101
|
Hossain FMA, Park SO, Kim HJ, Eo JC, Choi JY, Uyangaa E, Kim B, Kim K, Eo SK. CCR5 attenuates neutrophilic airway inflammation exacerbated by infection with rhinovirus. Cell Immunol 2020; 351:104066. [PMID: 32089258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (hRV) is the most common cause of asthma exacerbation characterized by clinical and pathophysiological heterogeneity. Steroid-sensitive, Th2 type-eosinophilic asthma has been somewhat studied, but hRV-induced neutrophilic asthma exacerbation is poorly understood. Here, CCR5 was found to play a role in attenuating neutrophilic airway inflammation in hRV-induced asthma exacerbation using chicken ovalbumin (OVA)-based model. CCR5 deficiency resulted in exacerbated neutrophilic asthmatic responses in airways following hRV infection. CCR5-deficient mice showed enhanced mucus expression and altered expression of tight junction proteins in lung tissues. CCR5-deficient mice were also manifested with influx of CD45+CD11b+Siglec-F+Gr-1+ neutrophils, along with enhanced production of IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β cytokines in inflamed tissues. In contrast, CCR5-deficient mice elicited down-regulation of Th2-related cytokine proteins following hRV infection. More interestingly, the lack of CCR5 altered the equilibrium of CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs and IL-17+CD4+ Th17 in inflamed tissues. CCR5-deficient mice showed increased frequency and absolute number of IL-17-producing CD4+ Th17 cells in lung tissues compared to wild-type mice, whereas the reduced infiltration of CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells was observed. CCR5 deficiency resulted in the skewed production of Th17 and Th1 cytokines in lymph nodes and lungs upon OVA stimulation. Likewise, CCR5-deficient mice showed enhanced expression of Th17-inducing cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in lung tissues. These results imply that CCR5 deficiency facilitates Th17 airway inflammation during hRV-induced asthma exacerbation, along with suppressing Th2 responses. Furthermore, our results suggest that CCR5 attenuates hRV-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation through conserving the equilibrium of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells and IL-17+CD4+ Th17 cells in hRV-induced asthma exacerbation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Seong Ok Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Cheol Eo
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Rassouli A, Tarikhi HK, Sadeghi GS, Tabarraei H, Sasani F, Ghaffari S, Fayaz MA, Hayes AW. Effects of COX inhibitors on responsiveness of the tracheal tract to acetylcholine and histamine and their relationship with LTC4 and PGE2 levels of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in allergic Guinea pigs. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 30:317-323. [PMID: 32031029 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1727597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) intervene in the COX (cyclooxygenase) pathways which generate two important inflammation mediators, prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotriene (LTs). Contradictory claims regarding the effect of NSAIDs in asthmatic patients continues to be an issue. The present study investigated the effects of COX inhibitors on the responsiveness of the tracheal tract and on the levels of LTC4 and PGE2 in cells of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in an allergic guinea pig model.Materials and Methods: Adult male Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs (250 - 300 g) were divided into seven groups of six animals each. Four COX inhibitors, aspirin (200 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg), indomethacin (10 mg/kg), ketoprofen (10 mg/kg), and celecoxib (25 mg/kg), were given orally on day 17 to allergy induced guinea pigs at 0, 12, and 24 h before ovalbumin challenge on day 18. PGF2 and LT4 were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as well as inflammatory cell count and total protein. Tracheal responsiveness to acetylcholine (Ach) and histamine (His) also was evaluated.Results: An augment in the response of the trachea to Ach and His, as well as overt allergenic signs including short breath, wheezing and sneezing, was observed. The most significant increase in tracheal hyper-responsiveness was observed in the ketoprofen-treated group with similar but less pronounced changes observed in the indomethacin-treated group. Although some variables increased with the aspirin and celecoxib treatments, overall the tracheal sensitivity was reduced. Inflammatory cells including eosinophils and neutrophils corresponded to the changes observed for each treatment group.Conclusion: Ketoprofen and indomethacin increased the tracheal sensibility to Ach and His; therefore, their administration is not recommended in patients susceptible to allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rassouli
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Goudarz Sadeghi Sadeghi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Tabarraei
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhang Sasani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ghaffari
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Fayaz
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
TLR5 Activation Exacerbates Airway Inflammation in Asthma. Lung 2020; 198:289-298. [PMID: 32060608 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-020-00337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Innate immune activation through exposure to indoor and outdoor pollutants is emerging as an important determinant of asthma severity. For example, household levels of the bacterial product lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are associated with increased asthma severity. We hypothesized that activation of the innate immune receptor TLR5 by its bacterial ligand flagellin will exacerbate airway inflammation and asthma symptoms. METHODS We determined the effect of flagellin co-exposure with ovalbumin in a murine model of allergic asthma. We evaluated the presence of flagellin activity in house dust of asthma patients. Finally, we analyzed the association of a dominant-negative polymorphism in TLR5 (rs5744168) with asthma symptoms in patients with asthma. RESULTS We showed that bacterial flagellin can be found in the house dust of patients with asthma and that this bacterial product exacerbates allergic airway inflammation in an allergen-specific mouse model of asthma. Furthermore, a dominant-negative genetic polymorphism in TLR5, the receptor for flagellin, is associated with decreased symptoms in patients with asthma. CONCLUSION Together, our results reveal a novel genetic protective factor (TLR5 deficiency) and a novel environmental pollutant (microbial flagellin) that influence asthma severity. (Clinical trials NCT01688986 and NCT01087307).
Collapse
|
104
|
Sze E, Bhalla A, Nair P. Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for non-T2 asthma. Allergy 2020; 75:311-325. [PMID: 31309578 DOI: 10.1111/all.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-T2 asthma is traditionally defined as asthma without features of T2 asthma. The definition is arbitrary and is generally based on the presence of neutrophils in sputum, or the absence (or normal levels) of eosinophils or other T2 markers in sputum (paucigranulocytic), airway biopsies or in blood. This definition may be imprecise as we gain more knowledge from applying transcriptomics and proteomics to blood and airway samples. The prevalence of non-T2 asthma is also difficult to estimate as most studies are cross-sectional and influenced by concomitant treatment with glucocorticosteroids, and by the presence of recognized or unrecognized airway infections. No specific therapies have shown any clinical benefits in patients with asthma that is associated with a non-T2 inflammatory process. It remains to be seen if such an endotype truly exists and to identify treatments to target that endotype. Meanwhile, identifying intense airway neutrophilia as an indicator of airway infection and airway hyperresponsiveness as an indicator of smooth muscle dysfunction, and treating them appropriately, and not increasing glucocorticosteroids in patients who do not have obvious T2 inflammation, seem reasonable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sze
- New Territories West Cluster Tuen Mun Hospital Tuen Mun Hong Kong
- St Joseph's Healthcare & Department of Medicine Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Anurag Bhalla
- St Joseph's Healthcare & Department of Medicine Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Parameswaran Nair
- St Joseph's Healthcare & Department of Medicine Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Abstract
There are multiple proinflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis of asthma. These include both innate and adaptive inflammation, in addition to inflammatory and physiologic responses mediated by eicosanoids. An important component of the innate allergic immune response is ILC2 activated by interleukin (IL)-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and IL-25 to produce IL-5 and IL-13. In terms of the adaptive T-lymphocyte immunity, CD4+ Th2 and IL-17-producing cells are critical in the inflammatory responses in asthma. Last, eicosanoids involved in asthma pathogenesis include prostaglandin D2 and the cysteinyl leukotrienes that promote smooth muscle constriction and inflammation that propagate allergic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, VUMC, T-1218 MCN, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, VUMC, T-1218 MCN, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA.
| | - Mark A Aronica
- Department of Pathobiology, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, CWRU, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NB2-85, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Analysis of the Mechanism of Zhichuanling Oral Liquid in Treating Bronchial Asthma Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:1875980. [PMID: 32015750 PMCID: PMC6988691 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1875980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Zhichuanling oral liquid (ZOL) as a preparation of traditional Chinese medicine is widely used for the treatment of asthma in China; therefore, it is necessary to systematically clarify bioactive chemical ingredients and the mechanism of action of ZOL. Information on ZOL ingredients and asthma-related targets was collected, and we used the latest systematic pharmacological methods to construct protein-protein interaction network and compound-target network and then visualized them. Finally, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was conducted through the clusterProfiler package in the R software. The results showed that 58 bioactive ingredients and 42 potential targets of ZOL related to asthma were identified, following six important components and nine hub genes screened. Further cluster and enrichment analysis suggested that NF-κB signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway might be core pathways of ZOL for asthma. Our work successfully predicted the active ingredients and potential targets of ZOL and provided the explanation for the mechanism of action of ZOL for asthma through the systematic analysis, which suggested that ZOL played a major role in many ways including reducing airway inflammation and inhibiting airway remodeling and mucus secretion. Moreover, ZOL combined with glucocorticoids may have some effects on severe asthma.
Collapse
|
107
|
Bagnasco D, Passalacqua G, Caminati M, Heffler E, Menzella F, De Ferrari L, Riccio AM, Folli C, Canonica GW. Evolving phenotypes to endotypes: is precision medicine achievable in asthma? Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:163-172. [PMID: 31899999 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1703675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The development of biologic molecules led to a drastic change in the therapeutic approach to asthma. With the prospect of acting on different pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, the idea of precision medicine was developed, in which a single molecule is able to modify a specific triggering mechanism. Thus, it seemed limiting to stop at the distinction of patients phenotypes and the concept of endotypes became more relevant in the therapeutic approach.Areas covered: This review deepened the topic of precision medicine through the transition from phenotyping to endotyping. We performed a review of the literature, preferring articles quoted in Medline and published in journals with an impact factor. Results showed that it is fundamental to take into consideration the role of biomarkers and the related therapies currently available for precision medicine.Expert opinion: The possible overlap of patients in different phenotypes requires a more precise classification, which considers endotypization. With the development of biological drugs able to modify and modulate some pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, the theoretical concept of endotyping becomes practical, allowing the clinician to choose the specific mechanism to 'attack' in order to control the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Bagnasco
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Passalacqua
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Caminati
- Asthma Center and Allergy Unit, Verona University and General Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Menzella
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Laura De Ferrari
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Riccio
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Folli
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
van Tilburg Bernardes E, Gutierrez MW, Arrieta MC. The Fungal Microbiome and Asthma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020. [PMID: 33324573 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.583418/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a group of inflammatory conditions that compromises the airways of a continuously increasing number of people around the globe. Its complex etiology comprises both genetic and environmental aspects, with the intestinal and lung microbiomes emerging as newly implicated factors that can drive and aggravate asthma. Longitudinal infant cohort studies combined with mechanistic studies in animal models have identified microbial signatures causally associated with subsequent asthma risk. The recent inclusion of fungi in human microbiome surveys has revealed that microbiome signatures associated with asthma risk are not limited to bacteria, and that fungi are also implicated in asthma development in susceptible individuals. In this review, we examine the unique properties of human-associated and environmental fungi, which confer them the ability to influence immune development and allergic responses. The important contribution of fungi to asthma development and exacerbations prompts for their inclusion in current and future asthma studies in humans and animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik van Tilburg Bernardes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mackenzie W Gutierrez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Arrieta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Mustafa AS. Vaccine Potential of Mycobacterial Antigens against Asthma. Med Princ Pract 2020; 29:404-411. [PMID: 32422630 PMCID: PMC7511680 DOI: 10.1159/000508719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a cause of substantial burden of disease in the world, including both premature deaths and reduced quality of life. A leading hypothesis to explain the worldwide increase of asthma is the "hygiene hypothesis," which suggests that the increase in the prevalence of asthma is due to the reduction in exposure to infections/microbial antigens. In allergic asthma, the most common type of asthma, antigen-specific T helper (Th)2 and Th17 cells and their cytokines are primary mediators of the pathological consequences. In contrast, Th1 and T regulatory (Treg) cells and their cytokines play a protective role. This article aims to review the information on the effect of mycobacteria and their antigens in modulating Th2/Th17 responses towards Th1/Treg responses and protection against asthma in humans and animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abu Salim Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait,
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Piao CH, Song CH, Lee EJ, Chai OH. Saikosaponin A ameliorates nasal inflammation by suppressing IL-6/ROR-γt/STAT3/IL-17/NF-κB pathway in OVA-induced allergic rhinitis. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 315:108874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
111
|
Abstract
Over the last few decades, advances in our understanding of microbial ecology have allowed us to appreciate the important role of microbial communities in maintaining human health. While much of this research has focused on gut microbes, microbial communities in other body sites and from the environment are increasingly recognized in human disease. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of host-microbiota interactions in the development and manifestation of asthma focusing on three distinct microbial compartments. First, environmental microbes originating from house dust, pets, and farm animals have been linked to asthma pathogenesis, which is often connected to their production of bioactive molecules such as lipopolysaccharide. Second, respiratory microbial communities, including newly appreciated populations of microbes in the lung have been associated with allergic airway inflammation. Current evidence suggests that the presence of particular microbes, especially Streptococcus, Haemophilus, and Morexella species within the airway may shape local immune responses and alter the severity and manifestations of airway inflammation. Third, the gut microbiota has been implicated in both experimental models and clinical studies in predisposing to asthma. There appears to be a "critical window" of colonization that occurs during early infancy in which gut microbial communities shape immune maturation and confer susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation. The mechanisms by which gut microbial communities influence lung immune responses and physiology, the "gut-lung axis," are still being defined but include the altered differentiation of immune cell populations important in asthma and the local production of metabolites that affect distal sites. Together, these findings suggest an intimate association of microbial communities with host immune development and the development of allergic airway inflammation. Improved understanding of these relationships raises the possibility of microbiota-directed therapies to improve or prevent asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Ver Heul
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph Planer
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew L Kau
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Fuseini H, Cephus JY, Wu P, Davis JB, Contreras DC, Gandhi VD, Rathmell JC, Newcomb DC. ERα Signaling Increased IL-17A Production in Th17 Cells by Upregulating IL-23R Expression, Mitochondrial Respiration, and Proliferation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2740. [PMID: 31849948 PMCID: PMC6892971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Women have increased prevalence of Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases, including lupus and multiple sclerosis, and severe asthma. While estradiol and progesterone increased IL-17A production in Th17 cells by inhibiting Let7f miRNA expression and increasing IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) expression, it remained unclear how estrogen signaling through the canonical nuclear receptors, estrogen receptor α (ERα) and/or ERβ, regulated this pathway. We hypothesized that estrogen signaling through ERα increased IL-23R expression and IL-17A production from Th17 cells. To test this hypothesis, naïve T cells from WT female, WT male, Esr1−/− and Esr2−/− female mice were differentiated into Th17 cells. IL-17A production and IL-23R expression were significantly increased in Th17 cells from WT female mice compared to Th17 cells from WT male mice. Deletion of ERα (Esr1−/−), but not ERβ (Esr2−/−), significantly decreased IL-17A production and IL-23R expression in Th17 cells by limiting IL-23R expression in a Let-7f dependent manner. ERα deficiency also decreased Th17 cell proliferation as well as decreased T cell metabolism as measured by ATP-linked oxygen consumption rate and proton leakage. Further, we found that Cox20 expression, a protein involved in mitochondrial respiration through assembly of cytochrome c oxidase in the electron transport chain, was increased in Th17 cells from WT female mice compared to Th17 cells from WT male and Esr1−/− female mice. Inhibition of Cox20 decreased IL-17 production in Th17 cells from WT female mice. Combined these studies showed that ERα signaling increased IL-17A production in Th17 cells by upregulating IL-23R expression and promoting mitochondrial respiration and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubaida Fuseini
- Department Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jacqueline-Yvonne Cephus
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Pingsheng Wu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - J Brooke Davis
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Diana C Contreras
- Department Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Vivek D Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Dawn C Newcomb
- Department Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Endomorphin-2- and Neurotensin- Based Chimeric Peptide Attenuates Airway Inflammation in Mouse Model of Nonallergic Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235935. [PMID: 31779093 PMCID: PMC6929018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined anti-inflammatory potency of hybrid peptide-PK20, composed of neurotensin (NT) and endomorphin-2 (EM-2) pharmacophores in a murine model of non-atopic asthma induced by skin sensitization with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and intratracheal challenge of cognate hapten. Mice received intraperitoneally PK20, equimolar mixture of its structural elements (MIX), dexamethasone (DEX), or NaCl. Twenty-four hours following hapten challenge, the measurements of airway responsiveness to methacholine were taken. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) and lungs were collected for further analyses. Treatment with PK20, similarly to dexamethasone, reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells, concentration of mouse mast cell protease, IL-1β, IL-12p40, IL-17A, CXCL1, RANTES in lungs and IL-1α, IL-2, IL-13, and TNF-α in BALF. Simple mixture of NT and EM-2 moieties was less potent. PK20, DEX, and MIX significantly decreased malondialdehyde level and secretory phospholipase 2 activity in lungs. Intensity of NF-κB immunoreactivity was diminished only after PK20 and DEX treatments. Neither PK20 nor mixture of its pharmacophores were as effective as DEX in alleviating airway hyperresponsiveness. PK20 effectively inhibited hapten-induced inflammation and mediator and signaling pathways in a manner seen with dexamethasone. Improved anti-inflammatory potency of the hybrid over the mixture of its moieties shows its preponderance and might pose a promising tool in modulating inflammation in asthma.
Collapse
|
114
|
Hudon Thibeault AA, Laprise C. Cell-Specific DNA Methylation Signatures in Asthma. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E932. [PMID: 31731604 PMCID: PMC6896152 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex trait, often associated with atopy. The genetic contribution has been evidenced by familial occurrence. Genome-wide association studies allowed for associating numerous genes with asthma, as well as identifying new loci that have a minor contribution to its phenotype. Considering the role of environmental exposure on asthma development, an increasing amount of literature has been published on epigenetic modifications associated with this pathology and especially on DNA methylation, in an attempt to better understand its missing heritability. These studies have been conducted in different tissues, but mainly in blood or its peripheral mononuclear cells. However, there is growing evidence that epigenetic changes that occur in one cell type cannot be directly translated into another one. In this review, we compare alterations in DNA methylation from different cells of the immune system and of the respiratory tract. The cell types in which data are obtained influences the global status of alteration of DNA methylation in asthmatic individuals compared to control (an increased or a decreased DNA methylation). Given that several genes were cell-type-specific, there is a great need for comparative studies on DNA methylation from different cells, but from the same individuals in order to better understand the role of epigenetics in asthma pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Hudon Thibeault
- Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, G7H 2B1 QC, Canada;
- Centre intersectoriel en santé durable (CISD), Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, G7H 2B1 QC, Canada
- Quebec Respiratory Health Network, Quebec, G1V 4G5 QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Laprise
- Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, G7H 2B1 QC, Canada;
- Centre intersectoriel en santé durable (CISD), Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, G7H 2B1 QC, Canada
- Quebec Respiratory Health Network, Quebec, G1V 4G5 QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Guida G, Riccio AM. Immune induction of airway remodeling. Semin Immunol 2019; 46:101346. [PMID: 31734128 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Airway remodeling is accepted to be a determining component within the natural history of asthma. It is a phenomenon characterized by changes in the airways structures that marches in parallel with and can be influenced by airway inflammation, floating at the interface between both natural and adaptive immunity and physical and mechanical cells behavior. In this review we aimed to highlight the comprehensive, yet not exhaustive, evidences of how immune cells induce, regulate and adapt to the recognized markers of airway remodeling. Mucous cell hyperplasia, epithelial dysfunction and mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix protein synthesis and restructuration, fibroblast to myofibroblast transition, airway smooth muscle proliferation, bioactive and contractile properties, and vascular remodeling encompass complex physiopathological mechanisms that can be induced, suppressed or regulated by different cellular and molecular pathways. Growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules expressed or derived either from the immune network of cells infiltrating the asthmatic airways and involving T helper lymphocytes, immune lymphoid cells, dendritic cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells or by the structural components such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, myocytes, airway smooth muscle cells concur with protein cellular matrix component and metalloproteases in modifying the airway structure in a detrimental way. The consequences in lung function decline, fixed airway obstruction and clinical severity of the disease suggest the possibility of identify among the immune molecular pathway of remodeling some biological parameters or signal pathway to be either a good tracer for monitoring the disease evolution or a target for hypothetical phenotypes and endotypes. In the era of personalized medicine, a biomarker of remodeling might predict a response to small-molecule inhibitors or biologicals potentially targeting a fundamental aspect of asthma pathogenesis that impacts on the low responsiveness to airway inflammation directed treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Guida
- Allergology and Lung Pathology, Santa Croce and Carle Hospital, Cuneo - Antonio Carle Hospital, Via Antonio Carle 5, 12100, Confreria (CN), Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Riccio
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases - Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Bullone M, Carriero V, Bertolini F, Folino A, Mannelli A, Di Stefano A, Gnemmi I, Torchio R, Ricciardolo FLM. Elevated serum IgE, oral corticosteroid dependence and IL-17/22 expression in highly neutrophilic asthma. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:1900068. [PMID: 31439682 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00068-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Information on the clinical traits associated with bronchial neutrophilia in asthma is scant, preventing its recognition and adequate treatment. We aimed to assess the clinical, functional and biological features of neutrophilic asthma and identify possible predictors of bronchial neutrophilia.The inflammatory phenotype of 70 mild-to-severe asthma patients was studied cross-sectionally based on the eosinophilic/neutrophilic counts in their bronchial lamina propria. Patients were classified as neutrophilic or non-neutrophilic. Neutrophilic asthma patients (neutrophil count cut-off: 47.17 neutrophils·mm-2; range: 47.17-198.11 neutrophils·mm-2; median: 94.34 neutrophils·mm-2) were further classified as high (≥94.34 neutrophils·mm-2) or intermediate (47.17- <94.34 neutrophils·mm-2). The effect of smoking ≥10 pack-years was also assessed.Neutrophilic asthma patients (n=38; 36 mixed eosinophilic/neutrophilic) had greater disease severity, functional residual capacity, inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) dose and exacerbations, and lower forced vital capacity (FVC) % pred and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) reversibility than non-neutrophilic asthma patients (n=32; 28 eosinophilic and four paucigranulocytic). Neutrophilic asthma patients had similar eosinophil counts, increased bronchial CD8+, interleukin (IL)-17-F+ and IL-22+ cells, and decreased mast cells compared with non-neutrophilic asthma patients. FEV1 and FVC reversibility were independent predictors of bronchial neutrophilia in our cohort. High neutrophilic patients (n=21) had increased serum IgE levels, sensitivity to perennial allergens, exacerbation rate, oral corticosteroid dependence, and CD4+ and IL-17F+ cells in their bronchial mucosa. Excluding smokers revealed increased IL-17A+ and IL-22+ cells in highly neutrophilic patients.We provide new evidence linking the presence of high bronchial neutrophilia in asthma to an adaptive immune response associated with allergy (IgE) and IL-17/22 cytokine expression. High bronchial neutrophilia may discriminate a new endotype of asthma. Further research is warranted on the relationship between bronchoreversibility and bronchial neutrophilia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bullone
- Dept of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Vitina Carriero
- Dept of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- Dept of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Folino
- Dept of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Dept of Pneumology and Laboratory of Cytoimmunopathology of the Heart and Lung, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Isabella Gnemmi
- Dept of Pneumology and Laboratory of Cytoimmunopathology of the Heart and Lung, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Roberto Torchio
- Respiratory Function and Sleep Laboratory, San Luigi University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio L M Ricciardolo
- Dept of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Huang CC, Wang CH, Wu PW, He JR, Huang CC, Chang PH, Fu CH, Lee TJ. Increased nasal matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -9 expression in smokers with chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15357. [PMID: 31653934 PMCID: PMC6814857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential mechanism underlying cigarette smoke-induced airway disease is insufficient tissue repair via altered production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Osteitis is a signature feature of recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and often results in revision surgery. The present study aimed to investigate MMP expression in the nasal tissues of asthmatic patients with CRS and any association with cigarette smoking and osteitis. Thirteen smokers with CRS and asthma, 16 non-smokers with CRS and asthma, and seven non-smoker asthmatic patients without CRS were prospectively recruited. The expression of MMPs and associated immunological factors in surgically-obtained nasal tissues was evaluated via real-time PCR and western blotting. Maximal bone thickness of the anterior ethmoid (AE) partition was measured in axial sinus computed tomography (CT) sections. MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression was increased in the nasal tissues of smokers with asthma and CRS via real-time PCR and western blot. Maximal AE partition bone thickness was greater in smokers with CRS and asthma than in non-smokers with CRS and asthma. MMP-1 and MMP-9 levels were correlated with maximal AE bone thickness. Cigarette smoking was associated with the up-regulation of MMP-1 and MMP-9 in the nasal tissues of patients with airway inflammatory diseases, and with AE osteitis, and with therapeutic resistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chia Huang
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Medicine of College, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wu
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Ru He
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Medicine of College, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Che Huang
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hung Chang
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Fu
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Jen Lee
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Kim SY, Min C, Oh DJ, Choi HG. Increased risk of psoriasis in children and elderly patients with asthma: a longitudinal follow-up study using a national sample cohort. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:1304-1310. [PMID: 31623024 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several previous studies reported the elevated risk of asthma in children with psoriasis. This study aimed to extend previous research regarding the risk of psoriasis in children with asthma to an entire population subdivided by age. METHODS The 2002-2013 Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-National Sample Cohort (HIRA-NSC) was used. The 167,693 participants with asthma were matched with 167,693 control participants for age, sex, income, region of residence, hypertension history, diabetes history, and dyslipidemia history. In both the asthma and control groups, the occurrences of asthma were investigated. The crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for psoriasis with respect to asthma status were determined using stratified Cox proportional hazards models. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to age and sex. RESULTS The prevalence of psoriasis was 0.5% (95% CI, 0.4% to 0.5%; n = 771/167,693) in the asthma group and 0.4% (95% CI, 0.3% to 0.4%; n = 589/167,693) in the control group (p < 0.001). The asthma group (adjusted HR = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.33; p = 0.002) demonstrated higher HRs for psoriasis than did the control group. This result was consistent in the <15 years old, ≥60 years old, and women subgroups. CONCLUSION Asthma was associated with the elevated risk of psoriasis. The possible risk of psoriasis needs to be considered when managing asthma patients. Future study is warranted for the risk of psoriasis according to the endotypes of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chanyang Min
- Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea.,Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Jun Oh
- Department of Internal medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Geun Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea.,Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Burns G, Pryor J, Holtmann G, Walker MM, Talley NJ, Keely S. Immune Activation in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2019; 15:539-548. [PMID: 31802978 PMCID: PMC6883739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is growing appreciation that functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) such as functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome are heterogeneous conditions linked by subtle inflammation within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The literature suggests that while the symptoms of these diseases may manifest with similar clinical presentations, there are significant differences in triggers and disease severity among patients classified into the same subtype. It is hypothesized that the subtle inflammation observed in these patients is related to an imbalance in GI homeostasis. Disruption of the delicate homeostatic balance within the GI tract can result from any number or combination of factors, including dysbiosis, loss of barrier integrity, genetic predisposition, or immune responses to dietary or luminal antigens. This article discusses the interplay between the immune system, microbiota, and luminal environment in FGIDs. In addition, the article proposes emerging immune pathways, including those involving T-helper type 17 response and innate lymphoid cells, as potential regulators of the subtle inflammation characteristic of FGIDs that warrant investigation in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Burns
- Ms Burns is a PhD graduate student, Ms Pryor is an undergraduate research student
- Dr Walker is a professor of anatomical pathology
- Dr Talley is a laureate professor
- Dr Keely is an associate professor in the Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology in the Faculty of Health and Medicine at the University of Newcastle in Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia, as well as in the Hunter Medical Research Institute in New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Dr Holtmann is director of gastroenterology and hepatology at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and a professor in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Queensland in Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer Pryor
- Ms Burns is a PhD graduate student, Ms Pryor is an undergraduate research student
- Dr Walker is a professor of anatomical pathology
- Dr Talley is a laureate professor
- Dr Keely is an associate professor in the Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology in the Faculty of Health and Medicine at the University of Newcastle in Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia, as well as in the Hunter Medical Research Institute in New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Dr Holtmann is director of gastroenterology and hepatology at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and a professor in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Queensland in Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gerald Holtmann
- Ms Burns is a PhD graduate student, Ms Pryor is an undergraduate research student
- Dr Walker is a professor of anatomical pathology
- Dr Talley is a laureate professor
- Dr Keely is an associate professor in the Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology in the Faculty of Health and Medicine at the University of Newcastle in Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia, as well as in the Hunter Medical Research Institute in New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Dr Holtmann is director of gastroenterology and hepatology at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and a professor in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Queensland in Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marjorie M Walker
- Ms Burns is a PhD graduate student, Ms Pryor is an undergraduate research student
- Dr Walker is a professor of anatomical pathology
- Dr Talley is a laureate professor
- Dr Keely is an associate professor in the Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology in the Faculty of Health and Medicine at the University of Newcastle in Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia, as well as in the Hunter Medical Research Institute in New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Dr Holtmann is director of gastroenterology and hepatology at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and a professor in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Queensland in Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Talley
- Ms Burns is a PhD graduate student, Ms Pryor is an undergraduate research student
- Dr Walker is a professor of anatomical pathology
- Dr Talley is a laureate professor
- Dr Keely is an associate professor in the Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology in the Faculty of Health and Medicine at the University of Newcastle in Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia, as well as in the Hunter Medical Research Institute in New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Dr Holtmann is director of gastroenterology and hepatology at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and a professor in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Queensland in Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon Keely
- Ms Burns is a PhD graduate student, Ms Pryor is an undergraduate research student
- Dr Walker is a professor of anatomical pathology
- Dr Talley is a laureate professor
- Dr Keely is an associate professor in the Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology in the Faculty of Health and Medicine at the University of Newcastle in Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia, as well as in the Hunter Medical Research Institute in New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Dr Holtmann is director of gastroenterology and hepatology at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and a professor in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Queensland in Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, Ibrahim KE, Siddiqui N, Al-Harbi MM, Attia SM, Bakheet SA. Inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase and IL-2 inducible T-cell kinase suppresses both neutrophilic and eosinophilic airway inflammation in a cockroach allergen extract-induced mixed granulocytic mouse model of asthma using preventative and therapeutic strategy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104441. [PMID: 31505252 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex airways disease with a wide spectrum which ranges from eosinophilic (Th2 driven) to mixed granulocytic (Th2/Th17 driven) phenotypes. Mixed granulocytic asthma is a cause of concern as corticosteroids often fail to control this phenotype. Different kinases such as Brutons's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and IL-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) play a pivotal role in shaping allergic airway inflammation. Ibrutinib is primarily a BTK inhibitor, however it is reported to be an ITK inhibitor as well. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of Ibrutinib on Th1, Th17 and Th2 immune responses in a cockroach allergen extract (CE)-induced mixed granulocytic (eosinophilic and neutrophilic) mouse model in preventative mode. Ibrutinib attenuated neutrophilic inflammation at a much lower doses (25-75 μg/mouse) in CE-induced mixed granulocytic asthma whereas Th2/Th17 immune responses remained unaffected at these doses. However, at a much higher dose, i.e. 250 μg/mouse, Ibrutinib remarkably suppressed both Th17/Th2 and lymphocytic/neutrophilic/eosinophilic airway inflammation. At molecular level, Ibrutinib suppressed phosphorylation of BTK in neutrophils at lower doses and ITK in CD4 + T cells at higher doses in CE-treated mice. Further, effects of Ibrutinib were compared with dexamethasone on CE-induced mixed granulocytic asthma in therapeutic mode. Ibrutinib was able to control granulocytic inflammation along with Th2/Th17 immune response in therapeutic mode whereas dexamethasone limited only Th2/eosinophilic inflammation. Thus, Ibrutinib has the potential to suppress both Th17/Th2 and neutrophilic/eosinophilic inflammation during mixed granulocytic asthma and therefore may be pursued as alternative therapeutic option in difficult-to-treat asthma which is resistant to corticosteroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahid Siddiqui
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Mohammed M Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Cui H, Huang J, Lu M, Zhang Q, Qin W, Zhao Y, Lu X, Zhang J, Xi Z, Li R. Antagonistic effect of vitamin E on nAl 2O 3-induced exacerbation of Th2 and Th17-mediated allergic asthma via oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1519-1531. [PMID: 31277021 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Some basic research has shown that nanomaterials can aggravate allergic asthma. However, its potential mechanism is insufficient. Based on the research that alumina nanopowder (nAl2O3) has been reported to cause lung tissue damage, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between nAl2O3 and allergic asthma as well as its molecular mechanism. In this study, Balb/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) to construct the allergic asthma model while intratracheally administered 0.5, 5 or 50 mg kg-1·day-1 nAl2O3 for 3 weeks. It was observed that exposure to nAl2O3 exacerbated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway remodeling, and inflammation cell infiltration, leading to lung function damage in mice. Results revealed that nAl2O3 could increase ROS levels and decrease GSH levels in lung tissue, promote the increases of the T-IgE, TGF-β, IL-1β and IL-6 levels, stimulate the overexpression of transcription factors GATA-3 and RORγt, decrease the levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 and increase the levels of IL-4 and IL-17A, resulting in the imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17 immune responses. In addition, antioxidant Vitamin E (Vit E) could alleviate asthma-like symptoms through blocking oxidative stress. The study displayed that exposure of nAl2O3 deteriorated allergic asthma through promoting the imbalances of Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Cui
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Manman Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Xianxian Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Jiting Zhang
- Institute of Nano-science and Nano-technology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuge Xi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, No.1, Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Schröder T, Wiese AV, Ender F, Quell KM, Vollbrandt T, Duhn J, Sünderhauf A, Künstner A, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Derer S, Aherrahrou Z, Lewkowich I, Divanovic S, Sina C, Köhl J, Laumonnier Y. Short-term high-fat diet feeding protects from the development of experimental allergic asthma in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:1245-1257. [PMID: 31265181 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A close association between obesity and asthma has been described. The nature of this association remains elusive, especially with respect to allergic asthma. Controversial findings exist regarding the impact of short-term high-fat diet (HFD) feeding on the development of allergic asthma. OBJECTIVE To delineate the impact of short-term HFD feeding on the development of experimental allergic asthma. METHODS Female C57BL/6JRJ mice were fed with a short-term HFD or chow diet (CD) for 12 weeks. Allergic asthma was induced by intraperitoneal OVA/alum sensitization followed by repeated OVA airway challenges. We determined airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and pulmonary inflammation by histologic and flow cytometric analysis of immune cells. Furthermore, we assessed the impact of HFD on dendritic cell (DC)-mediated activation of T cells. RESULTS Female mice showed a mild increase in body weight accompanied by mild metabolic alterations. Upon OVA challenge, CD-fed mice developed strong AHR and airway inflammation, which were markedly reduced in HFD-fed mice. Mucus production was similar in both treatment groups. OVA-induced increases in DC and CD4+ T-cell recruitment to the lungs were significantly attenuated in HFD-fed mice. MHC-II expression and CD40 expression in pulmonary CD11b+ DCs were markedly lower in HFD-fed compared to CD-fed mice, which was associated in vivo with a decreased T helper (Th) 1/17 differentiation and Treg formation without impacting Th2 differentiation. CONCLUSIONS/CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings suggest that short-term HFD feeding attenuates the development of AHR, airway inflammation, pulmonary DC recruitment and MHC-II/CD40 expression leading to diminished Th1/17 but unchanged Th2 differentiation. Thus, short-term HFD feeding and associated metabolic alterations may have protective effects in allergic asthma development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schröder
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna V Wiese
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fanny Ender
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katharina M Quell
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tillman Vollbrandt
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Cell Analysis Core Facility, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jannis Duhn
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Annika Sünderhauf
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Axel Künstner
- The Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Group of Medical Systems Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria E Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), University Heart Centre Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ian Lewkowich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yves Laumonnier
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Yun C, Chang M, Hou G, Lan T, Yuan H, Su Z, Zhu D, Liang W, Li Q, Zhu H, Zhang J, Lu Y, Deng J, Guo H. Mangiferin suppresses allergic asthma symptoms by decreased Th9 and Th17 responses and increased Treg response. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:233-242. [PMID: 31386980 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mangiferin is the major bioactive ingredient in the leaves of Mangifera indica L., Aqueous extract of such leaves have been traditionally used as an indigenous remedy for respiratory diseases including cough and asthma in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Mangiferin was shown to exert its anti-asthmatic effect by modulating Th1/Th2 cytokines imbalance via STAT6 signaling pathway. However, compelling evidence indicated that subtypes of T helpers and regulatory T cells other than Th1/Th2 were also involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. In current study, we investigated the effects of mangiferin on the differentiation and function of Th9, Th17 and Treg cells in a chicken egg ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mouse model. Mangiferin significantly attenuated the symptoms of asthma attacks, reduced the total number of leukocytes, EOS and goblet cells infiltration in lung. Simultaneously, treatment with mangiferin remarkably decreased the proportion of Th9 and Th17 cells; reduced the levels of IL-9, IL-17A; inhibited the expression of PU.1 and RORγt in lung. However, the proportion of Treg cells, the expression of IL-10, TGF-β1 and Foxp3 were increased by mangiferin. Our data suggest that mangiferin exerted anti-asthmatic effect through decreasing Th9 and Th17 responses and increasing Treg response in OVA-induced asthmatic mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Yun
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 13 Wuhe Road, Nanning, 30200, China; School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ming Chang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China; Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education & Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Guanghan Hou
- The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, 70 Lushan Road, Changsha 410006, China
| | - Taijin Lan
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 13 Wuhe Road, Nanning, 30200, China
| | - Hebao Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhiheng Su
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Weiping Liang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China; Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education & Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Qiaofeng Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China; Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education & Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education & Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education & Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Jiagang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Studies of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 13 Wuhe Road, Nanning 530200, China.
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education & Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Ilves M, Kinaret PAS, Ndika J, Karisola P, Marwah V, Fortino V, Fedutik Y, Correia M, Ehrlich N, Loeschner K, Besinis A, Vassallo J, Handy RD, Wolff H, Savolainen K, Greco D, Alenius H. Surface PEGylation suppresses pulmonary effects of CuO in allergen-induced lung inflammation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:28. [PMID: 31277695 PMCID: PMC6612204 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper oxide (CuO) nanomaterials are used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. These materials can be hazardous, especially if they are inhaled. As a result, the pulmonary effects of CuO nanomaterials have been studied in healthy subjects but limited knowledge exists today about their effects on lungs with allergic airway inflammation (AAI). The objective of this study was to investigate how pristine CuO modulates allergic lung inflammation and whether surface modifications can influence its reactivity. CuO and its carboxylated (CuO COOH), methylaminated (CuO NH3) and PEGylated (CuO PEG) derivatives were administered here on four consecutive days via oropharyngeal aspiration in a mouse model of AAI. Standard genome-wide gene expression profiling as well as conventional histopathological and immunological methods were used to investigate the modulatory effects of the nanomaterials on both healthy and compromised immune system. RESULTS Our data demonstrates that although CuO materials did not considerably influence hallmarks of allergic airway inflammation, the materials exacerbated the existing lung inflammation by eliciting dramatic pulmonary neutrophilia. Transcriptomic analysis showed that CuO, CuO COOH and CuO NH3 commonly enriched neutrophil-related biological processes, especially in healthy mice. In sharp contrast, CuO PEG had a significantly lower potential in triggering changes in lungs of healthy and allergic mice revealing that surface PEGylation suppresses the effects triggered by the pristine material. CONCLUSIONS CuO as well as its functionalized forms worsen allergic airway inflammation by causing neutrophilia in the lungs, however, our results also show that surface PEGylation can be a promising approach for inhibiting the effects of pristine CuO. Our study provides information for health and safety assessment of modified CuO materials, and it can be useful in the development of nanomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marit Ilves
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Anneli Sofia Kinaret
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33100, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joseph Ndika
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Piia Karisola
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veer Marwah
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33100, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vittorio Fortino
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Biomedicine Institute, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Manuel Correia
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicky Ehrlich
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrin Loeschner
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexandros Besinis
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.,Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, John Bull Building, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Joanne Vassallo
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Richard D Handy
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Henrik Wolff
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dario Greco
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33100, Tampere, Finland
| | - Harri Alenius
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland. .,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Zhang L, Li Q, Liu Z, Wang Y, Zhao M. The protective effects of bone mesenchymal stem cells on paraquat-induced acute lung injury via the muc5b and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:3707-3721. [PMID: 31312382 PMCID: PMC6614636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the protective effect of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on paraquat (PQ)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and investigate the possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with BMSCs (3 × 106) 1 h after intraperitoneal injection of PQ. The cell apoptosis rate and mitochondrial membrane potential in rat pulmonary alveolar type II epithelial (ATII) cells were quantitated by flow cytometry. IL-17, IL-6, and MUC5B levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and ATII culture medium were measured. Lung tissues were collected to determine the wet-to-dry (W/D) ratios and lung injury scores, in addition to the protein and mRNA expression levels of ERK1/2, Bcl-2, Bax, and muc5b. RESULTS BMSCs had decreased mRNA expression of Muc5b in lung tissue of rats with PQ-induced ALI as shown by RNA-seq. Treatment with BMSCs also alleviated the PQ-induced increases in protein expression in the BALF and reduced the concentration of IL-17, IL-6, and Muc5b in both the BALF and ATII culture medium. In addition, the ATII cell apoptosis rate and mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as the W/D ratios, were decreased by BMSC treatment. Moreover, BMSCs ameliorated the expression levels of Bax mRNA and active caspase-3 proteins and increased Bcl-2 mRNA expression. Furthermore, BMSCs attenuated ERK1/2 activation upon PQ-induced ALI in lung tissue. CONCLUSION BMSC therapy can protect against PQ-induced ALI in rats. A possible mechanism is the suppression of the muc5b and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways, resulting in an improvement in the endothelial permeability and a decrease in inflammation and cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qiuhe Li
- Department of Emergency, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhenning Liu
- Department of Emergency, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Emergency, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the progress in the search for the genetic determinants of severe asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Twin studies estimate that approximately 25% of the phenotypic variability in asthma severity is determined by genetic factors, with the remainder determined by nongenetic factors including environmental and psychosocial factors, behavioral traits, and comorbidities. Most genetic association studies of asthma severity performed to date are underpowered and not designed to clearly distinguish asthma severity variants from asthma susceptibility variants. However, the most recent genome-wide asthma severity association study, conducted in more than 57 000 individuals, demonstrated significant associations for 25 loci, including three not previously associated with asthma: GATA3, MUC5AC, and KIAA1109. Of these, the MUC5AC association was restricted to cohorts that included moderate-to-severe (but not mild) asthma. Additional insights from rare monogenic disorders that can present as severe asthma include recognition that loss-of-function variants in the filaggrin gene known to cause ichthyosis vulgaris are consistently associated with more severe asthma outcomes. Other notable loci of interest include RAD50-IL13 on chromosome 5q and the ORMDL3-GSDMB locus on chromosome 17q21. SUMMARY Severe asthma is a polygenic trait. Future research should explore the role of rare genetic variation and gene-by-environment interaction.
Collapse
|
127
|
Expansion of different subpopulations of CD26 -/low T cells in allergic and non-allergic asthmatics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7556. [PMID: 31101830 PMCID: PMC6525268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD26 displays variable levels between effector (TH17 ≫ TH1 > TH2 > Treg) and naïve/memory (memory > naïve) CD4+ T lymphocytes. Besides, IL-6/IL−6R is associated with TH17-differentiation and asthma severity. Allergic/atopic asthma (AA) is dominated by TH2 responses, while TH17 immunity might either modulate the TH2-dependent inflammation in AA or be an important mechanism boosting non-allergic asthma (NAA). Therefore, in this work we have compared the expression of CD26 and CD126 (IL-6Rα) in lymphocytes from different groups of donors: allergic (AA) and non-allergic (NAA) asthma, rhinitis, and healthy subjects. For this purpose, flow cytometry, haematological/biochemical, and in vitro proliferation assays were performed. Our results show a strong CD26-CD126 correlation and an over-representation of CD26− subsets with a highly-differentiated effector phenotype in AA (CD4+CD26−/low T cells) and NAA (CD4−CD26− γδ-T cells). In addition, we found that circulating levels of CD26 (sCD26) were reduced in both AA and NAA, while loss of CD126 expression on different leukocytes correlated with higher disease severity. Finally, selective inhibition of CD26-mRNA translation led to enhanced T cell proliferation in vitro. These findings support that CD26 down-modulation could play a role in facilitating the expansion of highly-differentiated effector T cell subsets in asthma.
Collapse
|
128
|
Calbet M, Ramis I, Calama E, Carreño C, Paris S, Maldonado M, Orellana A, Calaf E, Pauta M, De Alba J, Bach J, Miralpeix M. Novel Inhaled Pan-JAK Inhibitor, LAS194046, Reduces Allergen-Induced Airway Inflammation, Late Asthmatic Response, and pSTAT Activation in Brown Norway Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:137-147. [PMID: 31085698 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.256263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus-activated kinase (JAK) family together with signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway has a key role in regulating the expression and function of many inflammatory cytokines. This has led to the discovery of JAK inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, some of them already in the market. Considering the adverse effects associated with JAK inhibition by oral route, we wanted to explore whether JAK inhibition by inhaled route is enough to inhibit airway inflammation. The aim of this study was to characterize the enzymatic and cellular potency and the selectivity of LAS194046, a novel JAK inhibitor, compared with the reference compounds ruxolitinib and tofacitinib. The efficacy of this new JAK inhibitor is described in a model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation in Brown Norway rats by inhaled administration. As potential markers of target engagement, we assessed the effect of LAS194046 on the STAT activation state. LAS194046 is a selective inhaled pan-JAK inhibitor that reduces allergen-induced airway inflammation, late asthmatic response, and phosphor-STAT activation in the rat OVA model. Our results show that topical inhibition of JAK in the lung, without relevant systemic exposure, is sufficient to reduce lung inflammation and improve lung function in a rat asthma model. In summary, JAK-STAT pathway inhibition by inhaled route constitutes a promising therapeutic option for lung inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calbet
- Almirall R&D Center, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Ramis
- Almirall R&D Center, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Calama
- Almirall R&D Center, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Stephane Paris
- Almirall R&D Center, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena Calaf
- Almirall R&D Center, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Pauta
- Almirall R&D Center, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge De Alba
- Almirall R&D Center, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bach
- Almirall R&D Center, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Th17 cells in Bulgarian children with chronic obstructive lung diseases. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2019; 47:227-233. [PMID: 30262413 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Th17 lymphocytes are now widely believed to be critical in various chronic pulmonary diseases. However, there is still a small number of investigations regarding children. We aimed to assess the percentage of Th17 lymphocytes and IL-17A in peripheral blood of children with chronic obstructive lung diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included a total of 42 children: 20 with bronchial asthma (BA), 12 with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 10 healthy children without a history of allergies, aged 4-17 years. Th17 cells (CD3+CD4+CD161+CCR6+) were determined in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. The concentration of serum IL-17A was measured by ELISA. RESULTS The BA patients had a significantly higher percentage of Th17 (12.40±1.16%) compared to the CF children (7.64±0.87%, p=0.0035) and healthy (7.25±0.45%, p=0.008). Stratifying the BA group, we found higher levels of Th17 in patients with severe BA (p=0.03), whereas patients with moderate BA had Th17 cells close to those in CF and healthy children. We found that patients with better control of BA had Th17 closer to those with CF (p=0.98) than BA children with poor control (p<0.001) (post hoc, Bonferroni correction). CF patients with concomitant P. aeruginosa infection showed slightly higher percentages of Th17 cells than those without infection (8.08±3.09% vs. 6.25±2.42%, p=0.294). CONCLUSIONS The percentage of Th17 cells was significantly increased in the peripheral blood of children with severe BA compared to the children with moderate BA, which suggests that the former could possibly benefit from future target therapies.
Collapse
|
130
|
Adi SD, Eiza N, Bejar J, Shefer H, Toledano S, Kessler O, Neufeld G, Toubi E, Vadasz Z. Semaphorin 3A Is Effective in Reducing Both Inflammation and Angiogenesis in a Mouse Model of Bronchial Asthma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:550. [PMID: 30967873 PMCID: PMC6439418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin 3A (sema3A) belongs to the sub-family of the immune semaphorins that function as regulators of immune-mediated inflammation. Sema3A is a membrane associated molecule on T regulatory cells and on B regulatory cells. Being transiently ligated to the cell surface of these cells it is suggested to be a useful marker for evaluating their functional status. In earlier studies, we found that reduced sema3A concentration in the serum of asthma patients as well as reduced expression by Treg cells correlates with asthma disease severity. Stimulation of Treg cells with recombinant sema3A induced a significant increase in FoxP3 and IL-10 expression. To find out if sema3A can be of benefit to asthma patients, we evaluated the effect of sema3A injection in a mouse model of asthma. BALB\c-mice were sensitized using ovalbumin (OVA) + adjuvant for 15 days followed by OVA aerosol inhalation over five consecutive days. Four hours following air ways sensitization on each of the above days- 15 of these mice were injected intraperitoneally with 50 μg per mouse of recombinant human sema3A-FR and the remaining 15 mice were injected with a similarly purified vehicle. Five days later the mice were sacrificed, broncheo-alveolar lavage (BAL) was collected and formalin-fixed lung biopsies taken and analyzed. In sema3A treated mice, only 20% of the bronchioles and arterioles were infiltrated by inflammatory cells as compared to 90% in the control group (p = 0.0079). In addition, eosinophil infiltration was also significantly increased in the control group as compared with the sema3A treated mice. In sema3A treated mice we noticed only a small number of mononuclear and neutrophil cells in the BAL while in the control mice, the BAL was enriched with mononuclear and neutrophil cells. Finally, in the control mice, angiogenesis was significantly increased in comparison with sema3A treated mice as evidenced by the reduced concentration of microvessels in the lungs of sema3A treated mice. To conclude, we find that in this asthma model, sema3A functions as a potent suppressor of asthma related inflammation that has the potential to be further developed as a new therapeutic for the treatment of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabag D Adi
- Proteomic Unit, The Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nasren Eiza
- Proteomic Unit, The Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jacob Bejar
- The Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hila Shefer
- The Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shira Toledano
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofra Kessler
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gera Neufeld
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elias Toubi
- Proteomic Unit, The Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zahava Vadasz
- Proteomic Unit, The Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Klein M, Dijoux E, Dilasser F, Hassoun D, Moui A, Loirand G, Colas L, Magnan A, Sauzeau V, Bouchaud G. [New protagonists in asthma pathophysiology]. Presse Med 2019; 48:255-261. [PMID: 30857807 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is often associated with a Th2-type immune response with well-known cellular and molecular actors such as eosinophils, Th2 lymphocytes and associated cytokines such as interleukin-5 or IL-4. Nevertheless, some of the asthmatic patients show clinical manifestations and characteristics that do not correspond to the current pattern of the pathophysiology of asthma. Thus, recently new cellular and molecular actors in the development of asthma have been demonstrated in animal models and in humans. Among these are components of the innate immune system such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells or adaptive immune system such as Th9 lymphocytes. At the cellular level, the role of small G proteins in asthma is also highlighted as well as the role of major cytokines like IL-17 or those derived from the epithelium. A better knowledge of the physiopathology of asthma and the taking into account of these new actors allows the identification of new therapeutic targets for different endotypes of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klein
- L'institut du thorax, Inserm, CNRS, université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Eléonore Dijoux
- L'institut du thorax, Inserm, CNRS, université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Florian Dilasser
- L'institut du thorax, Inserm, CNRS, université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Dorian Hassoun
- L'institut du thorax, Inserm, CNRS, université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; L'institut du thorax, CHU de Nantes, service de pneumologie, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Moui
- L'institut du thorax, Inserm, CNRS, université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; L'institut du thorax, CHU de Nantes, service de pneumologie, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Gervaise Loirand
- L'institut du thorax, Inserm, CNRS, université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Luc Colas
- L'institut du thorax, Inserm, CNRS, université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; L'institut du thorax, CHU de Nantes, service de pneumologie, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Magnan
- L'institut du thorax, Inserm, CNRS, université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; L'institut du thorax, CHU de Nantes, service de pneumologie, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Sauzeau
- L'institut du thorax, Inserm, CNRS, université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Grégory Bouchaud
- INRA, UR1268 BIA, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Chung S, Kim JY, Song MA, Park GY, Lee YG, Karpurapu M, Englert JA, Ballinger MN, Pabla N, Chung HY, Christman JW. FoxO1 is a critical regulator of M2-like macrophage activation in allergic asthma. Allergy 2019; 74:535-548. [PMID: 30288751 PMCID: PMC6393185 DOI: 10.1111/all.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of asthma and airway obstruction is the result of an abnormal response to different environmental exposures. The scientific premise of our study was based on the finding that FoxO1 expression is increased in lung macrophages of mice after allergen exposure and human asthmatic patients. Macrophages are capable of switching from one functional phenotype to another, and it is important to understand the mechanisms involved in the transformation of macrophages and how their cellular function affects the peribronchial stromal microenvironment. METHODS We employed a murine asthma model, in which mice were treated by intranasal insufflation with allergens for 2-8 weeks. We used both a pharmacologic approach using a highly specific FoxO1 inhibitor and genetic approaches using FoxO1 knockout mice (FoxO1fl/fl LysMcre). Cytokine level in biological fluids was measured by ELISA and the expression of encoding molecules by NanoString assay and qRT-PCR. RESULTS We show that the levels of FoxO1 gene are significantly elevated in the airway macrophages of patients with mild asthma in response to subsegmental bronchial allergen challenge. Transcription factor FoxO1 regulates a pro-asthmatic phenotype of lung macrophages that is involved in the development and progression of chronic allergic airway disease. We have shown that inhibition of FoxO1 induced phenotypic conversion of lung macrophages and downregulates pro-asthmatic and pro-fibrotic gene expression by macrophages, which contribute to airway inflammation and airway remodeling in allergic asthma. CONCLUSION Targeting FoxO1 with its downstream regulator IRF4 is a novel therapeutic target for controlling allergic inflammation and potentially reversing fibrotic airway remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoon Chung
- Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart
and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University
| | - Min-Ae Song
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University
| | - Gye Young Park
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yong Gyu Lee
- Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart
and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Manjula Karpurapu
- Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart
and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Joshua A. Englert
- Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart
and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Megan N. Ballinger
- Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart
and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Navjot Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - John W. Christman
- Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart
and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Evasovic JM, Singer CA. Regulation of IL-17A and implications for TGF-β1 comodulation of airway smooth muscle remodeling in severe asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L843-L868. [PMID: 30810068 PMCID: PMC6589583 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00416.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe asthma develops as a result of heightened, persistent symptoms that generally coincide with pronounced neutrophilic airway inflammation. In individuals with severe asthma, symptoms are poorly controlled by high-dose inhaled glucocorticoids and often lead to elevated morbidity and mortality rates that underscore the necessity for novel drug target identification that overcomes limitations in disease management. Many incidences of severe asthma are mechanistically associated with T helper 17 (TH17) cell-derived cytokines and immune factors that mediate neutrophilic influx to the airways. TH17-secreted interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is an independent risk factor for severe asthma that impacts airway smooth muscle (ASM) remodeling. TH17-derived cytokines and diverse immune mediators further interact with structural cells of the airway to induce pathophysiological processes that impact ASM functionality. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a pivotal mediator involved in airway remodeling that correlates with enhanced TH17 activity in individuals with severe asthma and is essential to TH17 differentiation and IL-17A production. IL-17A can also reciprocally enhance activation of TGF-β1 signaling pathways, whereas combined TH1/TH17 or TH2/TH17 immune responses may additively impact asthma severity. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive summary of cytokine-driven T cell fate determination and TH17-mediated airway inflammation. It will further review the evidence demonstrating the extent to which IL-17A interacts with various immune factors, specifically TGF-β1, to contribute to ASM remodeling and altered function in TH17-driven endotypes of severe asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Evasovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada , Reno, Nevada
| | - Cherie A Singer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada , Reno, Nevada
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Muñoz X, Barreiro E, Bustamante V, Lopez-Campos JL, González-Barcala FJ, Cruz MJ. Diesel exhausts particles: Their role in increasing the incidence of asthma. Reviewing the evidence of a causal link. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:1129-1138. [PMID: 30586799 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollutants has been correlated with an increase in the severity of asthma and in the exacerbation of pre-existing asthma. However, whether or not environmental pollution can cause asthma remains a controversial issue. The present review analyzes the current scientific evidence of the possible causal link between diesel exhaust particles (DEP), the solid fraction of the complex mixture of diesel exhaust, and asthma. The mechanisms that influence the expression and development of asthma are complex. In children prolonged exposure to pollutants such as DEPs may increase asthma prevalence. In adults, this causal relation is less clear, probably because of the heterogeneity of the studies carried out. There is also evidence of physiological mechanisms by which DEPs can cause asthma. The most frequently described interactions between cellular responses and DEP are the induction of pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation and the activation of receptors of the bronchial epithelium such as toll-like receptors or increases in Th2 and Th17 cytokines, which generally orchestrate the asthmatic response. Others support indirect mechanisms through epigenetic changes, pulmonary microbiome modifications, or the interaction of DEP with environmental antigens to enhance their activity. However, in spite of this evidence, more studies are needed to assess the harmful effects of pollution - not only in the short term in the form of increases in the rate of exacerbations, but in the medium and long term as well, as a possible trigger of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Muñoz
- Pulmonology Service, Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - E Barreiro
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Pulmonology Department-Muscle Research and Respiratory System Unit (URMAR), Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM)-Hospital del Mar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Bustamante
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Osakidetza/University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - J L Lopez-Campos
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Unidad Médico-quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - F J González-Barcala
- Respiratory Department, Clinic University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M J Cruz
- Pulmonology Service, Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Sciurba JC, Gieseck RL, Jiwrajka N, White SD, Karmele EP, Redes J, Vannella KM, Henderson NC, Wynn TA, Hart KM. Fibroblast-specific integrin-alpha V differentially regulates type 17 and type 2 driven inflammation and fibrosis. J Pathol 2019; 248:16-29. [PMID: 30536905 DOI: 10.1002/path.5215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibroproliferative diseases affect a significant proportion of the world's population. Despite this, core mechanisms driving organ fibrosis of diverse etiologies remain ill defined. Recent studies suggest that integrin-alpha V serves as a master driver of fibrosis in multiple organs. Although diverse mechanisms contribute to the progression of fibrosis, TGF-β and IL-13 have emerged as central mediators of fibrosis during type 1/type 17, and type 2 polarized inflammatory responses, respectively. To investigate if integrin-alpha V interactions or signaling is critical to the development of type 2 fibrosis, we analyzed fibroblast-specific integrin-alpha V knockout mice in three type 2-driven inflammatory disease models. While we confirmed a role for integrin-alpha V in type 17-associated fibrosis, integrin-alpha V was not critical to the development of type 2-driven fibrosis. Additionally, our studies support a novel mechanism through which fibroblasts, via integrin-alpha V expression, are capable of regulating immune polarization. We show that when integrin-alpha V is deleted on fibroblasts, initiation of type 17 inflammation is inhibited leading to a deregulation of type 2 inflammation. This mechanism is most evident in a model of severe asthma, which is characterized by a mixed type 2/type 17 inflammatory response. Together, these findings suggest dual targeting of integrin-alpha V and type 2 pathways may be needed to ameliorate fibrosis and prevent rebound of opposing pro-fibrotic and inflammatory mechanisms. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Sciurba
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard L Gieseck
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nikhil Jiwrajka
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra D White
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erik P Karmele
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jamie Redes
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin M Vannella
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M Hart
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Mouse models of severe asthma for evaluation of therapeutic cytokine targeting. Immunol Lett 2019; 207:73-83. [PMID: 30659868 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the airways, which requires treatment with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids or their systemic administration, yet often remains uncontrolled despite this therapy. Over the past decades, research efforts into phenotyping of severe asthma and defining the pathological mechanisms of this disease were successful largely due to the development of appropriate animal models. Recent identification of distinct inflammatory patterns of severe asthma endotypes led to novel treatment approaches, including targeting specific cytokines or their receptors with neutralizing antibodies. Here we discuss how different experimental mouse models contributed to generation of clinically relevant findings concerning pathogenesis of severe asthma and to identification of potential targets for biologic therapy.
Collapse
|
137
|
Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, Al-Harbi MM, Ibrahim KE, Kundu S, Attia SM, Alanazi WA, AlSharari SD. Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase signaling protects against acute lung injury through blockade of NADPH oxidase and IL-17A in neutrophils and γδ T cells respectively in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 68:39-47. [PMID: 30611000 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is one of the most serious complications in critically ill patients which often leads to morbidity and mortality. ALI characterized by severe inflammation of lungs occurs due to uncontrolled inflammatory immune response. However, the immunological mechanism(s) are far from being understood. The spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), a key component of immune receptor signaling, plays a critical role in the modulation of inflammatory signaling in different immune cells. However, its role in ALI remains to be explored. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of R406, a SYK inhibitor in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mouse model. LPS led to increased SYK expression in neutrophils and gamma delta (γδ) T cells. This was associated with increased neutrophilic airway inflammation, vascular permeability, myeloperoxidase activity in the lung with upregulated expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX2)/MCP-1/TNF-α in neutrophils and IL-17A in γδ T cells/lung. Pulmonary inflammation was associated with higher mortality in mice with ALI. Inhibition of SYK signaling using R406 in the lung led to blockade of neutrophilic airway inflammation, vascular permeability, pro-inflammatory cytokine release and oxidative stress in innate immune cells, i.e. γδ T cells and neutrophils and the lung. R406 administered LPS group had better survival rate than LPS group. This suggests that SYK upregulation in γδ T cells and neutrophils plays an important role in inflammatory process during ALI. In conclusion, R406 exhibited a great potential to block the LPS-induced airway inflammation and mortality which could be developed as a potential future therapy in ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Swati Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, South Campus, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir D AlSharari
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Shakarami Z, Esmaeili Gouvrchin Ghaleh H, Mansouri Motlagh B, Sheikhian A, Jalali Kondori B. Evaluation of the protective and therapeutic effects of Pistacia atlantica gum aqueous extract on cellular and pathological aspects of experimental asthma in Balb/c mice. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2019; 9:248-259. [PMID: 31143692 PMCID: PMC6526037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of aqueous extract of P. atlantica gum on an experimental asthma in BALB/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of dried and milled P. atlantica gum was assemble and evaluate by GC-MS. In order to investigate the effect of P. atlantica gum extract on cellular and pathological aspects of asthma, 60 BALB/c mice were divided into six groups as: negative control, asthmatic group, asthmatic group receiving dexamethasone (1mg/kg; intraperitoneal (IP)) and three asthmatic groups receiving different concentrations of the extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, orally) from the beginning of the study and continued for 84 days. The examined parameters included cell population, IgE antibody production, levels of IL-4, IL-5, TGF-β, INF-γ, IL-10, and IL-17 cytokines, and lung tissue damage. RESULTS Regardless of the dose, aqueous extract of P. atlantica gum, caused significant decrease in the number of BALF eosinophilic cells and levels of anti-ovalbumin IgE, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17 cytokine levels, as well as pathologic damage of the lung tissue. In addition, the amount of anti-inflammatory IL-10, TGF-β, and INF-γ Th1 cytokines significantly increased in the extract-treated groups compared to the asthmatic and dexamethasone-treated groups. Moreover, IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner compared to the un-treated asthma group. CONCLUSION The aqueous extract of P. atlantica gum can be considered as a potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory compound and may be used as a natural compound for treatment of immune system disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaynab Shakarami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.,Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | | | | | - Ali Sheikhian
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Tel: +989166616974, Fax: +986633120126 ,
| | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Menzella F, Bertolini F, Biava M, Galeone C, Scelfo C, Caminati M. Severe refractory asthma: current treatment options and ongoing research. Drugs Context 2018; 7:212561. [PMID: 30534175 PMCID: PMC6284776 DOI: 10.7573/dic.212561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe asthma have a greater risk of asthma-related symptoms, morbidities, and exacerbations. Moreover, healthcare costs of patients with severe refractory asthma are at least 80% higher than those with stable asthma, mainly because of a higher use of healthcare resources and chronic side effects of oral corticosteroids (OCS). The advent of new promising biologicals provides a unique therapeutic option that could achieve asthma control without OCS. However, the increasing number of available molecules poses a new challenge: the identification and selection of the most appropriate treatment. Thanks to a better understanding of the basic mechanisms of the disease and the use of predictive biomarkers, especially regarding the Th2-high endotype, it is now easier than before to tailor therapy and guide clinicians toward the most suitable therapeutic choice, thus reducing the number of uncontrolled patients and therapeutic failures. In this review, we will discuss the different biological options available for the treatment of severe refractory asthma, their mechanism of action, and the overlapping aspects of their usage in clinical practice. The availability of new molecules, specific for different molecular targets, is a key topic, especially when considering that the same targets are sometimes part of the same phenotype. The aim of this review is to help clarify these doubts, which may facilitate the clinical decision-making process and the achievement of the best possible outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Menzella
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia, IRCCS, Viale Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mirella Biava
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Galeone
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia, IRCCS, Viale Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Chiara Scelfo
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia, IRCCS, Viale Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Caminati
- Asthma Center and Allergy Unit, Verona University Hospital, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Xie H, Wu L, Deng Z, Huo Y, Cheng Y. Emerging roles of YAP/TAZ in lung physiology and diseases. Life Sci 2018; 214:176-183. [PMID: 30385178 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The YAP and TAZ, as the downstream effectors of Hippo pathway, have emerged as important translational co-activators of a wide variety of biological processes. YAP/TAZ plays a crucial role in the lung development and physiology. Dysregulation of YAP/TAZ signaling pathway contributes to the development and progression of chronic lung diseases, including lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, COPD, asthma, and lung infection. Therefore, owing to its critical functions, delineation of the signaling mechanisms of YAP/TAZ in pathological conditions will shed light on developing strategies for its therapeutic targeting. Currently, the complex regulation of this pathway is under extensive investigation. In this review, we summarize and present recent findings of molecular mechanisms of YAP/TAZ in the lung physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the implications of YAP/TAZ for lung diseases treatment and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liquan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenan Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yating Huo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxiong Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Ahmad S, Azid NA, Boer JC, Lim J, Chen X, Plebanski M, Mohamud R. The Key Role of TNF-TNFR2 Interactions in the Modulation of Allergic Inflammation: A Review. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2572. [PMID: 30473698 PMCID: PMC6238659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine, which is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including allergy. TNF is produced at the early stage of allergen sensitization, and then continues to promote the inflammation cascade in the effector phase of allergic reactions. Consequently, anti-TNF treatment has been proposed as a potential therapeutic option. However, recent studies reveal anti-intuitive effects of TNF in the activation and proliferative expansion of immunosuppressive Tregs, tolerogenic DCs and MDSCs. This immunosuppressive effect of TNF is mediated by TNFR2, which is preferentially expressed by immunosuppressive cells. These findings redefine the role of TNF in allergic reaction, and suggest that targeting TNF-TNFR2 interaction itself may represent a novel strategy in the treatment of allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhana Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azrini Azid
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jennifer C Boer
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - JitKang Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | | | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Quan-San Z, Xiaohong X, Ying L, Zhaojia S. Role of Th17-cell related cytokines in geriatric asthma. J Int Med Res 2018; 47:580-590. [PMID: 30304965 PMCID: PMC6381488 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518803828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of geriatric asthma through immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-17F, and glucocorticoid receptor-β (GR-β) expression. METHODS We studied 51 geriatric male patients with asthma and 50 young male patients with asthma. We also included 21 normal geriatric males and 21 normal young males. All geriatric and young patients were divided into groups according to pulmonary function. Levels of cytokines, such as IgE, IL-17A, IL-17F, and GR-β, were measured. Pulmonary function was assessed. The results from patients were compared with those from the 42 healthy subjects. RESULTS Serum IgE, IL-17A, IL-17F, and GR-β levels in geriatric patients with moderate or severe asthma were significantly higher than those in young patients with moderate asthma and in the normal population. Geriatric patients with asthma had higher asthma control test scores than did young patients with asthma. CONCLUSION Hormone resistance in geriatric male patients with asthma is more serious than that in young male patients with asthma. Airway inflammation and airway remodeling in geriatric male patients with asthma may be more serious than those in young male patients with asthma, even when there is similar pulmonary function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Quan-San
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group Emergency Department, Qingdao, China
| | - Xu Xiaohong
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group Emergency Department, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Ying
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group Emergency Department, Qingdao, China
| | - Sun Zhaojia
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group Emergency Department, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Zhai C, Li S, Feng W, Shi W, Wang J, Wang Q, Chai L, Zhang Q, Yan X, Li M. Association of interleukin-17a rs2275913 gene polymorphism and asthma risk: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:1204-1211. [PMID: 30393475 PMCID: PMC6209699 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.73345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. A number of studies have investigated the relationship between IL-17A rs2275913 polymorphism and risk of asthma. However, the results obtained are inconclusive. The aim of this meta-analysis is to clarify the relationship between IL-17A rs2275913 polymorphism and asthma risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Wanfang and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases, and data were extracted from eligible studies by two independent reviewers. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Publication bias, heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis were also assessed. RESULTS Ten studies with a total of 5016 subjects were included. Overall, the results indicated a significant association between the IL-17A rs2275913 polymorphism and the risk of asthma (G vs. A: OR = 0.866, 95% CI: 0.789-0.951, p = 0.003; GG+GA vs. AA: OR = 0.752, 95% CI: 0.633-0.895, p = 0.001). In subgroup analysis by age and ethnicity, the G allele of rs2275913 in IL-17A was significantly associated with a reduced risk of asthma in children and Asians. CONCLUSIONS The results of this meta-analysis indicate that the G allele of rs2275913 in IL-17A is a protective factor for the development of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Wenhua Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Qingting Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Limin Chai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Manxiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Wang L, Wang X, Tong L, Wang J, Dou M, Ji S, Bi J, Chen C, Yang D, He H, Bai C, Zhou J, Song Y. Recovery from acute lung injury can be regulated via modulation of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12715. [PMID: 30277586 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe inflammatory disease, for which no specific treatment exists. The decreased ratio of regulatory T cells (CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3 Tregs) and Th17 cells is implicated in ALI and inflammation. We here investigated whether maintaining the balance of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs and Th17 cells can alleviate lung injury. For CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3 Treg depletion, 200 μg of an anti-CD25 antibody was administered intraperitoneally per mouse on days -3 and -1 before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation. And 150 μg of TGF-β was administered intraperitoneally per mouse on day 0 after LPS instillation. To down-regulate of Th17 cells, 200 μg per mouse of isotype, IL-17 or IL-22 antibodies were injected intraperitoneally into mice at days 0 after LPS instillation. We detected lung morphology; lung wet-to-dry weight ratio; protein concentration, the count of total cells, neutrophils and macrophages, and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). And we also evaluated the percentage of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs in lung, and Th17 cells in lung. CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs depletion via anti-CD25 treatment or TGF-β neutralization delayed recovery of ALI. The prolonged inflammation was mainly dominated by neutrophils, macrophages and Th17 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of Th17 cells via monoclonal antibodies against IL-17 and IL-22 alleviated ALI inflammation by inhibiting the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages, increasing the number of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs. Our findings support a critical role for CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs in regulating from ALI pathophysiology, and a potential therapeutic role for the inhibition of Th17 cells in ALI treatment. These findings provide a rationale for treating patients with ALI by modulating CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs and Th17 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Tong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maosen Dou
- Department of Infection Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimeng Ji
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Bi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuicui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China.,Zhongshan Hospital, Qingpu Branch, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Chen S, Han Y, Chen H, Wu J, Zhang M. Bcl11b Regulates IL-17 Through the TGF-β/Smad Pathway in HDM-Induced Asthma. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018; 10:543-554. [PMID: 30088373 PMCID: PMC6082824 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.5.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE T helper (Th) 17 cells play a critical role in the development of asthma, but the underlying mechanism of how interleukin (IL)-17 is regulated in allergic airway inflammation is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the impact of Bcl11b on Th17 response in asthma. METHODS Blood samples from patients with mild asthma (MA) and severe asthma (SA) were collected. Expression of Bcl11b, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 were determined in CD4⁺ T cells and plasma by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Relative mRNA and protein levels of Bcl11b, IL-17A and genes involved in the TGF/Smad signaling pathway were examined by PCR, ELISA and western blot analysis in house dust mite (HDM)-challenged mice. Ectopic expression of Bcl11b in HDM-stimulated primary mouse splenocytes was achieved by nucleofection of Bcl11b expression plasmid. RESULTS We found significantly decreased Bcl11b but increased IL-17A and TGF-β1 expression in patients with asthma and a strongly negative correlation between Bcl11b and these 2 cytokines in SA patients. Similar expression patterns of Bcl11b, IL-17A and TGF-β1 were also found in mice with HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation. We demonstrated further that Smad2/3 phosphorylation was increased in HDM-challenged mice and that ectopic expression of Bcl11b in HDM-stimulated primary mouse splenocytes reduced Smad2 phosphorylation and IL-17 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a potential effect of Bc111b in controlling IL-17-mediated inflammation in asthma and suggest that Bc111b may be a useful therapeutic target for asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yuting Han
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Xu L, Sun WJ, Jia AJ, Qiu LL, Xiao B, Mu L, Li JM, Zhang XF, Wei Y, Peng C, Zhang DS, Xiang XD. MBD2 regulates differentiation and function of Th17 cells in neutrophils- dominant asthma via HIF-1α. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2018; 15:15. [PMID: 30150897 PMCID: PMC6102869 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-018-0191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background T helper 17 (Th17) cells have proven to be crucial in the pathogenesis of neutrophils-dominant asthma. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is involved in allergic responses in asthma. Our previous studies indicated that Methtyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) expression was increased in asthma patients. The aim of the present study is to understand how MBD2 interacts with HIF-1α to regulate Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 expression in neutrophils-dominant asthma. Methods A neutrophils-dominant asthma mouse model was established using female C57BL/6 mice to investigate Th17 cell differentiation and MBD2 and HIF-1α expression regulation using flow cytometry, western blot or qRT-PCR. MBD2 and HIF-1α genes were silenced or overexpressed through lentiviral transduction to explore the roles of MBD2 in Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 release in neutrophils-dominant asthma. Results A neutrophilic inflammatory asthma phenotype model was established successfully. This was characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), increased BALF neutrophil granulocytes, activated Th17 cell differentiation, and high IL-17 levels. MBD2 and HIF-1α expression were significantly increased in the lung and spleen cells of mice with neutrophils-dominant asthma. Through overexpression or silencing of MBD2 and HIF-1α genes, we have concluded that MBD2 and HIF-1α regulate Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 secretion. Moreover, MBD2 was also found to regulate HIF-1α expression. Conclusions Our findings have uncovered new roles for MBD2 and HIF-1α, and provide novel insights into the epigenetic regulation of neutrophils-dominant asthma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12950-018-0191-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- 1Department of the Second Thoracic Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine and Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410006 Hunan China
| | - Wen J Sun
- 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China
| | - Ai J Jia
- 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China
| | - Lu L Qiu
- 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China
| | - Bing Xiao
- 3Department of Emergency, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Mu
- 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China.,4Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peace Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000 Shanxi China
| | - Jian M Li
- 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China.,5Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, 61 West Jiefang Road, Changsha, 410005 Hunan China
| | - Xiu F Zhang
- 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China.,6Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, University of South China, 30 Jiefang Road, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Respiratory, The First Hospital of Guangyuan City, 490 Juguo Road, Guangyuan, 628000 Sichuan China
| | - Cong Peng
- 8Dermatology and Venereology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Dong S Zhang
- 3Department of Emergency, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 People's Republic of China
| | - Xu D Xiang
- 3Department of Emergency, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Rubin K, Glazer S. The pertussis hypothesis: Bordetella pertussis colonization in the etiology of asthma and diseases of allergic sensitization. Med Hypotheses 2018; 120:101-115. [PMID: 30220328 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Decades of peer reviewed evidence demonstrate that: 1)Bordetellapertussisand pertussis toxin are potent adjuvants, inducing asthma and allergic sensitization in animal models of human disease, 2)Bordetella pertussisoften colonizes the human nasopharynx, and is well documented in highly pertussis-vaccinated populations and 3) in children, a history of whooping cough increases the risk of asthma and allergic sensitization disease. We build on these observations with six case studies and offer a pertussis-based explanation for the rapid rise in allergic disease in former East Germany following the fall of the Berlin Wall; the current asthma, peanut allergy, and anaphylaxis epidemics in the United States; the correlation between the risk of asthma and gross national income per capita by country; the lower risk of asthma and allergy in children raised on farms; and the reduced risk of atopy with increased family size and later sibling birth order. To organize the evidence for the pertussis hypothesis, we apply the Bradford Hill criteria to the association between Bordetella pertussisand asthma and allergicsensitization disease. We propose that, contrary to conventional wisdom that nasopharyngealBordetella pertussiscolonizing infections are harmless, subclinicalBordetella pertussiscolonization is an important cause of asthma and diseases of allergic sensitization.
Collapse
|
148
|
Liang T, Xu YT, Zhang Y, Cai PC, Hu LH. Interleukin-17A and -17F single nucleotide polymorphisms associate with susceptibility of asthma in Chinese Han population. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:736-742. [PMID: 30036556 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.07.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 17 (IL-17) plays important roles in the progression of asthma. Genetic variants in the Il-17 may influence the immunopathogenesis of many diseases. Many studies have investigated the relevance of IL-17 polymorphism with cancers or immune diseases, including asthma. In this study, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-17 were explored by PCR-RFLP and verified by sequencing method. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles were analyzed. Haplotypes were analyzed with the SHEsis online program. The relationship between the genotypes of SNPs and IgE level was also investigated. The False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction was performed (P-adjusted < 0.05). The frequencies of A allele, GA and (GA + AA) genotype of rs3748067 were significantly higher in asthma patients. As for rs763780, the C allele in patients was more frequent than healthy controls. In addition, we found C carriers (CT + CC) were significantly higher in asthma patients. We further found that the haplotype CT for IL-17F (rs763780/rs2397084) was associated with an increased susceptibility of asthma, but this association did not survive after FDR correction. The level of serum total IgE in mutant group (GA + AA) of rs3748067 was significantly higher than the wild genotype (GG) group and control group. These results suggested that IL-17 SNPs, but not haplotypes may be associated with the susceptibility of asthma in Chinese Han population from central China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yi Ting Xu
- Central Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Peng Cheng Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Li Hua Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Towards precision medicine in severe asthma: Treatment algorithms based on treatable traits. Respir Med 2018; 142:15-22. [PMID: 30170796 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common disease, and although its clinical manifestations may be similar among patients, recent research discoveries have shown that it consists of several distinct clinical clusters or phenotypes, each with different underlying molecular pathways yielding different treatment responses. Based on these observations, an alternative approach - known as 'precision medicine' - has been proposed for the management of patients with severe asthma. Precision medicine advocates identification of treatable traits, linking them to therapeutic approaches targeting genetic, immunological, environmental, and/or lifestyle factors in individual patients. The main "goal" of this personalised approach is to enable choosing a treatment which will be more likely to produce a beneficial response in the individual patient rather than a 'one size fits all' approach. The aim of the present review is to discuss different ways of phenotyping asthma and to provide a rationale for treatment algorithms based on principles of precision medicine.
Collapse
|
150
|
Abstract
Asthma is increasingly recognised as a heterogeneous group of diseases with similar clinical presentations rather than a singular disease entity. Asthma was historically categorised by clinical symptoms; however, newer methods of subgrouping, describing and categorising the disease have sub-defined asthma. These sub-definitions are intermittently called phenotypes or endotypes, but the real meanings of these words are poorly understood. Novel treatments are currently and increasingly available, partly in the monoclonal antibody environment, and also some physical therapies (bronchial thermoplasty), but additionally small molecules are not far away from clinical practice. Understanding the disease pathogenesis and the mechanism of action more completely may enable identification of treatable traits, biomarkers, mediators and modifiable therapeutic targets. However, there remains a danger that clinicians become preoccupied with the concept of endotypes and biomarkers, ignoring therapies that are hugely effective but have no companion biomarker. This review discusses our understanding of the concept of phenotypes and endotypes in appreciating and managing the heterogeneous condition that is asthma. We consider the role of functional imaging, physiology, blood-, sputum- and breath-based biomarkers and clinical manifestations that could be used to produce a personalised asthma profile, with implications on prognosis, pathophysiology and most importantly specific therapeutic responses. With the advent of increasing numbers of biological therapies and other interventional options such as bronchial thermoplasty, the importance of targeting expensive therapies to patients with the best chance of clinical response has huge health economic importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Dean
- University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Niven
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| |
Collapse
|