101
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Operto FF, Pastorino GMG, Stellato M, Morcaldi L, Vetri L, Carotenuto M, Viggiano A, Coppola G. Facial Emotion Recognition in Children and Adolescents with Specific Learning Disorder. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E473. [PMID: 32717966 PMCID: PMC7466138 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some recent studies suggest that children and adolescents with different neurodevelopmental disorders perform worse in emotions recognition through facial expressions (ER) compared with typically developing peers. This impairment is also described in children with Specific Learning Disorders (SLD), compromising their scholastic achievement, social functioning, and quality of life. The purpose of our study is to evaluate ER skills in children and adolescents with SLD compared to a control group without learning disorders, and correlate them with intelligence and executive functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our work is a cross-sectional observational study. Sixty-three children and adolescents aged between 8 and 16 years, diagnosed with SLD, and 32 sex/age-matched controls without learning disorders were recruited. All participants were administered standardized neuropsychological tests, evaluating facial emotion recognition (NEPSY-II), executive functions (EpiTrack Junior), and intelligence profile (WISC-IV). RESULTS Emotion recognition mean score was significantly lower in the SLD group than in the controls group on the Mann-Whitney U test for unpaired samples (p < 0.001). The SLD group performed significantly lower than the control group in their abilities to identify neutral expressions, happiness, sadness, anger, and fear compared to controls (p < 0.001). ER scores were positively correlated to the executive functions scores. There was no correlation with the Total Intelligence Quotient scores but there is a significant positive correlation with Working Memory Index and Processing Speed Index measured by WISC.IV. CONCLUSION Our study showed that children and adolescents with Specific Learning Disorders have facial emotion recognition impairment when compared with a group of peers without learning disorders. ER abilities were independent of their global intelligence but potentially related to executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Felicia Operto
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84125 Salerno, Italy; (G.M.G.P.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Grazia Maria Giovanna Pastorino
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84125 Salerno, Italy; (G.M.G.P.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (G.C.)
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Stellato
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84125 Salerno, Italy; (G.M.G.P.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Lucia Morcaldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy; luciaa-@hotmail.it
| | - Luigi Vetri
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84125 Salerno, Italy; (G.M.G.P.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Giangennaro Coppola
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84125 Salerno, Italy; (G.M.G.P.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (G.C.)
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102
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Bang D, Ershadmanesh S, Nili H, Fleming SM. Private-public mappings in human prefrontal cortex. eLife 2020; 9:e56477. [PMID: 32701449 PMCID: PMC7377905 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A core feature of human cognition is an ability to separate private states of mind - what we think or believe - from public actions - what we say or do. This ability is central to successful social interaction - with different social contexts often requiring different mappings between private states and public actions in order to minimise conflict and facilitate communication. Here we investigated how the human brain supports private-public mappings, using an interactive task which required subjects to adapt how they communicated their confidence about a perceptual decision to the social context. Univariate and multivariate analysis of fMRI data revealed that a private-public distinction is reflected in a medial-lateral division of prefrontal cortex - with lateral frontal pole (FPl) supporting the context-dependent mapping from a private sense of confidence to a public report. The concept of private-public mappings provides a promising framework for understanding flexible social behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Bang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sara Ershadmanesh
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental SciencesTehranIslamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hamed Nili
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Fleming
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
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103
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Oba K, Sugiura M, Hanawa S, Suzuki M, Jeong H, Kotozaki Y, Sasaki Y, Kikuchi T, Nozawa T, Nakagawa S, Kawashima R. Differential roles of amygdala and posterior superior temporal sulcus in social scene understanding. Soc Neurosci 2020; 15:516-529. [PMID: 32692950 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2020.1793811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychology and neuroimaging studies provide distinct views on the key neural underpinnings of social scene understanding (SSU): the amygdala and multimodal neocortical areas such as the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), respectively. This apparent incongruity may stem from the difference in the assumed cognitive processes of the situation-response association and the integrative or creative processing of social information. To examine the neural correlates of different SSU types using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we devised a clothing recommendation task in three types of client's standpoint. Situation-response association was induced by a situation-congruent standpoint (ecological SSU), whereas the integrative and creative processing of social information was elicited by a lack and situation incongruence of the standpoint (perceptual and elaborative SSUs, respectively). Activation characteristic of the ecological SSU was identified in the right amygdala, while that of the perceptual SSU and elaborative SSU demand was identified in the right pSTS and left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), respectively. Thus, the current results provide evidence for the conceptual and neural distinction of the three types of SSU, with basic ecological SSU being supported by a limbic structure while sophisticated integrative or creative SSUs being developed in humans by multimodal association cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oba
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sugiura
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan.,International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan.,Smart-Ageing Research Center, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Sugiko Hanawa
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Mizue Suzuki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Hyeonjeong Jeong
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of International Cultural Studies, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuka Kotozaki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukako Sasaki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kikuchi
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nozawa
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Seishu Nakagawa
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan.,Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan.,Smart-Ageing Research Center, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
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104
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Pequet A, Warnell KR. Thinking of you: Relations between mind‐mindedness, theory of mind, and social anxiety traits in middle childhood and adulthood. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Pequet
- Department of Psychology Texas State University San Marcos TX USA
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105
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Xiong X, Yu Z, Ma T, Luo N, Wang H, Lu X, Fan H. Weighted Brain Network Metrics for Decoding Action Intention Understanding Based on EEG. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:232. [PMID: 32714168 PMCID: PMC7343772 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Understanding the action intentions of others is important for social and human-robot interactions. Recently, many state-of-the-art approaches have been proposed for decoding action intention understanding. Although these methods have some advantages, it is still necessary to design other tools that can more efficiently classify the action intention understanding signals. New Method: Based on EEG, we first applied phase lag index (PLI) and weighted phase lag index (WPLI) to construct functional connectivity matrices in five frequency bands and 63 micro-time windows, then calculated nine graph metrics from these matrices and subsequently used the network metrics as features to classify different brain signals related to action intention understanding. Results: Compared with the single methods (PLI or WPLI), the combination method (PLI+WPLI) demonstrates some overwhelming victories. Most of the average classification accuracies exceed 70%, and some of them approach 80%. In statistical tests of brain network, many significantly different edges appear in the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal regions. Conclusions: Weighted brain networks can effectively retain data information. The integrated method proposed in this study is extremely effective for investigating action intention understanding. Both the mirror neuron and mentalizing systems participate as collaborators in the process of action intention understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingliang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenhua Yu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian Ma
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning Luo
- Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haixian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuesong Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Co-innovation Center of Shandong Colleges and Universities: Future Intelligent Computing, Shandong Technology and Business University, Yantai, China
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106
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Walter H, Kausch A, Dorfschmidt L, Waller L, Chinichian N, Veer I, Hilbert K, Lüken U, Paulus MP, Goschke T, Kruschwitz JD. Self-control and interoception: Linking the neural substrates of craving regulation and the prediction of aversive interoceptive states induced by inspiratory breathing restriction. Neuroimage 2020; 215:116841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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107
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Kumar VG, Dutta S, Talwar S, Roy D, Banerjee A. Biophysical mechanisms governing large-scale brain network dynamics underlying individual-specific variability of perception. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3746-3762. [PMID: 32304122 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Perception necessitates interaction among neuronal ensembles, the dynamics of which can be conceptualized as the emergent behavior of coupled dynamical systems. Here, we propose a detailed neurobiologically realistic model that captures the neural mechanisms of inter-individual variability observed in cross-modal speech perception. From raw EEG signals recorded from human participants when they were presented with speech vocalizations of McGurk-incongruent and congruent audio-visual (AV) stimuli, we computed the global coherence metric to capture the neural variability of large-scale networks. We identified that participants' McGurk susceptibility was negatively correlated to their alpha band global coherence. The proposed biophysical model conceptualized the global coherence dynamics emerge from coupling between the interacting neural masses-representing the sensory-specific auditory/visual areas and modality nonspecific associative/integrative regions. Subsequently, we could predict that an extremely weak direct AV coupling results in a decrease in alpha band global coherence-mimicking the cortical dynamics of participants with higher McGurk susceptibility. Source connectivity analysis also showed decreased connectivity between sensory-specific regions in participants more susceptible to McGurk effect, thus establishing an empirical validation to the prediction. Overall, our study provides an outline to link variability in structural and functional connectivity metrics to variability of performance that can be useful for several perception and action task paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodh G Kumar
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Shrey Dutta
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Siddharth Talwar
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Dipanjan Roy
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Arpan Banerjee
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
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108
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Shkurko A. Mapping Cultural Values onto the Brain: the Fragmented Landscape. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2020:10.1007/s12124-020-09553-0. [PMID: 32495163 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-020-09553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Basic values are the core element of culture, explaining many important differences in social, economic and political effects. Yet the nature and the composition of cultural value systems remains highly debatable. An emerging field of cultural neuroscience promises to shed light on how societies differ in their value systems and on the low-level mechanisms through which they operate. A systematic review of 47 experimental studies using different brain research methods is conducted to identify neural systems and processes, which can be associated with specific values, irrespective of interpretations given by the authors of original studies. Key findings were extracted and systematized according to Hofstede's and some other (Trompenaars' and Gelfand's) models of national cultures. From the perspective of existing accounts of cultural value systems, existing literature provides only a very fragmented and biased view of the neural processing of values. Absolute majority of existing evidence (37 studies) of cultural differences in the brain functions can be associated with individualism-collectivism value dimension. Affectivity-Neutrality is identified in 11 studies, Tightness-Looseness - 6, Power Distance - 3; Indulgence, Long-Term Orientation and Universalism - 2, and Uncertainty Avoidance - 1. Other value dimensions from the applied models of culture are not represented at all. Key problems limiting the contribution of the contemporary culture neuroscience to the comparative studies of cultural values include: researchers' theoretical framing within the independence-interdependence paradigm, resulting in the loss of a broader perspective and alternative interpretations of findings, the lack of focus on the direct comparison of values and value dimensions, insufficiently representative and biased samples.
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109
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Gainsford K, Fitzgibbon B, Fitzgerald PB, Hoy KE. Transforming treatments for schizophrenia: Virtual reality, brain stimulation and social cognition. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288:112974. [PMID: 32353694 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterised by delusions, hallucinations, anhedonia and apathy; while impairments in social cognition are often less recognised. Poor social cognition can lead to difficulties in obtaining and maintaining employment, academic progression, interpersonal relationships, and community functioning. Current interventions are highly intensive, require significant resources and have only modest effects on functional outcomes. Virtual reality (VR) and non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) may have a role in addressing these limitations. VR allows treatments that are potentially more accessible, less delivery intensive, and have higher ecological validity. While NIBS is able to directly modulate activity in social brain areas in order to promote neuroplasticity, strengthen neural connections and enhance brain function related to social cognitive behaviours. Therefore, the combination of VR and NIBS may allow for more efficient and transferrable interventions than those currently available. This review will explore the potential role of these technologies in the treatment of social cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gainsford
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth HealthCare and Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia..
| | - Bernadette Fitzgibbon
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth HealthCare and Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia..
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth HealthCare and Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia..
| | - Kate E Hoy
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth HealthCare and Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia..
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110
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Abstract
Keeping track of other people's gaze is an essential task in social cognition and key for successfully reading other people's intentions and beliefs (theory of mind). Recent behavioral evidence suggests that we construct an implicit model of other people's gaze, which may incorporate physically incoherent attributes such as a construct of force-carrying beams that emanate from the eyes. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivoxel pattern analysis to test the prediction that the brain encodes gaze as implied motion streaming from an agent toward a gazed-upon object. We found that a classifier, trained to discriminate the direction of visual motion, significantly decoded the gaze direction in static images depicting a sighted face, but not a blindfolded one, from brain activity patterns in the human motion-sensitive middle temporal complex (MT+) and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). Our results demonstrate a link between the visual motion system and social brain mechanisms, in which the TPJ, a key node in theory of mind, works in concert with MT+ to encode gaze as implied motion. This model may be a fundamental aspect of social cognition that allows us to efficiently connect agents with the objects of their attention. It is as if the brain draws a quick visual sketch with moving arrows to help keep track of who is attending to what. This implicit, fluid-flow model of other people's gaze may help explain culturally universal myths about the mind as an energy-like, flowing essence.
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111
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Suffel A, Nagels A, Steines M, Kircher T, Straube B. Feeling addressed! The neural processing of social communicative cues in patients with major depression. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3541-3554. [PMID: 32432387 PMCID: PMC7416026 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The feeling of being addressed is the first step in a complex processing stream enabling successful social communication. Social impairments are a relevant characteristic of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Here, we investigated a mechanism which—if impaired—might contribute to withdrawal or isolation in MDD, namely, the neural processing of social cues such as body orientation and gesture. During funtional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquisition, 33 patients with MDD and 43 healthy control subjects watched video clips of a speaking actor: one version with a gesture accompanying the speech and one without gesture. Videos were filmed simultaneously from two different viewpoints: one with the actor facing the viewer head‐on (frontal) and one side‐view (lateral). After every clip, the participants were instructed to evaluate whether they felt addressed or not. Despite overall comparable addressment ratings and a large overlap in activation patterns in MDD and healthy subjects for gesture processing, the anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral superior/middle frontal cortex, and right angular gyrus were more strongly activated in patients than in healthy subjects for the frontal conditions. Our analyses revealed that patients showed specifically higher activation than healthy subjects for the frontal condition without gesture in regions including the posterior cingulate cortex, left prefrontal cortex, and the left hippocampus. We conclude that MDD patients can recognize and interpret social cues such as gesture or body orientation; however, they seem to require more neural resources. This additional effort might affect successful communication and contribute to social isolation in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Suffel
- Translational Neuroimaging Marburg (TNM), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Arne Nagels
- Department of English and Linguistics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Miriam Steines
- Translational Neuroimaging Marburg (TNM), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany.,Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Straube
- Translational Neuroimaging Marburg (TNM), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
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112
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Rusch T, Steixner-Kumar S, Doshi P, Spezio M, Gläscher J. Theory of mind and decision science: Towards a typology of tasks and computational models. Neuropsychologia 2020; 146:107488. [PMID: 32407906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability to form a Theory of Mind (ToM), i.e., to theorize about others' mental states to explain and predict behavior in relation to attributed intentional states, constitutes a hallmark of human cognition. These abilities are multi-faceted and include a variety of different cognitive sub-functions. Here, we focus on decision processes in social contexts and review a number of experimental and computational modeling approaches in this field. We provide an overview of experimental accounts and formal computational models with respect to two dimensions: interactivity and uncertainty. Thereby, we aim at capturing the nuances of ToM functions in the context of social decision processes. We suggest there to be an increase in ToM engagement and multiplexing as social cognitive decision-making tasks become more interactive and uncertain. We propose that representing others as intentional and goal directed agents who perform consequential actions is elicited only at the edges of these two dimensions. Further, we argue that computational models of valuation and beliefs follow these dimensions to best allow researchers to effectively model sophisticated ToM-processes. Finally, we relate this typology to neuroimaging findings in neurotypical (NT) humans, studies of persons with autism spectrum (AS), and studies of nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Rusch
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany; Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| | - Saurabh Steixner-Kumar
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Prashant Doshi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, 539 Boyd GSRC, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael Spezio
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany; Psychology, Neuroscience, and Data Science, Scripps College, 1030 N Columbia Ave, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.
| | - Jan Gläscher
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
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113
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Ogawa A, Kameda T. Dissociable roles of left and right temporoparietal junction in strategic competitive interaction. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:1037-1048. [PMID: 31680151 PMCID: PMC6970153 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have shown that the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is involved in inferring others' beliefs, neural correlates of 'second-order' inferences (inferring another's inference about one's own belief) are still elusive. Here we report a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment to examine the involvement of TPJ for second-order inferences. Participants played an economic game with three types of opponents: a human opponent outside the scanner, an artificial agent that followed a fixed probabilistic strategy according to a game-theoretic solution (FIX) and an artificial agent that adjusted its choices through a machine-learning algorithm (LRN). Participants' choice behaviors against the human opponent and LRN were similar but remarkably different from those against FIX. The activation of the left TPJ (LTPJ) was correlated with choice behavior against the human opponent and LRN but not against FIX. The overall activity pattern of the LTPJ for the human opponent was also similar to that for LRN but not for FIX. In contrast, the right TPJ (RTPJ) showed higher activation for the human opponent than FIX and LRN. These results suggest that, while the RTPJ is associated with the perception of human agency, the LTPJ is involved in second-order inferences in strategic decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Ogawa
- Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.,Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610.,Labratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kameda
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610.,Department of Social Psychology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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114
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The Neural Mechanism of the Social Framing Effect: Evidence from fMRI and tDCS Studies. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3646-3656. [PMID: 32238480 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1385-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important cognitive bias, the framing effect shows that our decision preferences are sensitive to the verbal description (i.e., frame) of options. This study focuses on the neural underpinnings of the social framing effect, which is based on decision-making regarding other people. A novel paradigm was used in which participants made a trade-off between economic benefits and the feelings of others. This decision was described as either a "harm" to, or "not helping," other persons in two conditions (Harm frame vs Help frame). Both human males and females were recruited. Participants behaved more prosocially for Harm frame compared with Help frame, resulting in a significant social framing effect. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, Experiment 1 showed that the social framing effect was associated with stronger activation in the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), especially its right part. The functional connectivity between the right TPJ (rTPJ) and medial prefrontal cortex predicted the social framing effect on the group level. In Experiment 2, we used transcranial direct current stimulation to modulate the activity of the rTPJ and found that the social framing effect became more prominent under anodal (excitatory) stimulation, while the nonsocial framing effect elicited by the economic gain/loss gambling frame remained unaffected. The rTPJ results might be associated with moral conflicts modulated by the social consequences of an action or different levels of mentalizing with others under different frame conditions, but alternative interpretations are also worth noting. These findings could help elucidate the psychological mechanisms of the social framing effect.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previous studies have suggested that the framing effect is generated from an interaction between the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex. This opinion, however, is based on findings from nonsocial framing tasks. Recent research has highlighted the importance of distinguishing between the social and nonsocial framing effects. The current study focuses on the social framing effect and finds out that the temporoparietal junction and its functional connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex play a significant role. Additionally, modulating the activity of this region leads to changes in social (but not nonsocial) framing effect. Broadly speaking, these findings help understand the difference in neural mechanisms between social and nonsocial decision-making. Meanwhile, they might be illuminating to promote helping behavior in society.
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115
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Wiese E, Abubshait A, Azarian B, Blumberg EJ. Brain stimulation to left prefrontal cortex modulates attentional orienting to gaze cues. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180430. [PMID: 30852996 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In social interactions, we rely on non-verbal cues like gaze direction to understand the behaviour of others. How we react to these cues is determined by the degree to which we believe that they originate from an entity with a mind capable of having internal states and showing intentional behaviour, a process called mind perception. While prior work has established a set of neural regions linked to mind perception, research has just begun to examine how mind perception affects social-cognitive mechanisms like gaze processing on a neuronal level. In the current experiment, participants performed a social attention task (i.e. attentional orienting to gaze cues) with either a human or a robot agent (i.e. manipulation of mind perception) while transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was applied to prefrontal and temporo-parietal brain areas. The results show that temporo-parietal stimulation did not modulate mechanisms of social attention, neither in response to the human nor in response to the robot agent, whereas prefrontal stimulation enhanced attentional orienting in response to human gaze cues and attenuated attentional orienting in response to robot gaze cues. The findings suggest that mind perception modulates low-level mechanisms of social cognition via prefrontal structures, and that a certain degree of mind perception is essential in order for prefrontal stimulation to affect mechanisms of social attention. This article is part of the theme issue 'From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human-robot interaction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wiese
- Department of Psychology, Social and Cognitive Interactions Lab, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA , USA
| | - Abdulaziz Abubshait
- Department of Psychology, Social and Cognitive Interactions Lab, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA , USA
| | - Bobby Azarian
- Department of Psychology, Social and Cognitive Interactions Lab, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA , USA
| | - Eric J Blumberg
- Department of Psychology, Social and Cognitive Interactions Lab, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA , USA
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116
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DiNicola LM, Braga RM, Buckner RL. Parallel distributed networks dissociate episodic and social functions within the individual. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1144-1179. [PMID: 32049593 PMCID: PMC7099479 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00529.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Association cortex is organized into large-scale distributed networks. One such network, the default network (DN), is linked to diverse forms of internal mentation, opening debate about whether shared or distinct anatomy supports multiple forms of cognition. Using within-individual analysis procedures that preserve idiosyncratic anatomical details, we probed whether multiple tasks from two domains, episodic projection and theory of mind (ToM), rely on the same or distinct networks. In an initial experiment (6 subjects, each scanned 4 times), we found evidence that episodic projection and ToM tasks activate separate regions distributed throughout the cortex, with adjacent regions in parietal, temporal, prefrontal, and midline zones. These distinctions were predicted by the hypothesis that the DN comprises two parallel, interdigitated networks. One network, linked to parahippocampal cortex (PHC), is preferentially recruited during episodic projection, including both remembering and imagining the future. A second juxtaposed network, which includes the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), is differentially engaged during multiple forms of ToM. In two prospectively acquired independent experiments, we replicated and triplicated the dissociation (each with 6 subjects scanned 4 times). Furthermore, the dissociation was found in all zones when analyzed independently, including robustly in midline regions previously described as hubs. The TPJ-linked network is interwoven with the PHC-linked network across the cortex, making clear why it is difficult to fully resolve the two networks in group-averaged or lower-resolution data. These results refine our understanding of the functional-anatomical organization of association cortex and raise fundamental questions about how specialization might arise in parallel, juxtaposed association networks.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Two distributed, interdigitated networks exist within the bounds of the canonical default network. Here we used repeated scanning of individuals, across three independent samples, to provide evidence that tasks requiring episodic projection or theory of mind differentially recruit the two networks across multiple cortical zones. The two distributed networks thus appear to preferentially subserve distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M DiNicola
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rodrigo M Braga
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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117
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Yang L, Zhang W, Wang W, Yang Z, Wang H, Deng Z, Li C, Qiu B, Zhang D, Kadosh RC, Li H, Zhang X. Neural and Psychological Predictors of Cognitive Enhancement and Impairment from Neurostimulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902863. [PMID: 32099765 PMCID: PMC7029648 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Modulating the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), especially the right counterpart, shows promises in enhancing social cognitive ability. However, it is ambiguous whether the functional lateralization of TPJ determines people's responsiveness to brain stimulation. Here, this issue is investigated with an individual difference approach. Forty-five participants attended three sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) experiments and one neuroimaging session. The results support the symmetric mechanism of left and right TPJ stimulation. First, the left and right TPJ stimulation effect are comparable in the group-level analysis. Second, the individual-level analysis reveals that a less right-lateralized TPJ is associated with a higher level of responsiveness. Participants could be classified into positive responders showing cognitive enhancement and negative responders showing cognitive impairment due to stimulation. The positive responders show weaker connectivity between bilateral TPJ and the medial prefrontal cortex, which mediates the prediction of offline responsiveness by the lateralization and the social-related trait. These findings call for a better characterization and predictive models for whom tDCS should be used for, and highlight the necessity and feasibility of prestimulation screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Zhuang Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and TechnologyCenter of Medical Physics and TechnologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhui230031China
- Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of ScienceHefeiAnhui230031China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - Zhiyu Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and TechnologyCenter of Medical Physics and TechnologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhui230031China
- Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of ScienceHefeiAnhui230031China
| | - Zhi‐De Deng
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation UnitExperimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology BranchIntramural Research ProgramNational Institute of Mental HealthNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD20892‐9663USA
| | - Chuanfu Li
- Laboratory of Digital Medical ImagingMedical Imaging CenterFirst Affiliated HospitalAnhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiAnhui230031China
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- Center for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - Da‐Ren Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - Roi Cohen Kadosh
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3UDUK
| | - Hai Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and TechnologyCenter of Medical Physics and TechnologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhui230031China
- Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of ScienceHefeiAnhui230031China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
- Center for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
- Academy of Psychology and BehaviorTianjin Normal UniversityTianjin300387China
- Hefei Medical Research Center on Alcohol AddictionAnhui Mental Health CenterHefei230022China
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118
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Gao AF, Keith JL, Gao FQ, Black SE, Moscovitch M, Rosenbaum RS. Neuropathology of a remarkable case of memory impairment informs human memory. Neuropsychologia 2020; 140:107342. [PMID: 31972232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Kent Cochrane (K.C.) has been investigated by researchers for nearly three decades after intracranial trauma from a motorcycle accident at age 30 resulted in a striking profile of amnesia. K.C. suffered severe anterograde amnesia in both verbal and non-verbal domains which was accompanied by selective retrograde amnesia for personal events experienced prior to the time of his injury (episodic memory), with relative preservation of memory for personal and world facts (semantic memory), and of implicit memory. This pattern of spared and impaired memory extended to spatial memory for large-scale environments and beyond memory to future imagining and decision-making. Post-mortem brain findings at age 62 included moderate diffuse atrophy, left orbitofrontal contusion, left posterior cerebral artery infarct, and left anterior frontal watershed infarct. Notably, there was severe neuronal loss and gliosis of the hippocampi bilaterally. The left hippocampus was severely affected anteriorly and posteriorly, but CA2, CA4, and the dentate gyrus (DG) were focally spared. There was associated degeneration of the left fornix. The right hippocampus showed near complete destruction anteriorly, with relative preservation posteriorly, mainly of CA4 and DG. Bilateral parahippocampal gyri and left anterior thalamus also showed neuron loss and gliosis. There was no evidence of co-existing neurodegenerative phenomena on beta-amyloid, phosphorylated tau, or TDP-43 immunostaining. The extent of damage to medial temporal lobe structures is in keeping with K.C.'s profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia, with the exception of the unexpected finding of preserved CA2/CA4 and DG. K.C.'s case demonstrates that relatively clean functional dissociations are still possible following widespread brain damage, with structurally compromised brain regions unlikely to be critical to cognitive functions found to be intact. In this way, the findings presented here add to K.C.'s significant contributions to our understanding of clinical-anatomical relationships in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Gao
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia L Keith
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fu-Qiang Gao
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Shayna Rosenbaum
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology and Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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119
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Moradi Z, Najlerahim A, Macrae CN, Humphreys GW. Attentional saliency and ingroup biases: From society to the brain. Soc Neurosci 2020; 15:324-333. [PMID: 31928322 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2020.1716070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is ample evidence demonstrating intergroup biases on cognition and emotion. However, it remains unclear how exactly group identification influences these processes, with issues of context sensitivity and goal dependence remaining open to scrutiny. Providing a range of interdisciplinary material, the current review attempts to inform understanding of these issues. Specifically, we provide evidence revealing that individuals show enhanced attention for stimuli associated with an ingroup compared to an outgroup. At the attentional level, such biases can be explained by the assignment of different levels of saliency to ingroup versus outgroup targets. Critically, however, salience assignment is not fixed but varies as a function of context and goal-directed behavior. We suggest that the network in the brain previously associated with social and emotional saliency and attention - notably the anterior insula, posterior superior temporal sulcus, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - underpins these effects. Moreover, although attention typically favors ingroup targets, outgroup members can be prioritized on occasion. The implications of this viewpoint and future lines of investigation are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Moradi
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC) , Cardiff, Wales, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford , Oxford, England, UK
| | | | - C Neil Macrae
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Glyn W Humphreys
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford , Oxford, England, UK
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120
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Afdile M, Jääskeläinen IP, Glerean E, Smirnov D, Alho J, Äimälä A, Sams M. Contextual knowledge provided by a movie biases implicit perception of the protagonist. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:519-527. [PMID: 30993342 PMCID: PMC6545537 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We are constantly categorizing other people as belonging to our in-group (‘one of us’) or out-group (‘one of them’). Such grouping occurs fast and automatically and can be based on others’ visible characteristics such as skin color or clothing style. Here we studied neural underpinnings of implicit social grouping not often visible on the face, male sexual orientation. A total of 14 homosexuals and 15 heterosexual males were scanned in functional magnetic resonance imaging
while watching a movie about a homosexual man, whose face was also presented subliminally before (subjects did not know about the character’s sexual orientation) and after the movie. We discovered significantly stronger activation to the man’s face after seeing the movie in homosexual but not heterosexual subjects in medial prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, anterior cingulate cortex, right temporal parietal junction and bilateral superior frontal gyrus. In previous research, these brain areas have been connected to social perception, self-referential thinking, empathy, theory of mind and in-group perception. In line with previous studies showing biased perception of in-/out-group faces to be context dependent, our novel approach further demonstrates how complex contextual knowledge gained under naturalistic viewing can bias implicit social perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdooh Afdile
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Media, School of Arts Design and Architecture, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Correspondence should be addressed to Mamdooh Afdile, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland. E-mail:
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Enrico Glerean
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Dmitry Smirnov
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jussi Alho
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Äimälä
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikko Sams
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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121
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Prounis GS, Ophir AG. One cranium, two brains not yet introduced: Distinct but complementary views of the social brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:231-245. [PMID: 31743724 PMCID: PMC6949399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Social behavior is pervasive across the animal kingdom, and elucidating how the brain enables animals to respond to social contexts is of great interest and profound importance. Our understanding of 'the social brain' has been fractured as it has matured. Two drastically different conceptualizations of the social brain have emerged with relatively little awareness of each other. In this review, we briefly recount the history behind the two dominant definitions of a social brain. The divide that has emerged between these visions can, in part, be attributed to differential attention to cortical or sub-cortical regions in the brain, and differences in methodology, comparative perspectives, and emphasis on functional specificity or generality. We discuss how these factors contribute to a lack of communication between research efforts, and propose ways in which each version of the social brain can benefit from the perspectives, tools, and approaches of the other. Interface between the two characterizations of social brain networks is sure to provide essential insight into what the social brain encompasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Prounis
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alexander G Ophir
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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122
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Abstract
Adrenarche, the post-natal rise of DHEA and DHEAS, is unique to humans and the African Apes. Recent findings have linked DHEA in humans to the development of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDPFC) between the ages of 4-8 years and the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) from 7 to 12 years of age. Given the association of the LDLPFC with the 5-to-8 transition and the rTPJ with mentalizing during middle childhood DHEA may have played an important role in the evolution of the human brain. I argue that increasing protein in the diet over the course of human evolution not only increased levels of DHEAS, but linked meat consumption with brain development during the important 5- to-8 transition. Consumption of animal protein has been associated with IGF-1, implicated in the development of the adrenal zona reticularis (ZR), the site of DHEAS production. In humans and chimps, the zona reticularis emerges at 3-4 years, along with the onset of DHEA/S production. For chimps this coincides with weaning and peak synaptogenesis. Among humans, weaning is completed around 2 ½ years, while synaptogenesis peaks around 5 years. Thus, in chimpanzees, early cortical maturation is tied to the mother; in humans it may be associated with post-weaning provisioning by others. I call for further research on adrenarche among the African apes as a critical comparison to humans. I also suggest research in subsistence populations to establish the role of nutrition and energetics in the timing of adrenarche and the onset of middle childhood.
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123
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Croxson PL, Forkel SJ, Cerliani L, Thiebaut de Schotten M. Structural Variability Across the Primate Brain: A Cross-Species Comparison. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:3829-3841. [PMID: 29045561 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A large amount of variability exists across human brains; revealed initially on a small scale by postmortem studies and, more recently, on a larger scale with the advent of neuroimaging. Here we compared structural variability between human and macaque monkey brains using grey and white matter magnetic resonance imaging measures. The monkey brain was overall structurally as variable as the human brain, but variability had a distinct distribution pattern, with some key areas showing high variability. We also report the first evidence of a relationship between anatomical variability and evolutionary expansion in the primate brain. This suggests a relationship between variability and stability, where areas of low variability may have evolved less recently and have more stability, while areas of high variability may have evolved more recently and be less similar across individuals. We showed specific differences between the species in key areas, including the amount of hemispheric asymmetry in variability, which was left-lateralized in the human brain across several phylogenetically recent regions. This suggests that cerebral variability may be another useful measure for comparison between species and may add another dimension to our understanding of evolutionary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Croxson
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie J Forkel
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Natbrainlab, Department Forensics and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Leonardo Cerliani
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour group, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France.,Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UPMC UMRS 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour group, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France.,Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UPMC UMRS 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
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124
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Structural and functional brain correlates of theory of mind impairment post-stroke. Cortex 2019; 121:427-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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125
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Knyazev GG, Savostyanov AN, Bocharov AV, Aftanas LI. EEG cross-frequency correlations as a marker of predisposition to affective disorders. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02942. [PMID: 31844779 PMCID: PMC6895656 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
EEG cross-frequency amplitude-amplitude correlation (CF-AAC) has been considered as a potential marker of social anxiety and other affective disturbances. Functional significance of this phenomenon remains unclear, partly because the majority of studies used channel-level analysis, which precluded the spatial localization of observed effects. It is not also clear whether CF-AAC may serve as a marker of specific pathological conditions and specific states, or a more general predisposition to affective disturbances. We used source-level analysis of EEG data obtained in resting conditions in a nonclinical sample and patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and investigated associations of CF-AAC measures with a broad range of known risk factors for affective disorders, including age, gender, genotype, stress exposure, personality, and self-reported ‘neurotic’ symptomatology. A consistent pattern of associations showed that all investigated risk factors were associated with an enhancement of CF-AAC in cortical regions associated with emotional and self-referential processing. It could be concluded that CF-AAC is a promising candidate marker of a general predisposition to affective disorders at preclinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Knyazev
- Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Timakova str., 4, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Alexander N Savostyanov
- Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Timakova str., 4, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str., 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Andrey V Bocharov
- Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Timakova str., 4, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str., 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Lyubomir I Aftanas
- Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Timakova str., 4, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str., 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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126
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Nugiel T, Beer JS. How Does Motivation Modulate the Operation of the Mentalizing Network in Person Evaluation? J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 32:664-673. [PMID: 31702428 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The mentalizing network is theorized to play a central role in making sense of people (compared with nonsocial targets), but is its involvement affected when we make sense of people in a nondispassionate manner (e.g., favoritism toward others on the basis of group membership)? First, mixed findings and small samples have prevented strong conclusions about whether intergroup evaluation increases or decreases activation regions associated with the mentalizing network. Second, little is known about the psychological mechanism underlying mentalizing network activation shaped by ingroup versus outgroup evaluations. Psychological models suggest two hypotheses that can be challenging to disentangle with self-report: Ingroup trait evaluations may benefit from a priori expectations and/or preferential evidence accumulation. Therefore, the current study (n = 50) drew on a combination of drift diffusion modeling and fMRI to examine how group membership affects the engagement of the mentalizing network for trait evaluation and whether group-differentiated activation is associated with a priori expectations and/or preferential evidence accumulation. Outgroup trait evaluations engaged dorsomedial pFC activation, whereas ingroup trait evaluations engaged ventromedial pFC activation as well as other regions associated with mentalizing such as precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, and right TPJ. Furthermore, the ventromedial pFC and posterior cingulate cortex activation was associated with differential expectations applied to ingroup trait evaluation. The current findings demonstrate the importance of combining motivational factors, computational modeling, and fMRI to deepen our understanding of the neural basis of person evaluation.
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127
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Geiger A, Bente G, Lammers S, Tepest R, Roth D, Bzdok D, Vogeley K. Distinct functional roles of the mirror neuron system and the mentalizing system. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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128
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Modi ME, Sahin M. A unified circuit for social behavior. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 165:106920. [PMID: 30149055 PMCID: PMC6387844 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in circuit manipulation technologies have enabled the association of distinct neural circuits with complex social behaviors. The brain areas identified through historical anatomical characterizations as mediators of sexual and parental behaviors can now be functionally linked to adult social behaviors within a unified circuit. In vivo electrophysiology, optogenetics and chemogenetics have been used to follow the processing of social sensory stimuli from perception by the olfactory system to valence detection by the amygdala and mesolimbic dopamine system to integration by the cerebral and cerebellar cortices under modulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides. Further, these techniques have been able to identify the distinct functional changes induced by social as opposed to non-social stimuli. Together this evidence suggests that there is a distinct, functionally coupled circuit that is selectively activated by social stimuli. A unified social circuit provides a new framework against which synaptopathic autism related mutations can be considered and novel pharmacotherapeutic strategies can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera E Modi
- Translational Neuroscience Center, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Translational Neuroscience Center, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States.
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129
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Wu X, Guo T, Tan T, Zhang W, Qin S, Fan J, Luo J. Superior emotional regulating effects of creative cognitive reappraisal. Neuroimage 2019; 200:540-551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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130
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Endendijk JJ, Smit AK, van Baar AL, Bos PA. Boys' toys, girls' toys: An fMRI study of mothers' neural responses to children violating gender expectations. Biol Psychol 2019; 148:107776. [PMID: 31568818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined 1) mothers' neural responses to pictures of boys and girls who confirmed or violated social expectations regarding toy preferences, and 2) whether neural sensitivity to targets that violated gendered expectations interacted with mothers' gender stereotypes. In an event-related fMRI experiment, 23 mothers of a 2-6 year-old child viewed and evaluated pictures of boys or girls with their favorite toy. Next, mothers gender stereotypes about children's toys and behavior, and internal motivation to behave without prejudice were assessed. Several neural processes were underlying parents' responses to children's behavior that violates gender-role expectations. Brain regions involved in mentalizing or storage of social knowledge, understanding goal-directed behavior, behavioral control, and conflict monitoring were activated when viewing child targets that violated gender expectations. In these brain areas, increased neural responses to targets that violated traditional gender expectations were associated with more stereotyped expectations about boys' and girls' toys and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce J Endendijk
- Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3548 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Anne K Smit
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anneloes L van Baar
- Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3548 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter A Bos
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3548 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Institute of Education and Child studies, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, the Netherlands
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131
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Lo Gerfo E, Gallucci A, Morese R, Vergallito A, Ottone S, Ponzano F, Locatelli G, Bosco F, Romero Lauro LJ. The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and temporo-parietal junction in third-party punishment behavior. Neuroimage 2019; 200:501-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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132
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The brain’s default network: updated anatomy, physiology and evolving insights. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:593-608. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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133
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Perino MT, Guassi Moreira JF, McCormick EM, Telzer EH. Apples to apples? Neural correlates of emotion regulation differences between high- and low-risk adolescents. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:827-836. [PMID: 31506678 PMCID: PMC6847532 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence has been noted as a period of increased risk taking. The literature on normative neurodevelopment implicates aberrant activation of affective and regulatory regions as key to inhibitory failures. However, many of these studies have not included adolescents engaging in high rates of risky behavior, making generalizations to the most at-risk populations potentially problematic. We conducted a comparative study of nondelinquent community (n = 24, mean age = 15.8 years, 12 female) and delinquent adolescents (n = 24, mean age = 16.2 years, 12 female) who completed a cognitive control task during functional magnetic resonance imaging, where behavioral inhibition was assessed in the presence of appetitive and aversive socioaffective cues. Community adolescents showed poorer behavioral regulation to appetitive relative to aversive cues, whereas the delinquent sample showed the opposite pattern. Recruitment of the inferior frontal gyrus, medial prefrontal cortex, and tempoparietal junction differentiated community and high-risk adolescents, as delinquent adolescents showed significantly greater recruitment when inhibiting their responses in the presence of aversive cues, while the community sample showed greater recruitment when inhibiting their responses in the presence of appetitive cues. Accounting for behavioral history may be key in understanding when adolescents will have regulatory difficulties, highlighting a need for comparative research into normative and nonnormative risk-taking trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Perino
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, 4559 Scott Avenue, Suite 1153, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - João F Guassi Moreira
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, A191 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ethan M McCormick
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel-Hill, 235 E Cameron Avenue, Room 213D, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel-Hill, 235 E Cameron Avenue, Room 213D, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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134
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Seeing minds in others: Mind perception modulates low-level social-cognitive performance and relates to ventromedial prefrontal structures. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 18:837-856. [PMID: 29992485 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In social interactions, we rely on nonverbal cues like gaze direction to understand the behavior of others. How we react to these cues is affected by whether they are believed to originate from an entity with a mind, capable of having internal states (i.e., mind perception). While prior work has established a set of neural regions linked to social-cognitive processes like mind perception, the degree to which activation within this network relates to performance in subsequent social-cognitive tasks remains unclear. In the current study, participants performed a mind perception task (i.e., judging the likelihood that faces, varying in physical human-likeness, have internal states) while event-related fMRI was collected. Afterwards, participants performed a social attention task outside the scanner, during which they were cued by the gaze of the same faces that they previously judged within the mind perception task. Parametric analyses of the fMRI data revealed that activity within ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was related to both mind ratings inside the scanner and gaze-cueing performance outside the scanner. In addition, other social brain regions were related to gaze-cueing performance, including frontal areas like the left insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus, as well as temporal areas like the left temporo-parietal junction and bilateral temporal gyri. The findings suggest that functions subserved by the vmPFC are relevant to both mind perception and social attention, implicating a role of vmPFC in the top-down modulation of low-level social-cognitive processes.
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135
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Puberty and functional brain development in humans: Convergence in findings? Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 39:100690. [PMID: 31450015 PMCID: PMC6969369 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a long history of studying the influence of pubertal hormones on brain function/structure in animals, this research in human adolescents is young but burgeoning. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of findings from neuroimaging studies investigating the relation between pubertal and functional brain development in humans. We quantified the findings from this literature in which statistics required for standard meta-analyses are often not provided (i.e., effect size in fMRI studies). To do so, we assessed convergence in findings within content domains (reward, facial emotion, social information, cognitive processing) in terms of the locus and directionality (i.e., positive/negative) of effects. Face processing is the only domain with convergence in the locus of effects in the amygdala. Social information processing is the only domain with convergence of positive effects; however, these effects are not consistently present in any brain region. There is no convergence of effects in either the reward or cognitive processing domains. This limited convergence in findings across domains is not the result of null findings or even due to the variety of experimental paradigms researchers employ. Instead, there are critical theoretical, methodological, and analytical issues that must be addressed in order to move the field forward.
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136
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Menapace M. Scientific Ethics: A New Approach. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2019; 25:1193-1216. [PMID: 29869131 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-018-0050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Science is an activity of the human intellect and as such has ethical implications that should be reviewed and taken into account. Although science and ethics have conventionally been considered different, it is herewith proposed that they are essentially similar. The proposal set henceforth is to create a new ethics rooted in science: scientific ethics. Science has firm axiological foundations and searches for truth (as a value, axiology) and knowledge (epistemology). Hence, science cannot be value neutral. Looking at standard scientific principles, it is possible to construct a scientific ethic (that is, an ethical framework based on scientific methods and rules), which can be applied to all sciences. These intellectual standards include the search for truth (honesty and its derivatives), human dignity (and by reflection the dignity of all animals) and respect for life. Through these it is thence achievable to draft a foundation of a ethics based purely on science and applicable beyond the confines of science. A few applications of these will be presented. Scientific ethics can have vast applications in other fields even in non scientific ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Menapace
- M&Ms Consulting Limited, 39, Brighton Road, 8 Bridgestone Place, Horsham, West Sussex, RH13 5BU, UK.
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137
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FeldmanHall O, Glimcher P, Baker AL, Phelps EA. The Functional Roles of the Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex in Processing Uncertainty. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:1742-1754. [PMID: 31298634 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Decisions under uncertainty distinguish between those made under risk (known probabilities) and those made under ambiguity (unknown probabilities). Despite widespread interest in decisions under uncertainty and the successful documentation that these distinct psychological constructs profoundly-and differentially-impact behavior, research has not been able to systematically converge on which brain regions are functionally involved in processing risk and ambiguity. We merge a lesion approach with computational modeling and simultaneous measurement of the arousal response to investigate the impact the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), and amygdala have on decisions under uncertainty. Results reveal that the lPFC acts as a unitary system for processing uncertainty: Lesions to this region disrupted the relationship between arousal and choice, broadly increasing both risk and ambiguity seeking. In contrast, the mPFC and amygdala appeared to play no role in processing risk, and the mPFC only had a tenuous relationship with ambiguous uncertainty. Together, these findings reveal that only the lPFC plays a global role in processing the highly aversive nature of uncertainty.
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138
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139
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van Hoorn J, Shablack H, Lindquist KA, Telzer EH. Incorporating the social context into neurocognitive models of adolescent decision-making: A neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 101:129-142. [PMID: 31006540 PMCID: PMC6659412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurobiological models of adolescent decision-making emphasize developmental changes in brain regions involved in affect (e.g., ventral striatum) and cognitive control (e.g., lateral prefrontal cortex). Although social context plays an important role in adolescent decision-making, current models do not discuss brain regions implicated in processing social information (e.g., dorsomedial prefrontal cortex). We conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis using the Multilevel peak Kernel Density Analysis (MKDA) method to test the hypothesis that brain regions involved in affect, cognitive control, and social information processing support adolescent decision-making in social contexts (N = 21 functional neuroimaging studies; N = 1292 participants). Results indicated that dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus/insula and ventral striatum are consistently associated with adolescent decision-making in social contexts. Activity within these regions was modulated by the type of social context and social actors involved. Findings suggest including brain regions involved in social information processing into models of adolescent decision-making. We propose a 'constructionist' model, which describes psychological processes and corresponding neural networks related to affect, cognitive control, and social information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien van Hoorn
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Holly Shablack
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristen A Lindquist
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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140
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Clinical potential of oxytocin in autism spectrum disorder: current issues and future perspectives. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 29:1-12. [PMID: 28857771 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of oxytocin on social cognition and behavior have recently attracted considerable attention. In particular, oxytocin has been proposed as a novel therapeutic for psychiatric disorders with social deficits such as autism spectrum disorders. This review provides a brief overview of behavioral and neural responses to oxytocin manipulations in humans and animal models. Although the differences in findings between human and animal studies should be interpreted carefully, shared behavioral phenotypes have been recognized, such as social bonding, social responses, and recognition and usage of social cues. Previous literature suggests that the neural effects of oxytocin in humans and animals overlap in the prefrontal, limbic, and paralimbic cortices. Oxytocin-induced alterations in these regions may indicate a fundamental basis for how oxytocin modulates social behaviors and facilitate the discovery of new pharmaceutical targets for treating social deficits.
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141
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Knyazev GG, Savostyanov AN, Bocharov AV, Tamozhnikov SS, Kozlova EA, Leto IV, Slobodskaya HR. Cross-Frequency Coupling in Developmental Perspective. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:158. [PMID: 31139068 PMCID: PMC6527755 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally assumed that different electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency bands are somehow related to different computational modes in the brain. Integration of these computational modes is reflected in the phenomenon of cross-frequency coupling (CFC). On slow temporal scales, CFC may reflect trait-like properties, which posits a question of its developmental trends. This is the first study that explored source-level CFC measures in a developmental perspective using both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. CFC measures demonstrated good test-retest stability and proved to be higher in adults in cortical areas participating in sensory-motor integration, response inhibition, and attentional control. In children, greater CFC was observed in parietal regions involved in self-centered cognition. Over the period from 7 to 10 years, CFC demonstrated nonlinear growth trajectories. Introversion was associated with higher CFC in cortical areas related to emotion, attention, and social cognition, implying that the association between introversion and CFC appears early in the development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Knyazev
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander N Savostyanov
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Humanitarian Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V Bocharov
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Humanitarian Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey S Tamozhnikov
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena A Kozlova
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina V Leto
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Helena R Slobodskaya
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Humanitarian Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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142
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Watanabe R, Katsuyama N, Usui N, Taira M. Effects of pseudoexperience on the understanding of hemiplegic movements in physical therapists: An fMRI study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 23:101845. [PMID: 31075556 PMCID: PMC6510960 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Physical therapists (PTs) are required to obtain an accurate understanding of the physical and mental states of their patients through observational assessment. To perform comprehensive observational assessments of patients' movements, PTs likely need to engage their own neural systems involved in action understanding and theory of mind, such as the action observation network (AON) and the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ). Both systems are modulated by the observer's actual experience with the observed movements. Although, most PTs do not have physical experience with neurological disabilities, they routinely examine hemiplegic movements in stroke patients, and are thus considered to have acquired pseudoexperience with hemiplegia. We hypothesized that the PTs' pseudoexperience with hemiplegia would modulate the neural system associated with the understanding of others to elaborately comprehend the physical and mental states associated with hemiplegia. To investigate our hypothesis, we recruited 19 PTs and 19 naïve participants (NPs) to undergo functional MRI (fMRI) for cortical activity measurement while viewing videos of hemiplegic (HHM) and non-hemiplegic (non-HHM) hand movements. The participants subsequently viewed the same videos again outside the MRI scanner, and evaluated the observed hand movements via a questionnaire. Compared to the NPs, the PTs showed greater activation in the AON and rTPJ while observing HHMs. Psychophysiological interaction analyses revealed increased connectivity between the rTPJ and AON when the PTs viewed the HHMs. Behavioral analyses further indicated that the PTs more accurately assessed feeling states associated with HHMs than did NPs. These findings suggest that the PTs' pseudoexperience modulates the AON and rTPJ, enabling them to better understand hemiplegia-associated feeling states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Watanabe
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 MD Tower 7F Yusima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Narumi Katsuyama
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 MD Tower 7F Yusima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Nobuo Usui
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 MD Tower 7F Yusima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Masato Taira
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 MD Tower 7F Yusima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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143
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The functional database of the ARCHI project: Potential and perspectives. Neuroimage 2019; 197:527-543. [PMID: 31063817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
More than two decades of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the human brain have succeeded to identify, with a growing level of precision, the neural basis of multiple cognitive skills within various domains (perception, sensorimotor processes, language, emotion and social cognition …). Progress has been made in the comprehension of the functional organization of localized brain areas. However, the long time required for fMRI acquisition limits the number of experimental conditions performed in a single individual. As a consequence, distinct brain localizations have mostly been studied in separate groups of participants, and their functional relationships at the individual level remain poorly understood. To address this issue, we report here preliminary results on a database of fMRI data acquired on 78 individuals who each performed a total of 29 experimental conditions, grouped in 4 cross-domains functional localizers. This protocol has been designed to efficiently isolate, in a single session, the brain activity associated with language, numerical representation, social perception and reasoning, premotor and visuomotor representations. Analyses are reported at the group and at the individual level, to establish the ability of our protocol to selectively capture distinct regions of interest in a very short time. Test-retest reliability was assessed in a subset of participants. The activity evoked by the different contrasts of the protocol is located in distinct brain networks that, individually, largely replicate previous findings and, taken together, cover a large proportion of the cortical surface. We provide detailed analyses of a subset of regions of relevance: the left frontal, left temporal and middle frontal cortices. These preliminary analyses highlight how combining such a large set of functional contrasts may contribute to establish a finer-grained brain atlas of cognitive functions, especially in regions of high functional overlap. Detailed structural images (structural connectivity, micro-structures, axonal diameter) acquired in the same individuals in the context of the ARCHI database provide a promising situation to explore functional/structural interdependence. Additionally, this protocol might also be used as a way to establish individual neurofunctional signatures in large cohorts.
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144
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Paunov AM, Blank IA, Fedorenko E. Functionally distinct language and Theory of Mind networks are synchronized at rest and during language comprehension. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:1244-1265. [PMID: 30601693 PMCID: PMC6485726 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00619.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication requires the abilities to generate and interpret utterances and to infer the beliefs, desires, and goals of others ("Theory of Mind"; ToM). These two abilities have been shown to dissociate: individuals with aphasia retain the ability to think about others' mental states; and individuals with autism are impaired in social reasoning, but their basic language processing is often intact. In line with this evidence from brain disorders, functional MRI (fMRI) studies have shown that linguistic and ToM abilities recruit distinct sets of brain regions. And yet, language is a social tool that allows us to share thoughts with one another. Thus, the language and ToM brain networks must share information despite being implemented in distinct neural circuits. Here, we investigated potential interactions between these networks during naturalistic cognition using functional correlations in fMRI. The networks were functionally defined in individual participants, in terms of preference for sentences over nonwords for language, and for belief inference over physical-event processing for ToM, with both a verbal and a nonverbal paradigm. Although, across experiments, interregion correlations within each network were higher than between-network correlations, we also observed above-baseline synchronization of blood oxygenation level-dependent signal fluctuations between the two networks during rest and story comprehension. This synchronization was functionally specific: neither network was synchronized with the executive control network (functionally defined in terms of preference for a harder over easier version of an executive task). Thus, coordination between the language and ToM networks appears to be an inherent and specific characteristic of their functional architecture. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Humans differ from nonhuman primates in their abilities to communicate linguistically and to infer others' mental states. Although linguistic and social abilities appear to be interlinked onto- and phylogenetically, they are dissociated in the adult human brain. Yet successful communication requires language and social reasoning to work in concert. Using functional MRI, we show that language regions are synchronized with social regions during rest and language comprehension, pointing to a possible mechanism for internetwork interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Paunov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Idan A Blank
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Evelina Fedorenko
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department , Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Psychiatry Department , Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatry Department , Boston, Massachusetts
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145
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Knight LK, Stoica T, Fogleman ND, Depue BE. Convergent Neural Correlates of Empathy and Anxiety During Socioemotional Processing. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:94. [PMID: 30949039 PMCID: PMC6438321 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Empathy is characterized by the ability to understand and share an emotional experience with another person and is closely tied to compassion and concern for others. Consequently, this increased emotional awareness and sensitivity may also be related to increased anxiety. Taken from another perspective, higher general anxiety may translate into increased concern for others, or concern for how one's actions might affect others, and therefore may be linked to increased empathy. Furthermore, self-reflection is positively related to perspective-taking and empathic concern, while rumination is closely tied to anxiety, thus providing an additional connecting point between empathy and anxiety through enhanced internally generated thought. While previous literature suggests a relationship between empathy and anxiety, this has yet to be empirically studied using neuroimaging tools aimed at investigating the underlying neural correlates that may support these convergent responses. We therefore conducted an functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study (N = 49) in which participants viewed fearful and neutral human faces and rated how the faces made them feel, to promote introspection. Participants also completed questionnaires assessing empathy Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ), trait anxiety State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), worry Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and rumination Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS). Behaviorally, empathy positively correlated with worry, worry and rumination positively correlated with anxiety, and significant indirect relationships were found between empathy and anxiety through worry and rumination. Using the neuroimaging face processing task as a backdrop on which the neurobiological mechanisms of empathy and anxiety may interact, regressions of questionnaires with brain activations revealed that empathy related to activation in the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), anxiety related to bilateral insula activation, and worry related to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activation, while rumination showed increased engagement of all three aforementioned regions. Functional connectivity (FC) analyses showed increased communication between the left amygdala and insula related to higher empathy, worry and rumination. Finally, whole-brain analysis using median split groups from questionnaires revealed that the lower halves of anxiety, worry and rumination exhibited increased activation in top-down attentional networks. In sum, empathy, worry and rumination related to enhanced bottom-up processing, while worry, rumination and anxiety exhibited decreased top-down attentional control, suggesting an indirect relationship between empathy and anxiety through the ruminative tendencies of worry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Knight
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience (IPTN), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Teodora Stoica
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience (IPTN), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Nicholas D Fogleman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Brendan E Depue
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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146
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More than words: Social cognition across variants of primary progressive aphasia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:263-284. [PMID: 30876954 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is clinically typified by linguistic impairments, emerging evidence highlights the presence of early deficits in social cognition. This review systematically describes the latter patterns, specifying their relation to the characteristic linguistic dysfunctions and atrophy patterns of non-fluent, semantic, and logopenic variants of the disease (nfvPPA, svPPA, and lvPPA, respectively), relative to closely related dementia types. Whereas the evidence on lvPPA proves scant, studies on nfvPPA and svPPA patients show consistent deficits in emotion recognition, theory of mind, and empathy. Notably, these seem to be intertwined with language impairments in nfvPPA, but they prove primary and independent of language disturbances in svPPA. Also, only the profile of svPPA resembles that of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, probably reflecting the overlap of fronto-temporal disruptions in both conditions. In short, the neurocognitive relationship between linguistic and socio-cognitive deficits cannot be precisely predicated for PPA as a whole; instead, specific links must be acknowledged in each variant. These emergent patterns pave the way for fruitful dimensional research in the field.
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147
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Shamblaw AL, Benson JE, Harkness KL, Sabbagh MA. Maternal depression and children’s false belief understanding. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kate L. Harkness
- Department of Psychology Queen’s University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Mark A. Sabbagh
- Department of Psychology Queen’s University Kingston Ontario Canada
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148
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Buchweitz A, de Azeredo LA, Sanvicente-Vieira B, Metsavaht Cará V, Bianchini Esper N, Soder RB, da Costa JC, Portuguez MW, Franco AR, Grassi-Oliveira R. Violence and Latin-American preadolescents: A study of social brain function and cortisol levels. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12799. [PMID: 30648778 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated exposure to violence and its association with brain function and hair cortisol concentrations in Latin-American preadolescents. Self-reported victimization scores (JVQ-R2), brain imaging (fMRI) indices for a social cognition task (the 'eyes test'), and hair cortisol concentrations were investigated, for the first time, in this population. The eyes test is based on two conditions: attributing mental state or sex to pictures of pairs of eyes (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, & Plumb, 2001). The results showed an association among higher victimization scores and (a) less activation of posterior temporoparietal right-hemisphere areas, in the mental state condition only (including right temporal sulcus and fusiform gyrus); (b) higher functional connectivity indices for the Amygdala and Right Fusiform Gyrus (RFFG) pair of brain regions, also in the mental state condition only; (c) higher hair cortisol concentrations. The results suggest more exposure to violence is associated with significant differences in brain function and connectivity. A putative mechanism of less activation in posterior right-hemisphere regions and of synchronized Amygdala: RFFG time series was identified in the mental state condition only. The results also suggest measurable effects of exposure to violence in hair cortisol concentrations, which contribute to the reliability of self-reported scores by young adolescents. The findings are discussed in light of the effects of exposure to violence on brain function and on social-cognitive development in the adolescent brain. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHcXq7Y9PBk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Buchweitz
- PUCRS, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,PUCRS, School of Medicine, Graduate Program of Medicine, Neurosciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,PUCRS, School of Health Sciences, Graduate Program of Psychology, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas Araújo de Azeredo
- PUCRS, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,PUCRS, School of Medicine, Graduate Program of Medicine, Neurosciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Breno Sanvicente-Vieira
- PUCRS, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,PUCRS, School of Health Sciences, Graduate Program of Psychology, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valentina Metsavaht Cará
- PUCRS, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,PUCRS, School of Medicine, Graduate Program of Medicine, Neurosciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nathália Bianchini Esper
- PUCRS, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,PUCRS, School of Medicine, Graduate Program of Medicine, Neurosciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- PUCRS, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,PUCRS, School of Medicine, Graduate Program of Medicine, Neurosciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Rosa Franco
- PUCRS, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY.,Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- PUCRS, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,PUCRS, School of Medicine, Graduate Program of Medicine, Neurosciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,PUCRS, School of Health Sciences, Graduate Program of Psychology, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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149
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Kucirkova N. How Could Children's Storybooks Promote Empathy? A Conceptual Framework Based on Developmental Psychology and Literary Theory. Front Psychol 2019; 10:121. [PMID: 30804833 PMCID: PMC6370723 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This conceptual paper proposes a framework for understanding the developmental mechanisms and literary characteristics that bind children's storybooks with empathy. The article begins with a taxonomy of empathy composed of three key continuous dimensions: cognitive/emotional empathy, empathy for in-group and out-group members and empathy with positive and negative consequences. Insights from developmental psychology and literary theory form the basis for an interdisciplinary framework based on three premises: (1) book-reading can support empathy if it fosters in-group/out-group identification and minimizes in-group/out-group bias; (2) identification with characters who are dissimilar from the readers is the most valuable contribution of children's storybooks to cognitive empathy; and (3) the quality of language positions children's storybooks as an exceptional, but not exclusive, empathy-building form of fictional narratives. Implications for future intervention and empirical work are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kucirkova
- Institute of Education, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Norwegian Centre for Learning Environment and Behavioural Research in Education, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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150
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Knyazev G, Merkulova E, Savostyanov A, Bocharov A, Saprigyn A. Personality and EEG correlates of reactive social behavior. Neuropsychologia 2019; 124:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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