101
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Abstract
Obesity has become epidemic worldwide, which triggers several obesity-associated complications. Obesity is characterized by excess fat storage mainly in the visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT), subcutaneous WAT (sWAT), and other tissues. Myriad studies have demonstrated the crucial role of canonical Wnt/β-catenin cascade in the development of organs and physiological homeostasis, whereas recent studies show that genetic variations/mutations in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are associated with human metabolic diseases. In this review, we highlight the regulation of updated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in obesity, especially the distinctly depot-specific roles between subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue under high-fed diet stimulation and WAT browning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiqiu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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102
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Guertin DA. Unexpected cell population gives fat a brake. Nature 2018; 559:41-42. [PMID: 29959410 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-018-05120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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103
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Schwalie PC, Dong H, Zachara M, Russeil J, Alpern D, Akchiche N, Caprara C, Sun W, Schlaudraff KU, Soldati G, Wolfrum C, Deplancke B. A stromal cell population that inhibits adipogenesis in mammalian fat depots. Nature 2018; 559:103-108. [PMID: 29925944 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipocyte development and differentiation have an important role in the aetiology of obesity and its co-morbidities1,2. Although multiple studies have investigated the adipogenic stem and precursor cells that give rise to mature adipocytes3-14, our understanding of their in vivo origin and properties is incomplete2,15,16. This is partially due to the highly heterogeneous and unstructured nature of adipose tissue depots17, which has proven difficult to molecularly dissect using classical approaches such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting and Cre-lox lines based on candidate marker genes16,18. Here, using the resolving power of single-cell transcriptomics19 in a mouse model, we reveal distinct subpopulations of adipose stem and precursor cells in the stromal vascular fraction of subcutaneous adipose tissue. We identify one of these subpopulations as CD142+ adipogenesis-regulatory cells, which can suppress adipocyte formation in vivo and in vitro in a paracrine manner. We show that adipogenesis-regulatory cells are refractory to adipogenesis and that they are functionally conserved in humans. Our findings point to a potentially critical role for adipogenesis-regulatory cells in modulating adipose tissue plasticity, which is linked to metabolic control, differential insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Schwalie
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hua Dong
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Magda Zachara
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julie Russeil
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Alpern
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nassila Akchiche
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | | | - Wenfei Sun
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| | - Bart Deplancke
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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104
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Page MM, Johnson JD. Mild Suppression of Hyperinsulinemia to Treat Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:389-399. [PMID: 29665988 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin plays roles in lipid uptake, lipolysis, and lipogenesis, in addition to controlling blood glucose levels. Excessive circulating insulin is associated with adipose tissue expansion and obesity, yet a causal role for hyperinsulinemia in the development of mammalian obesity has proven controversial, with many researchers suggesting it as a consequence of insulin resistance. Recently, evidence that specifically reducing hyperinsulinemia can prevent and reverse obesity in animal models has been presented. Our experiments, and others in this field, question the current dogma that hyperinsulinemia is a response to obesity and/or insulin resistance. In this review, we discuss preclinical evidence in the context of the broader literature and speculate on the possibility of clinical translation of alternative approaches for treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Page
- Life Sciences Institute Diabetes Research Group and the Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - James D Johnson
- Life Sciences Institute Diabetes Research Group and the Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. https://twitter.com/JimJohnsonSci
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105
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Fiore D, Gianfrilli D, Cardarelli S, Naro F, Lenzi A, Isidori AM, Venneri MA. Chronic phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition has beneficial effects on subcutaneous adipose tissue plasticity in type 2 diabetic mice. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:8411-8417. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fiore
- Department of Experimental Medicine Sapienza University Rome Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Naro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic, and Orthopaedic Sciences Sapienza University Rome Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine Sapienza University Rome Italy
| | | | - Mary A. Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine Sapienza University Rome Italy
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106
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Abstract
Obesity can be defined as the adaptive response of organism facing chronic nutrient overflow. In this context, the adipose tissue (AT) can expand, through increased adipocyte size and number, to function as the main energy-storing organ. However, over the course of obesity progression, the AT undergo continual remodeling, evolving into pathological alterations. It is now clear that pro-inflammatory cell accumulation favors local AT injury. More recently, we and others described excess levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) and fibrosis in AT depots from obese individuals. In obese mice, targeting ECM-remodeling improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Therefore AT fibrosis represents a maladaptive mechanism contributing to obesity-related metabolic complications such as diabetes, cardiometabolic and liver diseases. Here, we review the current knowledge about obesity-induced adipose tissue remodeling and its local and systemic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Marcelin
- Inserm, UMRS 1166 équipe 6 NutriOmique, Sorbonne Université, institut de cardio-métabolisme et nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Inserm, UMRS 1166 équipe 6 NutriOmique, Sorbonne Université, institut de cardio-métabolisme et nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France - Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, service de Nutrition, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
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107
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Stadion M, Schwerbel K, Graja A, Baumeier C, Rödiger M, Jonas W, Wolfrum C, Staiger H, Fritsche A, Häring HU, Klöting N, Blüher M, Fischer-Posovszky P, Schulz TJ, Joost HG, Vogel H, Schürmann A. Increased Ifi202b/IFI16 expression stimulates adipogenesis in mice and humans. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1167-1179. [PMID: 29478099 PMCID: PMC6448999 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Obesity results from a constant and complex interplay between environmental stimuli and predisposing genes. Recently, we identified the IFN-activated gene Ifi202b as the most likely gene responsible for the obesity quantitative trait locus Nob3 (New Zealand Obese [NZO] obesity 3). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Ifi202b on body weight and adipose tissue biology, and to clarify the functional role of its human orthologue IFI16. METHODS The impact of Ifi202b and its human orthologue IFI16 on adipogenesis was investigated by modulating their respective expression in murine 3T3-L1 and human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) pre-adipocytes. Furthermore, transgenic mice overexpressing IFI202b were generated and characterised with respect to metabolic traits. In humans, expression levels of IFI16 in adipose tissue were correlated with several variables of adipocyte function. RESULTS In mice, IFI202b overexpression caused obesity (Δ body weight at the age of 30 weeks: 10.2 ± 1.9 g vs wild-type mice) marked by hypertrophic fat mass expansion, increased expression of Zfp423 (encoding the transcription factor zinc finger protein [ZFP] 423) and white-selective genes (Tcf21, Tle3), and decreased expression of thermogenic genes (e.g. Cidea, Ucp1). Compared with their wild-type littermates, Ifi202b transgenic mice displayed lower body temperature, hepatosteatosis and systemic insulin resistance. Suppression of IFI202b/IFI16 in pre-adipocytes impaired adipocyte differentiation and triacylglycerol storage. Humans with high levels of IFI16 exhibited larger adipocytes, an enhanced inflammatory state and impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in white adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings reveal novel functions of Ifi202b and IFI16, demonstrating their role as obesity genes. These genes promote white adipogenesis and fat storage, thereby facilitating the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Stadion
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristin Schwerbel
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antonia Graja
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Christian Baumeier
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Rödiger
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wenke Jonas
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Harald Staiger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pamela Fischer-Posovszky
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim J Schulz
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heike Vogel
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.
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108
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Rudolph MC, Jackman MR, Presby DM, Houck JA, Webb PG, Johnson GC, Soderborg TK, de la Houssaye BA, Yang IV, Friedman JE, MacLean PS. Low Neonatal Plasma n-6/n-3 PUFA Ratios Regulate Offspring Adipogenic Potential and Condition Adult Obesity Resistance. Diabetes 2018; 67:651-661. [PMID: 29138256 PMCID: PMC5860857 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue expansion progresses rapidly during postnatal life, influenced by both prenatal maternal factors and postnatal developmental cues. The ratio of omega-6 (n-6) relative to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is believed to regulate perinatal adipogenesis, but the cellular mechanisms and long-term effects are not well understood. We lowered the fetal and postnatal n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio exposure in wild-type offspring under standard maternal dietary fat amounts to test the effects of low n-6/n-3 ratios on offspring adipogenesis and adipogenic potential. Relative to wild-type pups receiving high perinatal n-6/n-3 ratios, subcutaneous adipose tissue in 14-day-old wild-type pups receiving low n-6/n-3 ratios had more adipocytes that were smaller in size; decreased Pparγ2, Fabp4, and Plin1; several lipid metabolism mRNAs; coincident hypermethylation of the PPARγ2 proximal promoter; and elevated circulating adiponectin. As adults, offspring that received low perinatal n-6/n-3 ratios were diet-induced obesity (DIO) resistant and had a lower positive energy balance and energy intake, greater lipid fuel preference and non-resting energy expenditure, one-half the body fat, and better glucose clearance. Together, the findings support a model in which low early-life n-6/n-3 ratios remodel adipose morphology to increase circulating adiponectin, resulting in a persistent adult phenotype with improved metabolic flexibility that prevents DIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rudolph
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Matthew R Jackman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - David M Presby
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Julie A Houck
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Patricia G Webb
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ginger C Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Taylor K Soderborg
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Becky A de la Houssaye
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ivana V Yang
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Paul S MacLean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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109
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Schoettl T, Fischer IP, Ussar S. Heterogeneity of adipose tissue in development and metabolic function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29514879 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.162958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a central metabolic organ. Unlike other organs, adipose tissue is compartmentalized into individual depots and distributed throughout the body. These different adipose depots show major functional differences and risk associations for developing metabolic syndrome. Recent advances in lineage tracing demonstrate that individual adipose depots are composed of adipocytes that are derived from distinct precursor populations, giving rise to different populations of energy-storing white adipocytes. Moreover, distinct lineages of energy-dissipating brown and beige adipocytes exist in discrete depots or within white adipose tissue depots. In this Review, we discuss developmental and functional heterogeneity, as well as sexual dimorphism, between and within individual adipose tissue depots. We highlight current data relating to the differences between subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue in the development of metabolic dysfunction, with special emphasis on adipose tissue expansion and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Moreover, we provide a detailed overview of adipose tissue development as well as the consensus and controversies relating to adult adipocyte precursor populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Schoettl
- JRG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid P Fischer
- JRG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- JRG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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110
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Abstract
Adipose morphology is defined as the number and size distribution of adipocytes (fat cells) within adipose tissue. Adipose tissue with fewer but larger adipocytes is said to have a 'hypertrophic' morphology, whereas adipose with many adipocytes of a smaller size is said to have a 'hyperplastic' morphology. Hypertrophic adipose morphology is positively associated with insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. By contrast, hyperplastic morphology is associated with improved metabolic parameters. These phenotypic associations suggest that adipose morphology influences risk of cardiometabolic disease. Intriguingly, monozygotic twin studies have determined that adipose morphology is in part determined genetically. Therefore, identifying the genetic regulation of adipose morphology may help us to predict, prevent and ameliorate insulin resistance and associated metabolic diseases. Here, we review the current literature regarding adipose morphology in relation to: (1) metabolic and medical implications; (2) the methods used to assess adipose morphology; and (3) transcriptional differences between morphologies. We further highlight three mechanisms that have been hypothesized to promote adipocyte hypertrophy and thus to regulate adipose morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panna Tandon
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Rebecca Wafer
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - James E N Minchin
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
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111
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Carli JFM, LeDuc CA, Zhang Y, Stratigopoulos G, Leibel RL. The role of Rpgrip1l, a component of the primary cilium, in adipocyte development and function. FASEB J 2018; 32:3946-3956. [PMID: 29466054 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701216r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants within the FTO (α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase) gene have been strongly associated with a modest increase in adiposity as a result of increased food intake. These risk alleles are associated with decreased expression of both FTO and neighboring RPGRIP1L (retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator-interacting protein 1 like). RPGRIP1L encodes a protein that is critical to the function of the primary cilium, which conveys extracellular information to the cell. Rpgrip1l+/- mice exhibit increased adiposity, in part, as a result of hyperphagia. Here, we describe the effects of Rpgrip1l in adipocytes that may contribute to the adiposity phenotype observed in these animals and possibly in humans who segregate for FTO risk alleles. Loss of Rpgrip1l in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes increased the number of cells that are capable of differentiating into mature adipocytes. Knockout of Rpgrip1l in mature adipocytes using Adipoq-Cre did not increase adiposity in mice that were fed chow or a high-fat diet. We also did not observe any effects of Rpgrip1l knockdown in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Thus, to the extent that Rpgrip1l affects cell-autonomous adipose tissue function, it may do so as a result of the effects conveyed in preadipocytes in which the primary cilium is functionally important. We propose that decreased RPGRIP1L expression in preadipocytes in humans who segregate for FTO obesity risk alleles may increase the storage capacity of adipose tissue.-Martin Carli, J. F., LeDuc, C. A., Zhang, Y., Stratigopoulos, G., Leibel, R. L. The role of Rpgrip1l, a component of the primary cilium, in adipocyte development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne F Martin Carli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles A LeDuc
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - George Stratigopoulos
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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112
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Klingelhutz AJ, Gourronc FA, Chaly A, Wadkins DA, Burand AJ, Markan KR, Idiga SO, Wu M, Potthoff MJ, Ankrum JA. Scaffold-free generation of uniform adipose spheroids for metabolism research and drug discovery. Sci Rep 2018; 8:523. [PMID: 29323267 PMCID: PMC5765134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction is critical to the development of type II diabetes and other metabolic diseases. While monolayer cell culture has been useful for studying fat biology, 2D culture often does not reflect the complexity of fat tissue. Animal models are also problematic in that they are expensive, time consuming, and may not completely recapitulate human biology because of species variation. To address these problems, we have developed a scaffold-free method to generate 3D adipose spheroids from primary or immortal human or mouse pre-adipocytes. Pre-adipocytes self-organize into spheroids in hanging drops and upon transfer to low attachment plates, can be maintained in long-term cultures. Upon exposure to differentiation cues, the cells mature into adipocytes, accumulating large lipid droplets that expand with time. The 3D spheroids express and secrete higher levels of adiponectin compared to 2D culture and respond to stress, either culture-related or toxin-associated, by secreting pro-inflammatory adipokines. In addition, 3D spheroids derived from brown adipose tissue (BAT) retain expression of BAT markers better than 2D cultures derived from the same tissue. Thus, this model can be used to study both the maturation of pre-adipocytes or the function of mature adipocytes in a 3D culture environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius J Klingelhutz
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Francoise A Gourronc
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Anna Chaly
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - David A Wadkins
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Anthony J Burand
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kathleen R Markan
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sharon O Idiga
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 115 S. Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,High Throughput Screening Core Facility at University of Iowa (UIHTS), University of Iowa, 115 S. Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - James A Ankrum
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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113
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Gao Z, Daquinag AC, Su F, Snyder B, Kolonin MG. PDGFRα/PDGFRβ signaling balance modulates progenitor cell differentiation into white and beige adipocytes. Development 2018; 145:dev.155861. [PMID: 29158445 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The relative abundance of thermogenic beige adipocytes and lipid-storing white adipocytes in adipose tissue underlie its metabolic activity. The roles of adipocyte progenitor cells, which express PDGFRα or PDGFRβ, in adipose tissue function have remained unclear. Here, by defining the developmental timing of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ expression in mouse subcutaneous and visceral adipose depots, we uncover depot specificity of pre-adipocyte delineation. We demonstrate that PDGFRα expression precedes PDGFRβ expression in all subcutaneous but in only a fraction of visceral adipose stromal cells. We show that high-fat diet feeding or thermoneutrality in early postnatal development can induce PDGFRβ+ lineage recruitment to generate white adipocytes. In contrast, the contribution of PDGFRβ+ lineage to beige adipocytes is minimal. We provide evidence that human adipose tissue also contains distinct progenitor populations differentiating into beige or white adipocytes, depending on PDGFRβ expression. Based on PDGFRα or PDGFRβ deletion and ectopic expression experiments, we conclude that the PDGFRα/PDGFRβ signaling balance determines progenitor commitment to beige (PDGFRα) or white (PDGFRβ) adipogenesis. Our study suggests that adipocyte lineage specification and metabolism can be modulated through PDGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanguo Gao
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexes C Daquinag
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fei Su
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brad Snyder
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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114
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Scott RW, Underhill TM. Methods and Strategies for Lineage Tracing of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1416:171-203. [PMID: 27236672 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3584-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitors (MP) are found to varying extents in most tissues and organs. Their relationship to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) remains unclear, however, both populations appear to share a number of properties as defined by functional assays, clonogenic activity, and genetic and cell surface markers. MSCs were originally defined by their in vitro colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) activity and their ability to contribute to various mesenchymal lineages (i.e. cartilage, bone, and fat). MSCs also appear to exhibit some unique properties, in that expanded clones in the absence of bone-inducing factors generate bone spicules/organs in vivo. Subsequent analysis of these elements has demonstrated that the transplanted cells directly contribute to multiple mesenchymal lineages. Our ability to study MP and/or MSC behavior and lineage potential in vivo has been hampered by a lack of suitable Cre lines in which to effectively genetically mark and follow the fate and activity of these cells in development, growth, homeostasis and following injury or in disease. The emergence of several new genetic lines is enabling us to now address critical questions regarding MP/MSC location, behavior, function, and fate. The use of these lines and others in conjunction with suitable reporter lines will be described for MP/MSC cell fate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wilder Scott
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, USA
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, USA.
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115
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Secco B, Camiré É, Brière MA, Caron A, Billong A, Gélinas Y, Lemay AM, Tharp KM, Lee PL, Gobeil S, Guimond JV, Patey N, Guertin DA, Stahl A, Haddad É, Marsolais D, Bossé Y, Birsoy K, Laplante M. Amplification of Adipogenic Commitment by VSTM2A. Cell Rep 2017; 18:93-106. [PMID: 28052263 PMCID: PMC5551894 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in our comprehension of the mechanisms regulating adipose tissue development, the nature of the factors that functionally characterize adipose precursors is still elusive. Defining the early steps regulating adipocyte development is needed for the generation of tools to control adipose tissue size and function. Here, we report the discovery of V-set and transmembrane domain containing 2A (VSTM2A) as a protein expressed and secreted by committed preadipocytes. VSTM2A expression is elevated in the early phases of adipogenesis in vitro and adipose tissue development in vivo. We show that VSTM2A-producing cells associate with the vasculature and express the common surface markers of adipocyte progenitors. Overexpression of VSTM2A induces adipogenesis, whereas its depletion impairs this process. VSTM2A controls preadipocyte determination at least in part by modulating BMP signaling and PPARγ2 activation. We propose a model in which VSTM2A is produced to preserve and amplify the adipogenic capability of adipose precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Secco
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Étienne Camiré
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Brière
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Armande Billong
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Yves Gélinas
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Lemay
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Kevin M Tharp
- Program for Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter L Lee
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Stéphane Gobeil
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean V Guimond
- CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, CLSC des Faubourgs, 66 rue Sainte-Catherine Est, Montréal, QC H2X 1K6, Canada
| | - Natacha Patey
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Justine (CHU de Sainte-Justine), Faculté de Médecine, Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Université de Montréal, 3175 Chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - David A Guertin
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Program for Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Élie Haddad
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Justine (CHU de Sainte-Justine), Faculté de Médecine, Département de pédiatrie et Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, 3175 Chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - David Marsolais
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Kivanc Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada.
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116
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Prep1 prevents premature adipogenesis of mesenchymal progenitors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15573. [PMID: 29138456 PMCID: PMC5686065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15828-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulators are crucial in adipocyte differentiation. We now show that the homeodomain-containing transcription factor Prep1 is a repressor of adipogenic differentiation since its down-regulation (DR) in both ex vivo bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and in vitro 3T3-L1 preadipocytes significantly increases their adipogenic differentiation ability. Prep1 acts at a stage preceding the activation of the differentiation machinery because its DR makes cells more prone to adipogenic differentiation even in the absence of the adipogenic inducers. Prep1 DR expands the DNA binding landscape of C/EBPβ (CCAAT enhancer binding protein β) without affecting its expression or activation. The data indicate that Prep1 normally acts by restricting DNA binding of transcription factors to adipogenic enhancers, in particular C/EBPβ.
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117
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Lee H, Lee YJ, Choi H, Seok JW, Yoon BK, Kim D, Han JY, Lee Y, Kim HJ, Kim JW. SCARA5 plays a critical role in the commitment of mesenchymal stem cells to adipogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14833. [PMID: 29093466 PMCID: PMC5665884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have the capacity to give rise to multiple cell types, such as adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and myocytes. However, the molecular events responsible for the lineage specification and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells remain unclear. Using gene expression profile studies, we determined that Scavenger receptor class A, member 5 (SCARA5) is a novel mediator of adipocyte commitment. SCARA5 was expressed at a higher level in committed A33 preadipocyte cells compared to C3H10T1/2 pluripotent stem cells. Gain- and loss-of-function studies likewise revealed that SCARA5 acts as a mediator of adipocyte commitment and differentiation in both A33 and C3H10T1/2 cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown of SCARA5 in A33 cells markedly inhibited the adipogenic potential, whereas overexpression of SCARA5 enhanced adipocyte differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells. We also demonstrated that the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and ERK signaling pathways is associated with the SCARA5-mediated response, thereby modulating adipocyte lineage commitment and adipocyte differentiation. Additionally, glucocorticoids induced the expression of SCARA5 in differentiating adipocytes through glucocorticoids response elements (GRE) in the SCARA5 promoter. Taken together, our study demonstrates that SCARA5 is a positive regulator in adipocyte lineage commitment and early adipogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea.,Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Yoo Jeong Lee
- Division of Metabolic Disease, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Jo Woon Seok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Daeun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Yoseob Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea.
| | - Jae-Woo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea. .,Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752, Korea.
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118
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Wouters K, Deleye Y, Hannou SA, Vanhoutte J, Maréchal X, Coisne A, Tagzirt M, Derudas B, Bouchaert E, Duhem C, Vallez E, Schalkwijk CG, Pattou F, Montaigne D, Staels B, Paumelle R. The tumour suppressor CDKN2A/p16 INK4a regulates adipogenesis and bone marrow-dependent development of perivascular adipose tissue. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2017; 14:516-524. [PMID: 28868898 PMCID: PMC5652646 DOI: 10.1177/1479164117728012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic CDKN2A/B locus, encoding p16INK4a among others, is linked to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is a risk factor for both cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. p16INK4a is a cell cycle regulator and tumour suppressor. Whether it plays a role in adipose tissue formation is unknown. p16INK4a knock-down in 3T3/L1 preadipocytes or p16INK4a deficiency in mouse embryonic fibroblasts enhanced adipogenesis, suggesting a role for p16INK4a in adipose tissue formation. p16INK4a-deficient mice developed more epicardial adipose tissue in response to the adipogenic peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonist rosiglitazone. Additionally, adipose tissue around the aorta from p16INK4a-deficient mice displayed enhanced rosiglitazone-induced gene expression of adipogenic markers and stem cell antigen, a marker of bone marrow-derived precursor cells. Mice transplanted with p16INK4a-deficient bone marrow had more epicardial adipose tissue compared to controls when fed a high-fat diet. In humans, p16INK4a gene expression was enriched in epicardial adipose tissue compared to other adipose tissue depots. Moreover, epicardial adipose tissue from obese humans displayed increased expression of stem cell antigen compared to lean controls, supporting a bone marrow origin of epicardial adipose tissue. These results show that p16INK4a modulates epicardial adipose tissue development, providing a potential mechanistic link between the genetic association of the CDKN2A/B locus and cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiaan Wouters
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yann Deleye
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Sarah A Hannou
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan Vanhoutte
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Maréchal
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
- Department of Cardiovascular Explorations, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Augustin Coisne
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
- Department of Cardiovascular Explorations, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Madjid Tagzirt
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Derudas
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Bouchaert
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Christian Duhem
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vallez
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - David Montaigne
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
- Department of Cardiovascular Explorations, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
- Bart Staels, Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, Lille 59019, France.
| | - Réjane Paumelle
- Université Lille 2, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
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119
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Kikuchi R, Tsuji T, Watanabe O, Yamaguchi K, Furukawa K, Nakamura H, Aoshiba K. Hypercapnia Accelerates Adipogenesis: A Novel Role of High CO 2 in Exacerbating Obesity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:570-580. [PMID: 28613919 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0278oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), which manifest as intermittent hypercapnia and sustained plus intermittent hypercapnia, respectively. In this study, we investigated whether CO2 affects adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis) and maturation (hypertrophy). Human visceral or subcutaneous preadipocytes were grown to confluence and then induced to differentiate to adipocytes under hypocapnia, normocapnia, and hypercapnia with or without hypoxia. Adipogenesis was also induced under intermittent or sustained hypercapnia. Differentiated adipocytes were maintained to maturity under normocapnia or hypercapnia. Our main findings are as follows: (1) hypercapnia accelerated adipogenesis in visceral and subcutaneous preadipocytes, whereas hypocapnia inhibited adipogenesis; (2) hypercapnia did not affect adipocyte hypertrophy; (3) hypercapnia-accelerated adipogenesis was independent of extracellular acidosis, oxygen concentration, or either intermittent or sustained exposure to high CO2; and (4) the mechanisms underlying hypercapnia-accelerated adipogenesis involved increased production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) via soluble adenylyl cyclase, leading to the activation of protein kinase A and exchanger protein directly activated by cAMP, which, in turn, activated proadipogenic transcription factors, such as cAMP response element binding protein, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. This study reveals a novel role of high CO2 in promoting adipogenesis, which provides mechanistic clues to a pathoetiological interaction between OSA/OHS and obesity. Our data suggest a vicious cycle of disease progression via the following mechanism: OSA/OHS → hypoventilation → hypercapnia → increased adipogenesis → increased fat mass → exacerbated OSA/OHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kikuchi
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takao Tsuji
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
- 2 Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Geriatrics and
| | - Osamu Watanabe
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- 3 Comprehensive Medical Center of Sleep Disorders, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Kinya Furukawa
- 4 Department of Chest Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
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120
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Pulit SL, Laber S, Glastonbury CA, Lindgren CM. The genetic underpinnings of body fat distribution. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:417-427. [PMID: 30063432 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1390427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, has reached epidemic proportions; people who are overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2) or obese now comprise more than 25% of the world's population. Obese individuals have a higher risk of comorbidity development including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and fertility complications. Areas covered: The study of monogenic and syndromic forms of obesity have revealed a small number of genes key to metabolic perturbations. Further, obesity and body shape in the general population are highly heritable phenotypes. Study of obesity at the population level, through genome-wide association studies of BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), have revealed > 150 genomic loci that associate with these traits, and highlight the role of adipose tissue and the central nervous system in obesity-related traits. Studies in animal models and cell lines have helped further elucidate the potential biological mechanisms underlying obesity. In particular, these studies implicate adipogenesis and expansion of adipose tissue as key biological pathways in obesity and weight gain. Expert commentary: Further work, including a focus on integrating genetic and additional genomic data types, as well as modeling obesity-like features in vitro, will be crucial in translating genome-wide association signals to the causal mechanisms driving disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Pulit
- a Big Data Institute , Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
- b Department of Genetics , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
- f Program in Medical and Population Genetics , Broad Institute , Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Samantha Laber
- a Big Data Institute , Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
- c MRC Harwell Institute , Mammalian Genetics Unit , Harwell , Oxford , UK
- d Department of Physiology , Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford , U.K
| | - Craig A Glastonbury
- a Big Data Institute , Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
- e Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- a Big Data Institute , Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
- e Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
- f Program in Medical and Population Genetics , Broad Institute , Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA
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121
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miR-425-5p Inhibits Differentiation and Proliferation in Porcine Intramuscular Preadipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102101. [PMID: 28984821 PMCID: PMC5666783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) content affects the tenderness, juiciness, and flavor of pork. An increasing number of studies are focusing on the functions of microRNAs (miRs) during porcine intramuscular preadipocyte development. Previous studies have proved that miR-425-5p was enriched in porcine skeletal muscles and played important roles in multiple physiological processes; however, its functions during intramuscular adipogenesis remain unclear. To explore the role of miR-425-5p in porcine intramuscular adipogenesis, miR-425-5p agomir and inhibitor were used to perform miR-425-5p overexpression and knockdown in intramuscular preadipocytes, respectively. Our results showed that the agomir of miR-425-5p dramatically inhibited intramuscular adipogenic differentiation and downregulated the expression levels of adipogenic marker genes PPARγ, FABP4, and FASN, whereas its inhibitor promoted adipogenesis. Interestingly, the agomir repressed proliferation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes by downregulation of cyclin B and cyclin E. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-425-5p inhibited adipogenesis via targeting and repressing the translation of KLF13. Taken together, our findings identified that miR-425-5p is a novel inhibitor of porcine intramuscular adipogenesis possibly through targeting KLF13 and subsequently downregulating PPARγ.
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122
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Duteil D, Tosic M, Schüle R. Lsd1, a metabolic sensor of environment requirements that prevents adipose tissue from aging. Adipocyte 2017; 6:298-303. [PMID: 28700271 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1345831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding development and maintenance of beige adipocytes provide exciting insights in establishing novel therapies against obesity and obesity-associated disorders. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (Lsd1) is an epigenetic eraser required for differentiation and function of adipocytes. Lsd1 is involved in early commitment of preadipocytes, but dispensable for terminal differentiation of white adipose tissue (WAT). In mature adipocytes, Lsd1 responds to different environmental stimuli to alter metabolic function and enable proper thermogenic and oxidative response. Exposure to cold leads to Lsd1 upregulation and subsequent beiging of WAT. Oppositely, Lsd1 levels decline during aging resulting in a conversion of beige into white adipocytes, associated with loss of thermogenic properties of WAT. Lsd1 maintains beige adipocytes by controlling the expression of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. In summary, our studies not only provided insights into the mechanism of age-related beige-to-white adipocyte transition, but also established Lsd1 as a sensor that enables thermogenic response in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Duteil
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Milica Tosic
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- Deutsche Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Standort Freiburg, Germany
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Nawaz A, Aminuddin A, Kado T, Takikawa A, Yamamoto S, Tsuneyama K, Igarashi Y, Ikutani M, Nishida Y, Nagai Y, Takatsu K, Imura J, Sasahara M, Okazaki Y, Ueki K, Okamura T, Tokuyama K, Ando A, Matsumoto M, Mori H, Nakagawa T, Kobayashi N, Saeki K, Usui I, Fujisaka S, Tobe K. CD206 + M2-like macrophages regulate systemic glucose metabolism by inhibiting proliferation of adipocyte progenitors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:286. [PMID: 28819169 PMCID: PMC5561263 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue resident macrophages have important roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and regulate insulin sensitivity for example by secreting pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we show that M2-like macrophages in adipose tissue regulate systemic glucose homeostasis by inhibiting adipocyte progenitor proliferation via the CD206/TGFβ signaling pathway. We show that adipose tissue CD206+ cells are primarily M2-like macrophages, and ablation of CD206+ M2-like macrophages improves systemic insulin sensitivity, which was associated with an increased number of smaller adipocytes. Mice genetically engineered to have reduced numbers of CD206+ M2-like macrophages show a down-regulation of TGFβ signaling in adipose tissue, together with up-regulated proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte progenitors. Our findings indicate that CD206+ M2-like macrophages in adipose tissues create a microenvironment that inhibits growth and differentiation of adipocyte progenitors and, thereby, control adiposity and systemic insulin sensitivity.Adipose tissue contains macrophages that can influence both local and systemic metabolism via the secretion of cytokines. Here, Nawaz et al. report that M2-like macrophages, present in adipose tissue, create a microenvironment that inhibits proliferation of adipocyte progenitors due to the secretion of TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allah Nawaz
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Aminuddin Aminuddin
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Kota Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Tomonobu Kado
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Igarashi
- Division of Kampo Diagnostics, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikutani
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nishida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nagai
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Toyama Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, 17-1 Nakataikouyama, Imiz-shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Johji Imura
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yukiko Okazaki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Ueki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.,Department of Molecular Diabetic Medicine, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.,Section of Animal Models, Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kumpei Tokuyama
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Akira Ando
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Michihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Disease Control, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kumiko Saeki
- Department of Disease Control, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Isao Usui
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shiho Fujisaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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Cleal L, Aldea T, Chau YY. Fifty shades of white: Understanding heterogeneity in white adipose stem cells. Adipocyte 2017; 6:205-216. [PMID: 28949833 PMCID: PMC5638386 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1372871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The excessive expansion of white adipose tissue underlies the global obesity epidemic. However, not all fat is equal, and the impact of heterogeneity on the development and expansion of different adipose depots is becoming increasingly apparent. Two mechanisms are responsible for the growth of adipose tissue: hyperplasia (increasing adipocyte number) and hypertrophy (increasing adipocyte size). The former relies on the differentiation of adipocyte stem cells, which reside within the adipose stromal vascular fraction. Many differences in gene expression, adipogenesis, and the response to obesogenic stimuli have been described when comparing adipose stem cells from different depots. Considering that there is disparity in the pathogenicity of the depots, understanding this heterogeneity has clinically relevant implications. Here we review the current knowledge surrounding such differences, in the context of development, expansion and therapeutics. Moreover, given the importance of these differences, we suggest that careful consideration for the precise methodologies used, is essential if we are to truly understand the physiologically relevant consequences of this heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Cleal
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Teodora Aldea
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - You-Ying Chau
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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126
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Abstract
White adipose tissue is a remarkably expandable organ with results in the last decade showing that human white adipocytes are continuously turned over during the entire life-span. Data primarily in murine models have demonstrated that adipocytes are derived from precursors present mainly in the perivascular areas of adipose tissue but their precise origin remains unclear. Subsets of cells present in bone marrow display a multipotent differentiation capacity which has prompted the hypothesis that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) may also contribute to the adipocyte pool present in peripheral fat depots. This notion was initially demonstrated in a murine transplantation model, however, subsequent animal studies have been conflicting resulting in a debate of whether BMDCs actually differentiate into adipocytes or just fuse with resident fat cells. This controversy was recently resolved in 2 studies of human subjects undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Using a combination of different assays these data suggest that bone marrow contributes to at least 10% of the adipocyte pool. This proportion is doubled in obesity, suggesting that BMDCs may constitute a reserve pool for adipogenesis, particularly upon weight gain. This review discusses the possible mechanisms and relevance of these findings for human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Arner
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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127
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Holtrup B, Church CD, Berry R, Colman L, Jeffery E, Bober J, Rodeheffer MS. Puberty is an important developmental period for the establishment of adipose tissue mass and metabolic homeostasis. Adipocyte 2017; 6:224-233. [PMID: 28792785 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1349042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, the incidence of childhood obesity has risen dramatically. This recent rise in childhood obesity is particularly concerning as adults who were obese during childhood develop type II diabetes that is intractable to current forms of treatment compared with individuals who develop obesity in adulthood. While the mechanisms responsible for the exacerbated diabetic phenotype associated with childhood obesity is not clear, it is well known that childhood is an important time period for the establishment of normal white adipose tissue in humans. This association suggests that exposure to obesogenic stimuli during adipose development may have detrimental effects on adipose function and metabolic homeostasis. In this study, we identify the period of development associated with puberty, postnatal days 18-34, as critical for the establishment of normal adipose mass in mice. Exposure of mice to high fat diet only during this time period results in metabolic dysfunction, increased leptin expression, and increased adipocyte size in adulthood in the absence of sustained increased fat mass or body weight. These findings indicate that exposure to obesogenic stimuli during critical developmental periods have prolonged effects on adipose tissue function that may contribute to the exacerbated metabolic dysfunctions associated with childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Holtrup
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher D. Church
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ryan Berry
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laura Colman
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elise Jeffery
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeremy Bober
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew S. Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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128
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Icli B, Feinberg MW. MicroRNAs in dysfunctional adipose tissue: cardiovascular implications. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:1024-1034. [PMID: 28505257 PMCID: PMC5852642 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the emerging role of microRNAs, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and signaling pathways, in dysfunctional adipose tissue. We highlight current paradigms of microRNAs involved in adipose differentiation and function in depots such as white, brown, and beige adipose tissues and potential implications of microRNA dysregulation in human disease such as obesity, inflammation, microvasculature dysfunction, and related cardiovascular diseases. We highlight accumulating studies indicating that adipocyte-derived microRNAs may not only serve as biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease, but also may directly regulate gene expression of other tissues. Finally, we discuss the future prospects, challenges, and emerging strategies for microRNA delivery and targeting for therapeutic applications in cardiovascular disease states associated with adipocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Icli
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-742F, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark W. Feinberg
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-742F, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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129
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Gao H, Volat F, Sandhow L, Galitzky J, Nguyen T, Esteve D, Åström G, Mejhert N, Ledoux S, Thalamas C, Arner P, Guillemot JC, Qian H, Rydén M, Bouloumié A. CD36 Is a Marker of Human Adipocyte Progenitors with Pronounced Adipogenic and Triglyceride Accumulation Potential. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1799-1814. [PMID: 28470788 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) expands in part through adipogenesis, a process involving fat cell generation and fatty acid (FA) storage into triglycerides (TGs). Several findings suggest that inter-individual and regional variations in adipogenesis are linked to metabolic complications. We aimed to identify cellular markers that define human adipocyte progenitors (APs) with pronounced adipogenic/TG storage ability. Using an unbiased single cell screen of passaged human adipose-derived stromal cells (hADSCs), we identified cell clones with similar proliferation rates but discordant capabilities to undergo adipogenic differentiation. Transcriptomic analyses prior to induction of differentiation showed that adipogenic clones displayed a significantly higher expression of CD36, encoding the scavenger receptor CD36. CD36+ hADSCs, in comparison with CD36-cells, displayed almost complete adipogenic differentiation while CD36 RNAi attenuated lipid accumulation. Similar findings were observed in primary CD45-/CD34+/CD31-APs isolated from human WAT where the subpopulation of MSCA1+/CD36+ cells displayed a significantly higher differentiation degree/TG storage capacity than MSCA1+/CD36-cells. Functional analyses in vitro and ex vivo confirmed that CD36 conferred APs an increased capacity to take up FAs thereby facilitating terminal differentiation. Among primary APs from subcutaneous femoral, abdominal and visceral human WAT, the fraction of CD36+ cells was significantly higher in depots associated with higher adipogenesis and reduced metabolic risk (i.e., femoral WAT). We conclude that CD36 marks APs with pronounced adipogenic potential, most probably by facilitating lipid uptake. This may be of value in developing human adipocyte cell clones and possibly in linking regional variations in adipogenesis to metabolic phenotype. Stem Cells 2017;35:1799-1814.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, White/cytology
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipogenesis/genetics
- Adipose Tissue, White/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adult
- Antigens, CD34/genetics
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Biological Transport
- CD36 Antigens/antagonists & inhibitors
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- CD36 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/genetics
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Primary Cell Culture
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Transcriptome
- Triglycerides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fanny Volat
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Team 1, INSERM and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex, 4, France
- Sanofi Aventis Research & Development, Translational Sciences, Biochemistry Team, Chilly-Mazarin, Cedex, France
| | - Lakshmi Sandhow
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge HERM, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean Galitzky
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Team 1, INSERM and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex, 4, France
| | - Thuy Nguyen
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital L. Mourier (APHP), Colombes, Cedex, France
| | - David Esteve
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Team 1, INSERM and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex, 4, France
| | - Gaby Åström
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, C2-94, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mejhert
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, C2-94, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Severine Ledoux
- Centre de L'obésité, Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital L. Mourier (APHP) and Faculté Paris Diderot, Colombes, Cedex, France
| | - Claire Thalamas
- Centre D'investigation Clinique, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, Cedex, 3, France
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, C2-94, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-Claude Guillemot
- Sanofi Aventis Research & Development, Translational Sciences, Biochemistry Team, Chilly-Mazarin, Cedex, France
| | - Hong Qian
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge HERM, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, C2-94, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Bouloumié
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Team 1, INSERM and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex, 4, France
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Ejarque M, Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Serena C, Pachón G, Núñez-Álvarez Y, Terrón-Puig M, Calvo E, Núñez-Roa C, Oliva-Olivera W, Tinahones FJ, Peinado MA, Vendrell J, Fernández-Veledo S. Survivin, a key player in cancer progression, increases in obesity and protects adipose tissue stem cells from apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2802. [PMID: 28518147 PMCID: PMC5520726 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) has a central role in obesity-related metabolic imbalance through the dysregulated production of cytokines and adipokines. In addition to its known risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, obesity is also a major risk for cancer. We investigated the impact of obesity for the expression of survivin, an antiapoptotic protein upregulated by adipokines and a diagnostic biomarker of tumor onset and recurrence. In a cross-sectional study of 111 subjects classified by body mass index, circulating levels of survivin and gene expression in subcutaneous AT were significantly higher in obese patients and positively correlated with leptin. Within AT, survivin was primarily detected in human adipocyte-derived stem cells (hASCs), the adipocyte precursors that determine AT expansion. Remarkably, survivin expression was significantly higher in hASCs isolated from obese patients that from lean controls and was increased by proinflammatory M1 macrophage soluble factors including IL-1β. Analysis of survivin expression in hASCs revealed a complex regulation including epigenetic modifications and protein stability. Surprisingly, obese hASCs showed survivin promoter hypermethylation that correlated with a significant decrease in its mRNA levels. Nonetheless, a lower level of mir-203, which inhibits survivin protein translation, and higher protein stability, was found in obese hASCs compared with their lean counterparts. We discovered that survivin levels determine the susceptibility of hASCs to apoptotic stimuli (including leptin and hypoxia). Accordingly, hASCs from an obese setting were protected from apoptosis. Collectively, these data shed new light on the molecular mechanisms governing AT expansion in obesity through promotion of hASCs that are resistant to apoptosis, and point to survivin as a potential new molecular player in the communication between AT and tumor cells. Thus, inhibition of apoptosis targeting survivin might represent an effective strategy for both obesity and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ejarque
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Serena
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gisela Pachón
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Brigham & Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Brigham & Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yaiza Núñez-Álvarez
- Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Badalona, Spain
| | - Margarida Terrón-Puig
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Núñez-Roa
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wilfredo Oliva-Olivera
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Peinado
- Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Badalona, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Fernández-Veledo
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Barbagallo I, Li Volti G, Galvano F, Tettamanti G, Pluchinotta FR, Bergante S, Vanella L. Diabetic human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells fail to differentiate in functional adipocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1079-1085. [PMID: 27909015 PMCID: PMC5444636 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216681552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction represents a hallmark of diabetic patients and is a consequence of the altered homeostasis of this tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their differentiation into adipocytes contribute significantly in maintaining the mass and function of adult adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differentiation of MSCs from patients suffering type 2 diabetes (dASC) and how such process results in hyperplasia or rather a stop of adipocyte turnover resulting in hypertrophy of mature adipocytes. Our results showed that gene profile of all adipogenic markers is not expressed in diabetic cells after differentiation indicating that diabetic cells fail to differentiate into adipocytes. Interestingly, delta like 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and interleukin 1β were upregulated whereas Sirtuin 1 and insulin receptor substrate 1 gene expression were found downregulated in dASC compared to cells obtained from healthy subjects. Taken together our data indicate that dASC lose their ability to differentiate into mature and functional adipocytes. In conclusion, our in vitro study is the first to suggest that diabetic patients might develop obesity through a hypertrophy of existing mature adipocytes due to failure turnover of adipose tissue. Impact statement In the present manuscript, we evaluated the differentiative potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in adipocytes obtained from healthy and diabetic patients. This finding could be of great potential interest for the field of obesity in order to exploit such results to further understand the pathophysiological processes underlying metabolic syndrome. In particular, inflammation in diabetic patients causes a dysfunction in MSCs differentiation and a decrease in adipocytes turnover leading to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Barbagallo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Guido Tettamanti
- IRCCS “S. Donato” Hospital, San Donato Milanese, Milan 20097, Italy
| | | | - Sonia Bergante
- IRCCS “S. Donato” Hospital, San Donato Milanese, Milan 20097, Italy
| | - Luca Vanella
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
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Appelqvist H, Stranius K, Börjesson K, Nilsson KPR, Dyrager C. Specific Imaging of Intracellular Lipid Droplets Using a Benzothiadiazole Derivative with Solvatochromic Properties. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1363-1370. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Appelqvist
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kati Stranius
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - K. Peter. R. Nilsson
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christine Dyrager
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Soofi A, Wolf KI, Emont MP, Qi N, Martinez-Santibanez G, Grimley E, Ostwani W, Dressler GR. The kielin/chordin-like protein (KCP) attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9051-9062. [PMID: 28424263 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.771428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated complications such as insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are reaching epidemic proportions. In mice, the TGF-β superfamily is implicated in the regulation of white and brown adipose tissue differentiation. The kielin/chordin-like protein (KCP) is a secreted regulator of the TGF-β superfamily pathways that can inhibit both TGF-β and activin signals while enhancing bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. However, KCP's effects on metabolism and obesity have not been studied in animal models. Therefore, we examined the effects of KCP loss or gain of function in mice that were maintained on either a regular or a high-fat diet. KCP loss sensitized the mice to obesity and associated complications such as glucose intolerance and adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis. In contrast, transgenic mice that expressed KCP in the kidney, liver, and adipose tissues were resistant to developing high-fat diet-induced obesity and had significantly reduced white adipose tissue. Moreover, KCP overexpression shifted the pattern of SMAD signaling in vivo, increasing the levels of phospho (P)-SMAD1 and decreasing P-SMAD3. Adipocytes in culture showed a cell-autonomous effect in response to added TGF-β1 or BMP7. Metabolic profiling indicated increased energy expenditure in KCP-overexpressing mice and reduced expenditure in the KCP mutants with no effect on food intake or activity. These findings demonstrate that shifting the TGF-β superfamily signaling with a secreted protein can alter the physiology and thermogenic properties of adipose tissue to reduce obesity even when mice are fed a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel Martinez-Santibanez
- Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases and Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and
| | | | - Wesam Ostwani
- the Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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Pascual-Serrano A, Arola-Arnal A, Suárez-García S, Bravo FI, Suárez M, Arola L, Bladé C. Grape seed proanthocyanidin supplementation reduces adipocyte size and increases adipocyte number in obese rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1246-1255. [PMID: 28373675 PMCID: PMC5550562 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: White adipose tissue (WAT) expands through hypertrophy (increased adipocyte size) and/or hyperplasia (increased adipocyte number). Hypertrophy has been associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia independently of body composition and fat distribution. In contrast, hyperplasia protects against metabolic alterations. Proanthocyanidins, which are the most abundant flavonoids in the human diet, improve metabolic disturbances associated with diet-induced obesity without reducing body weight or adiposity. The aim of this study was to determine whether grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) can modulate WAT expandability. Because GSPE also contains gallic acid, we also studied the capacity of gallic acid to remodel WAT. Design: Male Wistar rats were fed a standard chow diet (n=6) or a cafeteria diet (CAF) for 11 weeks. After 8 weeks, the CAF-fed animals were supplemented with 25 mg GSPE/kg body weight (n=6), 7 mg gallic acid/kg body weight (n=6) or the vehicle (n=6) for 3 weeks. Histological analyses were performed in the retroperitoneal (rWAT) and inguinal (iWAT) WAT to determine adipocyte size and number. Specific markers for adipogenesis and WAT functionality were analysed in rWAT using quantitative RT-PCR. Results: GSPE or gallic acid supplementation did not reduce weight gain or reverse and adiposity. However, GSPE reduced adipocyte size significantly in rWAT and moderately in iWAT and tripled the adipocyte number in rWAT. Gallic acid slightly reduced adipocyte size in rWAT and iWAT and doubled the adipocyte number in both WATs. In accordance with this adipogenic activity, Pref-1 and PPARγ tended to be overexpressed in rWAT of rats supplemented with GSPE. Moreover, GSPE supplementation increased Plin1 and Fabp4 expression and restored adiponectin expression completely, indicating a better functionality of visceral WAT. Conclusions: GSPE supplementation has anti-hypertrophic and hyperplasic activities in rats with established obesity, mainly in visceral WAT inducing a healthier expansion of WAT to match the surplus energy provided by the cafeteria diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pascual-Serrano
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - A Arola-Arnal
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - S Suárez-García
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - F I Bravo
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Suárez
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - L Arola
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - C Bladé
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
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135
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Zhang Q, Hao H, Xie Z, Cheng Y, Yin Y, Xie M, Huang H, Gao J, Liu H, Tong C, Zang L, Mu Y, Han W. M2 macrophages infusion ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance by remodeling inflammatory/macrophages' homeostasis in obese mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 443:63-71. [PMID: 28069536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of M2 macrophages infusion in dealing with obesity is still little known. In this study, the therapeutic effects of M2 macrophages infusion were investigated. METHODS High fat diet (HFD) was used to induce obesity in C57BL/6N mice. 5 × 105 M2 macrophages, derived from the bone marrow, were injected into obese mice through the tail vein twice with an interval of one week. RESULTS One week after the second injection, weight of inguinal adipose pad was significantly decreased. Accordingly, the adipocyte size of epididymal and inguinal adipose tissue (EAT and INAT) shrank. To our interest, we found that the infused M2 macrophages were homed to EAT, reversing the disturbed homeostasis of high M1 to low M2 in obese mice. Meanwhile, EAT with remodeled macrophages' homeostasis expressed less MCP-1, accompanying with decreased recruitment of inflammatory CCR2+CX3CR1lowLy6C+ monocytes from the blood in M2 infusion group. Further, increased M2 in EAT contribute to enhanced expression of UCP1 expression in EAT, which helped to ameliorate insulin resistance and, subsequently, improve the serum level of triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlighted that M2 macrophages infusion could ameliorate obesity as well as obesity-related insulin resistance, suggesting an effective and healthy weight loss strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Haojie Hao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Zongyan Xie
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, East Yinghuayuan Street, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yaqi Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hong Huang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jieqing Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Li Zang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yiming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
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136
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Templeman NM, Skovsø S, Page MM, Lim GE, Johnson JD. A causal role for hyperinsulinemia in obesity. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:R173-R183. [PMID: 28052999 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin modulates the biochemical pathways controlling lipid uptake, lipolysis and lipogenesis at multiple levels. Elevated insulin levels are associated with obesity, and conversely, dietary and pharmacological manipulations that reduce insulin have occasionally been reported to cause weight loss. However, the causal role of insulin hypersecretion in the development of mammalian obesity remained controversial in the absence of direct loss-of-function experiments. Here, we discuss theoretical considerations around the causal role of excess insulin for obesity, as well as recent studies employing mice that are genetically incapable of the rapid and sustained hyperinsulinemia that normally accompanies a high-fat diet. We also discuss new evidence demonstrating that modest reductions in circulating insulin prevent weight gain, with sustained effects that can persist after insulin levels normalize. Importantly, evidence from long-term studies reveals that a modest reduction in circulating insulin is not associated with impaired glucose homeostasis, meaning that body weight and lipid homeostasis are actually more sensitive to small changes in circulating insulin than glucose homeostasis in these models. Collectively, the evidence from new studies on genetic loss-of-function models forces a re-evaluation of current paradigms related to obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. The potential for translation of these findings to humans is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Templeman
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesDiabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Søs Skovsø
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesDiabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melissa M Page
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesDiabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gareth E Lim
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesDiabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesDiabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for Personalized Therapeutic NutritionVancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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137
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Ota U, Hara T, Nakagawa H, Tsuru E, Tsuda M, Kamiya A, Kuroda Y, Kitajima Y, Koda A, Ishizuka M, Fukuhara H, Inoue K, Shuin T, Nakajima M, Tanaka T. 5-aminolevulinic acid combined with ferrous ion reduces adiposity and improves glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice via enhancing mitochondrial function. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:7. [PMID: 28132645 PMCID: PMC5278573 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with obesity and various obesity-associated pathological conditions including glucose intolerance. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a precursor of heme metabolites, is a natural amino acid synthesized in the mitochondria, and various types of cytochromes containing heme contribute to aerobic energy metabolism. Thus, ALA might have beneficial effects on the reduction of adiposity and improvement of glucose tolerance through its promotion of heme synthesis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ALA combined with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) on obesity and glucose intolerance in diet-induced obese mice. Methods We used 20-weeks-old male C57BL/6J diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice that had been fed high-fat diet from 4th week or wild-type C57BL/6J mice. The DIO mice were orally administered ALA combined with SFC (ALA/SFC) for 6 weeks. At the 4th and 5th week during ALA/SFC administration, mice were fasted for 5 h and overnight, respectively and used for oral glucose tolerance test. After the ALA/SFC administration, the plasma glucose levels, weight of white adipose tissue, and expression levels of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes were examined. Furthermore, the effects of ALA/SFC on lipid content and glucose uptake were examined in vitro. Results Oral administration of ALA/SFC for 6 weeks reduced the body weight by about 10% and the weight of white adipose tissues in these animals. In vitro, ALA/SFC reduced lipid content in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose dependent manner, and enhanced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by 70–90% and rat L6 myoblasts by 30% at 6 h. Additionally, oral administration of ALA/SFC reduced plasma glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance in DIO mice. Furthermore, ALA/SFC enhanced the expression of OXPHOS complexes III, IV, and V by 40–70% in white adipose tissues of DIO mice, improving mitochondrial function. Conclusions Our findings indicate that ALA/SFC is effective in the reduction of adiposity and improvement of glucose tolerance, and that the induction of mitochondrial OXPHOS complex III, IV, and V by ALA/SFC might be an essential component of the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. ALA/SFC might be a useful supplement for obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40360-016-0108-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urara Ota
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hara
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Nakagawa
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Emi Tsuru
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuda
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kamiya
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kuroda
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Yuya Kitajima
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Aya Koda
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishizuka
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Taro Shuin
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Motowo Nakajima
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Tohru Tanaka
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
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138
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HO-1 inhibits preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation at the onset of obesity via ROS dependent activation of Akt2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40881. [PMID: 28102348 PMCID: PMC5244367 DOI: 10.1038/srep40881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) is a hallmark of obesity. The expansion of WAT in obesity involves proliferation and differentiation of adipose precursors, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we used an unbiased transcriptomics approach to identify the earliest molecular underpinnings occuring in adipose precursors following a brief HFD in mice. Our analysis identifies Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) as strongly and selectively being upregulated in the adipose precursor fraction of WAT, upon high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Specific deletion of HO-1 in adipose precursors of Hmox1fl/flPdgfraCre mice enhanced HFD-dependent visceral adipose precursor proliferation and differentiation. Mechanistically, HO-1 reduces HFD-induced AKT2 phosphorylation via ROS thresholding in mitochondria to reduce visceral adipose precursor proliferation. HO-1 influences adipogenesis in a cell-autonomous way by regulating
events early in adipogenesis, during the process of mitotic clonal expansion, upstream of Cebpα and PPARγ. Similar effects on human preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitro were observed upon modulation of HO-1 expression. This collectively renders HO-1 as an essential factor linking extrinsic factors (HFD) with inhibition of specific downstream molecular mediators (ROS & AKT2), resulting in diminished adipogenesis that may contribute to hyperplastic adipose tissue expansion.
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139
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Man K, Kutyavin VI, Chawla A. Tissue Immunometabolism: Development, Physiology, and Pathobiology. Cell Metab 2017; 25:11-26. [PMID: 27693378 PMCID: PMC5226870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of metazoans resulted in the specialization of cellular and tissue function. This was accomplished by division of labor, which allowed tissue parenchymal cells to prioritize their core functions while ancillary functions were delegated to tissue accessory cells, such as immune, stromal, and endothelial cells. In metabolic organs, the accessory cells communicate with their clients, the tissue parenchymal cells, to optimize cellular processes, allowing organisms to adapt to changes in their environment. Here, we discuss tissue immunometabolism from this vantage point and use examples from adipose tissues (white, beige, and brown) and liver to outline the general principles by which accessory cells support metabolic homeostasis in parenchymal cells. A corollary of this model is that disruption of communication between client and accessory cells might predispose metabolic organs to the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Man
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA
| | - Vassily I Kutyavin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA; Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA.
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140
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Krautbauer S, Haberl EM, Eisinger K, Pohl R, Rein-Fischboeck L, Rentero C, Alvarez-Guaita A, Enrich C, Grewal T, Buechler C, Neumeier M. Annexin A6 regulates adipocyte lipid storage and adiponectin release. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 439:419-430. [PMID: 27702590 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipid storage and adipokine secretion are critical features of adipocytes. Annexin A6 (AnxA6) is a lipid-binding protein regulating secretory pathways and its role in adiponectin release was examined. The siRNA-mediated AnxA6 knock-down in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes impaired proliferation, and differentiation of AnxA6-depleted cells to mature adipocytes was associated with higher soluble adiponectin and increased triglyceride storage. The latter was partly attributed to reduced lipolysis. Accordingly, AnxA6 overexpression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes lowered cellular triglycerides and adiponectin secretion. Indeed, serum adiponectin was increased in AnxA6 deficient mice. Expression analysis identified AnxA6 protein to be more abundant in intra-abdominal compared to subcutaneous adipose tissues of mice and men. AnxA6 protein levels increased in white adipose tissues of obese mice and here, levels were highest in subcutaneous fat. AnxA6 protein in adipocytes was upregulated by oxidative stress which might trigger AnxA6 induction in adipose tissues and contribute to impaired fat storage and adiponectin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Krautbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M Haberl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Eisinger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rebekka Pohl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Rein-Fischboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Alvarez-Guaita
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Neumeier
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
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141
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Adipose tissue development and the molecular regulation of lipid metabolism. Essays Biochem 2016; 60:437-450. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The production of new adipocytes is required to maintain adipose tissue mass and involves the proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte precursor cells (APCs). In this review, we outline new developments in understanding the phenotype of APCs and provide evidence suggesting that APCs differ between distinct adipose tissue depots and are affected by obesity. Post-mitotic mature adipocytes regulate systemic lipid homeostasis by storing and releasing free fatty acids, and also modulate energy balance via the secretion of adipokines. The review highlights recent advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating adipocyte metabolism, with a particular focus on lipolysis regulation and the involvement of microribonucleic acids (miRNAs).
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Early infant adipose deposition is positively associated with the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio in human milk independent of maternal BMI. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:510-517. [PMID: 27876761 PMCID: PMC5380514 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Excessive infant weight gain in the first 6-months of life is a powerful predictor of childhood obesity and related health risks. In mice, omega-6 fatty acids (FA) serve as potent ligands driving adipogenesis during early development. The ratio of omega-6 relative to omega-3 (n-6/n-3) FA in human milk (HM) has increased 3-fold over the last 30 years, but the impact of this shift on infant adipose development remains undetermined. This study investigated how maternal obesity and maternal dietary FA (as reflected in maternal red blood cells (RBC) composition) influenced HM n-6 and n-3 FAs, and whether the HM n-6/n-3 ratio was associated with changes in infant adipose deposition between 2-weeks and 4-months postpartum. Subjects/Methods Forty-eight infants from normal-weight (NW), overweight (OW) and obese (OB) mothers were exclusively or predominantly breastfed over the first 4 months of lactation. Mid-feed HM and maternal RBC were collected at either transitional (2-weeks) or established (4-months) lactation, along with infant body composition assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. The FA composition of HM and maternal RBC was measured quantitatively by lipid mass spectrometry. Results In transitional and established HM, DHA was lower (P=0.008; 0.005) and the AA/DHA+EPA ratio was higher (P=0.05; 0.02) in the OB relative to the NW group. Maternal prepregnancy BMI and AA/ DHA+EPA ratios in transitional and established HM were moderately correlated (P=0.018; 0.001). Total infant fat mass was increased in the upper AA/DHA+EPA tertile of established HM relative to the lower tertile (P=0.019). The amount of changes in infant fat mass and % body fat were predicted by AA/EPA+DHA ratios in established HM (P=0.038; 0.010). Conclusions Perinatal infant exposures to a high AA/EPA+DHA ratio during the first 4-months of life, which is primarily reflective of maternal dietary FA, may significantly contribute to the way infants accumulate adipose.
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Disabled-2 Determines Commitment of a Pre-adipocyte Population in Juvenile Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35947. [PMID: 27779214 PMCID: PMC5078790 DOI: 10.1038/srep35947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disabled-2 (Dab2) is a widely expressed clathrin binding endocytic adaptor protein and known for the endocytosis of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) family receptors. Dab2 also modulates endosomal Ras/MAPK (Erk1/2) activity by regulating the disassembly of Grb2/Sos1 complexes associated with clathrin-coated vesicles. We found that the most prominent phenotype of Dab2 knockout mice was their striking lean body composition under a high fat and high caloric diet, although the weight of the mutant mice was indistinguishable from wild-type littermates on a regular chow. The remarkable difference in resistance to high caloric diet-induced weight gain of the dab2-deleted mice was presented only in juvenile but not in mature mice. Investigation using Dab2-deficient embryonic fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells indicated that Dab2 promoted adipogenic differentiation by modulation of MAPK (Erk1/2) activity, which otherwise suppresses adipogenesis through the phosphorylation of PPARγ. The results suggest that Dab2 is required for the excessive calorie-induced differentiation of an adipocyte progenitor cell population that is present in juvenile but depleted in mature animals. The finding provides evidence for a limited pre-adipocyte population in juvenile mammals and the requirement of Dab2 in the regulation of Ras/MAPK signal in the commitment of the precursor cells to adipose tissues.
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144
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Jang H, Kim M, Lee S, Kim J, Woo DC, Kim KW, Song K, Lee I. Adipose tissue hyperplasia with enhanced adipocyte-derived stem cell activity in Tc1(C8orf4)-deleted mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35884. [PMID: 27775060 PMCID: PMC5075883 DOI: 10.1038/srep35884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue hyperplasia with increased number of adipocytes is implicated in a protective rather than deleterious effect on obesity-associated metabolic disorder. It is poorly understood how the adipose tissue cellularity is regulated. Tc1 is a gene of vertebrates that regulates diverse downstream genes. Young Tc1-deleted mice fed on standard chow diet show expanded adipose tissue with smaller adipocytes in size compared to wild type controls, representing adipose tissue hyperplasia. Tc1-/- mice show enhanced glucose tolerance and reduced serum lipids. Adipocyte-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from Tc1-/- mice show enhanced proliferative and adipogenic capacity compared to wild type controls, suggesting that the adipose hyperplasia is regulated at the stem cell level. PPARγ and CEBPα are up-regulated robustly in Tc1-/- ADSCs upon induction for adipogenesis. Wisp2 and Dlk1, inhibitors of adipogenesis, are down-regulated in Tc1-/- ADSCs compared to controls. Tc1-transfected NIH3T3 cells show higher β-catenin reporter signals than vector transfected controls, suggesting a role of canonical Wnt signaling in the Tc1-dependent adipose regulation. Our data support that Tc1 is a novel regulator for adipose stem cells. Adipose tissue hyperplasia may be implicated in the metabolic regulation of Tc1-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Jang
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minsung Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungtae Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Cheol Woo
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyuyoung Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inchul Lee
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Rivera-Gonzalez GC, Shook BA, Andrae J, Holtrup B, Bollag K, Betsholtz C, Rodeheffer MS, Horsley V. Skin Adipocyte Stem Cell Self-Renewal Is Regulated by a PDGFA/AKT-Signaling Axis. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:738-751. [PMID: 27746098 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue growth and maintenance requires stem cell populations that self-renew, proliferate, and differentiate. Maintenance of white adipose tissue (WAT) requires the proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte stem cells (ASCs) to form postmitotic, lipid-filled mature adipocytes. Here we use the dynamic adipogenic program that occurs during hair growth to uncover an unrecognized regulator of ASC self-renewal and proliferation, PDGFA, which activates AKT signaling to drive and maintain the adipogenic program in the skin. Pdgfa expression is reduced in aged ASCs and is required for ASC proliferation and maintenance in the dermis, but not in other WATs. Our molecular and genetic studies uncover PI3K/AKT2 as a direct PDGFA target that is activated in ASCs during WAT hyperplasia and is functionally required for dermal ASC proliferation. Our data therefore reveal active mechanisms that regulate ASC self-renewal in the skin and show that distinct regulatory mechanisms operate in different WAT depots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett A Shook
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Johanna Andrae
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brandon Holtrup
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Katherine Bollag
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Huang CW, Chien YS, Chen YJ, Ajuwon KM, Mersmann HM, Ding ST. Role of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Ameliorating the Obesity-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Animal Models and Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101689. [PMID: 27735847 PMCID: PMC5085721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of obesity and its comorbidities, such as insulin resistance and type II diabetes, are increasing dramatically, perhaps caused by the change in the fatty acid composition of common human diets. Adipose tissue plays a role as the major energy reservoir in the body. An excess of adipose mass accumulation caused by chronic positive energy balance results in obesity. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) exert numerous beneficial effects to maintain physiological homeostasis. In the current review, the physiology of n-3 PUFA effects in the body is delineated from studies conducted in both human and animal experiments. Although mechanistic studies in human are limited, numerous studies conducted in animals and models in vitro provide potential molecular mechanisms of the effects of these fatty acids. Three aspects of n-3 PUFA in adipocyte regulation are discussed: (1) lipid metabolism, including adipocyte differentiation, lipolysis and lipogenesis; (2) energy expenditure, such as mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation; and (3) inflammation, including adipokines and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators. Additionally, the mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA regulate gene expression are highlighted. The beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA may help to reduce the incidence of obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wei Huang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Shan Chien
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Kolapo M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA.
| | - Harry M Mersmann
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Torng Ding
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Jacobsen RG, Mazloumi Gavgani F, Mellgren G, Lewis AE. DNA Topoisomerase IIα contributes to the early steps of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1593-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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148
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Yeh YS, Goto T, Takahashi N, Egawa K, Takahashi H, Jheng HF, Kim YI, Kawada T. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate performs as an endogenous regulator of adipocyte function via suppressing the LXR pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1317-22. [PMID: 27569282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids such as geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) influence various biological processes. Here we show that GGPP inhibits adipocyte differentiation via the liver X receptors (LXRs) pathway. Intracellular GGPP levels and GGPP synthase (Ggps) mRNA expression increases during adipocyte differentiation. Ggps expression also increases in white adipose tissue of obese mice. GGPP addition reduces the expression of adipogenic marker genes such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Similarly, over-expressing Ggps inhibits adipocyte differentiation. In contrast, Ggps knockdown promotes adipocyte differentiation. Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation by GGPP was partially reduced by LXR agonist T0901317. Furthermore, Ggps knockdown up-regulates LXR target genes during adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest that GGPP may act as an endogenous regulator of adipocyte differentiation and maturation through a mechanism partially dependent on the LXR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Yeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kahori Egawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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149
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Jeffery E, Wing A, Holtrup B, Sebo Z, Kaplan JL, Saavedra-Peña R, Church CD, Colman L, Berry R, Rodeheffer MS. The Adipose Tissue Microenvironment Regulates Depot-Specific Adipogenesis in Obesity. Cell Metab 2016; 24:142-50. [PMID: 27320063 PMCID: PMC4945385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The sexually dimorphic distribution of adipose tissue influences the development of obesity-associated pathologies. The accumulation of visceral white adipose tissue (VWAT) that occurs in males is detrimental to metabolic health, while accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SWAT) seen in females may be protective. Here, we show that adipocyte hyperplasia contributes directly to the differential fat distribution between the sexes. In male mice, high-fat diet (HFD) induces adipogenesis specifically in VWAT, while in females HFD induces adipogenesis in both VWAT and SWAT in a sex hormone-dependent manner. We also show that the activation of adipocyte precursors (APs), which drives adipocyte hyperplasia in obesity, is regulated by the adipose depot microenvironment and not by cell-intrinsic mechanisms. These findings indicate that APs are plastic cells, which respond to both local and systemic signals that influence their differentiation potential independent of depot origin. Therefore, depot-specific AP niches coordinate adipose tissue growth and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Jeffery
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Allison Wing
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Brandon Holtrup
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zachary Sebo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jennifer L Kaplan
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rocio Saavedra-Peña
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christopher D Church
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Laura Colman
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ryan Berry
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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150
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Rydén M. On the origin of human adipocytes and the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells. Adipocyte 2016; 5:312-7. [PMID: 27617752 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1134403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, results in both animal models and humans have demonstrated that white adipocytes are generated over the entire life-span. This adds to the plasticity of adipose tissue and alterations in adipocyte turnover are linked to metabolic dysfunction. Adipocytes are derived from precursors present primarily in the perivascular areas of adipose tissue but their precise origin remains unclear. The multipotent differentiation capacity of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) has prompted the suggestion that BMDC may contribute to different cell tissue pools, including adipocytes. However, data in murine transplantation models have been conflicting and it has been a matter of debate whether BMDC actually differentiate into adipocytes or just fuse with resident fat cells. To resolve this controversy in humans, we recently performed a study in 65 subjects that had undergone bone marrow transplantation. Using a set of newly developed assays including single cell genome-wide analyses of mature adipocytes, we demonstrated that bone marrow contributes with approximately 10 % to the adipocyte pool. This proportion was more than doubled in obesity, suggesting that BMDC may constitute a reserve pool for adipogenesis, particularly upon weight gain. This commentary discusses the possible relevance of these and other recent findings for human pathophysiology.
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