carboxylase, and erianin can selectively inhibit the activity of pyruvate carboxylase. Finally, erianin can regulate the pyruvate carboxylase-mediated Wnt/ β- Catenin pathway. All of which provide important data for the further study of the anticancer mechanism of erianin, and lay a solid foundation for the further development and utilization of erianin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hong
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111 North 1st Section, 2nd Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Zeyu Xie
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111 North 1st Section, 2nd Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Fangyao Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111 North 1st Section, 2nd Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Lixiang Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111 North 1st Section, 2nd Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Tiantian Jian
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111 North 1st Section, 2nd Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111 North 1st Section, 2nd Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Yuanbiao Guo
- Medical Research Center, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Xinhe Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111 North 1st Section, 2nd Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.
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140
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Sancar G, Liu S, Gasser E, Alvarez JG, Moutos C, Kim K, van Zutphen T, Wang Y, Huddy TF, Ross B, Dai Y, Zepeda D, Collins B, Tilley E, Kolar MJ, Yu RT, Atkins AR, van Dijk TH, Saghatelian A, Jonker JW, Downes M, Evans RM. FGF1 and insulin control lipolysis by convergent pathways. Cell Metab 2022; 34:171-183.e6. [PMID: 34986332 PMCID: PMC8863067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inexorable increases in insulin resistance, lipolysis, and hepatic glucose production (HGP) are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes. Previously, we showed that peripheral delivery of exogenous fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) has robust anti-diabetic effects mediated by the adipose FGF receptor (FGFR) 1. However, its mechanism of action is not known. Here, we report that FGF1 acutely lowers HGP by suppressing adipose lipolysis. On a molecular level, FGF1 inhibits the cAMP-protein kinase A axis by activating phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D), which separates it mechanistically from the inhibitory actions of insulin via PDE3B. We identify Ser44 as an FGF1-induced regulatory phosphorylation site in PDE4D that is modulated by the feed-fast cycle. These findings establish the FGF1/PDE4 pathway as an alternate regulator of the adipose-HGP axis and identify FGF1 as an unrecognized regulator of fatty acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gencer Sancar
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sihao Liu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jacqueline G Alvarez
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher Moutos
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kyeongkyu Kim
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tim van Zutphen
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Timothy F Huddy
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brittany Ross
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yang Dai
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Zepeda
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brett Collins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emma Tilley
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew J Kolar
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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141
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Yang Y, Chen Z, Zhao X, Xie H, Du L, Gao H, Xie C. Mechanisms of Kaempferol in the treatment of diabetes: A comprehensive and latest review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:990299. [PMID: 36157449 PMCID: PMC9490412 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.990299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-insulin resistance-β-cells apoptosis" is an important trilogy of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. With the global pandemic of obesity and diabetes, continuous research and development of new drugs focuses on the prevention of the pathological progress of these diseases. According to a recent study, the natural product kaempferol has excellent antidiabetic effects. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarized the frontier studies and pharmacological mechanisms of kaempferol in the treatment of diabetes. The successful research and development of kaempferol may yield a significant leap in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengtao Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Hospital of Chengdu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lian Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Hospital of Chengdu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Gao, ; Chunguang Xie,
| | - Chunguang Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Gao, ; Chunguang Xie,
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142
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Lopez-Perez D, Redruello-Romero A, Garcia-Rubio J, Arana C, Garcia-Escudero LA, Tamayo F, Salmeron J, Galvez J, Leon J, Carazo Á. In Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Mast Cells in Omental Adipose Tissue Decrease the Surface Expression of CD45, CD117, CD203c, and FcϵRI. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:818388. [PMID: 35370964 PMCID: PMC8965342 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.818388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of mast cells in type 2 diabetes is changing. Although they were first considered deleterious inflammatory cells, now they seem to be important players driving adipose tissue homeostasis. Here we have employed a flow cytometry-based approach for measuring the surface expression of 4 proteins (CD45, CD117, CD203c, and FcϵRI) on mast cells of omental (o-WAT) and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (s-WAT) in a cohort of 96 patients with morbid obesity. The cohort was split into three groups: non-T2D, pre-T2D, and T2D. Noteworthy, patients with T2D have a mild condition (HbA1c <7%). In o-WAT, mast cells of patients with T2D have a decrease in the surface expression of CD45 (p=0.0013), CD117 (p=0.0066), CD203c (p=0.0025), and FcϵRI (p=0.043). Besides, in s-WAT, the decrease was seen only in CD117 (p=0.046). These results indicate that T2D affects more to mast cells in o-WAT than in s-WAT. The decrease in these four proteins has serious effects on mast cell function. CD117 is critical for mast cell survival, while CD45 and FcϵRI are important for mast cell activation. Additionally, CD203c is only present on the cell surface after granule release. Taking together these observations, we suggest that mast cells in o-WAT of patients with T2D have a decreased survival, activation capacity, and secretory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lopez-Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Anaïs Redruello-Romero
- Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Arana
- Endocrinology and nutrition department, Virgen de la Luz University Hospital, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Luis A. Garcia-Escudero
- Department of Statistics and Operative Research, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Salmeron
- Gastroenterology Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Julio Galvez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red para Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD), Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- *Correspondence: Julio Galvez, ; Ángel Carazo,
| | - Josefa Leon
- Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Disease, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel Carazo
- Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Disease, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- *Correspondence: Julio Galvez, ; Ángel Carazo,
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143
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Lee SH, Park SY, Choi CS. Insulin Resistance: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:15-37. [PMID: 34965646 PMCID: PMC8831809 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the pivotal pathogenic component of many metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is defined as a state of reduced responsiveness of insulin-targeting tissues to physiological levels of insulin. Although the underlying mechanism of insulin resistance is not fully understood, several credible theories have been proposed. In this review, we summarize the functions of insulin in glucose metabolism in typical metabolic tissues and describe the mechanisms proposed to underlie insulin resistance, that is, ectopic lipid accumulation in liver and skeletal muscle, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation. In addition, we suggest potential therapeutic strategies for addressing insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hae Lee
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center (KMMPC), Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Shi-Young Park
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center (KMMPC), Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center (KMMPC), Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Corresponding author: Cheol Soo Choi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9627-058X Division of Molecular Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, 21 Namdongdaero 774beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Korea E-mail:
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Morgan PK, Huynh K, Pernes G, Miotto PM, Mellett NA, Giles C, Meikle PJ, Murphy AJ, Lancaster GI. Macrophage polarization state affects lipid composition and the channeling of exogenous fatty acids into endogenous lipid pools. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101341. [PMID: 34695418 PMCID: PMC8604758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-tissue-resident macrophages (ATMs) maintain metabolic homeostasis but also contribute to obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Central to these contrasting effects of ATMs on metabolic homeostasis is the interaction of macrophages with fatty acids. Fatty acid levels are increased within adipose tissue in various pathological and physiological conditions, but appear to initiate inflammatory responses only upon interaction with particular macrophage subsets within obese adipose tissue. The molecular basis underlying these divergent outcomes is likely due to phenotypic differences between ATM subsets, although how macrophage polarization state influences the metabolism of exogenous fatty acids is relatively unknown. Herein, using stable isotope-labeled and nonlabeled fatty acids in combination with mass spectrometry lipidomics, we show marked differences in the utilization of exogenous fatty acids within inflammatory macrophages (M1 macrophages) and macrophages involved in tissue homeostasis (M2 macrophages). Specifically, the accumulation of exogenous fatty acids within triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters is significantly higher in M1 macrophages, while there is an increased enrichment of exogenous fatty acids within glycerophospholipids, ether lipids, and sphingolipids in M2 macrophages. Finally, we show that functionally distinct ATM populations in vivo have distinct lipid compositions. Collectively, this study identifies new aspects of the metabolic reprogramming that occur in distinct macrophage polarization states. The channeling of exogenous fatty acids into particular lipid synthetic pathways may contribute to the sensitivity/resistance of macrophage subsets to the inflammatory effects of increased environmental fatty acid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooranee K Morgan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gerard Pernes
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paula M Miotto
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melboure, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Corey Giles
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Graeme I Lancaster
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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145
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Barrios V, Campillo-Calatayud A, Guerra-Cantera S, Canelles S, Martín-Rivada Á, Frago LM, Chowen JA, Argente J. Opposite Effects of Chronic Central Leptin Infusion on Activation of Insulin Signaling Pathways in Adipose Tissue and Liver Are Related to Changes in the Inflammatory Environment. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1734. [PMID: 34827732 PMCID: PMC8615824 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin modulates insulin signaling and this involves the Akt pathway, which is influenced by changes in the inflammatory environment and with leptin regulating cytokine synthesis. We evaluated the association between activation of the insulin-signaling pathway and alterations in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in inguinal fat and liver of chronic central leptin infused (L), pair-fed (PF), and control rats. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation was increased in inguinal fat and reduced in liver of L rats. Phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) was increased in inguinal fat of L rats, together with a pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, while in the liver activation of JNK and NFkB were reduced and an anti-inflammatory pattern was found. Phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, Akt and mechanistic target of rapamycin was decreased in inguinal fat and increased in liver of L rats. There was a direct relationship between pSTAT3 and JNK and a negative correlation of Akt with pSTAT3 and JNK in both tissues. These results indicate that the effects of chronically increased leptin on insulin-related signaling are tissue-specific and suggest that inflammation plays a relevant role in the crosstalk between leptin and insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (S.G.-C.); (S.C.); (Á.M.-R.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Campillo-Calatayud
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (S.G.-C.); (S.C.); (Á.M.-R.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Santiago Guerra-Cantera
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (S.G.-C.); (S.C.); (Á.M.-R.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Canelles
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (S.G.-C.); (S.C.); (Á.M.-R.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martín-Rivada
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (S.G.-C.); (S.C.); (Á.M.-R.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M. Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (S.G.-C.); (S.C.); (Á.M.-R.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A. Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (S.G.-C.); (S.C.); (Á.M.-R.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (S.G.-C.); (S.C.); (Á.M.-R.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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146
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Sekiya M, Kainoh K, Sugasawa T, Yoshino R, Hirokawa T, Tokiwa H, Nakano S, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K, Takeuchi Y, Miyamoto T, Matsuzaka T, Shimano H. The transcriptional corepressor CtBP2 serves as a metabolite sensor orchestrating hepatic glucose and lipid homeostasis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6315. [PMID: 34728642 PMCID: PMC8563733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological systems to sense and respond to metabolic perturbations are critical for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Here we describe a hepatic system in this context orchestrated by the transcriptional corepressor C-terminal binding protein 2 (CtBP2) that harbors metabolite-sensing capabilities. The repressor activity of CtBP2 is reciprocally regulated by NADH and acyl-CoAs. CtBP2 represses Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1)-mediated hepatic gluconeogenesis directly as well as Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1 (SREBP1)-mediated lipogenesis indirectly. The activity of CtBP2 is markedly defective in obese liver reflecting the metabolic perturbations. Thus, liver-specific CtBP2 deletion promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis and accelerates the progression of steatohepatitis. Conversely, activation of CtBP2 ameliorates diabetes and hepatic steatosis in obesity. The structure-function relationships revealed in this study identify a critical structural domain called Rossmann fold, a metabolite-sensing pocket, that is susceptible to metabolic liabilities and potentially targetable for developing therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Sekiya
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Kenta Kainoh
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takehito Sugasawa
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Yoshino
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tokiwa
- Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takeuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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147
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Chella Krishnan K, Vergnes L, Acín-Pérez R, Stiles L, Shum M, Ma L, Mouisel E, Pan C, Moore TM, Péterfy M, Romanoski CE, Reue K, Björkegren JLM, Laakso M, Liesa M, Lusis AJ. Sex-specific genetic regulation of adipose mitochondria and metabolic syndrome by Ndufv2. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1552-1568. [PMID: 34697471 PMCID: PMC8909918 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously suggested a central role for mitochondria in the observed sex differences in metabolic traits. However, the mechanisms by which sex differences affect adipose mitochondrial function and metabolic syndrome are unclear. Here we show that in both mice and humans, adipose mitochondrial functions are elevated in females and are strongly associated with adiposity, insulin resistance and plasma lipids. Using a panel of diverse inbred strains of mice, we identify a genetic locus on mouse chromosome 17 that controls mitochondrial mass and function in adipose tissue in a sex- and tissue-specific manner. This locus contains Ndufv2 and regulates the expression of at least 89 mitochondrial genes in females, including oxidative phosphorylation genes and those related to mitochondrial DNA content. Overexpression studies indicate that Ndufv2 mediates these effects by regulating supercomplex assembly and elevating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, which generates a signal that increases mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthickeyan Chella Krishnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebeca Acín-Pérez
- Department of Medicine/Division of Endocrinology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine/Division of Endocrinology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Shum
- Department of Medicine/Division of Endocrinology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lijiang Ma
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Etienne Mouisel
- INSERM, UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy M Moore
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miklós Péterfy
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Casey E Romanoski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine/Division of Endocrinology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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148
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Dare A, Channa ML, Nadar A. L-ergothioneine and metformin alleviates liver injury in experimental type-2 diabetic rats via reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypertriglyceridemia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1137-1147. [PMID: 34582252 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with liver toxicity. L-ergothioneine (L-egt) has been reported to reduce toxicity in tissues exposed to injury, while metformin is commonly prescribed to manage T2D. Hence, this study evaluates the hepatoprotective role of L-egt, with or without metformin, in T2D male rats. A total of 36 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into non-diabetic (n = 12) and diabetic (n = 24) groups. After induction of diabetes, animals were divided into six groups (n = 6) and treated orally either with deionized water, L-egt (35 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt)), metformin (500 mg/kg bwt), or a combination of L-egt and metformin for 7 weeks. Body weight and blood glucose were monitored during the experiment. Thereafter, animals were euthanized and liver tissue was excised for biochemical, ELISA, real-time quantitative PCR, and histopathological analysis. L-egt with or without metformin reduced liver hypertrophy, liver injury, triglycerides, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Also, L-egt normalized mRNA expression of SREBP-1c, fatty acid synthase, nuclear factor kappa B, transforming growth factor β1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and sirtuin-1 in diabetic rats. Furthermore, co-administration of L-egt with metformin to diabetic rats reduced blood glucose and insulin resistance. These results provide support to the therapeutic benefits of L-egt in the management of liver complications associated with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayobami Dare
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban X54001, South Africa
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban X54001, South Africa
| | - Mahendra L Channa
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban X54001, South Africa
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban X54001, South Africa
| | - Anand Nadar
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban X54001, South Africa
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban X54001, South Africa
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149
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The aetiology and molecular landscape of insulin resistance. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:751-771. [PMID: 34285405 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance, defined as a defect in insulin-mediated control of glucose metabolism in tissues - prominently in muscle, fat and liver - is one of the earliest manifestations of a constellation of human diseases that includes type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These diseases are typically associated with intertwined metabolic abnormalities, including obesity, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia. Insulin resistance is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Recent genetic and biochemical studies suggest a key role for adipose tissue in the development of insulin resistance, potentially by releasing lipids and other circulating factors that promote insulin resistance in other organs. These extracellular factors perturb the intracellular concentration of a range of intermediates, including ceramide and other lipids, leading to defects in responsiveness of cells to insulin. Such intermediates may cause insulin resistance by inhibiting one or more of the proximal components in the signalling cascade downstream of insulin (insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins or AKT). However, there is now evidence to support the view that insulin resistance is a heterogeneous disorder that may variably arise in a range of metabolic tissues and that the mechanism for this effect likely involves a unified insulin resistance pathway that affects a distal step in the insulin action pathway that is more closely linked to the terminal biological response. Identifying these targets is of major importance, as it will reveal potential new targets for treatments of diseases associated with insulin resistance.
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150
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New insights into IL-6 family cytokines in metabolism, hepatology and gastroenterology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:787-803. [PMID: 34211157 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-6 family cytokines are defined by the common use of the signal-transducing receptor chain glycoprotein 130 (gp130). Increasing evidence indicates that these cytokines are essential in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis as well as in the pathophysiology of multiple gastrointestinal and liver disorders, thus making them attractive therapeutic targets. Over the past few years, therapies modulating gp130 signalling have grown exponentially in several clinical settings including obesity, cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. A newly engineered gp130 cytokine, IC7Fc, has shown promising preclinical results for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity and liver steatosis. Moreover, drugs that modulate gp130 signalling have shown promise in refractory inflammatory bowel disease in clinical trials. A deeper understanding of the main roles of the IL-6 family of cytokines during homeostatic and pathological conditions, their signalling pathways, sources of production and target cells will be crucial to the development of improved treatments. Here, we review the current state of the role of these cytokines in hepatology and gastroenterology and discuss the progress achieved in translating therapeutics targeting gp130 signalling into clinical practice.
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